c
c c BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AND TECHNOLOGY 5 c ASSIGNMENT 1: RESEARCH REPORT c c cc
c c c c c c cc
c c c cc c c c c c c c c c ! c cc
c c c c c ! cc c c c cc c"c c
c
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY #$c %&'%()$c (*c +#,)c '$%('+c -.)c +(c ./.012$c )+$$0c *'.3,/4c )1)+$3)c +(c 5'$.+$c 5(/)5,(&)/$))c(*c.'5#,+$5+&'$c )+&6$/+)c+(c+#$c,/+$''$0.+,(/)#,%c7$+-$$/c$/4,/$$',/4c ./6c.'5#,+$5+&'$c6$),4/ +'&5+&'.0c 5(3%(/$/+)c (*c .68./5$6c ./6c 4$/$'.0c 5(/)+'&5+,(/c +$5#/,9&$)c .'$c ,6$/+,*,$6c ./6c ,00&)+'.+$6c #,)c ,)c 7.5:$6c &%c 71c /$5$)).'1c 6(5&3$/+.+,(/)c +(c +#$c )+./6.'6)c.55$%+.70$c+(c+#$c%'(*$)),(/c (c ('4./,2$c +#$c '$)$.'5#;c )+$$0c *'.3,/4c )1)+$3)c *,/6,/4)c 7$$/c 5.+$4(',2$6c ,/+(c ,+)c 4$/$'.0c ,/*('3.+,(/c )&5#c .)c 5#.'.5+$',)+,5)c ./6c +1%(0(41c ./6c ,+)c .'5#,+$5+&'$c $0$3$/+)c)&5#c.)c*(&/6.+,(/c)1)+$3);c-.00c)1)+$3);c'((*c)1)+$3);c$+5c <.',(&)c5.)$c)+&6,$)c.'$c+#$/c6(/$c+(c%'(8$c)+$$0c*'.3,/4c)1)+$3)c$**$5+,8$/$))c./6c 6$),4/c5.%.7,0,+,$)c /c5(/50&),(/;c )+$$0c*'.3,/4c )1)+$3)c %'(8$c +(c /(+c (/01c7$c 6$),4/c*0$=,70$;c ,+c ,)c 3('$c 5()+c).8,/4;c*.)+$';c$**$5+,8$;c./6c)+'(/4$'c+#./c(+#$'c7&,06,/4c3.+$',.0)c('c)1)+$3)c c c c c c c
1.0
INTRODUCTION 1.1
Purpose #$c %&'%()$c (*c +#,)c '$%('+c -.)c +(c ./.012$c )+$$0c *'.3,/4c )1)+$3)c ./6c ,6$/+,*1c,+)c )+'&5+&'.0c5(3%(/$/+)c(*c.68./5$6c5(/)+'&5+,(/c+$5#/,9&$)c ./6c ,00&)+'.+$c +#$c ,3%0$3$/+.+,(/c (*c .68./5$c 5(/)+'&5+,(/c +$5#/,9&$)c -#,5#c -,00c 6$3(/)+'.+$c +#$c ,/+$''$0.+,(/)#,%c 7$+-$$/c $/4,/$$',/4c ./6c .'5#,+$5+&'$c6$),4/c c
1.2
Scope >#,0$c '$)$.'5#,/4;c ,+c ,)c ,3%('+./+c +(c 5(/),6$'c +#$c 6,**$'$/5$c ,/c )+$$0c 5(/)+'&5+,(/c (+c.00c)+$$0c5(/)+'&5+,(/c&)$)c+#$c)+$$0c*'.3,/4c)1)+$3c c
1.3
Methodology #$c '$)$.'5#c 4'(&%c 5(/),)+)c (*c ?c ,/6,8,6&.0)c *('c-#,5#c .'$c %.,'$6c ,/+(c )&7@4'(&%)c +(c 6$.0c -,+#c 4,8$/c +.):)c $)$.'5#c 5(3%(/$/+)c ./6c 5.)$c )+&6,$)c .'$c 6$',8$6c *'(3c 7((:A3.4.2,/$c )(&'5$)c ./6c *'(3c ,/c +#$c ,/+$'/$+c*'(3c.'5#,+$5+&'$c-$7),+$)c./6c$@7((:)c #$c+.):c6,)+',7&+,(/c,)c 5.+$4(',2$6c0,:$c)(c c c
.):)c
$37$')c
c
Introduction
./,$0c
.):c,)+',7&+,(/c./6c 0.//,/4c
.,6&c
(/50&),(/c (3%,0.+,(/c c
Steel Framing Systems General Information
./,$0c
#.'.5+$',)+,5)c
.,6&c
(06@('3$6c+$$0c'.3,/4c $/$*,+)c(*c+$$0c'.3,/4c1)+$3)c '$*.7',5.+,(/c./6c c $),4/c '(5$))c '(5$6&'$)c 0./c #$5:c./6c&,06,/4c /)%$5+,(/c ,**$'$/5$)c-,+#c(+#$'c .+$',.0)c
(/)&0+./+)c./6c%$5,.0,2.+,(/c .)+$/$')c./6c ((0)c '.,/,/4c./6c ,5$/)$)c 1%$)c(*c+$$0c'.3,/4c1)+$3)c +$$0c%$5,*,5.+,(/)c./6c+./6.'6)c +$$0c&%%0,$')c./6c'6$',/4c (5.0c./6c /+$'/.+,(/.0c,**$'$/5$)c c
Foundation Systems
.'./$#c
$$%c*(&/6.+,(/c ,4#+c(&/6.+,(/c*('c+$$0c'.3$c+'&5+&'$c ,0$c(&/6.+,(/c ,0$c .%)c ,+$',.c./6c$9&,'$3$/+)c +$$0c ./$0c(&/6.+,(/)c (0$c(&/6.+,(/)c c
Floor Systems
#,/4c,$c
+'&5+&'.0c+$$0c'.3,/4c /$@>.1c$.3c1)+$3c -(@>.1c$.3c1)+$3c ',%0$c$.3c1)+$3c 1%$)c(*c+$$0c$.3)c 1%$)c(*c+$$0c (//$5+,(/)c 1%$)c(*c$5:,/4c ,4#+@.&4$c+$$0c ,4#+@.&4$c+&6c'.3,/4c c
Wall Systems =+$',('c>.00c+&6)c &'+.,/c>.00c /+$',('c>.00c ,4#+@.&4$c $+.0c'.3,/4c 1%$)c(*c&'',/4c./6c+&6)c .+$',.0c%$5,*,5.+,(/c +.44$'$6c '&))c+$$0c'.3,/4c1)+$3c
.'./$#c
?c
Roof Systems
(/.+#./c
+'&5+&'.0c+$$0c((*c'.3,/4c
!$13./c
))$3701c $+#(6)c +$$0c,4,6c'.3$c ('+.0c'.3$c %.5$c'.3$)c %$/@-$7c)+$$0c(,)+)c %$/@>$7c
+$$0c
(,)+)c
'.3,/4c
$+.0c((*c$5:,/4c ,4#+@4.&4$c'((*c*'.3,/4c c
Moisture and Thermal Protection
(/.+#./c
#$$+c $+.0c((*,/4c
!$13./c
(''&4.+$c $+.0c((*,/4c $+.0c 0.66,/4c (,/+c$.0./+c =%./),(/c(,)+)c c
Doors and Windows
(/.+#./c
((')c./6c(('-.1)c
!$13./c
(('c%$'.+,(/c >,/6(-c
0$3$/+)c
>,/6(-c%$'.+,(/c c
Complete System Case Study:
00c
c (&)$c"c c c Individual Case Study
c
.)$c+&61ccc
./,$0c
c(=$)c"c!$,B,c)#,2.-.c$),4/c
c
.)$c+&61c c
.,6&c
,4c,4c (&)$c@c,/40$c%$$6c$),4/c
c
c
(/.+#./c
.)$c+&61c c
c
c
!$13./c
.)$c+&61cc
c
c
#,/4c,$c
.)$c+&61c c
c
c
.'./$#c
.)$c+&61c?c c c 1.4
Limitations c .)$c)+&61c('c'$)$.'5#c,)c/(+c,/c .0.1),.c (c(/@),+$c'$)$.'5#c,)c 6(/$c ./6c '$)$.'5#c ,)c #,4#01c 7.)$6c (/c ,/*('3.+,(/c 6(5&3$/+$6c 71c.&+#(')c('c'$8,$-$')c./6c%&70,)#$')c c ()+c7((:)c./6c(/0,/$c,/*('3.+,(/c6,6c/(+c%())$))c*&00c6'.-,/4)c *('c'$*$'$/5,/4c c
1.5
Assumptions c &$c +(c +#$c 0.5:c (*c )(3$c ,00&)+'.+,(/)c (*c 6$+.,0$6c B(,/$'1c ,/*('3.+,(/c (*c %.'+,5&0.'c 5.)$c )+&6,$);c %'$5,)$c .))&3%+,(/)c .'$c 3.6$c7.)$6c(/c-',++$/c+$=+c,/*('3.+,(/c c (/8$'+,/4c -',++$/c +$=+c ,/*('3.+,(/c ,/+(c ,00&)+'.+,(/)c .'$c /(+c .)c 6$+.,0$6c 7$5.&)$c *('c $=.3%0$Cc ,*c 5(//$5+,(/)c 7$+-$$/c .c B(,/$'1c ,)c-',++$/c.)cD-$06$6Ec('cD7(0+$6Ec+#$/c,00&)+'.+,(/)c6'.-/c-(&06c7$c 7.)$6c (/c 4$/$'.0c 7&,06,/4c 5(/)+'&5+,(/c 3$+#(6)c 4c (0&+,(/c *('c -',++$/c +$=+c D7(0+$6c 5('/$'c B(,/+)Ec -(&06c 7$c .c @)#.%$6c 7(0+c 5(//$5+,(/c&/0$))c)%$5,*,$6c,/c6$+.,0c
c c c c c c c c c
2.0
STEEL FRAMING SYSTEMS GENERAL INFORMATION
c
2.1
History of Steel
+$$0c#.)c7$$/c&)$6c*('c3('$c+#./c c1$.')c,/c)#.%,/4c+#$c7&,0+c$/8,'(/3$/+c 0+#(&4#c +#$c ,6$.c (*c )+$$0c 5(/B&'$)c &%c ,3.4$)c (*c .c #$.81c ('c 5&37$')(3$c 3.+$',.0;c+#$c)+$$0c&)$6c,/c'$),6$/+,.0c5(/)+'&5+,(/c,)c9&,+$c+#$c(%%(),+$c (06@ *('3$6c )+$$0c c ,)c 0,4#+-$,4#+;c $.)1c +(c #./60$;c 5()+c $**$5+,8$;c ./6c .c #,4#c 9&.0,+1c .0+$'/.+,8$c +(c +'.6,+,(/.0c '$),6$/+,.0c *'.3,/4c 3.+$',.0)c c (**$')c +#$c 7&,06$'c .c )+'(/4;c 6,3$/),(/.001c )+.70$;c $.)1@+(@-(':c *'.3,/4c )1)+$3c -#()$c &)$c5./c7$c+'.5$6c7.5:c+(c cc /c +#$c 0.+$c )c ./6c $.'01c )c 5(06@*('3$6c )+$$0c $/+$'$6c +#$c 7&,06,/4c 5(/)+'&5+,(/c .'$/.c -,+#c %'(6&5+)c 3./&*.5+&'$6c 71c .c #./6*&0c (*c *.7',5.+(')c 0+#(&4#c +#$)$c %'(6&5+)c -$'$c )&55$))*&0c ,/c %$'*('3./5$;c +#$1c *.5$6c 6,**,5&0+,$)c-,+#c.55$%+./5$c*('c+-(c'$.)(/)cc+#$'$c-.)c/(c)+./6.'6c6$),4/c 3$+#(6(0(41c .8.,0.70$;c ./6c c 5(06@*('3$6c )+$$0c -.)c /(+c ,/50&6$6c ,/c +#$c 7&,06,/4c5(6$)c.+c+#.+c+,3$c ./1c(*c+#$c c.%%0,5.+,(/)c -$'$c&/.70$c+(c7$c &)$6c6&$c+(c+#$c0.5:c(*c6$),4/c3$+#(6(0(41c./6c%'(6&5+c'$5(4/,+,(/c c c c c c c c c +$$0c*'.3,/4c,)c.c%'.5+,5.0;c5(6$c.%%'(8$6c)(0&+,(/c+(c3./1c(*c+#$c0,3,+.+,(/)c +#.+c7&,06$')c*.5$c+(6.1c-#$/c&),/4c+'.6,+,(/.0c7&,06,/4c3.+$',.0)c
#$c)+'$/4+#c./6c6&5+,0,+1c(*c)+'&5+&'.0c5(06@*('3$6c)+$$0c c*'.3,/4;c.0(/4c -,+#c +#$c #(06,/4c %(-$'c (*c c 5(//$5+,(/);c 3.:$c ,+c +#$c ,6$.0c 3.+$',.0c *('c 5(/)+'&5+,(/c,/c#,4#c-,/6c)%$$6c./6c)$,)3,5c2(/$)c)&5#c.)c+#$ccc$.)+$'/c )$.7(.'6;c +#$c &0*c (.)+c )+.+$);c .0,*('/,.c ./6c .-.,,c #.'.5+$',)+,5)c )&5#c .)c /(/@5(37&)+,7,0,+1;c +$'3,+$c '$),)+./5$;c ./6c 6,3$/),(/.0c )+.7,0,+1c 5./c 0(-$'c 5(/)+'&5+,(/c./6c#(3$c(-/$')#,%c5()+)c c5./c%'(8,6$c+#$c*'.3$-(':c*('c.c )(0,6c )&)+.,/.70$c7&,06,/4c%'(4'.3c.5#c%,$5$c(*c c )#,%%$6c+(c+#$cB(7),+$c 5(/+.,/)c .c 3,/,3&3c (*c Fc '$5150$6c 5(/+$/+c ./6c ,)c Fc '$5150.70$c .+c +#$c $/6c (*c ,+)c 0,*$)%./c /6c .c '$5$/+c )+&61;c 5(/6&5+$6c 71c +#$c c $)$.'5#c $/+$';c )#(-$6c +#.+c +#$c 2,/5c 5(.+,/4c (/c )+$$0c *'.3,/4c 3.+$',.0)c 5./c %'(+$5+c .4.,/)+c5(''(),(/c*('c#&/6'$6)c(*c1$.')c ('c +#$)$c '$.)(/);c ./6c 3./1c (+#$');c +#$c &)$c (*c )+$$0c *'.3,/4c 5(/+,/&$)c +(c 4'(-c$8$'1c1$.'c-,+#c3('$c+#./cFc(*c5(33$'5,.0c)+'&5+&'$)c/(-c&),/4c)+$$0c *'.3,/4c./6c-,+#c/$.'01c ;c#(3$)c7&,0+c-,+#c)+$$0c*'.3,/4c(8$'c+#$c%.)+c 6$5.6$c c 2.2
