Biology project on Immunity for class 12th.

SUBMITTED TO – MR. VIKAS DIXIT MADE BY – RAHUL TRIPATHI CLASS – XII ROLL NO - 34 P.O – VIDU VIDUTNA TNAGAR GAR PIN – 224238

A state of having sucient biological defenses to avoid infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion. Capability of the body to resist harmful microbes from entering the body.

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CONTENTS

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 !his is to certify that +ahul !ripathi and of class :II has successfully completed this

8iology pro;ect on the topic as &i?it 'ir, during academic session 232@234 as per the guidelines issues by Central 8oard of 'econdary (ducation.

Mr. 5i>as &i?it (?ternal (?aminer /.*.! 8I%*"B

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Immune system

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*ranulocy tes NeutrophilsC eutrophils defend against bacterial or fungal infection , have a multilobed nucleus. !he life span of a circulating human neutrophil is about #.6 days.

EosinophilsC (osinophils primarily deal with parasitic infections. (osinophils are also the predominant inDammatory cells in allergic reactions. !hey have a bi@lobed nucleus.

BasophilsC 8asophils are chieDy responsible for allergic and antigen response by releasing the chemical histamine causing vasodilation .

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Agranulocy tes Lymphocytes: common in the lymph system and of three typesC 8 cells, ! cells and natural >iller cells.

Monocytes: they present pieces of pathogens to ! cells so that the pathogens may be recogniEed again and >illed. Monocytes eventually leave the bloodstream to become tissue macrophages.

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&efense mechanisms

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Active (Immunization)

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Innate immunity AFrst line of defenseB

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First line of defense

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%ysis of infected cell

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ArtiFcial adaptive immunity

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Memory 8 cells forms plasma cells which release immunoglobins IgsB

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Mucosal Immunity

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 !he mucosal immune system protects the internal surfaces of the body

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 !he mucosal immune system ㆍ *I tract ㆍ +espiratory tract ㆍ Urogenital tract ㆍ e?ocrine glands associated with these organs 

In a healthy human adult, this local immune system contributes almost 3G of all immunocytes.

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 !hese cells are accumulated in, or in transit between, various mucosa@associated lymphoid tissues MA%!B, which together form the largest mammalian lymphoid organ system.

Macrophag es

/lasma cells

Compositi on of MA%!  8 cells

Ig A and Ig *

 ! cells

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 !ypes of MA%! &epending in the region it is present

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Immunity conferred by vaccines

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/ositive events of the day seem to have a stronger helpful impact on immune function. 0aving a good time on Monday still had a positive eHect on the immune system by ednesday.  !he freJuent hand washing can brea> down the natural oils on the s>in that serve as the Frst line or layerB of defense for the immune system. 'tudies show that people who lac> humor in their lives tend to have less protective immune responses. hile the body needs some sunlight to produce vitamin &, too much sunshine can suppress the immune system.

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 !o ma>e this pro;ect I have ta>en source from the following boo>s@ . +amesh *upta 2. 8iology .C.(.+.! I have ta>en source from internet too , and ta>en help of our biology teacher Mr. 5i>as &i?it sir.

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e would li>e to than> our 8iology sir Mr. 5i>as &i?it, who provided us this opportunity to ma>e a pro;ect on
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