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ALEXANDRE ALEXA NDRE ASSAF ASSAF NETO NETO FABIANO GUASTI LIMA
COMANDOS BÁSICOS NAS CALCULADORAS HP 12C TRADICIONAL, PLATINUM E E PRESTIGE
Material Suplementar
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PREFÁCIO Esta apostila é um complemento aos livros Investimento no Mercado Financeiro Usando a Calculadora Financeira Financeira HP 12C e Matemática Financeira e suas Aplicações, onde são destacadas e ilustradas as principais operações básicas da calculadora. Para os iniciantes no mercado inanceiro e no uso da Calculadora Calculado ra Financeira, recomenda-se ler e realizar todas as operações aqui descritas para se familiarizar com o modo de operacionalização da HP 12C. Procurou-se mostrar os mecanismos operacionais nas versões existentes no mercado para a HP Prestige.. Os cálculos são feitos e os comandos forneci12C, a tradicional, e os novos modelos Platinum e Prestige fornecidos para os três modelos dessa calculadora inanceira. A apostila é dividida em quatro capítulos. O Capítulo 1 trata dos comandos básicos, os testes de funcionamento e faz as descrições das funções necessárias para um bom entendimento de como usar corretamente sua calculadora inanceira HP 12C. O Capítulo 2 trás as funções de calendário com a explicação de como trabalhar com conversão de datas, ajustes de prazos, tanto para o ano comercial como ano civil. Identiica também datas passadas e futuras. O Capítulo 3 ilustra as operações matemáticas simples e como realizar cálculos e m cadeia com a calculadora inanceira HP 12C. O Capítulo 4 faz as operações de porcentagem e demonstra como usar estes comandos existentes.
Alexandre Assaf Neto Alexandre
[email protected] Fabiano Guasti Lima
[email protected]
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Sumário PREFÁCIO, 3 1 COMANDOS BÁSICOS, 6 1.1 LIGANDO E DESLIGANDO, 6
1.2 TEST TESTANDO ANDO SUA HP 12C, 6 1.2.1 PRIMEIRO TESTE, 6 1.2.2 SEGUNDO TESTE, 7
1.3 TECLAS DE PREFIXO, 8 1.4 PONTO E VÍRGULA, 9
1.5 NÚMERO DE CASAS CASAS DECIMAIS DECIMAIS NO NO VISOR, VISOR, 9 1.6 PARA LIMPAR O VISOR, 10
1.7 COMO FAZER FAZER CONTAS CONTAS COM A HP 12C, 10 1.8 PILHA OPERACION OPERACIONAL, AL, 11 1.9 HP 12C Platinum e Prestige, 13 1.9.1 AJUSTE DO COMANDO DO VISOR, 14 1.9.2 TECLA DE RETROCESSO, 14 1.9.3 TECLAS “RPN” “RP N” e “ALG” ALG”,, 14 1.9.4 FUNÇÃO
2
x , 15
1.9.5 OPERAÇÃO DESFAZER, 15 1.9.6 FUNÇÃO DOS PARÊNTESES ( ), 16 1.9.7 FUNÇÃO =, 16
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3 OPERAÇÕES MATEMÁTICAS, 23 3.1 POTENCIAÇÃO, 24 3.2 INVERSO DE UM NÚMERO, NÚMERO, 26 3.3 NÚMEROS NEGATIVOS, 27
3.4 RAIZ QUADRADA, 27 3.5 LOGARITMO, 28 3.6 ANTILOGARITMO, 29
3.7 CAPITALIZAÇÃO CONTÍNUA, 30 3.8 FATORIAL, 31 3.9 ÚL ÚLTIMO TIMO X, 32 3.10 ARREDONDAMENTO, 33 3.11 PARTE INTEIRA DO NÚMERO, 33
3.12 PARTE FRACIONÁRI FRACIONÁRIA A DO NÚMERO, 33 EXERCÍCIOS PROPOSTOS, 35
4 OPERAÇÕES DE PORCENTAGEM, 37 4.1 PORCENTAGEM, 37 4.2 PORCENTAGEM DO TOTAL, 39 4.3 DIFERENÇA PERCENTUAL ENTRE DOIS NÚMEROS, 40 EXERCÍCIOS PROPOSTOS, 44 RESPOSTAS, 46
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1 COMANDOS BÁSICOS OBJETIVO DO CAPÍTULO Neste capítulo pretende-se mostrar os comandos das operações básicas de funcionamento das calculadoras HP 12C tradicional e os modelos Platinum e Prestige. Todas as operações são mostradas nos diferentes modelos da calculadora para ilustrar as diferen ças técnicas entre elas. 1.1 LIGANDO E DESLIGANDO
A primeira coisa a perceber na sua HP 12C é que ela só tem a tecla
ON
para ligar e des-
ligar, não apresentando tecla para tal função. Assim, para ligar ou desligar sua HP 12C, basta pressionar a tecla
ON
.