Growth in Popularity
$+-$$/cc./6c c+#$c/&37$'c(*c)+$$0@*'.3$6c#(3$)c).-c.c)&7)+./+,.0c ,/5'$.)$c (06@*('3$6c)+$$0c *'.3,/4c -.)c&)$6c ,/c Fc (*c #(&),/4c )+.'+)c ,/c +#$c c,/c c #,)c%$'5$/+.4$c,/5'$.)$6c+(cFc,/c c./6c#.6c'$.5#$6c Fc ,/c c #$c $3%#.),)c #.)c 7$$/c (/c ),/40$@*.3,01c #(3$)c ,/c+#$c &/7$0+c ./6c (/c 3&0+,@*.3,01c #(3$)c ,/c +#$c /('+#c #$c %(%&0.',+1c (*c )+$$0c *'.3,/4c ,/c +#$c &/7$0+c ,)c $=%$5+$6c +(c 5(/+,/&$c +(c ,/5'$.)$c '.%,601c 7$5.&)$c (*c +#$c 5(/5$'/c (8$'c +$'3,+$);c 6$5.1;c ./6c #,4#c -,/6)c '7./c .'$.)c ./6c *,'$c #.2.'6c 6,)+',5+)c .'$c.0)(c$=%$5+$6c+(c)#(-c.c4'(-,/4c,/+$'$)+c,/c)+$$0c*'.3,/4c 55('6,/4c +(c +#$c >.)#,/4+(/c @7.)$6c +$$0c '.3,/4c 00,./5$c +#$'$c ,)c /(c /.+,(/.0c)1)+$3c#++%AA---)+$$0*'.3,/4.00,./5$5(3c,/c%0.5$c+(c+'.5:c+#$c&)$c (*c )+$$0c *'.3,/4c ,/c #(3$)c .55&'.+$01c (-$8$';c +#$c 00,./5$c $)+,3.+$)c +#.+c )+$$0c-.)c7$,/4c&)$6c,/c c+(c?c%$'5$/+c(*c+#$c#(&),/4c)+.'+)c,/c+#$cc,/cc /c 0(',6.;c #(-$8$';c $8$'1c 7&,06,/4c 7&,0+c 3&)+c #.8$c ./c /$'41c (6$c (3%0,./5$c ('3c %'$%.'$6c ./6c )&73,++$6c -#$/c .%%01,/4c *('c .c %$'3,+c
/50&6$6c,/c+#,)c*('3c,)c.c6$)5',%+,(/c(*c+#$c$=+$',('c.00c5(/*,4&'.+,(/)c,/50&6,/4c +#$c +1%$c (*c 7&,06,/4c )1)+$3c '$)$/+$6c 7$0(-c ,)c .c )&33.'1c (*c +#$c 3,=c (*c 7&,06,/4c )1)+$3)c &)$6c ,/c 0(',6.c ,/c c ./6c c .)$6c (/c .c './6(3c ).3%0$c (*c (8$'c ;?c ),/40$@*.3,01c 6$+.5#$6c #(3$);c 0$))c +#./c Fc (*c +#$c #(3$)c7&,0+c,/c+#$c $/+'.0c50,3.+,5c2(/$c$3%0(1$6c)+$$0c*'.3,/4c c c 2.3
Environmentally Friendly
#$c +$$0c '.3,/4c 00,./5$c 50.,3)c +#.+c 5(06@*('3$6c )+$$0c *'.3,/4c ,)c ./c $/8,'(/3$/+.001c*',$/601c7&,06,/4c)1)+$3c7$5.&)$c Gc+$$0c,)c'$5150.70$;c&),/4c(06c5.');c7&,06,/4);c7',64$);c)+$$0c5./);c$+5c Gc+$$0c,)c+#$c-('06E)c3()+c8$').+,0$c3.+$',.0c+(c'$5150$c Gc$.'01;c)+$$03.:$')c'$5150$c.7(&+c500 3,00,(/c+(/)c(*c)+$$0c-('06@-,6$c Gc +c+.:$)c.+c0$.)+c60% 0$))c$/$'41c+(c%'(6&5$c)+$$0c*'(3c )5'.%c+#./c,+c 6($)c*'(3c,'(/c('$c Gc +c +.:$)c .7(&+c 6 (06c 5.')c +(c %'(6&5$c $/(&4#c )+$$0c +(c *'.3$c .c 7.),5c '$),6$/+,.0c6-$00,/4c c c 2.4
Easy on Land Fills
/c .66,+,(/c +(c 7$,/4c $/8,'(/3$/+.001c *',$/601;c )+$$0c *'.3,/4c '$)&0+)c ,/c .c '$6&5+,(/c,/c5(/)+'&5+,(/c-.)+$c+#.+c-(&06c/('3.001c$/6c&%c,/c.c0./6c*,00c Gc #$c .8$'.4$c 0./6*,00c 5(/),)+)c (*c .%%'(=,3.+$01c 60% c(/)+'&5+,(/c 6$7',)c"c3()+01c5(/5'$+$;c-((6;c./6c%0.)+,5c Gc8$'1c+(/c(*c)+$$0c'$5150$6c5(/)$'8$)c2,500 %(&/6)c(*c,'(/c('$;c1,400 %(&/6)c(*c5(.0;c./6c120 %(&/6)c(*c0,3$)+(/$c Gc $))c+#./c6% (*c0./6*,00c,)c)+$$0c @c )&5#c.)c )+.%0$);c/.,0)c,/c -((6c./6c )+$$0c'$7.'c,/),6$c5#&/:)c(*c5(/5'$+$c Gc$7',)c*'(3c.c+1%,5.0c-((6@*'.3$6c#(3$c.55(&/+)c*('c50 ft3 (*c0./6*,00c -.)+$;c5(3%.'$6c+(c(/01c2 ft3 *'(3c.c)+$$0@*'.3$6c#(&)$c
2.5
Advantages of Steel Framing Gc (/),)+$/+c .+$',.0cH&.0,+1c Gc (/@ (37&)+,70$c .+$',.0c Gc,3$/),(/.001c+.70$c,/c./1c 0,3.+$c Gc /)$5+c$),)+./5$c./6c)+$$0c-,00c/(+c'(+c Gc/4,/$$',/4c/(+c'$9&,'$6c*('c5(33(/c#(3$c6$),4/)
2.6
Manufacturing Process (06@*('3$6c )+$$0c %'(6&5+)c 7$4,/c .)c .c 8$'1c 0.'4$c 5(,0c (*c )+$$0c #$)$c 5(,0)c3.1c-$,4#+c&%c+(c c+(/)c
c
c
*+$'c +#$c #(+c 5(,0c #.)c 7$$/c '(00$6c +(c +#$c 6$),'$6c +#,5:/$))c ./6c .*+$'c ,+c #.)c 5((0$6;c +#$c ',77(/c (*c )+$$0c %.))$)c +#'(&4#c .c )$',$)c (*c '(00$')c +(c *('3c+#$c6$),'$6c%'(6&5+)c
ccc
(-$8$';c +#$c 7.),5c 5(06@*('3$6c @)#.%$c ,)c 71c *.'c +#$c 3()+c 5(33(/c 5(3%(/$/+c
2.7
Steel Studs and Joists
+'&5+&'.0c 5(06@*('3$6c )+$$0c )+&6)c .'$c %'(6&5$6c -,+#c .c @ AIc *0./4$c ./6c JIc '$+&'/c 0,%)c &),/4c .c @c 3,0c +#,5:/$))c )+$$0c 5(8$'$6c -,+#c .c ?c 4.08./,2$6c 5(.+,/4c
(/@)+'&5+&'.0c 5(06@*('3$6c)+$$0c )+&6)c .'$c/(+c ,/+$/6$6c+(c 5.''1c 0(.6)c #$1c +1%,5.001c.'$c%'(6&5$6c-,+#c Ic*0./4$)c./6cKIc'$+&'/c0,%)c&),/4c)+$$0c-,+#c.c c3,0c+#,5:/$))@('@0$))c./6c.cc4.08./,2$6c5(.+,/4c 0(('c B(,)+)c .'$c %'(6&5$6c +#$c ).3$c .)c +#$c )+'&5+&'.0c )+&6)c 7&+c +#$,'c -$7)c './4$c*'(3c?I;cI;cI;c('c Ic c c 2.8
Specification
c &/,8$').0c 6$),4/.+('c )1)+$3;c ),3,0.'c +(c .c 4'.6$c )+.3%c &)$6c *('c 0&37$'c %'(6&5+);c ,)c +1%,5.001c &)$6c +(c ,6$/+,*1c $.5#c )+$$0c 5(3%(/$/+c %'(6&5$6c #$c 6$),4/.+('c *('c .+c @A I;c ?@4.&4$;c @)#.%$c )+&6c -,+#c@ AIc *0./4$)c ./6c @ 3,0c 4.08./,2$6c 5(.+,/4c -(&06c .%%$.'c .)c 550S162-54c #$c $0$3$/+)c (*c +#$c 6$),4/.+('c.'$c6$)5',7$6c,/c+#$c6,.4'.3c7$0(-c
c #$c%'(6&5+c)%$5,*,5.+,(/c,)c,3%',/+$6c(/c3$37$')c%'(6&5$6c.+c,/+$'8.0)c(*cIc 3&5#c 0,:$c +#$c 4'.6$c )+.3%c .%%0,$6c +(c 0&37$'c %'(6&5+)c #$c 0.7$0c +1%,5.001c ,/50&6$)c c
Gc ./&*.5+&'$'E)c,6$/+,*,5.+,(/c('c0(4(c Gc ,/,3&3c&/5(.+$6c)+$$0c+#,5:/$))c Gc ,/,3&3c1,$06c)+'$/4+#c Gc (.+,/4c6$),4/.+,(/c,*c(+#$'c+#./c3,/,3&3c c 2.9
Steel and Fire
+$$0c ,)c /(/@5(37&)+,70$;c -,00c /(+c )&%%('+c *0.3$;c ./6c 6($)c /(+c 4$/$'.+$c )3(:$c (-$8$';c )+$$0c 0(()$)c )+'$/4+#c .+c #,4#c +$3%$'.+&'$)c ./6c )#(&06c 7$c %'(+$5+$6c*'(3c$=5$)),8$c+$3%$'.+&'$)c,/c.55('6./5$c-,+#c5(6$c'$9&,'$3$/+)c $4;c41%)&3c-.007(.'6c('c(+#$'c.%%'(8$6c3.+$',.0c c c 2.10
Price Stability
',5$c ./6c )+.7,0,+1c (*c )&%%01c #.8$c 6',8$/c 3./1c 7&,06$')c +(c .6(%+c '$),6$/+,.0c )+$$0c*'.3,/4>#,0$c+#$c%',5$c(*c)+$$0c#.)c'$3.,/$6c'$0.+,8$01c)+.70$c),/5$c+#$c )c./6c5(/+,/&,/4c+#'(&4#c ;cc+$$0c3,00c%'(6&5+c%',5$)cB&3%$6c.7(&+c Fc ,/c c /c ;c )+$$0c %',5$)c 6$50,/$6c .7(&+c Fc ./6c +#$/c 50,37$6c /$.'01c Fc $$c *,4&'$c 7$0(-c &5#c 8(0.+,0,+1c ,/c %',5,/4c 3.:$)c ,+c 8$'1c 6,**,5&0+c *('c $)+,3.+(')c +(c %'$6,5+c %',5$)c 3('$c +#./c .c 5(&%0$c -$$:)c .#$.6;c 0$+c .0(/$c 3(/+#)c .#$.6c )c .c '$)&0+;c +#$c 3.':$+c %$/$+'.+,(/c (*c 5(06@*('3$6c )+$$0c #.)c )0(-$6c),4/,*,5./+01c /c.66,+,(/c+(c)+$$0c*0&5+&.+,/4;c5(/5'$+$c%',5$)c#.8$c',)$/c FCc .)%#.0+c #.)c ,/5'$.)$6c FCc ./6c 0&37$'c #.)c ,/5'$.)$6c Fc 6&',/4c +#$c ).3$c %$',(6c (&'5$c $%.'+3$/+c (*c .7(';c &'$.&c (*c .7('c +.+,)+,5);c ---70)4(8c
ccccccccccccccccccc
c
55('6,/4c +(c +#$c c $)$.'5#c $/+$'E)c ((07.)$c $'8,5$)c $$c ---+((07.)$('4;c .+c 5&''$/+c )+$$0c %',5$);c +#$c )+$$0c *'.3,/4c 3.+$',.0)c '$9&,'$6c+(c*'.3$c.c+1%,5.0c#(&)$c.8$'.4$c ; c)9c*+c-,00c7$c0$))c$=%$/),8$c +#./c+#$c-((6c*'.3,/4c3.+$',.0)c'$9&,'$6c+(c*'.3$c+#$c).3$c#(&)$c-#$/c+#$c L./6(3c $/4+#)c (3%(),+$c /6$=Ic,)cMN c('c#,4#$'c*('c0&37$'c (-$8$';c ,*c +#$c 7&,06$';c *'.3,/4c 5(/+'.5+('c ('c (+#$'c )&75(/+'.5+('c ,)c /$-c +(c )+$$0;c +#$/c 0.7('c 5()+)c 5(&06c .55(&/+c *('c .c Nc "c N c %$'c )9&.'$c *((+c %'$3,&3c *('c )+$$0c *'.3,/4c ,)+(',5.001c )%$.:,/4;c )+$$0c 3.+$',.0c %',5$)c#.8$c '$3.,/$6c *0.+;c -#,0$c -((6c 3.+$',.0c %',5$)c #.8$c *0&5+&.+$6c 4'$.+01c #$c )+$$0c ,/6&)+'1c 5(/+,/&$)c +(c,3%'(8$c +#$c %'(5$))$)c 71c -#,5#c )+$$0c #(3$)c .'$c 7&,0+;c 7',/4,/4c #.'6c 5(/)+'&5+,(/c 5()+)c 6(-/c +(c .c 3,/,3&3;c )(c +#.+c 7&,06$')c -,00c 7$c .70$c +(c $/B(1c.c5(3%$+,+,8$c./6c)+.70$c*'.3,/4c%.5:.4$c%',5$c c c
2.11
Cold-formed steel framingc
