Automobile Proiect
Capitolul I : Analiza modelelor similare de automobile. Stabilirea tipului de autovehicul ce se va proiecta. Mercedes-Benz SLK 200 roadster 1.1
Alegerea modelelor similare : Tabel 1.1
Alfa Romeo SPIDER
1.2
BMW Z4
Audi TT
Honda S2000
Mazda Mx-5
OPEL GT
Opel Tigra Twintop
Mercedes Benz SLK
Analiza Analiza princi principal palilor ilor parame parametri triii dime dimensi nsiona onalili exte exterio riori: ri: Tabel 1.2
tip auto
Audi Alfa Bmw Honda Mazda Opel Opel MercedesTT Romeo S2000 Mx-5 Tigra Benz SLK Z4 GT Spider Twintop
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Lungime [mm]
4041 4393
4239 4135
4020
4100 3921
4103
Latime [mm]
1764 1830
1790 1750
1720
1813 1685
1777
Inaltime [mm]
1349 1318
1291 1285
1255
1274 1364
1296
Ampatament [mm]
2422 2528
2496 2405
2330
2415 2491
2430
Ecartament [mm]
1572 1579
1511 1471
1490
1543 1429
1530
Consola fata [mm]
902
1000
890
890
87 6
850
730
841
Consola spate [mm]
808
865
853
840
874
835
710
832
Garda la sol [mm]
113
120
120
130
135
129
131
120
Pentru fiecare tabel se vor numerota autovehiculele de la 1 la 8 dupa cum urmeaza: 1-Audi TT ; 2-Alfa Romeo Spider; 3-Bmw Z4; 4-Honda S2000 ; 5- Mazda Mx-5 6-Opel GT; 7-Opel Tigra Twintop; 8-Mercedes SLK Lungimea totala in functie de fiecare automobil
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Inaltimea in functie de fiecare autovehicul
Ampatamentul in functie de fiecare autovehicul
Ecartamentul in functie de fiecare autovehicul
Consola fata in functie de fiecare autoturism
Consola spate in functie de fiecare autovehicul
Garda la sol in functie de fiecare autovehicul
1.3 1.3
Anali Analiza za princ princip ipal alilo ilorr par parame ametr triiii masic masici: i: Tabel 1.3
Tip
Audi
Alfa
Bmw Honda Mazda
Opel
Opel
Mercedes-
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proprie [kg] Masa utila [kg]
320
250
255
173
285
195
215
315
Masa totala
1605
1755
1735
1535
1375
1590
1450
1705
[kg]
Masa totala [kg]=Masa Proprie [kg] + Masa utila [kg]
Masa proprie [kg] in functie de fiecare autovehicul
Masa utila [kg] in functie de fiecare autovehicul
Masa totala [kg] in functie de fiecare autovehicul
1.4 1.4
Anali Analiza za pri princ ncip ipal alilo ilorr para parame metr triiii ene energ rget etic ici: i:
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TT
o Spide r
1781
2198
2497 1997
1999 1998
120
136
150
179
118
Cuplu max [Nm]
225
230
250
208
Viteza maxima
218
224
242
240
0,07 4
0, 0 7 7
Turatia la puterea maxima[rp m]
5700
Turatia la cuplu maxim[rpm ]
1950 5400
Cilindree
Z4
S 200 0
5
GT
Twinto p
SLK
1796
1796
194
92
100
188
350
165
250
217
229
204
236
0,13 0,116 0,085 0,12 9 2
0, 0 6 3
0,058
6500
6400 8300
7000 5250
6000
5500
4500
2750
5000 4500
4600
2800 5000
[cm3] Putere max [kw]
Puterea specifica [kw/kg]
7500
*Puterea specifica [kw/kg] =puterea maxima [kw] /Masa totala [Kg]
Cilindreea [cm3] in functie de fiecare fiecare autovehicul
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Puterea maxima [kw] in functie de fiecare autovehicul
Cuplu maxim [Nm] in functie de fiecare autovehicul
Viteza maxima [km/h] in functie de fiecare autovehicul
Puterea speficica [kw/kg] in functie de fiecare autovehicul