Caso você deixe sua calculadora ligada e sem pressionar nenhuma tecla, ela se autodesligará dentro de 8 a 17 minutos. Ao ligar a HP 12C, o número que estava no visor quando foi desligada pela última vez, aparecerá no visor. Obs1: Quando
aparecer este asterisco piscando (*) no canto inferior esquerdo do visor da
sua HP12 C, indica que a bateria está fraca, necessitando substituí-la. Obs2: Já na HP 12C
bateria (
Platinum e Prestige Prestige aparecerá, aparecerá, no canto superior esquerdo,um ícone de
) indicando que a mesma está fraca.
1.2 TEST TESTANDO ANDO SUA HP 12C
Antes de iniciar as operações com a HP 12C, é interessante efetuar os testes necessários para veriicar a “saúde” da sua inanceira. 1.2.1 PRIMEIRO TESTE
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Ficará piscando no visor a palavra RUNNING (executando). Isto signiica que a HP 12C está executando (running). Após alguns segundos aparecerá no visor da sua calculadora:
- 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 ,
USER
f
g BEGIN GRAD D.MY C PRGM
Na HP Platinum e Prestige aparecerá:
-
8 ,
8 ,
8 , 8 ,
8 ,
8 ,
8 , 8 , 8 , 8,
RPN ALG ( ) f g BEGIN GRAD D.MY C PRGM
Este conjunto de números, letras e dígitos quando apresentado com nitidez no visor signiica que todas as funções da máquina estão funcionando normalmente. Caso apareça no visor a mensagem ERROR ou um dado diferente dos anunciados acima, sua HP 12C precisa de reparos. É indicado levá-la a um revendedor para os reparos necessários. 1.2.2 SEGUNDO TESTE
Para fazer fazer o segundo teste, que irá veriicar as condições de uso do teclado, são usadas as teclas ON e ÷ (divisão) da forma descrita a seguir: • primeiro desligue a sua calculadora HP 12C; depois aperte a tecla ON e a mantenha pressionada; em seguida aperte a tecla ÷ (divisão) mantendo-a pressionada; Solte a tecla ON e em seguida solte a tecla
÷
Aparecerá no visor quatro riscos da parte central para a direita, mostrando que a calcu-
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1.3 TECLAS DE PREFIXO
A maioria das teclas da HP 12C, pode realizar até 3 funções diferentes: price
y
à
Segunda função (em amarelo)
x à Função primária (em branco)
x
à Terceira função ( em azul )
Para executar a função primária (branca), basta pressionar a tecla normalmente. Já as funções em amarelo e azul, é necessário pressionar ANTES as teclas de g
e
f
PREFIXO
respectivamente, respectiva mente, para a função desejada. A seguir tem-se os comandos para a mesma função nos modelos da calculadora
inanceira HP 12C Platinum e Prestige Prestige,, cujo signiicados dos comandos são os mesmo do quadro anterior.. Tal procedimento será adotado nos exemplos subseqüentes e nos demais capítulos. anterior ca pítulos.
Exemplo:
Calcular a raiz quadrada de 4. Procedemos da seguinte maneira:
Teclas (inserção de dados) f
REG
4 g
Visor
HP 12C
Modo RPN
Signifcado
0,00
Limpa registrador
4
Valor do Radicando
2,00
x
Resultado da raiz de 4
Platinum e Prestige
Modo ALG (Algébrica)
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1.4 PONTO E VÍRGULA VÍRGULA
A calculadora HP 12C por ser uma calculadora calculadora de origem norte-americana, usa a notação de origem, com a vírgula para separar a parte inteira da parte fracionária. Assim: 1,234,567.89 À medida que são digitados os números, ela vai agrupando a parte inteira de três em três algarismos separados por vírgula. Já a notação brasileira adota critério contrário: ponto para separar os agrupamentos e vírgula para separar a parte inteira da parte fracionária.
Desejando passar para o uso do ponto na parte fracionária (notação brasileira), deve ser efetuado os seguintes procedimentos: a. desligue a calculadora b. aperte e segure a tecla
•
c. ligue a calculadora d. solte a tecla tecla
•
Esta apostila irá adotar adotar,, em seus vários exercícios e exemplos numéricos, o padrão brasileiro de ponto e vírgula.