(06@*('3$6c)+$$0c*'.3,/4c,)c)#$$+c)+$$0c+#.+c,)c*('3$6c,/+(c)#.%$)c./6c),2$)c +#.+c .'$c ),3,0.'c +(c -#.+c 7&,06$')c .'$c .55&)+(3$6c +(c )$$,/4c ,/c 6,3$/),(/.0c 0&37$'c =;c =?;c =;c =;c = ;c./6c)(c*('+#c+$$0c*'.3,/4c3$37$')c.'$c *('3$6c,/c.c%'(5$))c5.00$6c'(00c*('3,/4c71c%.)),/4c)#$$+c)+$$0c+#'(&4#c.c)$',$)c (*c '(00$')c +(c*('3c +#$c 7$/6)c +#.+c 3.:$c +#$c )#.%$;c $4c +#$c -$7;c*0./4$);c ./6c 0,%)c (*c .c )+&6c ('c @)#.%$c $5.&)$c +#,)c %'(5$))c ,)c 6(/$c -,+#(&+c #$.+c .0)(c 5.00$6cL5(06c*('3,/4Ic+#$c)+&6)c./6cB(,)+)c.'$c3.6$c)+'(/4$'c+#./c+#$c(',4,/.0c )#$$+c)+$$0c
ccc
c
c 2.12
Considerations when Building with Cold-formed Steel Framing +$$0c*'.3,/4c5./c0(-$'c5(/)+'&5+,(/c5()+)c Ãc
c c c c c c c c c c c
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c Ãc c c c c c c c c c c c c ! c c "c # c $ c c c c c c c % c $c c c c c c c c c c c
c Ãc& cc c c cc c c cc cc $c c $ cc c +$$0c *'.3,/4c ,)c $.),$'c +(c #./60$c 7$5.&)$c )+$$0c )+&6)c -$,4#c A 0$))c +#./c -((6c)+&6);c./6c5./c7$c,/)+.00$6c.+c Ic(/c5$/+$'cc +$$0c *'.3,/4c (**$')c 3.':$+,/4c .68./+.4$)c 7$5.&)$c 5(/)&3$')c '$5(4/,2$c )+$$0c.)c.c)&%$',('c*'.3,/4c%'(6&5+c*('c,+)c*&/6.3$/+.0c5#.'.5+$',)+,5)cc
Ãc'$c c c c c c c c c ccc
c cc c c Ãc (c c c c )*"c c c c c c c c c$c c +, "c Ãc- c c.( /c cc cc cc 0 c c cc c 1!! c c Ãc- c $c c c cc$ccc c c #$c /(/@5(37&)+,7,0,+1c (*c )+$$0c .00(-)c .c ),4/,*,5./+c 6$/),+1c ,/5'$.)$c ,/c 5(33$'5,.0c ./6c 3&0+,@*.3,01c )+'&5+&'$);c (**$',/4c 7&,06,/4c (-/$')c -,+#c +#$c %(+$/+,.0c*('c#,4#$'c'$8$/&$c c 2.13
Cold-formed Steel Framing Cost and Type
c #$c3$+#(6c(*c5(/)+'&5+,(/;c)+,5:c*'.3,/4c('c%./$0,2.+,(/;c./6c+1%$c(*c%'(B$5+c -,00c#.8$c.c6,'$5+c7$.',/4c(/c+#$c5()+c(*c+#$c)+$$0c*'.3$c)1)+$3c 2.13.1 Stick Framing L+,5:c *'.3,/4Ic ,)c +#$c 3$+#(6c 3()+c 5(33(/01c &)$6c +(c 7&,06c -((6c *'.3$6c #(3$)c +(6.1;c ./6c ,/8(08$)c .))$370,/4c +#$c *0((')c ./6c -.00)c &),/4c ,/6,8,6&.0c )+&6)c ./6c B(,)+)c (/c +#$c 5(/)+'&5+,(/c ),+$c #,)c 3$+#(6c (*+$/c '$9&,'$)c $=+$/),8$c 5&++,/4c (*c ,/6,8,6&.0c *'.3,/4c 3$37$');c ./6c '$9&,'$)c .c *.,'01c #,4#c 0$8$0c (*c ):,00c (*c *'.3$')c -#(c 3&)+c :/(-c #(-c +(c .))$370$c+#$c$0$3$/+)c-,+#,/c+#$c#(&)$c '.3,/4c ./6c +'&))$)c '$%'$)$/+c .%%'(=,3.+$01c Fc (*c+#$c +(+.0c 5()+c (*c +#$c #(&)$c 5(/)+'&5+,(/c *c +#$c 5(/8$/+,(/.0c L)+,5:c *'.3,/4Ic 3$+#(6c (*c 5(/)+'&5+,(/c ,)c &)$6;c )+$$0c *'.3,/4c 5./c .66c Fc +(c +#$c +(+.0c 5()+c (*c .c #(&)$c >#$/c (/01c +#$c *'.3,/4c )1)+$3c ,)c 5(/),6$'$6;c )+&6,$)c #.8$c )#(-/c+#.+c.c)+,5:@*'.3$6c)+$$0c)1)+$3c5./c5()+c Fc3('$c+#./c-((6c *'.3,/4c (-$8$'c +#$'$c .'$c .c /&37$'c (*c ).8,/4)c +#.+c 7&,06$')c '$.0,2$c -#$/c+#$1c&)$c)+$$0c*'.3,/4;c,/50&6,/4Cc
Gc>.''./+1c5.007.5:)c.))(5,.+$6c-,+#c+#$c)$.)(/.0c3(8$3$/+c(*c *'.3,/4c3$37$')c.'$c8,'+&.001c$0,3,/.+$6c Gc.8$c(/c-.)+$c#.&0c(**c Gc /)&'./5$c).8,/4)c Gc,+$c5&00,/4c(*c-((6c*'.3,/4c c 2.13.2 Panelization ./$0,2.+,(/;c('c.))$370,/4c+#$c5(3%(/$/+)c(*c+#$c#(&)$c-.00);c*0((');c '((*)c,/c.c5(/+'(00$6c3./&*.5+&',/4c$/8,'(/3$/+;c,)c,/5'$.),/401c7$,/4c &)$6c,/c#(3$c7&,06,/4c+(6.1c
cc
c
+$$0c *'.3,/4c ,)c %.'+,5&0.'01c )&,+$6c *('c %./$0,2.+,(/c 7$5.&)$c ,+c ,)c %'$5,),(/c 3./&*.5+&'$6c +(c 3$$+c $=.5+,/4c +(0$'./5$);c ./6c ,+)c 0,4#+c -$,4#+c .00(-)c *('c $.),$'c #./60,/4c (*c .))$370$6c 5(3%(/$/+)c ./$0)c .'$c +1%,5.001c )#,%%$6c &/)#$.+#$6c -#,5#;c -#$/c5(37,/$6c -,+#c +#$c 0,4#+c -$,4#+c (*c 5(06@*('3$6c )+$$0;c .00(-)c c *.7',5.+(')c +(c )$'8,5$c .c 0.'4$c 6,)+',7&+,(/c.'$.c #$c5.%.7,0,+1c(*c6$0,8$',/4c%'(6&5+c+(c.c0.'4$c3.':$+c .00(-)c *.7',5.+(')c +(c '$5(4/,2$c $5(/(3,$)c (*c )5.0$c +#.+c :$$%c c %./$0c5()+)c,/c5#$5:c #$c5(3%(/$/+c%./$0)c.%%'(.5#c -,00c )%$$6c5(/)+'&5+,(/c./6c'$6&5$c +#$c /&37$'c (*c ):,00$6c *'.3$')c +#.+c .'$c '$9&,'$6c (/c ),+$c )c .c '$)&0+;c
)+$$0c *'.3,/4c 5./c 5()+c +#$c ).3$c ('c 0$))c +#./c -((6c *'.3,/4c ,/c 3./1c %.'+)c(*c+#$c5(&/+'1c c 2.14
Benefits of Steel
#$'$c .'$c 7$/$*,+)c *('c 7(+#c +#$c 7&,06$'c ./6c +#$c #(3$(-/$'c .))(5,.+$6c -,+#c )+$$0c'(3c+#$c7&,06$'E)c%$')%$5+,8$c,+c,)c,3%('+./+c+#.+c)+$$0c-,00c/(+c'(+;c+-,)+;c -.'%;c )-$00;c ('c )%0,+c ./6c ,+c ,)c /(/@5(37&)+,70$c +$$0c *'.3,/4c ,)c .c %'(8$/c +$5#/(0(41c+#.+c,)c5(/),6$'$6c+(c7$c&)$'c*',$/601c./6c(**$')c./c$.)1c+'./),+,(/c *'(3c (+#$'c 3.+$',.0)c (3%$+,+,8$c %',5,/4c ./6c 5(/),)+$/+c 9&.0,+1c .'$c 50$.'01c ,3%('+./+c 7$/$*,+)c +(c 7&,06$')c #$c )+'$/4+#c (*c )+$$0c &)&.001c +'./)0.+$)c ,/+(c *$-$'c3$37$')c./6c3./1c(*c+#()$c3$37$')c.'$c.)c3&5#c.)c?Fc0,4#+$'c+#./c +#$c 5(''$)%(/6,/4c -((6c 3$37$')c .+,(/.001;c 5(06@*('3$6c )+$$0c 3$37$')c #.8$c5(3$c+(c7$c%'(6&5$6c,/c.c8.',$+1c(*c)+./6.'6c%'$@5&+c)#.%$)c./6c),2$)c +./6.'6,2$6c%.++$'/)c*('c%'$@%&/5#$6c#(0$)c *('c'&//,/4c$0$5+',5.0c -,',/4c./6c %0&37,/4c 0,/$)c #$0%c +(c 3,/,3,2$c %'$%.'.+,(/c -(':c *('c +'.6$)3$/c #,)c )+./6.'6,2.+,(/c )$'8$)c +(c 3,/,3,2$c 5(/)+'&5+,(/c -.)+$c #$c *,/,)#$6c )+$$0c *'.3,/4c .55(33(6.+$)c .00c +1%$)c (*c 5(33(/01c &)$6c *,/,)#c 3.+$',.0)c
(3$(-/$')c '$.%c 3./1c (*c +#$c ).3$c 7$/$*,+)c /c .66,+,(/;c #(3$)c 5./c 7$c 6$),4/$6c+(c3$$+c+#$c#,4#$)+c)$,)3,5c./6c-,/6c0(.6c)%$5,*,5.+,(/)c,/c./1c%.'+c (*c +#$c 5(&/+'1c $5.&)$c )+$$0c *'.3$6c #(3$)c 5./c 7$c )(c '$),)+./+c +(c /.+&'.0c *('5$);c )(3$c #(3$(-/$')c ).8$c .)c 3&5#c .)c Fc (/c +#$,'c #(3$(-/$'E)c ,/)&'./5$c+$$0c*'.3,/4c6($)c/(+c/$$6c+(c7$c+'$.+$6c+(c'$),)+c+$'3,+$)c./6c,)c *'$$c (*c '$),/c.6#$),8$)c ./6c (+#$'c 5#$3,5.0)c &)$6c+(c +'$.+c -((6c $5.&)$c (*c ,+)c )+'$/4+#;c )+$$0c 5./c )%./c 4'$.+$'c 6,)+./5$)c (**$',/4c +#$c #(3$(-/$'c 0.'4$'c (%$/c )%.5$)c ./6c 4'$.+$'c 6$),4/c *0$=,7,0,+1c $3(6$0,/4c ,)c .0)(c $.),01c .55(3%0,)#$6c71c'$3(8,/4;c.0+$',/4;c./6c'$0(5.+,/4c/(/@0(.6@7$.',/4c-.00)c c 2.15
Environmentally Sensitive
00c)+$$0c%'(6&5+)c.'$c'$5150.70$Oc #$c(8$'.00c'$5150,/4c'.+$c*('c)+$$0c%'(6&5+)c ,/c+#$cc,)c?Fc /c)+$$0c7&,06,/4c%'(6&5+);c+#$c3,/,3&3c'$5150$6c5(/+$/+c,)c Fc #,)c'$5150,/4c,)c.55(3%0,)#$6c-,+#c/(c6$4'.6.+,(/c,/c%'(6&5+c9&.0,+1c('c
0())c(*c%'(%$'+,$)cc5(/+',7&+,/4c*.5+('c,/c+#$c)+$$0c,/6&)+'1E)c.7,0,+1c+(c.5#,$8$c ),4/,*,5./+c '$5150,/4c ,)c +#.+c 3.4/$+,5c )$%.'.+,(/c ,)c +#$c $.),$)+c ./6c 3()+c $5(/(3,5.0c 3$+#(6c (*c '$3(8,/4c )+$$0c *'(3c +#$c )(0,6c -.)+$c )+'$.3c #$c .3(&/+c(*c$/$'41c/$$6$6c+(c%'(6&5$c.c+(/c(*c)+$$0c#.)c7$$/c'$6&5$6c71c Fc ),/5$c c
2.15
Steel Framing Components
#$c)+$$0c5(3%(/$/+c:/(-/c.)c+#$c)+'&5+&'.0cL Ic,)c+#$c%'$6(3,/./+c)#.%$c*('c *'.3,/4c *0((');c -.00);c ./6c '((*)c #$c %',3.'1c 6,**$'$/5$c *'(3c (/$c &)$c +(c ./(+#$'c,)c+#$c+#,5:/$))c(*c+#$c)+$$0c./6c+#$c6$%+#c(*c+#$c3$37$'c
c Floors ± &,06$')c5(33(/01c(%+c*('c)+$$0c*0(('cB(,)+)c'./4,/4c,/c6$%+#c*'(3c?@c +(c @,/5#$)c./6c)+$$0c+#,5:/$))c*'(3c @c+(c@,/5#$)c /)+$.6c(*c&),/4c (8$'0.%%$6cB(,)+)c.+c.c5$/+$'c)&%%('+;c.c),/40$c0$/4+#c(*c)+$$0cB(,)+c,)c5(33(/01c &)$6c+(c)%./c5(/+,/&(&)01c c c
