Building Construction Technology - Assignment 01(Semester 01)

Building construction Technology

Table of content

Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Site selection………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Stages in site investigations……………………………………………………………………………………………. Soil classification…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Available Boring methods………………………………………………………………………………………………. Available type of foundations…………………………………………………………………………………………. Types of excavation………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Associated temporary work for the co nstruction of foundation…………………………………….. Construction method of Piled Raft foundation………………………………………………………………. Formwork arrangements needed for the construction………………………………………………….. Reinforce arrangements in structural elements…………………………………………………………….. Brick work………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Method for construction of first floor slab……………………………………………………………………… Wall & floor finishes……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Water proofing………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Timberwork needed in building construction…………………………………………………………………. The ongoing construction site chose to study………………………………………………………………… Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… References……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

02 03 04 – 07 08 – 11 12 – 13 14 – 15 16 – 17 18 19 – 20 21 22 – 23 24 – 29 30 31 – 33 34 – 39 40 41 – 42 43 – 48 49 50

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Acknowledgement

Thanking my parents, without whom, I wouldn’t survive a single day in my life…. Towards all my teachers at the British College of Applied studies, for teaching me the the first steps of Building Construction Technology & for guiding me…. Thank you.

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Acknowledgement

Thanking my parents, without whom, I wouldn’t survive a single day in my life…. Towards all my teachers at the British College of Applied studies, for teaching me the the first steps of Building Construction Technology & for guiding me…. Thank you.

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Introduction In “Task 01” previews how to select a suitable construction site considering the st

borehole logs, the place the site is situated etc. Also in the 1 Task it shows what are the investigation methods should carry on before starting any construction & how the construction method changes due to different type of soil types. nd

2 Task is mainly focused on the foundation. The type of foundations, the excavation methods to construct the foundation & the method of building a foundation. rd

The structure & the partitions of a construction is mainly focused in the 3 Task. The formwork, Reinforcement & the wet & dry partitions. I have also attached the structural drawings & the pictures from the site I visited as a proof to my visit to the site.

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Site Selection  Factors considered in site selection 

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Design & construction plans Design & construction plans should be considered before starting the construction to make sure the construction is suitable, the land has enough area for the construction & the construction won’t conflict with the surroundings. General site conditions Before the construction the land has to be observed for general site conditions such as the slope of the land, whether it’s on a hill or on a low plain ground etc. Geological futures Geological features would be commonly looked at as landforms created through geologic processes such as erosion, weathering, deposition, and plate tectonics. The geomorphology The study of the form and structure of the Earth as the size and shape of the Earth's surface is known as geomorphology. Access restrictions for equipment Access for the heavy heavy machinery, machinery, heavy vehicles vehicles etc. should be considered considered before the construction. Traffic control requirements during field investigations Travelling through a construction site can be difficult & confusing for the drivers, to guarantee the safety of the passing vehicles & people necessary arrangements should be made. Location of underground & overhead utilities Underground pipe lines, Telephone cables etc. & utilities as power lines overhead the construction site should be considered before the construction. Type & condition of existing utilities The condition of the existing utilities should be considered because if the utilities are in a bad condition it will affect the building later on. Restriction on working hours If the site is situated in the middle of a busy town area, handling heavy vehicles & machinery would cause major traffic problems & if the site is near a hospital or a court the noise would be affect their activities so when constructing the work should be done without disturbing the surrounding environment. Environmental issues Mainly pollution caused by noise, dust, the disposal of the wasted materials or the wrappings of the materials .The construction should be done on a environment friendly way.