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1.5
Analiza Analiza part particul iculari aritat tatilo ilorr const construc ructiv tivee ale ale model modelelo elorr simila similare: re: Tabel 1.5
Tip auto
Audi TT
Tip motor
Alfa Romeo Spider
Bmw Z4
transve Transv Trans rsal er-sal versal MAS ; 4 MAS; MAS; 4 cilindrii 6 cilindrii in linie cilindr in linie; ; ii in DOHC ; DOHC linie; 20 supape
Honda Mazda S2000 Mx-5
Longit Trans uversal dinal MAS; MAS; 4 4 cilindr cilindr ii in ii in linie; linie; ; DOHC DOHC DOHC ; ; 16 ; supape 24 16 16 supap supap supap e e e
Opel GT
Opel Mercede Tigra s-Benz Twintop SLK transve transver rsal sal
MAS; 4 MAS; 4 cilindrii cilindrii in in linie; linie; DOHC; DOHC; 16 16 supape supape
MAS; 4 cilindrii in linie; DOHC 16 supape
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Tip suspensie fata
Tip suspensie spate
Mc.Phe arson
Indepe ndenta ;cu Indepe dubla nden-ta bascul a si bara bara antiantiruliu ruliu
Indep endenta Mc. Phear son
Mc.Ph Indep Indepe Mc.Phe earso enden narson n ta;cu denta Indepe dubla Indep bascul ndenenden a ta,basc -ta ula si bara antiruliu
Bara de Indepe Indep torsiun nene denta denta
bara antiruliu
Mc.Ph Indep earso enn denta Indep enden -ta
Indepen denta Mc.Phea rson Arcuri elicoidal e si bara antiruliu
Indepe Bara de Indepen ntorsiun den-ta , denta e bara de torsiune
bara antiruliu Raport comprimare
9,5 : 1 11,3 : 1
11 : 1 11,1 : 10,8 : 9,2 : 1 10,5 : 1 1 1
8,5 : 1
Emisii CO2
197
199
182
[g/km]
221
236
181
218
185
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Consum 8. 2 combustibil mixt
9, 4
8, 5
10
7, 6
9,2
7, 7
7, 7
9, 5
6,6
6, 2
7. 9
5,8
9,4
7, 6
[l/100km] Timpul de accelerare
8, 2
0-100 km/h
Raportul de comprimare in functie de fiecare autovehicul
Consumul urban in functie de fiecare autovehicul
Consumul extraurban in functie de fiecare autovehicul
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Determinarea principalilor parametrii dimensionali si masici ai autovehiculului studiat
a) determinarea valorii medii a parametrului dimensional
: x
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b) Calculul abaterii medii patratice a valorilor parametrului respectiv 2.2 N ms
∑ ( x j − x )
S x =
2
j =1
N ms − 1
c) Calculul coeficientului de variatie a valorilor parametrului respectiv Cvx= Sx/x *100 [%]
2.3
d) Determinarea intervalului de incredere pe baza inegalitatii 2.4 x ales − x < t (P, k ) ⋅
I x = x − t (P, k ) ⋅
S x N ms
S x N ms
, x + t (P, k ) ⋅
S x N ms
2.5
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TABEL 2.1 NR crt Parametrul
Dimensional
x
Sx [mm]
t
Ix
xales
[mm]
[mm]
[mm ]
[mm]
1
Lungime
4119
137,56
2,365
[4003,4234]
4103
2
Latime
1776
109,98
2,365
[1684,1867]
1777
3
Inaltime
1304
89,95
2,365
[1318,1469]
1296
4
Ampatament 2439
147,78
2,365
[2315,2562]
2430
5
Ecartament
122,08
2,365
[1412,1617]
1530
6
Consola Fata 872
148,54
2,365
[747,996]
841
7
Consola Spate
103,84
2,365
[740,913]
832
1515 827
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Predeterminarea principalilor parametrii masici
Am ales masa autovehiculului Mercedes SLK deoarece se incadreaza cel mai bine in intervalul de incredere Im0.