Walls ± #$'$c.'$c+-(c7.),5c+1%$)c(*c)+&6)c Gc +'&5+&'.0c L Ic )+&6)c *('c ,/+$',('c ./6c $=+$',('c 0(.6@7$.',/4c -.00)c +#.+c './4$c ,/c 6$%+#c *'(3c JIc +(c Ic +(c .55(33(6.+$c +#$c /$5$)).'1c ,/)&0.+,(/c +#,5:/$))c ./6c './4,/4c ,/c +#,5:/$))c *'(3c @c +(c @ ,/5#$)c6$%$/6,/4c(/c+#$c./+,5,%.+$6c0(.6c Gc'1-.00c)+&6)c*('c/(/@0(.6@7$.',/4c%.'+,+,(/)c+#.+c'./4$c,/c6$%+#c*'(3c P@c+(c?@,/5#$)c./6c3$+.0c+#,5:/$))c'./4,/4c*'(3c@c+(c @,/5#$)c #$c +#$'3.0c $**,5,$/51c (*c +#$c )+$$0@*'.3$6c $=+$',('c -.00)c 3.1c 7$c ,/5'$.)$6c71c,/)+.00,/4c,/)&0.+,(/c7(.'6c(/c+#$c$=+$',('c(*c+#$c-.00c
Roofsc "c #$c 7'(.6c './4$c (*c .8.,0.70$c ),2$)c ./6c +#,5:/$))$)c .00(-c )+$$0c *'.3,/4c+(c7$c&)$6 ,/c8,'+&.001c./1c'((*c)1)+$3c+$$0c+'&))$)c5./c7$c7&,0+c(/@ ),+$c('c(**@),+$c,/c+'&))c*.7',5.+,(/c%0./+) c 2.16
Framing Methods
#$'$c.'$c+#'$$c7.),5c'$),6$/+,.0c)+$$0c*'.3,/4c3$+#(6)c)+,5:@7&,0+;c%./$0,2$6;c ./6c%'$@$/4,/$$'$6c Gc +,5:@7&,0+c @c $%0.5$c -((6c 3$37$')c -,+#c )+$$0c 3$37$')c (/$@*('@(/$c '$%0.5$3$/+c )c )#(-/c 7$0(-;c +#$c )+$$0@*'.3$6c /(/@0(.6@7$.',/4c -.00c .%%$.')c8$'1c),3,0.'c+(c+#.+c(*c.c5(3%.'.70$c-((6@*'.3$6c-.00c
Gc Panelized @c .5+('1@.))$370$6c %./$0)c 6$0,8$'$6c +(c ),+$c ./6c 5(//$5+$6c +(4$+#$'c #$c %./$0,2$6c .%%'(.5#c '$%'$)$/+)c ./c $**,5,$/+c .%%'(.5#c *('c '$%$+,+,8$c 7&,06,/4c 6$),4/)c ./6;c .)c .c '$)&0+;c ,)c .c %(%&0.'c .%%'(.5#c ,/c #(+$0A3(+$0c5(/)+'&5+,(/c./6c(+#$'c3&0+,@&/,+c.%%0,5.+,(/)c c GcEngineered @c (5.+,(/c./6c%0.5$3$/+c(*c*'.3,/4c3$37$')c,)c$/4,/$$'$6c+(c +.:$c .68./+.4$c (*c )+$$0E)c %'(%$'+,$)c %.5,/4c (*c *'.3,/4c 3$37$')c 3.1c ,/5'$.)$c+(c.)c3&5#c.)c@*$$+c-,+#c(',2(/+.0c)+.7,0,2$')c c c 2.17
Barriers to Steel Framingc
,8$c :$1c 7.'',$')c +(c +#$c $=%./),(/c (*c '$),6$/+,.0c )+$$0c *'.3,/4c #.8$c 7$$/c ,6$/+,*,$6c c
GcCost of Construction - (c#.8$c-,6$c)%'$.6c3.':$+);c+#$c)+$$0c,/6&)+'1c#.)c +(c 3.:$c 5(06@*('3$6c )+$$0c *'.3,/4c $5(/(3,5.001c 5(3%$+,+,8$c +c ,)c /(+c /(-c 5(3%$+,+,8$c7$5.&)$c,+c5()+)c3('$c,/clabor +(c*'.3$c.c#(&)$c(&+c(*c)+$$0c00c(*c +#$c -(':$')c #.8$c +((0)c ./6c .55$))(',$)c +#.+c -$'$c (%+,3,2$6c *('c -((6c 5(/)+'&5+,(/;c /(+c )+$$0c #$c )+$$0c ,/6&)+'1c ,)c 5(33,++$6c +(c +.:,/4c .-.1c +#,)c 7.'',$'c71c6(,/4c+#$,'c(-/c%'(6&5+c6$8$0(%3$/+;c5.&),/4c%'(6&5+c6$8$0(%3$/+c +(c#.%%$/;c('c*&/6,/4c%'(6&5+c6$8$0(%3$/+c.)c/$5$)).'1c+(c7',/4c+#$)$c+#,/4)c *('c)+$$0c*'.3,/4c .+c+#$c).3$c%',5$c c GcDistribution Infrastructure - &1,/4cc-((6$/c)+&6)c*'(3c.c0&37$'1.'6c ,)c'(&+,/$c+$$0c*'.3,/4c#.)c.5#,$8$6c+#.+c)+.+&)c,/c3()+c3.':$+)c/$c(*c+#$c '$.)(/)c ,)c +#.+c +#$c ,/6&)+'1c 6,6c /(+c #.8$c +#$c 3.+$',.0c 6,)+',7&+,(/c )1)+$3c ,/c %0.5$c+(c%'(8,6$c+#$c/$5$)).'1c)&%%01c9&./+,+,$)c c Gc Standardized Product @c /(+#$'c 7.'',$'c -.)c +#.+c +#$'$c -$'$c /(c )+./6.'6,2$6c %'(6&5+)c #$'$c -$'$c c )+$$0c 3./&*.5+&'$)c ,/c+#$c /.+,(/;c ./6c .00c(*c+#$3c%'$8,(&)01c3.6$c7.),5.001c,6$/+,5.0c)#.%$);c5.00$6c+#$3c.00c6,**$'$/+c /.3$);c %&70,)#$6c 6,**$'$/+c )$5+,(/c %'(%$'+,$);c ./6c %&70,)#$6c 6,**$'$/+c 0(.6c +.70$)c #$c ,/6&)+'1c #.)c /(-c )+./6.'6,2$6c +#$)$c %'(6&5+)c Gc Consumer Preference @c #$c 0.)+c 7.'',$'c ,)c 5(/)&3$'c%'$*$'$/5$c >#.+c +#$c ,/6&)+'1c 6,6c -.)c +&'/c +#$c )+./6.'6c %'(*,0$)c ,/+(c )+./6.'6c )$5+,(/c %'(%$'+,$)c -,+#c )+./6.'6c 0(.6c +.70$)c ./6c +#$/c ,/+(c %'$)5',%+,8$c 3$+#(6)c (&)$)c ,/c .7(&+c Fc (*c +#$c 5(&/+'1c .'$c 6$),4/$6c 71c %&'$01c %'$)5',%+,8$c 3$+#(6);c /(c $/4,/$$',/4c ,)c '$9&,'$6c #$c (+#$'c Fc .'$c .c 5(37,/.+,(/c (*c %'$)5',%+,8$c ./6c $/4,/$$',/4c +$$0c *'.3$6c )+'&5+&'$)c (',4,/.001c #.6c +(c 7$c 5(3%0$+$01c $/4,/$$'$6c ./6c +#.+c 5()+)c +#'$$c +(c ),=c -$$:)c ./6c Nc +(c N c .c )9&.'$c *((+c #$c %'$)5',%+,8$c +.70$)c #.8$c )(08$6c +#$c %'(70$3c ./6c 3.1c 7$c *(&/6c ,/c +#$c /+$'/.+,(/.0c $),6$/+,.0c (6$c cc c 8$/c +#(&4#c +#$c )+$$0c %'(6&5+)c -$'$c )+./6.'6,2$6;c +#$c -#(0$c -('06c 6($)/E+c :/(-c -#.+c +#$1c .'$c $.'01c $8$'1(/$c :/(-)c -#.+c .c =c ,)Cc /(+c $8$'1(/$c :/(-)c -#.+c .c @)$5+,(/c )+$$0c )+&6c ,)c 6$),4/.+$6c -,+#c +#$c 6$),4/.+,(/c L
? @ Ic )c .c '$)&0+c )(*+-.'$c #.)c 7$$/c 6$8$0(%$6c ./6c ,)c .8.,0.70$c *('c
7&,06,/4c6$),4/$')c *c 1(&c 5./c 6(c .c+.:$(**c -,+#c -((6;c +#$/c +#,)c )(*+-.'$c -,00c +&'/c,+c,/+(c.c)+$$0c+.:$(**c./6c%'(6&5$c+#$c('6$'c)#$$+)c./6c+#$c)#$$+)c*('c+#$c B(7c),+$c c GcThermal Performancec@c+$$0c)+&6)c.'$c$=5$00$/+c5(/6&5+(')c(*c#$.+c #$1c 5(/6&5+c #$.+c 7$++$'c +#./c -((6c $5.&)$c (*c +#,)c 5#.'.5+$',)+,5;c +#$c )+$$0c ,/6&)+'1c #.)c #.6c +(c +.:$c '$3$6,.0c .5+,(/c )&5#c .)c .66,/4c*(.3c 7(.'6c (/c +#$c (&+),6$c(*c+#$c$=+$',('c-.00c*'.3,/4c)c0(/4c.)c7&,06$')c#.8$c+(c+.:$c+#,)c)+$%;c ,+c 3.1c )(08$c +#$c +#$'3.0c %'(70$3;c 7&+c ,+c 5()+)c )(3$+#,/4c +c 5()+)c N? c .c )9&.'$c*((+c('c3('$c+(c3.:$c)+$$0c#(&)$)c.)c$/$'41c$**,5,$/+c.)c-((6c*'.3$6c #(&)$)c #,)c .66$6c ,/)&0.+,(/c ,)c .c 3.B('c 5()+c 7.'',$'c +#.+c -,00c #.8$c +(c 7$c '$)(08$6c*('c)+$$0c+(c7$5(3$c.c)$',(&)c5(3%$+,+('c*('c-((6c'.3$'c+'.,/,/4c,)c .c3.B('c,))&$c+#.+c+#$c)+$$0c,/6&)+'1c,)c.++.5:,/4c(/c+-(c*'(/+)c +c,)c8$'1c),3%0$c +(c*'.3$c.c#(&)$c(&+c(*c)+$$0c #$c%'(70$3c,)c1(&c#.8$c+(c&)$c6,**$'$/+c+((0)Cc 1(&c#.8$c+(c5&+c,+c.c0,++0$c6,**$'$/+01Cc1(&c#.8$c+(c:/(-c-#.+c1(&c.'$c0((:,/4c.+Cc ./6c1(&c#.8$c+(c)5'$-c,+c+(4$+#$'c),/4c)5'$-)c,)c.c4,./+c%.,/c*('c5.'%$/+$')c 5(3%.'$6c +(c /.,0,/4c ,+c +(4$+#$'c 00c (*c +#$c 6,**$'$/5$)c 5(/)%,'$c +(c 5.&)$c .c *'.3$'c /(+c +(c #.8$c .c 7,4c ,/5$/+,8$c +(c +'1c )+$$0c *'.3,/4c 8$/c ,*c +#$1c 0,:$c +#$c ,6$.;c +#$1c 6(/E+c #.8$c +#$c +,3$c ('c 5./E+c .**('6c +(c +.:$c +#$c +,3$c #$'$*('$c +#$c )+$$0c,/6&)+'1c6$8$0(%$6c.c/.+,(/.0c+'.,/,/4c5&'',5&0&3c +E)c.c#&4$c,3%'$)),8$c 6(5&3$/+c+#.+c#.)c7$$/c-,6$01c.550.,3$6c$8$'1-#$'$c+#.+c,+c-.)c,/+'(6&5$6c #$c +'.,/,/4c .'+$',.0)c .'$c 4$++,/4c ,/+(c B&/,('c 5(00$4$)c ./6c 8(@+$5#c )5#((0)c 71c +#$c+#(&)./6)c #$c4(.0c,)c+(c4'(-c.c4$/$'.+,(/c(*c*'.3$')c+#.+c-,00c7$c'$.61c +(c &)$c +#,)c %'(6&5+c .)c +#$c (+#$'c $0$3$/+)c 5(3$c +(4$+#$'c #$c ,/6&)+'1c ,)c -(':,/4c-,+#c+#$c c./6c c$)$.'5#c $/+$'c+(c5(3$c&%c-,+#c.c-.1c+(c '.,/c$=,)+,/4c*'.3$')c+#.+c3.:$)c,+c-('+#-#,0$c*('c+#$3
c
2.18
The Design Process Work
(3%'$#$/),8$c %'(8,),(/)c *('c )+$$0c *'.3,/4c .'$c *(&/6c ,/c +#$c /+$'/.+,(/.0c (6$c (&/5,0E)c c /+$'/.+,(/.0c &,06,/4c (6$c c ./6c /+$'/.+,(/.0c $),6$/+,.0c (6$c ;c -#,5#c .'$c '$5(4/,2$6c .)c +#$c 4(8$'/,/4c 7&,06,/4c 5(6$)c71c3()+c7&,06,/4c6$%.'+3$/+)c,/c+#$c/,+$6c+.+$)c$$c$)(&'5$)c*('c +#$c c-$7),+$c+#.+c%'(8,6$)c./c(8$'8,$-c(*c5(6$c.6(%+,(/c.5'())c+#$c/,+$6c +.+$)c #$c 7&,06,/4c 5(6$)c .0)(c '$*$'$/5$c .c )$',$)c (*c +./6.'6)c +#.+c #.8$c 7$$/c 6$8$0(%$6c 71c +#$c 3$',5./c '(/c Qc +$$0c /)+,+&+$c c +(c %'(8,6$c .66,+,(/.0c ,/*('3.+,(/c *('c +#$c 6$),4/c (*c )+$$0c )+'&5+&'$)c $$c +./6.'6)c *('c (06@('3$6c+$$0c'.3,/4c+.70$c c 2.19
Residential Conventional Construction
&,06$')c 5./c 6$),4/c (/$@c ./6c +-(@)+('1c )+'&5+&'$)c -,+#(&+c +#$c )&%%('+c (*c ./c $/4,/$$'c71c&),/4c+#$c3$',5./c '(/c./6c+$$0c /)+,+&+$E)c '$)5',%+,8$c $+#(6;c (/$c(*c+#$c c)+./6.'6)c'$*$'$/5$6c71c+#$c7&,06,/4c5(6$)c #$c '$)5',%+,8$c $+#(6c %'(8,6$)c 0(.6c ./6c )%./c +.70$);c *.)+$/$'c '$9&,'$3$/+);c $+5c ,/c .c L5((:7((:Ic *('3.+c ),3,0.'c +(c -#.+c ,)c .8.,0.70$c *('c -((6c *'.3,/4c 6$),4/c #$c '$)5',%+,8$c $+#(6c ./6c (+#$'c 6$),4/c )+./6.'6)c 5./c 7$c %&'5#.)$6c *'(3c +#$c /0,/$c+('$c(/c+#$c+$$0c'.3,/4c00,./5$E)c-$7),+$c---)+$$0*'.3,/4('4c