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Flood levels The construction should be done over the flood level & if any construction is happening below the flood level the necessary actions has to be taken such as water proofing .If the construction is having a underground car park the flood level has to be highly considered. Water traffic & access to water boring sites Water is majorly used in constructions so access to water should be unlimited or water has to supplied from tanks without pausing the construction work due to lack of water supplement also access to underground water sources will give unlimited supply of water. Equipment & material storage areas The storage of materials & equipments also has to considered, if the storage area is far from the construction site it would waste more time & it’l l cost more for transportation, if the storage can be done in the land or near the land it would save more time & money. Security Security of the of Equipments & materials should be considered & necessary anti theft procedures should be taken to protect the equipments & materials

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Advantages & the disadvantages of the sites

Land on Williamcopallawa road

Land on Colombo street

The land can be used to construct a supermarket The land is flat land

The land can be used to construct a super market The land is a slope land but the slope isn’t a large slope to be considered. The land has limited space so all the heavy machineries & equipments cannot be kept within the land, only some can access t he land others have to be kept outside the land. The land is in the middle of the c ity but because there are alternative routes & because the road can be blocked from either sides without causing traffic problems the number of public vehicles can be controlled. The construction can be carried o ut safely. Colombo street is not a busy road mostly its used for parking & when the road is blocked from either sides there will be no moving vehicles & there will be enough space for the heavy ve hicles & machineries. The water level is 4.8m have to more further deep for the water source. The water level is 4.8m, the basement car park wouldn’t go below the water level so there will be no need for the extra machinery as on the other land & it’ll save time & money.

The land has limited space so all the heavy machineries & equipments cannot be kept within the land, only some can access the land others have to be kept outside the land. The land is far from the city but the land is on the main road from Kandy to Colombo there will be more vehicles passing than on Colombo street so it’ll cause traffic problems & safety issues.

Williamcopallawa road is a busy road so there can be some restrictions when moving heavy machinery & vehicles.

The water level is 1.8m so access to underground water source can be gained easily Because the water level is 1.8m, the basement car park go below the water level when constructing so it’ll require more machinery to dewater & other equipments, tools & methods to water seal the basement. The storage has to be done outside the land because the entire land will be used for the construction. The materials & equipments have to be brought to the site.

The security status of the land can be low because it’s away from the city & not much people walking around & it can be opened to theft. There is another old supermarket next to the land so the income will be divided after c ompleting the construction.

If the client or the contractor can get permission to keep the certain section of the Colombo street closed till the construction is over the storage can be done near the constructing site or else the storage has to be done outside the land & brought to the site when needed The land is in the middle of the c ity so the security level is high because there are lot o people moving around & there are other shops, offices etc. around the construction site. There are no any supermarkets on Colombo street so it’ll be wiser to build the supermarket in this land because the competition is low.

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Recommended site for the construction for a super market

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Recommended site considering the general facts Considering the advantages & the disadvantages of the both sites g enerally the most suitable site for the construction is the land in the Colombo street, when considering the safety, security, storage, the easiness to work & specially the constructions can be carried out with less disturbance to the surrounding day to day work the most suitable place is the land in the Colombo street. Even after the construction is over & the super market is open for the public it’ll also give more income than the land on Williamcopallawa road because there the new super mar ket has to compete with “Keels super” which is also a super market, but if the super market is built on the Colombo

street there is no any other super markets to compete the new one. Recommended site - No.110, Colombo street, Kandy.

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Recommended site considering the borehole log Considering the borehole logs given of the two lands the soil is loose on the land in the Williamcopalla road comparing to the soil on the land in the Colombo stree t so there can be a threat of sinking the land also the water level c omes at 1.8m which will also cause more problems when excavating for the foundation & for the basement car park, even after the construction is done the whole basement has to be water sealed which will increasing the expenses to construct the building. The soil in the land on the Colombo street is well compacted so the building is more firm on this land also another advantage of using the land on Colombo street is the water level is at 4.8m the basement can be done without water se aling it’ll save a lot of

money & time so still the most suitable land for the construction is the land on the Colombo street. Recommended site - No.110, Colombo street, Kandy.

Considering the general conditions & considering the borehole logs the most suitable l and to construct a 4 storey super market is the land in No.110, Colombo Street, Kandy.

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Stages in site investigation Site investigation is a process carried out to determine whether the land is suitable for the construction also the weaknesses in the land, the improvements has to be done & various tests have to done to ensure the quality of the land to maintain the quality of the building.