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I mo
= mo − t ⋅
S mo N ms
, mo
+ t ⋅
S mo N ms
316 31 6.16 316 31 6.16 = 1342.7 − 2.776 77 6 ⋅ ,1342.7 + 2.776 77 6⋅ = (1078,1607) 8 8
Mu=75+68n+Mbag= 315 kg ma = mo + mu=315+1390=1705 =315+1390=1705 kg ma reprezinta masa totala a autovehiculului Mu reprezinta masa utila a autovehiculului
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8 9 10
Instalatie eletrica si baterie de acumulator Rotile Caroserie,usi,geamuri
1.9 6.4 48.56
32.39
33
109.12 110 827.94 828 Masa totala 1705kg
Principalele dimensiuni interioare ale automobilului
Dimensiunile interioare ale automobilului au ca obiectiv prezentarea urmatoarelor caracteristici dimensionale:
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– Scaunul trebuie sa aiba un dispozitiv de reglare a pozitiei relative
fata de parbriz si fata de comenzi atat in directie longitudinala cat si in directie verticala – Varificarea pozitiei scaunului se face in pozitia extrema spate si jos cu manechinul manechinul de 90, apoi apoi se verifica verifica pozitia maxim fata fata si sus cu manechinul de 10 – Valorile medii ale unghiurilor α, β, γ, δ sunt reprezentate in tabelul urmator Tipul automobilului α β γ δ
Autoturism
Autocamion
20-30 60-110 80-170 75-110
20-30 95-120 95-135 90-110
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infas asu urato atoare are a distantelo elor maxi axime de actiune ale unei maini a conducatorului asezat pe scaun, cu cealalta mana pe volan si piciorul stang pe pedala de acceleratie, avand montata o centura de siguranta cu trei puncte de sprijin. Comen Co menzi zile le lumi lumini nilo lorr de drum drum,, avert avertiz izor orul ului ui lumi lumino nos, s, se semna mnali liza zari riii schimbarii directiei, luminilor de pozitie spate si laterala, avertizarii sonore, stergatorului si spalatorului de parbriz trebuie sa fie amplasate in zona de actionare a mainii conducatorului autovehicului.
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1
Unghiul de inclinare spre inapoi β
24
2
Diametrul volanului
350
3
Unghiul de inclinare a volanului
17
4
Distanta pe orizontala intre centrul volanului si punctul calcaiului Wx
340
5
Distanta pe verticala intre centrul volanului si punctul calcaiului Wz
550
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3.3 Determinarea poziţiei centrului de masă al autovehiculului Pentru determinarea centrului de masă al autovehiculului se va alege un sistem de axe de coordonate (X,Z) care se va poziţiona pe schiţa de organiz organizare are genera generală. lă. Sistemu Sistemull de coordo coordonat natee are origin originea ea in punctu punctull de cont contaact cu solu solull a pne pneului ului de la punt punteea fat fata, in prim primul ul rand and pent pentrru simplificarea masurarii si calcularii valorilor. Pe această schiţă se vor preciza toate centrele de greutate ale subansamblelor anlizate în capitolul 2, tabelul 2.2.
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Nr.c rt
Denumire subansamblu
masa Participatia[ [kg] %]
1 Bara fata
32
6,46
2 Capota
25
5, 0 5
3 Aripa fata(2)
22
4,44
4 Parbriz
20
4, 0 4
5 Portiere(2)
50
10,10
6 Praguri(2) Podea+lonjero 7 ane
44
8,89
220
4 4, 4 4
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Tabel.2 Determinarea centrului de greutate al caroseriei Nr.crt Denumire . subansamblu
Pozitie Mas subansambl a u [kg] X Z
x*m
1 Bara fata
32
-589
399
18848
2 Capota
25
-226
807
- 5650
z*m 12768 20175
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14 Transmisie cardanica
9,6
1665
299 13375,6 2484,04
15 Diferential
9, 8
2420
2 0 7 2 3 5 0 5, 7
1 7 7 0, 3
16 Rezervor Combustibil
97
2914
452
4944 2
22976
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11 Suspensie fata
7 6, 0
0
289
0
28880
12 Suspensie spate
8 2, 1
2421
425
197040
32019
629 4
1353
734
873607
280083
13 Caroserie
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unde: • a0 şi b0 reprezintă distanţele de la centrul de masă Cg0 la puntea
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1. Calculu Calculull şi proiectare proiectarea a sistemului sistemului de acţion acţionare are al ambreia ambreiajulu juluii
Sistemul de acţionare hidraulic este utilizat la foarte multe automobile deoarece, faţă de sistemul de acţionare mecanic, prezintă o serie de mai multe avantaje, cum ar fi: – li limi mite teaz azăă vite viteza za sw de plas plasare are a disc discul ului ui de presi presiun unee la cuplar cuplarea ea ambre ambreia iaju julu luii şi prin prin aceasta ȋncărcările transmisiei; – rand randam amen entt rid ridiicat; cat; – posibilitat posibilitatea ea dispunerii dispunerii ȋ n locul dorit fără complicaţi complicaţiii constructiv constructive. e. Un tip de sistem de acţionare acţionare hidraulic este prezentat ȋ n figura 3.