c
#(&06c+#$c)+'&5+&'$c4(c7$1(/6c),3%0$c6$),4/c('c+#$c.%%0,5.7,0,+1c0,3,+)c(*c+#$c '$)5',%+,8$c $+#(6;c .c 9&.0,*,$6c $/4,/$$'c -,00c 7$c /$$6$6c +(c 6$8$0(%c ('c 5(3%0$+$c +#$c )+'&5+&'.0c 6$),4/c #,)c ,)c .0)(c +'&$c *('c 5$'+.,/c )+.+$);c 0,:$c .0,*('/,.;c .)c -$00c .)c (+#$'c B&',)6,5+,(/);c -#$'$c %'$)5',%+,8$c 6$),4/c ,)c /(+c .00(-$6c ('+&/.+$01;c +#$c /&37$'c (*c %'(*$)),(/.0c $/4,/$$')c -#(c #.8$c $=%$',$/5$c -,+#c )+$$0c *'.3,/4c #.)c 4'(-/c $=%(/$/+,.001c (8$'c +#$c 0.)+c 6$5.6$c ./6c +#$c (06@('3$6c +$$0c /4,/$$')c /)+,+&+$c c #.)c ./c (/@0,/$c 3$37$'c6.+.7.)$c---5*)$,('4c 2.20
Pre-fabricated Systems
>.00);c *0(('c %./$0)c ./6c '((*c +'&))$)c (*c c +#.+c .'$c 7&,0+c ,/c .c *.5+('1c -,00c '$9&,'$c $/4,/$$'$6c 6'.-,/4)c ./6c 0.1(&+)c *('c7&,06,/4c5(6$c .%%'(8.0;cB&)+c 0,:$c ./1c (+#$'c %'$@3./&*.5+&'$6c )+'&5+&'.0c 5(3%(/$/+c
./$0c ./6c +'&))c
3./&*.5+&'$')c .'$c )+.**$6c +(c %'(8,6$c $/4,/$$'$6c 6$),4/);c 7.)$6c (/c +#$c 7&,06$'E)c .'5#,+$5+&'.0c 6'.-,/4);c .0(/4c -,+#c +#$c 5(3%(/$/+)c ./6c B(7),+$c 6$0,8$'1c (3$c 3./&*.5+&'$')c 5./c(**$'c .c L+&'/@:$1Ic )(0&+,(/c +(c 7&,06$')c -,+#c +#$c,/50&),(/c(*c%'(6&5+c,/)+.00.+,(/c71c+'.,/$6c5'$-)ccccccccc
Non-residential Construction (33$'5,.0c6$),4/)c-,00c'$9&,'$c./c$/4,/$$'E)c'$8,$-c ./6c)$.0c'$4.'60$))c(*c3.+$',.0c(*c5(/)+'&5+,(/c c c c 2.21
The Plan Check and Building Inspection Process Work
/$c (*c +#$c *,')+c )+$%)c ,/c ,3%0$3$/+,/4c ./1c %'(B$5+c )#(&06c 7$c .c 5(/8$').+,(/c -,+#c +#$c 0(5.0c 7&,06,/4c 6$%.'+3$/+c #,)c ,)c +#$c 7$)+c -.1c +(c &/5(8$'c +#$c %.'+,5&0.')c+#.+c'$0.+$c+(c1(&'c%'(B$5+c./6c7&,06,/4c5(6$cB&',)6,5+,(/cc
#$c %0./c 5#$5:c %'(5$))c,)c ),3,0.'c +(c -#.+c ,)c$/5(&/+$'$6c *('c (+#$'c )+'&5+&'.0c )1)+$3)c c #$c '$8,$-$'c -,00c 8$',*1c +#.+c .00c )%$5,*,5.+,(/)c .'$c .55&'.+$c ./6c +#.+c +#$1c 3.+5#c0(5.0c5(6$c'$9&,'$3$/+)cc c '5#,+$5+&'.0c 6'.-,/4)c .'$c 5#$5:$6c +(c $/)&'$c +#.+c -.00c +1%$)c .'$c 5(''$5+01c 3.':$6;c *,'$@'.+$6c .))$370,$);c ,*c '$9&,'$6c .'$c )#(-/;c 6$+.,0)c .'$c %'(8,6$6c *('c:$1c5(//$5+,(/);c./6c3$5#./,5.0;c$0$5+',5.0c./6c%0&37,/4c6'.-,/4)c.'$c 5(('6,/.+$6c-,+#c+#$c)+'&5+&'.0c6'.-,/4)c c +'&5+&'.0c 6'.-,/4)c -,00c 7$c '$8,$-$6c *('c 5(/),)+$/51c -,+#c +#$c .'5#,+$5+&'.0c 6'.-,/4);c ./6c +(c $/)&'$c +#.+c )%$5,*,5c )1)+$3c 6$+.,0,/4c *('c ,+$3)c 0,:$c 5(3%(/$/+)c./6c+'&))$);c.'$c%'(8,6$6c '(4'$))c ,/)%$5+,(/)c 71c +#$c 7&,06,/4c 6$%.'+3$/+c .'$c '$9&,'$6c .+c +#$c ).3$c )+.4$)c(*c5(3%0$+,(/c.)c)+'&5+&'$)c7&,0+c-,+#c./1c(+#$'c7&,06,/4c3.+$',.0)c #$c +$$0c '.3,/4c 00,./5$c c #.)c %'(8,6$6c +'.,/,/4c +(c +#(&)./6)c (*c 7&,06,/4c %0./c '$8,$-$')c ./6c ,/)%$5+(')c .5'())c +#$c /,+$6c +.+$)c '.,/,/4c )$3,/.')c *('c )+.+$c ./6c 3&/,5,%.0c 7&,06,/4c 6$%.'+3$/+);c 7&,06$');c ./6c +'.6$)c %$')(/);c .)c -$00c .);c 8(5.+,(/.0A+$5#/,5.0c )5#((0c 5&'',5&0&3c 6$8$0(%3$/+c .'$c )(3$c(*c+#$c(/@4(,/4c.5+,8,+,$)c)%(/)('$6c71c+#$cc c 2.22
Order Steel Framing
c #$c%'(5$))c*('c('6$',/4c)+$$0c*'.3,/4c3.+$',.0)c-,00c6,**$'c4'$.+01c.55('6,/4c+(c +#$c+1%$c(*c5(/)+'&5+,(/c3$+#(6c+#.+c-,00c7$c&)$6c 2.22.1 Conventional Framing 0+#(&4#c )(3$c 0.'4$c 7&,06$')c ('6$'c )+$$0c 6,'$5+01c *'(3c +#$c )+&6c 3./&*.5+&'$');c 5(06@*('3$6c )+$$0c ,)c +1%,5.001c )&%%0,$6c 71c .c '$4,(/.0c 6,)+',7&+('c +$$0c 6,)+',7&+(')c ,/50&6$c +'.6,+,(/.0c 0&37$'c 1.'6)c ./6c 41%)&3c 7(.'6c )&%%01c -.'$#(&)$)c #$c E)c 3$37$')#,%c ,/50&6$)c )(3$c(*c+#$c3.B('c3./&*.5+&'$')c(*c5(06@*('3$6c)+$$0c,/c ('+#c3$',5.c -#,5#c 5./c 7$c ,6$/+,*,$6c +#'(&4#c +#$c $37$'c ,'$5+('1c *(&/6c (/c +#$c c -$7),+$c ---)+$$0*'.3,/4('4c ./1c 3./&*.5+&'$')c -,00c %'(8,6$c
.c 0,/:c +(c 6,)+',7&+(')c ./6c .c +$5#/,5.0c )$'8,5$c 5(/+.5+c (/c +#$,'c -$7),+$c 0$.)$c 8,),+c +#$c +$$0c +&6c ./&*.5+&'$'E)c ))(5,.+,(/c -$7),+$c *('c *&'+#$'c,/*('3.+,(/c---))3.5(3c /c.66,+,(/;c 3./&*.5+&'$')c(*c%'(%',$+.'1c%'(6&5+)c -#,5#c(*+$/c5(/),)+c (*c /(/@4$/$',5c )+$$0c )#.%$)c -,00c -(':c 6,'$5+01c -,+#c +#$c 7&,06$'c +(c 6$8$0(%c.c*'.3,/4c%.5:.4$c%$5,*1,/4c >#$/c('6$',/4c)+$$0c*'.3,/4c3.+$',.0);c,+E)c,3%('+./+c+(c7$c.-.'$c(*c+#$c 8.',$+1c ./6c .%%0,5.+,(/)c (*c +#$c 8.',(&)c )#.%$);c $/5.%)&0.+$6c 71c +#$c .5'(/13c c #$)$c0$++$')c)+./6c*('c+&6;c '.5:;cU channel;cFurring;c./6 L-header;c %,5+&'$6c.+c+#$c7(++(3c(*c+#$c%.4$c c c studc ,/50&6$)c -.00c )+&6);c B(,)+)c ./6c '.*+$')c 7$5.&)$c +#$1c .'$c .00c(*c+#$c).3$c)#.%$c c '.5:c,)c+#$c+(%c./6c7(++(3cL%0.+$)Ic(*c.c)+$$0c-.00c('c+#$c',3c(*c *0((')c./6c'.*+$')c c U-channelc 5./c 7$c &)$6c *('c 7',64,/4;c 70(5:,/4c ./6c 5&)+(3,2$6c *('c5.7,/$+c7.5:,/4c c Furring channelc ,)c &)$6c .)c %&'0,/);c 7',64,/4;c 7.5:,/4;c ./6c *('c )&7.))$3701c)(&/6c)$%.'.+,(/c c L-headersc .'$c 7'.:$@3$+.0c )#.%$6c 3$37$')c +#.+c 5./c 7$c 6(&70$6c./6c&)$6c.)c#$.6$')c (06@*('3$6c)+$$0c,)c )%$5,*,$6c71c.c&/,8$').0c 6$),4/.+('c )1)+$3c 5.00$6c (&+c 71c -$7c 6,3$/),(/;c )#.%$;c *0./4$c 6,3$/),(/c ./6c +#,5:/$))c >$7c ./6c*0./4$c),2$)c.'$c$=%'$))$6c,/cA+#)c(*c./c,/5#c./6c+#,5:/$))c,)c $=%'$))$6c,/cA+#)c(*c./c,/5#;c('cL3,0)Ic c
c c 2.22.2 Material Cut Lists: ,)+',7&+(')c 3.1c /(+c 7$c )+.**$6c+(c6$8$0(%c 5&+c 0,)+)c('c %'(8,6$c 9&./+,+1c +.:$c(**)c*('c)+$$0c*'.3$6cB(7)c$+.,0)c(/c#(-c+(c'.,)$c3.+$',.0c5&+c0,)+)c 5./c 7$c *(&/6c ,/c +#$c E)c .+,(/.0c '.,/,/4c &'',5&0&3c ./6c ,/c +$$0c '.3$6c (&)$c (/)+'&5+,(/;c .c %&70,5.+,(/c (*c +#$c '.*+)3./c ((:c (3%./1c 2.22.3 Pre-fabricated System Suppliers (3$c 7&,06$')c #.8$c *(&/6c +#.+c ('6$',/4c *.5+('1c *.7',5.+$6c )+$$0c -.00c %./$0)c./6c+'&))$)c,)c./c,6$.0c-.1c+(c3(8$c,/+(c)+$$0c*'.3,/4c7$5.&)$c ,+c 3,/,3,2$)c +#$c /$$6c *('c #,4#01c ):,00$6c *'.3$')c (/c ),+$c ./6c %'(8,6$)c .55$))c +(c $=%$',$/5$6c 6$),4/c ./6c 0.1(&+c %'(*$)),(/.0)c 1%,5.001;c +#$c 7&,06$'c ),3%01c %'(8,6$)c +#$c %./$0c ('c )1)+$3c 3./&*.5+&'$'c -,+#c .'5#,+$5+&'.0c6'.-,/4)c./6c+#$1c6(c+#$c '$)+c #$'$c.'$c/&3$'(&)c c %./$0c 3./&*.5+&'$')c .5'())c +#$c 5(&/+'1c +#.+c 5./c 7$c 0(5.+$6c 71c &),/4c E)c(/0,/$c $37$'c,'$5+('1c---)+$$0*'.3,/4('4c c c c
c c 2.23
Differences in construction details between CFS and wood?
c c Gc+$$0c*'.3,/4c,)c&)&.001c)%.5$6c.+c Ic c ./6c -((6c *'.3,/4c ,)c +1%,5.001c)%.5$6c.+c?Ic cc c c c c Gc c )$5+,(/c )+&6)c '$%0.5$c -((6c )+&6)c ./6c ),/40$c +'.5:)c '$%0.5$c +(%c./6c7(++(3c-((6c%0.+$)c c c Gc +&6)c .'$c 5(//$5+$6c +(c +'.5:c *0./4$)c -,+#c )5'$-);c ('c %,/);c ,/)+.00$6c +#'(&4#c +#$c *.5$c (*c +#$c +'.5:c *0./4$c ,/+(c +#$c )+&6c *0./4$c #'$$c+#'$.6)c('c AIc(*c+#$c)5'$-c )#(&06c7$c8,),70$c(/c+#$c7.5:c),6$c (*c+#$c5(//$5+,(/c
c c Gc $.6$')c .'$c 7&,0+c &%c *'(3c 3&0+,%0$c )+$$0c 3$37$')c B&)+c0,:$c-,+#c-((6;c('c71c&),/4c +,3$c).8,/4c @#$.6$')c c c Gc .1(&+)c%'(5$$6cB&)+c.)c+#$1c 6(c
-,+#c
-((6c
*'.3$c
5(/)+'&5+,(/c /)+.00.+,(/c ,)c +1%,5.001c #./60$6c 71c 7&,06,/4c.c -.00c )$5+,(/c (/c +#$c 6$5:c ./6c 0.+$'c'.,),/4c,+c c Gc >,+#c %./$0,2$6c 5(/)+'&5+,(/c 3./1c (*c +#$)$c )+$%)c .'$c $0,3,/.+$6;c *'.3,/4c
'$6&5,/4c '$)%(/),7,0,+1c
+#$c +(c