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Investigating using existing data sources Reviewing existing data on a site can be helpful to determine boring locations, boring depths & to provide valuable geological & historical information which will be useful in the geotechnical report also reviewing existing data sources minimizes the surprises on the field. 

Subsurface investigation

Subsurface investigation means, investigating the soil conditions below & near the ground surface.

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Structural performance problems

Various problems as pile length, drivability problems, rock slides, excessive seepage, unpredicted settlement & other related problems.

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Geological survey maps & reports

Geological map is a special map created m ade to show geological features using different symbols & colors.

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Flood zone maps

Maps showing areas prone to flooding.

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Soil maps

Soil map is a map showing distribution of soil types and/or soil properties using different colors.

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Aerial photographs

Aerial photography is the taking photographs of f the ground from an elevated position

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Site plans

A site plan is an architectural plan, and a detailed engineering drawing of proposed construction. Usually a site plan shows a building footprint, travel ways, parking, drainage facilities, sanitary sewer lines, wate r lines, trails, lighting, and landscaping.

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Investigation by site visit/plan in hand By visiting the site, the surveyor c an gain knowledge about geotechnical, topographic & geological features of the site which will allow the surveyor to decide about access, restrictions & about the working conditions. A plan in hand visit allows the surveyor to know about t he below mentioned features & situations:

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Design & construction plans

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General site conditions

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Geological features

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The geomorphology

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Access restriction for equipments

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Traffic control requirements

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Location of utilities

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Type & condition of existing facilities

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Adjacent land use

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Restriction on working hours

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Environmental issues

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Outcrops, erosion features & subsurface settlement

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Flood levels

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Water traffic & access to water boring sites

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Benchmarks & other reference points

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Equipment storage areas/security

Sub surface exploration planning Exploration methods on the field. Requirements of sampling & project design, types & frequency of field test to be performed which can be determined based o n the subsurface information. The availability of equipments & local practice also has to be considered. Mostly, the investigation program has to be modified after initiating the field work because of site access constraints or to the variations in subsurface conditions.

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Frequency & dept of Borings The type & the critical nature o f the structure, the soil & the rock formation, the known variability in stratification & the foundation loads decides the location & the frequency of the borings. Mostly it may require to extend the depths of the borings beyond the minimum dept due to geological settings, condition or the characteristics of the underlying soil strata, or to assure that required information is obtained for cases when the structure requirements are not clearly defined at the time of drilling. When the drilling is done to the bedrock a m inimum of 1.5m depth of rock core has to be obtained to verify that the boring has reached the bedrock & not on the surface of a boulder. 10 | P a g e


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Boring locations & elevations Establishing all planned drilling locations & elevations should be carried out by a licensed surveyor, if a licensed surveyor is unavailable the field inspector is re sponsible for establishing the boring locations & the elevations. A G.P.S. device (Global Positioning System) also can be used to find the accurate locations however the accuracy is m for most projects.

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Types of investigation 

Remote sensing The information collected to recognize the condition of the physical futures on the land, geological information & general soil & rock formations.

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Geophysical information Detecting underground cavities, sudden changes in subsurface etc. is known as geophysical information which can be collected by doing several tests such as SR(Sound Resistivity) test, EM(Electro Magnetic conductivity) test & GPR(Ground Penetrating Radar) test.

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Disturbed sampling A disturbed sample is one in which the structure of the soil has been changed adequately that tests of structural properties of the soil will not be envoy of in-situ conditions, the sample is collected from excavated area in a disturbed condition. The sampling process modifies their natural structure.

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In-situ testing In-situ testing is done in the construction site using raw materials which will give the results in the same time such as Cone Penetration Test.

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Undisturbed sampling The condition of the soil in the sample is much similar to the conditions of the soil in-situ to allow tests of structural properties of the soil to be used to approximate the properties of the soil in-situ. Tests such as place strength, compressibility, plate bearing & tests for moisture are undisturbed tests.

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Soil classification Soil is a particular kind of earth o r ground consisting of rock & mineral particles mixed w ith organic matter or any unconsolidated material that is the product of weathering & mechanical disintegration of rocks, composed of discrete particles w ith gases & liquids interspersed between them is known as soil.