Fig.3 Sistem de acţionare hidraulic al ambreiajului .
(2.35) unde:
Conf Conform orm prin princi cipi piul ului ui lui lui Pascal Pascal rezul rezultă tă relaţ relaţia ia::
cilindrului de acţionare; – d 1 - diametrul cilindrului – d 2 – diametrul cilindrilui de receptor.
F1F2=d12d22
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Forţa F 1
(2.37) Ȋnlocuind (2.38) unde:
ȋn
rezultă
fu funcţie
de de forţa
forţa la
de de
la la
pe pedală:
pedală:
F1=
Fp∙ab
Fp=Fim∙ih∙ηa
– im - raportul de transmitere mecanic im=ab⋅cd∙ef – ih - raportul de transmitere hidraulic ih=d22d11 – ηa - randamentul sistemului hidraulic ηa=0.95…0.98
Cunoscând cursa totală a manşonului rulmentului de presiune, se determină cursa cilindrului receptor cu relaţia: s2=sm∙cd (2.39) c ar e sm=sl⋅jd∙ip∙i ȋn (2.40) unde: – sl – cursa liberă a manşonului sl=2..4 mm; jocul ce trebui trebuiee realiza realizatt între între fiecare fiecare pereche pereche de supraf suprafeţe eţe de frecar frecaree pentru pentru o – jd - jocul decuplare completă a ambreiajului; – ip – raportul de transmitere al pârghiilor de debreiere; – i – numărul suprfeţelor de frecare. Se adoptă: sl=3 mm, jd=0.7 mm , ip=1.5, i=2. Rezultă sm=sl⋅jd∙ip∙i=3∙0.7∙1.5∙2=6.3 sm=sl⋅jd∙ip∙i=3∙0.7∙1.5∙2=6.3 mm Se poate calcula cursa cilindrului receptor: s2=sm∙cd=6.3∙2=12.6 s2=sm∙cd=6.3∙2=12.6 mm cu cd=2 . Cunoscând Cunoscând cursa cilindrului cilindrului receptor receptor se poate determina determina volumul de lichid lichid activ ȋ n cilindrul cilindrul receptor: (2.41)
V2=s2∙π⋅d224
Se adoptă un diametru al cilindrului receptor ca fiind d 2=30 mm. Atunci rezultă: V2=s2∙π⋅d224=12.6⋅π⋅3024=890 V2=s2∙π⋅d224=12.6⋅π⋅3024=8907 7 mm3 . Deoarece presiunea de lucru este redusă şi conductele de legătură dintre cilindri au lungime redusă, se poate considera că volumul de lichid refulat din cilindrul pompei centrale se poate considera egal cu volumul de lichid genrat de pistonul pompei receptoare, V 1=V 2. Pe baza acestei ipoteze se calculează cursa cilindrului pompei centrale cu relaţia: (2.42) Alegem un raport dintre d2d1=2⇒ d1=d22=302=15 mm. Cu acesta rezultă: s1=4⋅V2π⋅d12=4∙8907π⋅152=50 s1=4⋅V2π⋅d12=4∙8907π⋅152=50 mm. Cursa totală a pedalei S a ambreiajului este:
s1=4⋅V2π⋅d12
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Forţa la pedală nu trebuie să depăşească 15..25 daN, deoarece consumul prea mare de efort fizic duce la obosirea excesivă a conducătorului auto. Forţa la pedală este: Fp=Fim∙ih∙ηa=427610⋅4⋅0.98=110 Fp=Fim∙ih∙ηa=427610⋅4⋅0.98=110 N=11 daN<15daN . unde s-au considerat – raportul de transmitere mecanic im=10; – raportul de transmitere hidraulic ih=4; – randamentul sistemului hidraulic ηa=0.98.