1.5 NÚMERO DE CASAS DECIMAIS NO VISOR
A calculadora HP 12C apresenta inicialmente duas casas após a vírgula no visor, fazendo o arredondamento das demais casas. Sendo o número seguinte maior ou igual a 5, aumenta uma unidade na casa anterior anterior,, isso apenas para efeito de mostrar as casas desejadas desejada s no visor. visor. Em sua
memória é mantido o valor com todas as casas decimais. Ao desejar o resultado com mais casas decimais, pressiona-se: f Seguido do número de casas desejadas.
Exemplo:
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1.6
PARA LIMPAR O VISOR
Apertando a tecla
CLX
a calculadora apaga o valor do visor.
A HP 12C utiliza uma série de procedimentos para limpar não somente o visor, mas também seus diversos registros. Os procedimentos especíicos de limpeza da calculadora serão apresentados junto com o estudo de suas diversas funções (matemática, estatística, inanceira, inanceira, etc).
1.7
COMO FAZER FAZER CONTAS CONTAS COM COM A HP 12C
O modelo mais antigo da calculadora HP 12C não apresenta a tecla de igualdade “=“. Isso porque a inanceira usa a chamada lógica RPN ( Reverse Polish Notation ), que quer dizer Notação Polonesa Invertida. Invertida. Isto signiica que no lugar do sinal de igualdade i gualdade está uma tecla denominada ENTER
, que separa uma entrada de outra. Os sinais das operações realizadas com a calculadora
são colocados após os números, não havendo necessidade de incluir-se o s inal de igualdade. Por exemplo, ao se somar 3 + 2, não deve ser usada usad a a notação convencional convencion al “3 + 2 =”, =”, porque não existe a tecla de igualdade (=). O procedimento de cálculo a ser adotado é o seguinte: 3
ENTER
2 + apurando-se o resulta-
do de 5.
Alguns exemplos adicionais:
Exemplos: 1. 180 ÷ 4 = 45 Teclas (inserção de dados) f
180 4
REG
Visor 0,00
ENTER
180,00
÷
45,00
Signifcado
Limpa registrador Valor do dividendo Valor Resultado da divisão
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2.
89×15,5 89×15,5 = 1.37 1.379,50 9,50 Teclas (inserção de dados) f
89 15,5
REG
ENTER
Visor
Signifcado
0,00
Limpa registrador
89,00
Valor da 1ª parcela
1.379,50
×
Resultado da operação
HP 12C Platinum e Prestige
Modo RPN Teclas Visor f RPN 0,00 f REG 0,00 89 ENTER 89,00 1.379,50 15,5 ×
1.8
Modo ALG (Algébrica) Teclas Visor f ALG 0,00 f REG 0,00 89,00 89 × 15,5 ENTER 1.379,50
PILHA OPERACIONAL
A pilha operacional da HP 12C é como se fosse uma ita com 4 marcações, onde cada marcação tem a capacidade de armazenar um determinado valor. Essas marcações são denominadas X, Y, Z e T, sendo na ordem respectiva da pilha, também chamada de registradores. Os dois mais comuns são o X e o Y. Y. O registrador X é o visor da calculadora, é o que se vê praticamente o tempo todo. Já os demais são ocultos. Vale lembrar que a calculadora trabalha com todas as casas decimais nesses registradores. Assim, uma vez que seja visualizado apenas com duas casas decimais no visor, esse número encontra-se arredondado, sendo que na memória da calculadora existem todas as suas casas decimais. Vale ressaltar ressaltar que alguns nomes de teclas trabalham com seus próprios nomes, como CLX e 1/X , pois são os valores que estão no visor (registrador (registrador X) que serão apagados e inver-
tidos, bem como a tecla X<>Y , que troca de posição os valores dos