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Available type of soils 

Residual soil

After the soluble elements have been dissolved the remaining is Residual soil. Residual soils can be formed from igneous, Sedimentary & Metamorphic rocks. Weathering might be partial; structure may be meta-stable, exhibiting strength loss on disturbance.

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Transported soil

Transported soil is formed in three stages, as in order first stage is Weathering or breakdown in materials then the second stage is erosion or the transportation from its original location & the final stage is deposition.

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Alluvial soil

Alluvial soil is a fine grained fertile soil deposited in lakes or in flood plains by water flowing over them. Alluvial soil contains clay, silt, gravel & similar materials)

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Marine soil Marine soil is heaped upon the beaches in coastal areas, materials eroded from the beaches by tidal action of the waves & the materials carried out to the sea from streams forms Marine soil. These type of soil have a structure reflecting the saline condition during deposition. In this soil shell fragments & micro organisms are prevalent.

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Glacial soil

The composition of this type of soil exceedingly non uniform structure formed by the particles carried out by the Glaciers

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Aeolian soils

This kind of soil is so porous it’s formed from sand & silt particles carried

by wind.

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Organic soils

If the soil contains a large percent of organic matter it is known as organic soil.

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Available boring methods Bore holes are usually used to c lassify & to identify the soil purposes or to take samples, also bore holes are used determine the ground below 6m depth. 

Rotary Boring

Most rock formations can be drilled, the drilling can be done above & below the water table. The drilling depth is over 40m, water & mud supports unstable formations. A cutting bit attached to the bottom is used to drill.

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Light Percussion Drilling

Simple to operate & maintain comparing to other drilling methods, can be used on variety of rocks. The drilling dept is considerable but a relatively slow method.

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Auger Boring

A simple & a economical boring method, the method is a dry method & can be used only on soft soils. Handling should be done carefully when taking the auger out because it may generate suction in the borehole which can disturb the soil to be sampled

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Hand Auger Boring

This boring method is suitable for soil research & it’s an inexpensive

method, also its easy to operate & maintain but this method is also a slow method relatively.

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Wash Boring

In this method soil remains undisturbed, the equipment is light & inexpensive also an advantage is it can be used for small & large holes.

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Water Jetting

This boring method makes the hole by jetting high pre ssured water to the soil below the casing. This method is fast, cheap & r equires only a little skill to handle. Disadvantage of using this method is a volume of soil gets contaminated with water & the soil gets highly disturbed. Not a suitable method for soil sampling.

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Proposed boring method The chosen site is in the middle of the city so it’ll cause many problems if heavy machinery is

used during the day time so the most suitable method for the construction in Colombo Street is “Light percussion drilling”

In light percussion drilling method, the equipments can be moved easily comparing to like rotary drilling system other drilling systems also can be used but because it’s for the soil

exploration & because we don’t know the state beneath the ground level t his method is much more suitable. Proposed boring method – Light Percussion Drilling.

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Available types of foundation 

Shallow foundations 

Spread footing

Spread footing foundations are commonly used in residential constructions; these are strips or pads of concrete which takes the load from the walls & columns of the structure.

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Pad footing

Pad footing is also known as isolated footing. The footing is provided under a column, the shape of the footing usually is circular, square & rectangular.

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Strip footing

Usually used to support a line of loads , either due to load from walls or pad footings are closer. Strip foundations can also be constructed from unreinforced concrete.

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Combined footing

Combined foundations are in rectangular or in trapezoidal shape to provide a uniform pressure to the ground. Two foundations are connected using a strap beam.

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Mat or Raft foundation

Raft foundations are used when the load is needed to spread to a large area, often used in soft soils with a low bearing capacity, Using raft foundations are more economical & convenient than using number of excavations.

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Deep foundations 

Piled foundation

Deep foundations are the ones usually depths go to below 3m, piling is used to ensure the safety & the required load bearing of the foundation. The cost is high relatively high comparing to shallow foundation methods but the safety & the durability is also high comparing to shallow foundations. Using deep foundations depends on the load of the structure.