%(),+,(/,/4c ./6c *.)+$/,/4c +#$c %'$@.))$370$6c5(3%(/$/+)c c c Gc /c 3()+c '$),6$/+,.0c .%%0,5.+,(/);c %01-((6c ('c c ,)c&)$6c *('c*0((';c-.00c ./6c '((*c)#$.+#,/4;cB&)+c.)c,/c.c-((6c*'.3$6c#(&)$c#$.+#,/4c,)c.++.5#$6c+(c)+$$0c *'.3,/4c &),/4c %,/)c )#(+c *'(3c .c %/$&3.+,5c 4&/c .+c .c 5()+c ./6c '.+$c (*c )%$$6c ),3,0.'c+(c+#$c+((0)c&)$6c*('c-((6c5(/)+'&5+,(/c
Gc .5:,/4c +#$c *'.3$c *('c 5.7,/$+c ,/)+.00.+,(/c
'$9&,'$)c
)(3$c
5&)+(3,2.+,(/c -,+#c @)#.%$6c )+&6;c )+$$0c )+'.%;c +'.5:;c ('c +#$'$c .'$c .c #./6*&0c (*c %'(%',$+.'1c %'(6&5+)c+#.+c5./c7$c&)$6c c c Gc #$c(/01c3.B('c6,**$'$/5$)c,/c 7&,06,/4c-,+#c )+$$0c *'.3,/4c .'$c ,/@0,/$c *'.3,/4c +$5#/,9&$);c +#$c +((0);c
*.)+$/$')c
./6c
.55$))(',$)c &)$6;c ./6c +#$c /$$6c *('c *(.3c ,/)&0.+,(/c (/c +#$c $=+$',('c ),6$c (*c +#$c -.00c )+&6)c ,/c )(3$c 4$(4'.%#,5c '$4,(/)c Gc /c.66,+,(/;c c+'.6$)c -,00c )$$c 3,/('c6,**$'$/5$)c,/c#(-c+#$1c,/)+.00c -,',/4c ./6c%0&37,/4c)$$c c '.6$)c)$5+,(/cc*('c3('$c6$+.,0c c 2.24
Affected Trades c Framers =%$',$/5$6c*'.3$')c-,00c*,/6c,+c'$0.+,8$01c $.)1c+(c+'./),+,(/c+(c )+$$0c*'.3,/4c #$1c &/6$')+./6c *0(('c %0./)c ./6c $0$8.+,(/)c ./6c 5./c 5(8$'+c +#$)$c +(c *0(('c ./6c -.00c 0.1(&+)c >,+#c .)),)+./5$c ./6c +'.,/,/4;c $=%$',$/5$6c 5.'%$/+$')c .6.%+c +(c c
8$'1c9&,5:01c (-$8$';c+#$'$c,)c.c0$.'/,/4c5&'8$c.))(5,.+$6c-,+#c/$-c+((0)c./6c *.)+$/$')c .),5c )+$$0c *'.3,/4c +((0)c .'$c .c )5'$-c 4&/c .6B&)+.70$c +('9&$;c @ c '%3;c 7,+)c ./6c 7,+c #(06$')c *('c )+'&5+&'.0c )+$$0c +(c )+$$0c 5(//$5+,(/);c 5#(%c ).-;c %/$&3.+,5c %,/c /.,0$'c *('c )+$$0c +(c )+$$0c 5(//$5+,(/)c ./6c )#$.+#,/4c +(c )+$$0c 5(//$5+,(/);c 50.3%);c .8,.+,(/c )/,%);c )-,8$0c #$.6c $0$5+',5c )#$.';c ./6c .c 3.4/$+,5c0$8$0c
$-;c*.)+$'c./6c3('$c$**,5,$/+c+((0)c.'$c 5(3,/4c(/+(c+#$c3.':$+c.00c+#$c+,3$c 0$.)$c*(00(-c+#$c3./&*.5+&'$'E)c)%$5,*,5.+,(/)c*('c%'(6&5+)c./6c.%%0,5.+,(/)c #$c+$$0c'.3,/4c00,./5$c-$7),+$c,)c.c4((6c)(&'5$c(*c5(/+.5+c,/*('3.+,(/c*('c +((0c./6c*.)+$/$'c3./&*.5+&'$')c
c
Mechanical / Electrical / Plumbingc c 3$5#./,5.0;c $0$5+',5.0c ./6c %0&37,/4c +'.6$)c 5./c 7$c '$+'.,/$6c '.+#$'c 9&,5:01c*('c5(06@*('3$6c)+$$0c,/)+.00.+,(/)cc ('c
+#$c
%0&37$'c
./6c
$0$5+',5,./;c '(&+,/4c -,'$c ./6c %,%$)c +#'(&4#c )+$$0c -.00)c 3.1c %'(8$c ),3%0$'c +#./c -#.+c +#$1E'$c &)$6c +(c -,+#c -((6c *'.3$);c .)c +#$c )+&6)c 5(3$c
%'$@%&/5#$6c
-,+#c
#(0$)c .0(/4c +#$c )+&6c ./6c B(,)+c0$/4+#c c 0.)+,5c4'(33$+);c,/)+.00$6c71c+#$c+'.6$);c)/.%c,/c%0.5$c+#'(&4#c+#$c%&/5#@(&+c (%$/,/4)c #$c4'(33$+)c%'(+$5+c-,'$c./6c Rc*'(3c+#$c)#.'%c)+$$0c$64$)c('c %'(8,6$c 5(''(),(/c%'(+$5+,(/c*('c5(%%$'c &5+;c%,%$;c./6c-,'$c)&%%('+)c -,00c7$c *.)+$/$6c+(c+#$c*'.3,/4c-,+#c)5'$-)c./6c.55$))(',$)c+#.+c.'$c-,6$01c.8.,0.70$c #$c .00(-.70$c $0$5+',5.0c -,',/4c 3$+#(6)c '$*$'$/5$6c ,/c .70$c (*c +#$c /+$'/.+,(/.0c $),6$/+,.0c (6$c ,/50&6$c /(/@3$+.00,5c )#$.+#$6c 5.70$;c .0)(c :/(-/c.)cL(3$=I;c-#,5#c5./c7$c&)$6c,/c)+$$0c*'.3,/4c #$c5(6$c.0)(c5(8$')c 4'(&/6,/4c c Fasteners #$c:$1c+(c*.)+$/$'c)$0$5+,(/c-,+#c)+$$0c*'.3,/4c,)c+(c:$$%c,+c),3%0$c.),5.001c +#$'$c.'$c+#'$$c#$.6c./6c+-(c%(,/+c)+10$)cc
$=;c%./c./6c7&40$c#$.6c)5'$-)c-,00c$.),01c.66'$))c.03()+c.00c.%%0,5.+,(/)cc Gc $=c #$.6)c .'$c &)$6c -#$'$c +#$1c -(/E+c 7$c 5(8$'$6c 71c ./(+#$'c 3.+$',.0c 0,:$c 6'1-.00c('c)#$.+#,/4cc Gc ./c #$.6)c .'$c +1%,5.001c &)$6c ,/c .'$.)c -#$'$c 6'1-.00c ('c )#$.+#,/4c -,00c 7$c .%%0,$6cc
Gc &40$c #$.6)c .'$c 6$),4/$6c +(c 5(&/+$'),/:c ,/+(c +#$c 3.+$',.0c +#$1c .'$c 6',8$/c ,/+(;c)(c.'$c,6$.0c*('c,/)+.00,/4c6'1-.00c c c c c c c #$'$c.'$c+-(c+1%$)c(*c)5'$-c%(,/+)c+(c5#(()$c*'(3;c )$0*c %,$'5,/4c -#$/c -(':,/4c -,+#c +#,//$'c 3.+$',.0c 0,:$c ,/+$',('c 6'1-.00c )+&6);c./6c )$0*@6',00,/4c -#$/c %$/$+'.+,/4c ,/+(c +#$c +#,5:$'c)+'&5+&'.0c)+$$0c)+&6)c c c Other Types of Fastenersc c c c c c c c c c c c
+#$'c 5(06@*('3$6c )+$$0c 5(//$5+,(/c +$5#/,9&$)c $=,)+c ./6c 3./1c .'$c 5(6$c .%%'(8$6cc /$&3.+,5.001@6',8$/c *.)+$/$');c %(-6$'@.5+&.+$6c *.)+$/$');c 5',3%,/4c ./6c ',8$+,/4c #.8$c .00c 7$$/c 6$8$0(%$6c *('c )+$$0@+(@)+$$0c ./6c )#$.+#,/4@+(@)+$$0c 5(//$5+,(/)c$8,$-c+#$c.%%0,5.+,(/c-,+#c.c3./&*.5+&'$'E)c'$%'$)$/+.+,8$c./6c 0(5.0c5(6$c(**,5,.0)c7$*('$c,3%0$3$/+,/4c&).4$c(*c.0+$'/.+,8$c*.)+$/$')c #$.+#,/4c ./6c 6'1-.00c 3.1c 7$c .++.5#$6c +(c )+$$0c *'.3$)c -,+#c %/$&3.+,5.001@ 6',8$/c/.,0)c #$)$c/.,0)c.'$c)%$5,*,5.001c6$),4/$6c-,+#c)%,'.0c4'((8$)c('c:/&'0)c (/c +#$c /.,0c )#.*+c +(c %$/$+'.+$c +#$c )+$$0c ./6;c 0,:$c .&+(3.+,5c /.,0c 6$0,8$'1c ,/c -((6c*'.3,/4;c.'$c.%%0,$6c-,+#c.,'c4&/)c
2.3
References
c
Books c c c c c c
+$$0@'.3$c (&)$c (/)+'&5+,(/c@cTimothy J. Waitec (33$'5,.0c $+.0c+&6c'.3,/4c@cRay Clarkc $),6$/+,.0c+$$0c'.3,/4c ./67((:c@cRobert Scharffc 68./5$6c/.01),)c./6c$),4/c(*c+$$0c'.3$)c@cGou-Qiang Li, Jin-Jin Lic $+.0c&,06,/4c1)+$3)c$),4/c./6c%$5,*,5.+,(/)c@cAlexander Newmanc '.%#,5c&,6$c+(c'.3$c (/)+'&5+,(/c('c '()c1c '()c@cRob Thallon
c
Internet c #++%AA---)+$$05(/)+'&5+,(/('4A'$)(&'5$)A5(33$'5,.0A*('$5.)+)@./6@ )+.+,)+,5)#+30c c #++%AA---5(/)+'&5+,(/-$70,/:)5(3A /6&)+'1S (%,5)A+.+,)+,5)A)+.+,)+,5)#+30c c #++%AA---)+$$0('4Ac c #++%AA----('06)+$$0('4Ac c #++%AA---)+$$0*'.3,/4)1)+$3)5(3.&c c #++%AA---,7)5$/+'$5(331c c #++%AA$/-,:,%$6,.('4A-,:,A+$$0S*'.3$c c #++%AA---%',3.'1*'.3$)5(3Ac c #++%AA---)5(++)6.0$)+$$0*'.3$)5(3Ac c #++%AA---)+$$0*'.3$5(2.Ac c
2.0
FOUNDATION SYSTEMS
c
2.1
Introduction
#$c *,')+c )+$%c ,/c +#$c 7&,06,/4c $'$5+,(/c %'(5$))c ,)c 5(/)+'&5+,/4c .c )&,+.70$c *(&/6.+,(/c +#.+c -,00c 7$.'c +#$c -$,4#+c (*c 3$+.0c 7&,06,/4c #$'$c .'$c .c 5(&%0$c (*c 6,**$'$/+c *(&/6.+,(/c 0.1(&+)c 1(&c 5./c 5#(()$c *'(3;c 6$%$/6,/4c (/c -#$+#$'c ('c /(+c 1(&c .'$c 4(,/4c +(c #.8$c .c 5(3%0$+$c 5(/5'$+$c )0.7c *0(('c ,/c 1(&'c 3$+.0c 7&,06,/4.
#$c +1%$c (*c *(&/6.+,(/c )1)+$3c )$0$5+$6c 6$%$/6)c(/cc c c )(,0)cc c
c 0(.6)cc c
c )+'&5+&'.0c)1)+$3c c c c c c c
2.1
Definition 2.1.1 Deep foundation: $$%c *(&/6.+,(/)c .'$c )+'&5+&'.0c .))$370,$)c +#.+c +'./)*$'c 0(.6c 6(-/c +#'(&4#c -$.:c )(,0c )+'.+.c ./6c ,/+(c 6$$%$'c ./6c )+'(/4$'c )+'.+.c +(c 3,/,3,2$c +#$c )$++0$3$/+c (*c .c )+'&5+&'$c .0+'./)c 6$$%c *(&/6.+,(/)c 5(/),)+c(*c.c),/40$c%,0$c('c.c4'(&%c(*c%,0$)c-,+#c.c%,0$c5.%cc
c
#$)$c 6$$%c *(&/6.+,(/c %,0$)c 5./c 7$c 6',8$/;c 6',00$6;c 5.)+@,/@%0.5$;c ('c .0+$'/.+,8$01c4'(&+$6@,/@%0.5$c c c c c c c c c
c
c
ccc
,0$c6',8,/4c(%$'.+,(/)c,/;c0(',6.;ccccccc
c c c
c
c
c
$$%c*(&/6.+,(/c,/)+.00.+,(/c*('c.c7',64$c,/cc
c c c c
c6$$%c*(&/6.+,(/c6,)+,/4&,)#$6c*'(3c)#.00(-c*(&/6.+,(/)c71c+#$c6$%+#c +#$1c.'$c$37$66$6c,/+(c+#$c4'(&/6c #$c 5(33(/c c '$.)(/)c +(c 5#(()$c .c 6$$%c *(&/6.+,(/c (8$'c .c )#.00(-c *(&/6.+,(/;c.'$c8$'1c0.'4$c6$),4/c0(.6);c.c%(('c)(,0c.+c)#.00(-c6$%+#;c('c ),+$c5(/)+'.,/+)c0,:$c%'(%$'+1c0,/$)c
$$%c*(&/6.+,(/)c5./c7$c3.6$c(&+c(*c+,37$';c)+$$0;c'$,/*('5$6c5(/5'$+$c ./6c%'$)+'$))$6c5(/5'$+$c #$'$c .'$c 6,**$'$/+c +$'3)c &)$6c +(c 6$)5',7$c 6,**$'$/+c +1%$)c (*c 6$$%c *(&/6.+,(/)c,/50&6,/4c c +#$c%,0$c-#,5#c,)c./.0(4(&)c+(c.c%(0$cc c +#$c%,$'c-#,5#c,)c./.0(4(&)c+(c.c5(0&3/c c 6',00$6c)#.*+)c c 5.,))(/)c
2.2
What is the right foundation for steel frame structure?