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Desejando apagar todos os registros, pressiona-se primeiro f e, a seguir, a tecla REG isto que na parte superior desta tecla está o sub-comando CLEAR, que signiica apagar os valores de todos os registradores, zerando-os. Do mesmo modo, ao pressionar-se FIN , que está sobre os sub-comando f , apaga-se apenas os valores dos registradores inanceiros (n, i , PV, PMT PRGM ∑ e FV). FV). Ainda, ao fazer f seriam apagados os somatórios estatísticos e f dentro do modo de programação, apagam-se todos os programas pré existentes. A rotação da pilha operacional da HP 12C segue o comportamento seguinte: quando um valor é fornecido ele aparece primeiramente no visor (registrador X), e cada ENTER que for dado o valor do registro X passa para o registro Y mantendo repetido em X . Fornecendo um outro valor,, o que estava valor e stava em Y vai para Z, o que estava em X vai para Y sendo repetido em X. Com mais um valor, o que estava em Z vai para T, o que estava em Y vai para Z e o que estava em X vai para Y sendo repetido em X. Assim, a pilha está completa. E cada registro que for usado na ordem inversa, ou seja, de T para X há a repetição dos valores de T em Z, de Z em Y e assim sucessivamente. Para ilustrar passo a passo o esquema de cálculo da pilha operacional, o peracional, considere a seguinte expressão: y=
(26 (26 + 31)(1 )(16 - 6) (13 (13 - 24)( 24)(9 9 - 14)
T
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
570
570 57
5 70
57 0
570
Z
0
0
0
0
0
57
57
0
0
0
570
570
0
57 0
-1 1
-1 1
5 70
57 0
570
Y
0
26
26
0
57
16
16
57
0
570
13
13
570
-11
9
9
-11
570
570
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Tem-se a seguinte estrutura dos dados introduzidos: T
0
0
0
0
1
1
3
3
2
Z
0
0
0
1
2
2
1
3
3
Y
0
1
1
2
2
3
2
1
3
X
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
2
1
LAST X
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
f CLX
1
Enter
2
Enter
3
Enter
R
↓
R
A sequência para rotacionar a pilha é:
Para melhor ilustrar veja como a HP 12 C faz a seguinte conta: (4,8 – 3,2 ) / (1,3 x 6 )
↓
R
↓
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1.9.1 AJUSTE DO COMANDO DO VISOR
O visor da calculadora para para ser lido de uma forma legível legível dependerá da coniguração de contraste do visor, do ângulo de visão do usuário e da iluminação.O contrate pode ser ajustado f
segurando a tecla
+
e pressionando
-
ou
.
1.9.2 TECLA DE RETROCESSO
Quando o usuário digitar um número e em seguida pressionar pressionar a tecla o último caractere digitado será apagado. Pressione
g
após realizar o cálculo,
para apagar o número atual.
Exemplo: HP 12C Platinum e Prestige
Modo RPN Teclas
Modo ALG (Algébrica)
Visor
Teclas
Visor
f
RPN
0,00
f
ALG
0,00
f
REG
0,00
f
REG
0,00
123
13245 g
g
123
132,36
,36 +
132,36
136,36
4 =
13245 g
g
,36 ENTER 4+
g
136,36
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Exemplo: Suponha que deseja calcular 1 + 2 = 3 HP 12C Platinum e Prestige
Modo RPN TECLAS
Modo ALG (Algébrica)
VISOR
TECLAS
VISOR
f
RPN
0,00
f
ALG
0,00
f
REG
0,00
f
REG
0,00
1 ENTER
1,00
1 +
1,00
3,00
2=
3,00
2
+
1.9.4 FUNÇÃO x 2 Quando pressionadas as teclas
g
x
2
as mesmas calcularão o quadrado do número
no visor.
Exemplo: Para calcular o quadrado do número 3, tem-se: HP 12C Platinum e Prestige
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1.9.6 FUNÇÃO DOS PARÊNTESES ( ) Quando a calculadora se apresenta no modo algébrico, os parênteses podem ser utilizados para modiicar a ordem que as operações são avaliadas. Esta função estando ativada, aparecerá no visor o indicador ( ). Ao fechar os parênteses abertos, a expressão contida no mesmo será avaliada da esquerda para a direita e o resultado inal será exibido ao pressionar a tecla ,e em seguida quaisquer parênteses pendentes serão fechados. Não é permitido utilizar mais de 1 3 =
parênteses pendentes ao mesmo tempo.