Proposed foundation for the selected site The proposed Supermarket is a 4 storey building with a basement car park. A supermarket is a place where lot of people move around & a considerable amount of load will be on the foundation, also because of the basement car park the ground has to excavated at least 4m depth. According to the borehole log provided to the construction site at Colombo Street after excavating for the car park if a Shallow foundation method is used the foundation has to be done on the “Brownish fine sand” or on “Fine medium sand” which are materials hardly can be relied for a strong foundation so as I think because of it’s a commercial building a “Deep foundation” has to be used t o ensure the safety which means the suitable foundation method is “Piled Raft foundation” .The piling should go at least 9m deep till the “Blackish grey very highly weathered rock”.

Proposed foundation – Piled Raft foundation

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Types of excavations 

Bulk Excavation

Bulk excavation is the process of excavating t he required area & moving the excavated materials to another place.

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Rock Excavation

Breaking rocks using hammers or other m achineries widely used in road construction but if there are rocks disturbing to the construction of the building rock excavation is used to clear the area.

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Trench Excavation

Trench excavation is used for as strip foundations or in raft foundation to excavate the required trench

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Hole/Pit Excavation Hole excavation is used for piling purposes, pit excavation is to cove r a large area of foundation as in raft foundation. To dig hole ther e are various type of drillings as in boring methods for pit excavation there are certain types of machineries to use.

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Associated temporary works for the construction of foundation 

Shoring

Shoring is a method most commonly used to ensure the safety of the workers & to prevent the excavation from caving in. Shoring is also light weight, portable & easy to install. 

Vertical Aluminum Hydraulic Shoring (Spot bracing)

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Trench Slide rail system

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Trench Lite shield

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Extruded Aluminum trench shield

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Hydraulic shields

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Trench Waler systems

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Man hole shores

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Construction method of Piled Raft foundation 

Testing the nature of the soil 

The weight resistance of soil & t he weight bearing of the soil should be checke d before any type of construction commenced. Types of Soil acts differently due to the load it’s

bearing soil is classified as “Practically incompressible soil”, Compressible soil” & ”Soils which escapes laterally”. The type of the foundation depends on which kind of soil the

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Piled foundation 

Because of the construction is a commercial building the load will be high during the life span of the structure, also because of the underground car park’s weight & co nsidering

the borehole log the construction requires piling. 

There are 3 types of piles; Bored piles, Driven piles & Steel or H piles. Within these three types the type of piling I choose is bored piling.

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To construct the pile first the required depth should be bored using a suitable boring method, after reaching the required depth the reinforcement for the pile has to be inserted then finally the bored hole is filled with the special concrete mixture which don’t face aggregation, then let it harden naturally.

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Raft foundation (footing) 

After completing the piled foundation the construction requires a raft foundation to distribute the load to the piles.

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The method of distributing load is using a Raft foundation.

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To construct a Raft foundation first of all the formwork should be arranged after its done the bottom of the foundation should be water proofed including the pile heads. After water proofing the reinforcement is done up to standard qualities & with required spacing, suitable type of bars etc.

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Finally the concrete mixture is filled to the required area using vibrates & other necessary equipments & machineries to maintain the quality

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Formwork arrangements needed for construction

 Formwork arrangement needed for the construction of Slab

The Slab formwork previewed in this image is a Aluminum panel form work with metal beams to support the panels. The advantage of using this type of form work is it can be reused & comparing with timber form work this form work me thod is cheaper because it doesn’t require replacing or buying a new formwork set for a considerable period.

 Formwork arrangement needed for the construction of Beam

To construction of beam form work also stee l panels can be used with metal supports. Using Metal supports & steel panels can increase the speed of the construction & it also helps to maintain the quality because of its adjustable heights.

 Formwork arrangement needed for the construction of Column

Steel form work is also available for column formwork; it’s also re usable & can construct any co lumn with any height.

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 Formwork arrangement needed for the construction of Staircase

For the formwork of staircase the materials used is timber, metal bars & to support the structure & ply wood as showed in the image.