/c 50.1c )(,0c ,0$c *(&/6.+,(/c ('c ,$'c *(&/6.+,(/c 6$%$/6,/4c (/c +#$c c .*$c $.',/4c .%.5,+1c(*c+#$c50.1c )(,0c -#$/c+#$c7&,06,/4c4$+)c#$.81;c1(&c)+.'+c+(c &)$c )+$$0c ('c #$.81c 7&,06,/4;c 1(&c -(&06c &)$c %,0$)c /6c .00c %,0$)c 3&)+c 4(c .00c +#$c-.1c+(c7$6'(5:;c/(c3.++$'c-#.+c+1%$c(*c)(,0c c c 2.3 2.3.1
Type of Foundation used for steel frame structure Pile 2.3.1.1
Steel HP Piles
+$$0c c)$5+,(/)c.'$c&)&.001c)%$5,*,$6c-#$/c#.'6c6',8,/4c,)c./+,5,%.+$6c )&5#c.)c -#$'$c6,)%0.5$3$/+c%,0$)c 5.//(+c%$/$+'.+$c6,**,5&0+c)(,0c0.1$')c 5(/+.,/,/4c '(5:;c 5(770$);c 4'.8$0;c ./6c 6$/)$c )./6c +$$0c )$5+,(/)c .'$c .0)(c %'$*$'.70$c *('c 0(/4$'c %,0$)c 7$5.&)$c +#$1c .'$c 3('$c $.),01c )%0,5$6c +#./c %'$5.)+c %'$)+'$))$6c (%+,(/)c +$$0c c %,0$)c 3.1c /(+c 7$c *$.),70$c -#$'$c #,4#01c 5(''(),8$c )(,0)c ./6A('c -.+$')c .'$c $/5(&/+$'$6c ('c -#$'$c 0.'4$c0.+$'.0c0(.6c'$),)+./5$c,)c'$9&,'$6cc *c )+$$0c c %,0$)c .'$c .00(-$6c .)c ./c .0+$'/.+,8$c +(c .c 0.))c %,0$;c +#$c +'&5+&'$c $),4/$'c )#.00c %'(8,6$c .00(-.70$c c ),2$)c +(c +#$c
%$5,*,5.+,(/c/4,/$$'c #$c c ?= c)+$$0c%,0$c,)c&)&.001c )%$5,*,$6c *('c c : ;c c = c *('c ? c : c ./6c c =? c *('c c : c #$c 6$),4/c $/4,/$$'c )#(&06c /(+$c ,/c +#$c $3(c +(c %$5,*,5.+,(/c /4,/$$'c -#$/c (+#$'c )+$$0c )$5+,(/)c .'$c .55$%+.70$c *('c )&7)+,+&+,(/;c ./6c 8$',*1c -,+#c)+,3.+,/4c+#.+c.c/(/)+./6.'6c c)$5+,(/c,)c.8.,0.70$c .'4$'c%,0$c )$5+,(/)c3.1c7$c'$9&,'$6c,*c,/5'$.)$6c0.+$'.0c0(.6c'$),)+./5$c,)c/$$6$6c ('c #.'6c 6',8,/4c ,)c ./+,5,%.+$6c$*$'c +(c &-c ? c*('c +#$c .))&3$6c 0.+$'.0c%,0$c'$),)+./5$c8.0&$)c&/6$'c$'8,5$c (.6,/4c ,0$c./5#(')c3&)+c 7$c 6$),4/$6c *('c +#$c %,0$E)c 6$),4/c 0(.6c ,/c +$/),(/c /c +#$c 5.)$c (*c 5(3%'$)),(/(/01c %,0$);c .c /(3,/.0c ./5#('c ,)c '$9&,'$6c /5#('c 7.')c )#(&06c7$c$%(=1@5(.+$6c
2.3.1.2 Cast-in-Steel-Shell (CISS) Concrete Piles and Steel Pipe Piles .)+@,/@)+$$0@)#$00c 5(/5'$+$c %,0$)c .'$c 6',8$/c %,%$c %,0$)c +#.+c .'$c *,00$6c -,+#c 5.)+@,/@%0.5$c '$,/*('5$6c 5(/5'$+$c /(c 6$$%$'c +#./c +#$c )#$00c +,%c $0$8.+,(/c c %,0$)c %'(8,6$c $=5$00$/+c 0.+$'.0c '$),)+./5$c ./6c .'$c .c 4((6c (%+,(/c &/6$'c +#$c *(00(-,/4c 5(/6,+,(/)c c -#$'$c %(('c )(,0c 5(/6,+,(/)c $=,)+;c )&5#c .)c )(*+c 7.1c 3&6c 6$%(),+)c ('c 0(()$c )./6)Cc c ,*c 0,9&$*.5+,(/c ('c )5(&'c %(+$/+,.0c $=,)+)c +#.+c -,00c 5.&)$c 0(/4c &/)&%%('+$6c %,0$c 0$/4+#)Cc ('c c ,*c 0.'4$c 0.+$'.0c )(,0c 3(8$3$/+)c ('c *0(-)c .'$c ./+,5,%.+$6c*'(3c.c)$,)3,5c$8$/+c *c5(3%(),+$c.5+,(/c,)c'$9&,'$6c*('c*0$=&'.0c5.%.5,+1;c+#$c6$),4/c$/4,/$$'c 3&)+c .))&'$c +#.+c .c '$0,.70$c )#$.'c +'./)*$'c 3$5#./,)3c $=,)+)c >$06$6c )+&6)c ('c )#$.'c ',/4)c 3.1c 7$c '$9&,'$6;c $)%$5,.001c *('c 0.'4$c 6,.3$+$'c %,0$)c c %,0$)c ./6c )+$$0c %,%$c %,0$)c 5./c 7$c 6',8$/c (%$/c $/6$6c ('c 50()$6c$/6$6c .&+,(/c)#(&06c7$c$=$'5,)$6c-#$/c'$9&,',/4c50()$6c$/6c %,%$c %,0$)c +(c %$/$+'.+$c 8$'1c 6$/)$c 4'./&0.'c )(,0);c 8$'1c #.'6c 5(#$),8$c )(,0)c('c)(*+c'(5:c$/$'.001;c%,%$c%,0$)c&%c+(cc33c,/c6,.3$+$'c+$/6c +(c%0&4c6&',/4c6',8,/4c-#,0$c6,.3$+$')c?c33c./6c4'$.+$'c+$/6c/(+c+(c %0&4c/5$c%0&44$6;c./c(%$/@$/6$6c%,%$c7$#.8$)c0,:$c.c6,)%0.5$3$/+c
%,0$c ./6c 6',8,/4c 7$5(3$)c 3('$c 6,**,5&0+c >#$/c *.5$6c -,+#c $=5$)),8$c 70(-c 5(&/+)c ('c #,4#c 6',8,/4c )+'$))$);c c 3.1c '$5(33$/6c 5$/+$'c '$0,$*c 6',00,/4c +(c .5#,$8$c +#$c )%$5,*,$6c +,%c $0$8.+,(/c >#$/c .%%'(%',.+$;c c -,00c %$'*('3c .c 6',8$.7,0,+1c ./.01),)c ./6c '$5(33$/6c .c %,0$c -.00c +#,5:/$))c)&,+.70$c*('c+#$c$=%$5+$6c6',8,/4c)+'$))$)c #$c)(,0c%0&4c,)c0$*+c ,/+.5+c .+c +#$c +,%c (*c (%$/@$/6$6c c %,0$)c )(c +#.+c +#$c %,0$c ,)c /(+c &/6$'3,/$6c 6&',/4c 50$./,/4c (&+c c %0&4c +-(c 6,.3$+$')c ,/c 0$/4+#c 5./c &)&.001c 3.,/+.,/c -.+$'c 5(/+'(0;c 7&+c .c )$.0c 5(&')$c 3.1c 7$c '$9&,'$6c *('c )(3$c5(37,/.+,(/)c(*c#,4#c-.+$'c0$8$0c./6c%$'3$.70$c)(,0)c c 2.3.1.3 Micropiles ,5'(%,0$);c.0)(c5.00$6c3,/,c%,0$);c.'$c(*+$/c&)$6c*('c&/6$'%,//,/4c #$1c .'$c .0)(c &)$6c +(c 5'$.+$c *(&/6.+,(/)c *('c .c 8.',$+1c (*c %'(B$5+c +1%$);c ,/50&6,/4c #,4#-.1;c 7',64$c ./6c +'./)3,)),(/c +(-$'c %'(B$5+)c #$1c .'$c $)%$5,.001c &)$*&0c .+c ),+$)c -,+#c 6,**,5&0+c ('c '$)+',5+$6c .55$));c ('c -,+#c $/8,'(/3$/+.0c )$/),+,8,+1c ,5'(%,0$)c .'$c /('3.001c 3.6$c (*c )+$$0c -,+#c 6,.3$+$')c (*c ?c +(c c33c /)+.00.+,(/c (*c 3,5'(%,0$)c 5./c7$c .5#,$8$6c &),/4c6',00,/4;c,3%.5+c6',8,/4;cB.5:,/4;c8,7'.+,/4c('c)5'$-,/4c3.5#,/$'1c
2.3.1.4
Sheet piles
#$$+c %,0,/4c ,)c .c *('3c (*c 6',8$/c %,0,/4c&),/4c +#,/c ,/+$'0(5:,/4c )#$$+)c (*c )+$$0c+(c(7+.,/c.c5(/+,/&(&)c7.'',$'c,/c+#$c4'(&/6c #$c3.,/c.%%0,5.+,(/c (*c )#$$+c %,0$)c ,)c ,/c '$+.,/,/4c -.00)c ./6c 5(**$'6.3)c $'$5+$6c +(c $/.70$c %$'3./$/+c-(':)c+(c%'(5$$6c ('3.001;c8,7'.+,/4c#.33$';c+@5'./$c./6c 5'.-0$c6',00,/4c.'$c&)$6c+(c$)+.70,)#c)#$$+c%,0$)c c 2.3.1.5
Soldier piles
c c c)(06,$'c%,0$c-.00c&),/4c'$50.,3$6c'.,0-.1c)0$$%$')c.)c0.44,/4c (06,$'c%,0$);c.0)(c :/(-/c.)c :,/4c%,0$)c('c$'0,/c-.00);c.'$c 5(/)+'&5+$6c (*c -,6$c *0./4$c )+$$0c c )$5+,(/)c )%.5$6c .7(&+c c +(c c3c .%.'+c ./6c .'$c 6',8$/c %',('c +(c $=5.8.+,(/c )c +#$c $=5.8.+,(/c %'(5$$6);c #(',2(/+.0c +,37$'c)#$$+,/4c0.44,/4c,)c,/)$'+$6c7$#,/6c+#$c c%,0$c*0./4$)c #$c #(',2(/+.0c $.'+#c %'$))&'$)c .'$c 5(/5$/+'.+$6c (/c +#$c )(06,$'c %,0$)c 7$5.&)$c (*c +#$,'c '$0.+,8$c ',4,6,+1c 5(3%.'$6c +(c +#$c 0.44,/4c (,0c 3(8$3$/+c ./6c )&7),6$/5$c ,)c 3,/,3,2$6c 71c 3.,/+.,/,/4c +#$c 0.44,/4c ,/c *,'3c5(/+.5+c-,+#c+#$c)(,0c (06,$'c %,0$)c .'$c 3()+c )&,+.70$c ,/c 5(/6,+,(/)c -#$'$c -$00c 5(/)+'&5+$6c -.00)c -,00c /(+c '$)&0+c ,/c )&7),6$/5$c )&5#c .)c (8$'@5(/)(0,6.+$6c 50.1);c )(,0)c .7(8$c +#$c -.+$'c +.70$c ,*c +#$1c #.8$c )(3$c 5(#$),(/;c ./6c *'$$c 6'.,/,/4c)(,0)c-#,5#c5./c7$c$**$5+,8$01c6$-.+$'$6;c0,:$c)./6)c /)&,+.70$c )(,0)c ,/50&6$c )(*+c 50.1)c ./6c -$.:c '&//,/4c )(,0)c +#.+c .00(-c 0.'4$c3(8$3$/+)c)&5#c.)c0(()$c)./6)c +c,)c.0)(c/(+c%()),70$c+(c$=+$/6c +#$c -.00c7$1(/6c+#$c 7(++(3c (*c +#$c $=5.8.+,(/c ./6c 6$-.+$',/4c ,)c (*+$/c '$9&,'$6c
2.3.1.6 Steel Suction Piles
&5+,(/c%,0$)c.'$c&)$6c&/6$'-.+$'c+(c)$5&'$c*0(.+,/4c%0.+*('3)c &7&0.'c %,0$)c .'$c 6',8$/c ,/+(c +#$c )$.7$6c ('c 3('$c 5(33(/01c 6'(%%$6c .c *$-c 3$+'$)c,/+(c.c)(*+c)$.7$6c./6c+#$/c.c%&3%c)&5:)c-.+$'c(&+c.+c+#$c+(%c (*c+#$c+&7&0.';c%&00,/4c+#$c%,0$c*&'+#$'c6(-/c #$c%'(%('+,(/)c(*c+#$c%,0$c6,.3$+$'c+(c#$,4#+c.'$c6$%$/6$/+c&%(/c+#$c )(,0c +1%$c ./6c ,)c 6,**,5&0+c +(c %$/$+'.+$c 7&+c %'(8,6$)c 4((6c #(06,/4c 5.%.5,+1;c)(c+#$c#$,4#+c3.1c7$c.)c)#('+c.)c#.0*c+#$c6,.3$+$'Cc 0.1)c./6c 3&6)c .'$c $.)1c +(c %$/$+'.+$c 7&+c %'(8,6$c %(('c #(06,/4c 5.%.5,+1;c )(c+#$c #$,4#+c 3.1c 7$c.)c 3&5#c .)c $,4#+c +,3$)c +#$c 6,.3$+$'c #$c(%$/c /.+&'$c (*c 4'.8$0c 3$./)c +#.+c -.+$'c -(&06c *0(-c +#'(&4#c +#$c 4'(&/6c 6&',/4c ,/)+.00.+,(/;c5.&),/4cT%,%,/4Tc*0(-c-#$'$c-.+$'c7(,0)c&%c+#'(&4#c-$.:$'c %.+#)c +#'(&4#c +#$c )(,0c #$'$*('$c )&5+,(/c %,0$)c 5.//(+c 7$c &)$6c ,/c 4'.8$0c)$.7$6)c c
c 2.3.1.7 Caltran
c .0+'./)c+1%,5.001c,/50&6$)c.c5(''(),(/c.00(-./5$c).5',*,5,.0c3$+.0c0())c *('c )+$$0c %,0$c *(&/6.+,(/)c +#$'c 5(''(),(/c 3,+,4.+,(/c 3$.)&'$)c 3.1c ,/50&6$c5(.+,/4)c./6A('c5.+#(6,5c%'(+$5+,(/c .0+'./)c5&''$/+01c&)$)c+#$c *(00(-,/4c 5(''(),(/c '.+$)c *('c )+$$0c %,0,/4c $=%()$6c +(c 5(''(),8$c )(,0c ./6c -.+$'c (,0c37$66$6cU(/$c c33c%$'c1$.'c 33$')$6cU(/$c).0+c-.+$'cc33c%$'c1$.'c 5(&'cU(/$c).0+c-.+$'c c33c%$'c1$.'c %0.)#cU(/$c).0+c-.+$'c c33c%$'c1$.'c ('c )+$$0c %,0,/4c 6',8$/c ,/+(c &/6,)+&'7$6c )(,0;c +#$c '$4,(/c (*c 4'$.+$)+c 5(/5$'/c *('c 5(''(),(/c ,)c +#$c %('+,(/c (*c +#$c %,0$c *'(3c +#$c 7(++(3c (*c +#$c %,0$c5.%c('c*((+,/4c6(-/c+(cc3$+$'c7$0(-c+#$c-.+$'c+.70$c #,)c '$4,(/c (*c +#$c )(,0c +1%,5.001c #.)c .c '$%0$/,)#,70$c )(&'5$c (*c (=14$/c /$$6$6c +(c )&)+.,/c5(''(),(/c