Exemplo: Para calcular
6 (4 - 2)
, tem-se:
HP 12C Platinum e Prestige
Modo RPN TECLAS
Modo ALG (Algébrica)
VISOR
TECLAS
VISOR
f
RPN
0,00
f
ALG
0,00
f
REG
0,00
f
REG
0,00
6,00
6 ÷ g ( 4 -
4,00
6 ENTER
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EXERCÍCIOS PROPOST PROPOSTOS OS 1. Resolver na HP 12C o
valor das seguintes expressões
(14 × 3) - (5× 4) a) (14
b) (5× 7) + (36 + 9) ÷ 4 c) (12 (120 - 30)× (36 (36 ÷ 9) ÷ (2+ 6) 13 - 5)] d) 16 × [6 + 4 × ( 13 (11 - 6) - (15 × 3)] e) 100 + [12 + 8 × (11 (8×10) + (15 (15 - 3) 3) - (3× 7) f ) (8×10)
g) (17, 3 × 14 14, 1) 1) ÷ 5
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2
FUNÇÃO DE CALENDÁRIO OBJETIVO DO CAPÍTULO Mostrar as operações que envolvem cálculos de prazos com datas
especíicas. Identiica-se também as diferenças entre os formatos de entrada e saída das funções de calendário
A calculadora HP 12C permite realizar operações de calendário visando obter a quantidade
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se deseje períodos ordinários (ano de 360 dias), pressione X<>Y ao inal. A introdução das datas digitadas deve seguir a convenção selecionada. Por exemplo, a data de 17 de maio de 2005 na convenção americana (M.DY - mês / dia / ano) e brasileira (D. MY - dia / mês / ano) é introduzida da seguinte forma:
Convenção: M. DY 05. 172005
Convenção: D. MY 17. 052005
Exemplos: 1. Calcular o número de dias decorridos desde desd e a data que ocorreu a famosa quebra da Bolsa
de Nova York, em 29 de outubro de 1929 até 5 de janeiro de 2006.
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Obs:
Introduzindo-se inicialmente a data atual e depois a data passada, o número de dias
aparecerá com o sinal negativo; se invertermos a ordem de entrada, o número de dias aparecerá com o sinal positivo. O número negativo indica que se está indo de uma data presente para uma data passada, portanto os dias estão sendo lidos como dias passados. Ao se desejar conhecer o dia exato da semana em que ocorreu determinado evento, pode-se acrescentar zero à data em que se deseja conhecer o dia, como demonstrado abaixo: 2. Determinar em que dia da semana se mana que ocorre o vencimento de uma duplicata (23.08.2005). (23.08.200 5).
Teclas (inserção de dados) g
23.082005 0
ENTER
Visor
D.MY 0,00 23.082005
0,00
D.MY D.MY
Signifcado
Estabelece formato da data(padrão brasileiro) Introduz a data atual Indica que se quer saber o dia exato da semana
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EXERCÍCIOS PROPOST PROPOSTOS OS 1. Um empréstimo é tomado em 5 de setembro de 2005, devendo ser pago 101 dias após. Deter-
minar a data do seu vencimento. 2. Uma
aplicação em CDB foi realizada em 17 de fevereiro de 2006 pelo prazo de 37 dias. Deter-
minar a data de resgate da aplicação. 3. Qual
4. Foi
o número de dias exatos entre 05/09/2005 e 08/05/2006?
assinado um contrato no dia 16/05/2006. Em que dia da semana foi assinado o contrato?
5. Uma
aplicação foi feita no dia 15/04/2005 e resgatada no dia 14/07/2005. Qual foi o prazo
em dias dessa aplicação?
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inancei ras não conseguiu honrar o pagamento 14. Uma determinada empresa com diiculdades inanceiras de uma duplicata que venceu em 18/02/2006. O pagamento só aconteceu em 15/03/2006, calcule os dias de atraso.
15.
Uma aplicação foi feita no Banco A em 06/08/2005 e resgatada em 09/05/2006, e outra no
Banco B em 07/10/2005 e resgatada em 05/06/2006. 05/06/20 06. Qual aplicação foi realizada por um maior período?
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3
OPERAÇÕES MATEMÁTICAS
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Notação RPN
Notação ALG
3 ENTER 4
3
×
3 ENTER 5 + 4 12 ENTER
4 =
3 + 5
×
7- 9
×
ENTER 3
1 ENTER 2 + 3 ENTER 5 + 4
÷
÷
×
×
2 +
12 – 7
×
×
9
4 = ÷
3 + 2 =
3 + 5 = ÷ 4 = x g ( 1+2 g ) =
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2.
210 = 1024 Teclas (inserção de dados) f
2 10
ENTER
REG
Visor 0,00 2,00 10,00
y
x
1.024,00
Signifcado Limpa registrador Valor da base Valor do expoente Resultado
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3.2 INVERSO DE UM NÚMERO
1/X
Calcula o inverso de um número dado, dividindo 1 pelo algarismo contido no visor. Cuidado, não confundir com o oposto: o oposto de 2 é –2 e o inverso de dois é meio (1/2).
Exemplos:
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