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Reinforce arrangement in structural elements 

Reinforce arrangement for Beam

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Method of construction Beam reinforcement

Before placing reinforcement in beam footings you need t o make a cage out of rods and stirrups as they form a cage. Place the reinforcement cage in the trench, making sure it does not touch the trench sides & has the required cover. Support the bottom bars or rods on bar chairs, or hang them from a timber support across the top of the trench also when one beam meets another beam, overlap the rods by the full width of the cage.

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Beam reinforced arrangement of the visited site

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Reinforce arrangement for Column

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Method of construction Column reinforcement

As same as Beam reinforcement steel cages are made with steel & usually columns are made with the slab reinforcement so the slab reinforcement & the column reinforcements are connected. Unlike Beam reinforcement column reinforcement doesn’t require a trench because its built vertical form work is

required only when concreting when preparing t he reinforcement no formwork is needed. As in beam reinforcement when the reinforcement o f one column connects to another column reinforcement the two reinforcement should overlap for at least for 1m. The links, number of bars the space between them has to be up to standards to maintain the quality.

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Column Reinforce arrangement of the visited site

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Reinforce arrangement for Slab

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Method of construction Slab reinforcement

First the formwork should be arranged after completing the formwork the reinforced has to be laid with the required steel bars. After laying the reinforcement concrete cover blocks should be kept under the reinforcement to lift the reinforcement for the required cover to obtain the fire resistance & the moisture resistance as structure requires. Overlapping also should be done when joining the reinforcement.

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Brick work Brick walls are known as wet partition it’s because it re quires a mortar mixed with water to construct using this material. Bricks are made by molding good clay into a block & let it dry then burnt. Hand molding & drying out in the sun was the first method use to make bricks but now with the technological development machineries are used to cut & burn the bricks.

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Uses of brick work in construction 

As building blocks Before bricks are used in construction work first it has to be tested for its quality, there can be cracks, deformations , not in standard shape etc. after testing bricks are laid using a mortar as a bonding agent. When bricks are used to build walls there is a special arrangement of laying bricks it’s known as “ English bond” (shown in the image). In bricklaying, an

arrangement of bricks such that one course has the short sides of the bricks (headers) facing outwards, and the next course has the long sides of the bricks (stretchers) facing outwards is known as “English bond”. Building brick walls as to English bond gives the wall its required strength & characteristics of a wall. 

Fire protection

Bricks have a good fire resistance capability. Using this advantage of bricks when a building needs extra fire protection (as emergency fire exits) a layer of brick is added to cover the structure. Which will give the construction extra protection against fire. Construct ion method is same as brick walls

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Foot paths/Pavements

Because of bricks appearance & st rength it’s also used

in foot paths & pavements.

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Method for construction of first floor concrete slab

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Formwork arrangement

The formwork of slabs should be started after completing the columns up to the bottom level of slab beams. Plywood sheets can be arranged for the form work & it has to be water proofed by applying grease or covering it from a polythene layer. GI pipes, Acro(T) jack and 2"x4" timber arrangements are used to supports the formwork.

Slab formwork arrangements

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Plywood sheets used for formwork.

Arrangements to support the form work.

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Reinforce arrangement

The Reinforcement is arranged according to t he design provided & the arrangement depends on the load the slab will be carrying. The bars, spacing ever ything will be decided by the structural engineer & the reinforcement has to be laid according to him. After laying the reinforcement concrete cover blocks are kept under the reinforcement to protect the reinforcement from moisture & for the fire resistance required by the building.

 Rein force arrangement

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Concreting

After the formwork & reinforcement arrangements are done the final step is to fill it with the concrete mixture. While filling the concrete a vibrator is used to allow concrete to touch every surface & to make sure there will be no cavities after hardened. After concreting the surface is smoothed before getting hardened.