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Bibliografie
DINAMICA AUTOVEHICULELOR . 1. Prof. univ. dr. ing. Cristian Andreescu - Curs DINAMICA AUTOVEHICULELOR 2. Prof. univ. dr. ing. Aurel P. Stoicescu - PROIECTAREA PERFORMANŢELOR DE TRACŢIUNE ŞI DE CONSUM ALE AUTOMOBILELOR, Editura Tehnica 2007
3. http://www.mitsubishi-motors.ro/files/brosuri/Lancer-clasic.pdf 4. http://www.toyota.ro/e-brochures/Corolla_tcm420-732150.zip/slot033/pdf/compleet.pdf 5. http://www.hyundai-motor.ro/showroom/index.php?
id=183&m=index&carid=96&bodid=138&engid=715&action=3 6. http://www.skoda.ro/technik_te.php?B_ID=297 7. Gh. Frăţilă – Curs Calculul şi construcţia ambreiajului.
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Memoriu tehnic justificativ
Partea I 1. Alegerea Alegerea unui numar numar adecvat de modele modele similar similar de automobile, automobile, analiza particularitatilor lor constructive si a principalelor caracteristici dimensionale, masice si energetic. Stabilirea modelului de automobile ce se va proiecta, p roiecta, conform cerintelor temei. 2. Studiul organizar organizariiii generale generale si a formei construct constructive ive pentru pentru automobilul impus prin tema. 2.1. Determ Determinar inarea ea principa principalilo lilorr paramet parametrii rii dimens dimension ionali ali si masici masici ai automobilului, precum si a subansamblurilor acestuia; 2.2. Determ Determinar inarea ea formei formei si a dimensiu dimensiunil nilor or spatiu spatiului lui util, util, preacum preacum si a interiorului postului de conducere; 2.3. Intocm Intocmire ireaa schit schitei ei de de orga organiza nizare re gene general rala; a; 2.4. Determ Determinar inarea ea pozitie pozitieii centrul centrului ui de masa al autim autimobi obilulu lului, i, atat la sarcina utila nula cat si la sarcina utila maxima constructiva. Determinarea incarcarilor pe punti si a parametrilor ce definesc capacitatea de trecere ai stabilitatea longitudinal a automobilului, in stransa legatura cu panta maxima impusa prin tema; 2.5. 2.5. Alege Alegere reaa anvel anvelop opel elor or si si jante jantelo lor. r. 3. Determinare Determinarea a coeficientului coeficientului de rezisten rezistenta ta la rulare a pneurilor pneurilor,, a coeficientului de rezistenta a aerului, a ariei sectiunii transversal maxime si a randamentului transmisiei. 4. Determinare Determinareaa rezistentelor rezistentelor la inaintear inaintearee si a puterilor puterilor corespunzatoare, in functie de viteza automobilului. 5. Predetermin Predeterminarea area caracteris caracteristicilo ticilorr de turatie turatie la sarcina totala totala a motorului, din conditia de viteza maxima in palier, alegerea motorului si precizarea principalilor parametrii ai motorului ales. 6. Predetermin Predeterminarea area si definitivarea definitivarea raportulu raportuluii de transmitere transmitere al transmisiei principale. Predeterminarea raportului de transmitere transmi tere al primei trepte a schimbatorului de viteze.
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1. Studiul ethnic ethnic al solutiilor solutiilor construct constructive ive posibile posibile pentru pentru ambreiaj ambreiaj si alegerea variantei ce se va proiecta. 2. Calculul Calculul de dimensionare dimensionare si verificare verificare a garnituri garniturilor lor de frecare frecare a ambreiajului. 3. Calculul Calculul si proiectarea proiectarea principalelor principalelor componen componenete ete ale ambreiajulu ambreiajuluii (arcuri de presiune, disc de presiune, disc condus, arbore, elemente de fixare si ghidare). 4. Calculul Calculul si proiectarea proiectarea sistemului sistemului de actionar actionaree al ambreiajului ambreiajului Materialul grafic
1. Desen de de ansamblu ansamblu sumar sumar al automobil automobilului ului (3 vederi). vederi). 2. Desen de ansamblu ansamblu al ambreia ambreiajului jului (vedere (vedere lateral lateral si sectiune sectiune longitudinala).
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