Using the vibrator

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smoothing the surface

Curing

After concreting a good care has to be taken of the concrete to ensure that the concrete will gain its full strength after hardening. The concrete starts to harden from outside after around 2, 3 days. If there is no sufficient water the slab will start to crack & the slab will be a failure. To avoid this from happening the surface of the concrete should always be in a wet condition. To keep the surface wet a brick wall can be made around the concrete from cement or clay, then fill water to the surface. It has to be checked from time to time until the concrete gains its full strength & when the surface looks dry it has to be filled again. Also the concrete can be covered by polythene to stop water evaporating from the surface

A brick wall made around the concrete

Covered from polythene

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Wall & Floor finishes The site I selected for the exploration is a General hospital so wall & floor finishes are considered for The front reception, Bathrooms & for the hospital wards.

Available materials for the floor finishing Material for the floor finishing of the showrooms should provide a pleasant look to t he customer & also it should give a luxurious look to the showroom. Because of lot of people are moving so the material should be easy to clean & in the same time the material shouldn’t require often

cleaning.

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Laminated wood flooring

Laminate flooring is a multi layer synthetic flooring product fused together using a lamination process. Laminated floor is attractive as same as natural floor materials but it costs less than natural floor materials & also much durable than using carpet

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Hardwood flooring

Hardwood flooring is a material rich in its appearance also it gives more strength and overall long life. using hardwood flooring costs more but it’s a durable m aterial for flooring.

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Lime stone tile

Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed largely of the minerals calcite and/or aragonite. Limestone flooring is durable & gives a luxurious appearance but using limestone tiles are highly expensive.

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Terrazzo

Terrazzo is made up of small marble chips or stone chips that are set hard in a binding material and then ground over until completely level. Using terrazzo is less expensive & durable also the appearance of the floor increases as the usage of the floor increases.

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Ceramic tile

Ceramic tiles are made with clay base & glazed ceramic material top. Ceramic tiles are relatively cheap & only the top surface can be exposed, if the top ceramic layer is chipped off the t ile cannot be used. Advantage of using this type of t ile is wide range of colors & textures are available.

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Granite tile

Granite is made by cutting & polishing the granite stone. Granite doesn’t under go any manufacturing process, variety o f

textures is available & the appearance c an be improved into a glossy, grand look by polishing. The cost for granite is high as same as marble & granite doesn’t have to be polished

continuously.

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Glass tiles & Mosaics Glass tiles are pieces of glass formed into consistent shapes& artistic figures. Because of glass tiles are more rigid it can break easily & glass tiles are highly expensive.

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Homogeneous tiles

Homogeneous tiles are made with the same mat erial unlike ceramic or porcelain tiles any side of the tile can be exposed. Homogeneous tiles are more expensive than ceramic t iles but it is durable & if the tile gets damaged the visibility of the damage is low with this type of tiles.

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Carpet tiles Carpet tiles are square sections of carpeting that are sometimes used in place of rolled carpeting, user can choose the carpet from a wide range of colors. Installation of carpet tiles is much easier than any other flooring material & another advantage of using carpet tiles is if a carpet gets stained only the particular section has to be replaced. The cost for carpet tiles is expensive than a normal carpet.

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Carpet

Common types available are fabric & wool loops carpets because carpets are synthetic materials a wide range of colors are available & wide range of tex tures are available. The cost is low comparing to other materials, the durability of a carpet is also low comparatively.

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Vinyl plank flooring

Vinyl is easy to install quickly & it also gives a looking s urface .Because of it’s an artificial material a w ide range of textures &

colors are available also vinyl flooring is relatively cheap but the price may differ from the vinyl chosen. The durability is same as carpets, advantage of using this material is it s hygienic.

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Floor finishing material for the front reception

The front of a hospital should be attractive & it should give the patient a pleasant feeling that this hospital is hygienic & it certainly can cure the illness he has, so it has to be a material easy to clean, Hygienic & with some luxury look so between these materials the most suitable material for the front reception is Granite flooring.

Floor finishing recommended for the front reception – Granite tiles.

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Floor finishing material for the bathrooms

The bathroom is a place that used by lot of people, so it has to be a material so easy to clean, less slippery, easy to clean & a material doesn’t absorb water. So considering the above materials the m ost

suitable material for the bathroom floor finish is Cer amic tiles.

Floor finishing recommended for bathroom – Ceramic tiles.

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Floor finishing material for the Hospital wards

The hospital ward also has to be hygienic & cle an as any other place in a hospital. Also patients can vomit or drop liq uids or blood can drop on the ward’s floor so again it has to be a material doesn’t absorb water, easy to clean & not stains so again the suitable material for flooring of the hospital ward is Ceramic tiles.

Floor finishing recommended for the hospital ward – Ceramic tiles.

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Available materials for the wall finishes Material chose for the outer w all finish is as much as important as any other finishing because it’s t he

first thing the customer sees & from the outer finish people decides how inside of the shopping complex is. If the shopping complex has a poor outer wall finish people wouldn’t even care much to t ake a look inside but if it has a rich outer wall finish people would come in even it’s an empty shopping

complex. An outer wall increases the income of a commercial building so it has to be luxurious, attractive & something unique to grab people’s atte ntion.

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Plastering & paint Plastering is commonly used in brick & block walls, Gypsum plastering, Lime plastering & Cement plastering are the available plastering methods. The surface remains smooth & soft after plastering. Usually after plastering paint is applied on the wall to improve the appearance.

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PVC Cladding Covering one material from another material is c alled cladding. Aluminum sheet, stone, brick, granite, wood etc. can be used for cladding. The appearance of any kind of partition can be improved using cladding.

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Wall finishing material for the front reception, Hospital wards & bathrooms.

For all three places the most suitable material is PVC cladding because it is water proof, hygienic & it’s

easy to keep clean. Also it has a good luxury look.

Wall finishing recommended for the hospital ward, Front reception & bathrooms – PVC cladding.

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Water proofing 

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Elements to be water proofed in a building 

Basement

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Foundation

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Roof

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Bathroom floors/walls

Method of water proofing the bathroom 

Fiber flex

Fiber flex is a material can be applied on top of joints & places possible of having a leakage. When it is applied it seals the place & water proof the place this product can be applied on bathroom walls & floors for water proofing.

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Poly cloth reinforcing fabric

This is product can be pated on top for water proofing for bathroom floors this mater ial can be pasted from the bottom & then tile the surface from the top. Also can be used in the same way on walls, the plastering or the painting can be done top of this product.

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Timberwork used in building construction

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Formwork Timber is used in formwork because of it’s a easy material to

find & a material with a reasonable durability. Timber is used in form work for slabs, beams, columns, foundation Almost in every concrete work mostly timber is used as a material for the form work.

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Doors

Timber doors are mostly used in residential construction because of its durability & for the strength.

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Windows

Timber is used in windows to increase the appearance of a house or a building. Mostly timber windows are also used in residential construction because of its expensiveness timber don’t get used usually in large scales

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Timber joints 

Mortise & Tenon joints

This is the most commonly used type of joints this joint is much stronger & the joint is less likely to crack. A mortise is basically a slot cut in a piece of stock & a Tenon is a reduced tongue.

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Mortise & Tenon joints with pin

This is the most common of all conventional joints, The pining offers the opportunity to accent the corners.

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Haunch Mortise & Tenon joints

The haunch piece should extend beyond no more than one quarter along the tenon

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Haunched Mortise & Tenon

This is built into the tenon to fill the grooves in the stiles

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The ongoing construction site chose to study 

Elevations of the proposed construction

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Slab & Beam layout of the proposed construction

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Wall foundation & retaining wall detail of the proposed construction

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Column foundation detail of the proposed construction

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Foundation & tie beam layout of the proposed construction

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Pictures of the visited site

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Conclusion

This is the final page of the assignment & it was really difficult to find information on some topics even on the internet so I referred the tutorials I was given regarding this subject. Most of my conclusions on the topics are mentioned in the assignment. I hope I’ve done the assignment according to the proper criteria & I

Thank you for spending your valuable time to take a look at this assignment…

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Building Construction Technology - Assignment 01(Semester 01)

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