#$c5(''(),(/c0())c)#(&06c7$c6(&70$6c*('c)+$$0c @%,0,/4c),/5$c+#$'$c.'$c +-(c)&'*.5$)c(/c$,+#$'c),6$c(*c+#$c-$7c./6c*0./4$)c+#.+c.'$c$=%()$6c+(c +#$c5(''(),8$c)(,0c./6A('c-.+$'c('c%,%$c%,0$);c)#$00);c./6c5.),/4);c+#$c 5(''(),(/c.00(-./5$c,)c(/01c/$$6$6c*('c+#$c$=+$',('c)&'*.5$c(*c+#$c%,0$c #$c ,/+$',('c )&'*.5$c (*c +#$c %,0$c )(,0c %0&4c ),6$c -,00c /(+c 7$c $=%()$6c +(c )&**,5,$/+c(=14$/c+(c)&%%('+c),4/,*,5./+c5(''(),(/c c 2.3.1.8 Alternative Piles c #$c0+$'/.+,8$c ,0$c(%+,(/c,)c./c.++$3%+c+(c+.:$c.68./+.4$c(*c/$-c%,0$c +1%$)c +#.+c 5./c 7$c &)$6;c -#$'$c .%%'(%',.+$;c .)c.0+$'/.+,8$)c +(c .c+.+$@ 6$),4/$6c %,0$c c /&37$'c (*c %'(%',$+.'1c )1)+$3)c #.8$c 7$$/c .%%'(8$6;c ,/50&6,/4c 8.',.+,(/)c (/c 3,5'(%,0$)c ./6c 4'(&+c ,/B$5+,(/c %,0$)c (c 7$c .%%'(8$6;c $.5#c 8$/6('E)c %,0$c )1)+$3c 3&)+c 4(c +#'(&4#c ./c $=+$/),8$c '$8,$-c %'(5$));c ,/50&6,/4c 7(+#c ./.01),)c ./6c *&00@)5.0$c 0(.6c +$)+,/4c +(c 4$(+$5#/,5.0c*.,0&'$c #$c 6$),4/c $/4,/$$'c )#(&06c 5(/)&0+c -,+#c c -#$/c .c ),+$c .%%$.')c *.8('.70$c *('c ./c 0+$'/.+,8$c ,0$c 0+$'/.+,8$c ,0$c 6$),4/)c #.8$c 7$$/c 6$8$0(%$6c,/c'$)%(/)$c+(c),+$c5(/)+'.,/+)c)&5#c.)c0(-cc(8$'#$.6c 50$.'./5$c c 3$+$')c 3,/,3&3;c 8,7'.+,(/c '$)+',5+,(/);c ./6c #.'6@6',8,/4c )(,0)c 5(/+.,/,/4c 0.'4$c 5(770$)c ,4#@5.%.5,+1c 3,5'(%,0$)c 5./c 7$c )&55$))*&001c,/)+.00$6c+#'(&4#c./c$=,)+,/4c%,0$c5.%c+(c)$,)3,5.001c'$+'(*,+c .c*(&/6.+,(/c-,+#(&+c,/5'$.),/4c,+)c),2$c >#$/c ./c 0+$'/.+,8$c ,0$c ,)c 0,)+$6c ,/c +#$c )%$5,*,5.+,(/);c +#$c 5(/+'.5+('c #.)c +#$c (%+,(/c +(c )$0$5+c ./c 0+$'/.+,8$c ,0$c 8$/6('c #$c 5(/+'.5+('c ,)c '$)%(/),70$c+(c%'$%.'$c%,0$c -(':,/4c6'.-,/4)c./6c+(c6$),4/c+#$c%,0$c+(c ).+,)*1c+#$c 6$3./6)c )#(-/c ,/c +#$c ,0$c .+.c .70$c #$c%,0$c 8$/6('c,)c '$9&,'$6c+(c8$',*1c+#$c%,0$E)c4$(+$5#/,5.0c6$),4/c-,+#c.c%$'*('3./5$c+$)+c %',('c +(c %'(6&5+,(/c ,/)+.00.+,(/c '((*c +$)+,/4c (*c +#$c %'(6&5+,(/c %,0$)c ,)c .0)(c'$9&,'$6c
c c
2.3.2 Design of pile cap 2.3.2.1
Pile layout pattern:
,0$c &/6$'c %,0$c 5.%c )#(&06c 7$c 0.1(&+c )133$+',5.001c ,/c 7(+#c 6,'$5+,(/)cc #$c 5(0&3/c ('c -.00c (/c %,0$c 5.%c )#(&06c 7$c 5$/+$'$6c .+c +#$c 4$(3$+',5c 5$/+$'c (*c +#$c %,0$c 5.%c ,/c ('6$'c +(c+'./)*$''$6c 0(.6c $8$/01c +(c$.5#c %,0$cc =.3%0$c(*c%,0$c0.1(&+c%.++$'/c,)c)#(-/c7$0(-c
cccccc
c
2.3.2.2
Pile spacing, edge distance, and pile cap thickness:
/c4$/$'.0;c%,0$)c)#(&06c7$c)%.5,/4c.+c c+,3$)c(*c%,0$c6,.3$+$'c,/c('6$'c +(c+'./)*$'c0(.6c$**$5+,8$01c+(c)(,0cc *c+#$c)%.5,/4c,)c0$))c+#./c c+,3$)c(*c 6,.3$+$';c %,0$c 4'(&%c )$++0$3$/+c ./6c 7$.',/4c 5.%.5,+1c )#(&06c 7$c 5#$5:$6cc c c
,0$c
Ic
Ic
?Ic
Ic
E@?Ic
E@Ic
E@?Ic
Ic
Ic
Ic
6,.3$+$'c ,0$c)%.5,/4c E@Ic
E@Ic
E@?Ic
?E@Ic
c ,0$c5.%c+#,5:/$))c,)c/('3.0c6$+$'3,/$6c71c)#$.'c)+'$/4+#cc('c)3.00$'c %,0$c5.%;c+#$c+#,5:/$))c,)c/('3.001c4(8$'/$6c71c6$$%c7$.3c)#$.'cc('c 0.'4$c %,0$c 5.%;c +#$c +#,5:/$))c ,)c 4(8$'/$6c 71c 6,'$5+c )#$.'c c >#$/c /$5$)).'1;c)#$.'c'$,/*('5$3$/+c3.1c7$c&)$6c+(c'$6&5$6c+#,5:/$))c%,0$c 5.%cc
c #$c$64$c6,)+./5$c,)c/('3.001c4(8$'/$6c71c%&/5#,/4c)#$.'c5.%.5,+1c(*c 5('/$'c%,0$)c
2.3.3 Pile Cap Analysis & Design (TGPiles) c /.012,/4c %,0$c 4'(&%)c ,)c +$6,(&);c $''('c %'(/$c -(':;c $)%$5,.001c *('c 0.'4$c /&37$')c (*c%,0$)c,4,+.0c ./.0E)c ,0$c .%c /.01),)c ./6c $),4/c 5./c +&'/c +#,)c +.):c ,/+(c .c ),3%0$c 3.++$'c (*c $/+$',/4c +#$c 0(.6)c ./6c +#$c %,0$c 0(5.+,(/)c ./6c %'$)),/4c L $'*('3c /.01),)Ic (-$8$';c ,4,+.0c ./.0E)c ,0$c .%c /.01),)c Qc $),4/c5./c6(c3('$c+#./cB&)+c./.012$c+#$c%,0$c4'(&%V,+c5./c6$),4/c+#$c5.%E)c +#,5:/$))c./6c'$,/*('5$3$/+c.)c-$00Oc #$5:c(&+c+#$)$c)%$5)c c
/.012$c6$),4/c%,0$c5.%)c*('c.c5(0&3/c-,+#c&%c+(c c%,0$)cc
c
#$c5(0&3/E)c0(.6)c 5./c,/50&6$c.=,.0c0(.6)c./6c7,.=,.0c7$/6,/4c 3(3$/+)c *('c6$.6;c0,8$c./6c-,/6c0(.6)cc
c c
#$c-$,4#+c(*c+#$c%,0$c5.%c,)c.&+(3.+,5.001c,/50&6$6c,/c+#$c./.01),)cc ,0$c4'(&%c./.01),)c,)c3.6$c&),/4c.c0,/$.'c)+'.,/c3(6$0c /c+#$c5.)$c(*c-,/6c 0(.6);c 3(3$/+c 6,'$5+,(/.0,+1c %(),+,8$c ('c /$4.+,8$c ),4/c ,)c .55(&/+$6c *('c .&+(3.+,5.001cc
c
#$c5$/+'(,6c(*c+#$c%,0$c4'(&%c,)c5(3%&+$6c./6c6,)%0.1$6c,/c+#$c'$%('+c
c
$),4/c+#$c%,0$c5.%c*('c)#$.';c*0$=&'$c./6c+$3%$'.+&'$cQc)#',/:c&),/4c c @ c#$.'c6$),4/c,/50&6$)c(/$c-.1;c+-(c-.1c./6c6$$%c7$.3c)#$.'cc
c
$,/*('5$3$/+c6$),4/c,/50&6$)c)&44$)+$6c7.'c),2$cQc)%.5,/4c./6c3.+$',.0c 9&./+,+,$)cc
c
c 3,/,3&3c +#,5:/$))c ,)c ,/%&+c ./6c ,/5'$3$/+$6c +(c ).+,)*1c )#$.'c '$9&,'$3$/+)cc
c
&+%&+c,/50&6$)c.c0,)+c(*c3,/,3&3c./6c3.=,3&3c0(.6)c(/c$.5#c%,0$c *c+#$c &)$'c ,/%&++$6c .00(-.70$c -(':,/4c 0(.6c *('c .c %,0$c ,)c $=5$$6$6;c +#$c &)$'c ,)c *0.44$6cc
c
#$c &)$'c ,)c -.'/$6c ,*c +#$c ,/%&++$6c 5.%c 6($)c /(+c #.8$c )&**,5,$/+c $64$c 6,)+./5$cc
c c
c
#$c5(0&3/c5./c7$c$,+#$'c5,'5&0.'c('c'$5+./4&0.'cc
c
/,+)c,/50&6$cc &)+(3.'1c./6c3$+',5cc
2.4
Pier Columns
c ,$'c 5(0&3/)c .'$c &+,0,2$6c -#$/c +#$c %'$)$/5$c (*c '(5:c %'$50&6$)c +#$c &)$c (*c 5(/8$/+,(/.0c 6',00,/4c $9&,%3$/+c =5.8.+,(/c 71c #./6;c 70.)+,/4;c ./6c 3$5#./,5.0A5#$3,5.0c)%0,++,/4c.'$c)(3$c3$+#(6)c&)$6c,/c#.'6c'(5:c ,$'c5(0&3/c $=5.8.+,(/c,)c5(/),6$'.701c3('$c$=%$/),8$c+#./c5(/8$/+,(/.0c.&4$'c6',00,/4c./6c +#$c%.1c0,3,+)c3&)+c7$c50$.'01c6$*,/$6c c c
c
c
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c #$c 3.,/c 6,).68./+.4$c (*c%,0$c./6c7$.3c *(&/6.+,(/)c ,)c 5()+c #$c +$5#/,9&$c '$9&,'$)c)%$5,.0,)+c%0./+c./6c0.7(&'Cc#(-$8$';c+#$c$=+'.c$=%$/)$c5./c7$c(**)$+c .4.,/)+c+#$c',),/4c5()+c(*c)%(,0c'$3(8.0c./6c+,3$c).8,/4)c c c 2.5
Pile cages
c
2.6
Pile cage ready to receive pile cap
c c c c c c c c c c
c c c
2.7
Pile Driving Criteria
#$c )%$5,*,5.+,(/)c '$9&,'$6c +#.+c .c >.8$c 9&.+,(/c /.01),)c (*c ,0$)c > c 7$c &)$6c +(c )$0$5+c +#$c %,0$c 6',8,/4c $9&,%3$/+c #$c > c 3(6$0c $)+,3.+$)c #.33$'c%$'*('3./5$;c6',8,/4c)+'$))$);c./6c6',8,/4c'$),)+./5$c*('c./c.))&3$6c #.33$'c 5(/*,4&'.+,(/;c %,0$c +1%$;c ./6c )(,0c %'(*,0$c #$c .55$%+.7,0,+1c (*c +#$c #.33$'c )1)+$3c -.)c 7.)$6c (/c +#$c )&55$))*&0c 6$3(/)+'.+,(/c +#.+c +#$c %,0$c 5(&06c7$c6',8$/c+(c+#$c'$9&,'$6c5.%.5,+1c('c+,%c$0$8.+,(/c-,+#(&+c6.3.4$c+(c+#$c %,0$;c-,+#,/c.c%$/$+'.+,(/c'$),)+./5$c(*c c+(c c70(-)c%$'c c53c #$c %,0$c 6',8,/4c '$),)+./5$c 5',+$',.c $)+,3.+$6c *'(3c +#$c > c ./.01),)c -.)c .0)(c &)$6c .)c +#$c ,/,+,.0c 6',8,/4c 5',+$',.c *('c +#$c ,/)+.00.+,(/c (*c +#$c +$)+c %,0$)c 66,+,(/.0c > c ./.01)$)c -$'$c '$9&,'$6c *('c 5#./4$)c ,/c +#$c #.33$'c +1%$;c %,0$c +1%$c ('c ),2$;c ('c *('c ),4/,*,5./+c 8.',.+,(/)c ,/c +#$c )(,0c %'(*,0$c +c -.)c .0)(c )%$5,*,$6c +#.+c +#$c > c ./.01)$)c 7$c '$'&/c -,+#c 3(6,*,5.+,(/)c +(c +#$c ,/%&+c %.'.3$+$')c+(c3.+5#c+#$c'$)&0+)c(7+.,/$6c*'(3c+#$c61/.3,5c('c)+.+,5c0(.6c+$)+c '$)&0+)c (6,*,5.+,(/)c +(c +#$c 6',8,/4c 5',+$',.c 5(&06c 7$c 3.6$c .)c .%%'(%',.+$;c 7.)$6c(/c+#$c'$)&0+)c(*c+#$c%,0$c0(.6c+$)+)c
c
c
c c c c c c c c c c
c
(+$)c .c /,+c5()+)c,/50&6$c+#$c5()+)c(*c3.+$',.0)c./6c0.7('c*('c%,0$c6',8,/4c(/01c '$.&4$',/4c ,)c /(+c ,/50&6$6c &/0$))c (+#$'-,)$c /(+$6c $$c +.70$c c *('c %'$.&4$',/4c&/,+c5()+)c (7,0,2.+,(/c./6A('c6$3(7,0,2.+,(/c5()+)c.'$c/(+c ,/50&6$6c 7c /,+c5()+)c,/50&6$c+#$c5()+)c(*c%'$.&4$',/4c
2.8
Pier Columns
,$'c 5(0&3/)c .'$c &+,0,2$6c -#$/c +#$c %'$)$/5$c (*c '(5:c %'$50&6$)c +#$c &)$c (*c 5(/8$/+,(/.0c 6',00,/4c $9&,%3$/+c =5.8.+,(/c 71c #./6;c 70.)+,/4;c ./6c 3$5#./,5.0A5#$3,5.0c)%0,++,/4c.'$c)(3$c3$+#(6)c&)$6c,/c#.'6c'(5:c ,$'c 5(0&3/c $=5.8.+,(/c ,)c 5(/),6$'.701c 3('$c $=%$/),8$c +#./c 5(/8$/+,(/.0c .&4$'c6',00,/4c./6c+#$c%.1c0,3,+)c3&)+c7$c50$.'01c6$*,/$6c c 2-2- Steel Panel Foundations +$$0c ./$0c (&/6.+,(/)c #.)c ,/+'(6&5$6c .c )+$$0c %./$0c 7.)$3$/+c *(&/6.+,(/c 6$),4/c+#.+c$/.70$)c7&,06$')c./6c6$8$0(%$')c+(c5(/)+'&5+c.c-.+$'+,4#+;c*,/,)#$6c 7.)$3$/+c #$c 4.08./,2$6c )+$$0c *(&/6.+,(/c 3.+$',.0)c .'$c 3.6$c *'(3c @4.c )+&6)c *('c 0(.6@7$.',/4c -.00)c #$c ?@,/c (/@5$/+$'c 5(/)+'&5+,(/c ,)c '.3)$+c ,/+(c 5(/5'$+$c *((+,/4c +c,)c.)%#.0+@5(.+$6c*('c3(,)+&'$c'$),)+./5$c./6c,)c.6.%+.70$c+(c8.',(&)c -.00c 5(/*,4&'.+,(/);c ,/50&6,/4c 6.10,4#+c -.00);c *'()+c -.00);c 7',5:c 0$64$c -.00);c ,/+$',('c -.00);c ./6c 3&0+,%0$c.7(8$@4'(&/6c 5(/*,4&'.+,(/)c #$c4.08./,2$6c ./6c %.,/+$6c)+$$0c6$5:,/4c*$.+&'$)c ?@4.c',77$6c5(/)+'&5+,(/c*('c,/5'$.)$6c$.'+#@ 7$.',/4c0(.6c)+'$/4+#c c3$37'./$c%'$8$/+)c#16'()+.+,5c-,5:,/4c./6c*('3)c.c5(3%0$+$c)$.0c*'(3c+#$c 7(++(3c),00c+(c+#$c(&+$'c)&'*.5$c(*c+#$c$=+$',('c6$5:,/4;c+#$c3./&*.5+&'$'c)+.+$)c c 3(,)+&'$@'$),)+./+c )%'.1c *(.3c .6#$'$)c +(c $8$'1c *'.3,/4c 3$37$';c ./6c )&7)+'.+$c(**$')c.c-.+$'+,4#+c)$.0c c
,//(8.+,8$c)+$$0@%./$0c7.)$3$/+c*(&/6.+,(/c+$5#/(0(41c+#.+c$/.70$)c7&,06$')c ./6c 6$8$0(%$')c +(c 5(/)+'&5+c -.+$'+,4#+c *(&/6.+,(/)c "c -#,5#c .'$c '$.61c *('c *,/,)#,/4c "c .+c .c 5(3%$+,+,8$c %',5$c ./6c ,/c 0$))c +,3$c +#./c 5(/8$/+,(/.0c 5$3$/+c *(&/6.+,(/)c #$c+$$0c ./$0c(&/6.+,(/)Ec)1)+$3c,)c5(3%()$6c(*c4.08./,2$6c )+$$0c)+&6)c./6c+'.5:)c*.)+$/$6c+(c5(''&4.+$6c)+$$0c6$5:,/4c+#.+c,)c4.08./,2$6;c %.,/+$6;c )%'.1@*(.3c ,/)&0.+$6c ./6c )$.0$6c -,+#c .c 5(/+,/&(&);c -.+$'%'((*c 3$37'./$c #$c '$)&0+c ,)c .c )&%$',('c 7.)$3$/+c *('c '$),6$/+,.0c ./6c 0,4#+c 5(33$'5,.0c &)$;c -#,5#c 5./c 7$c 5&)+(3,2$6c *('c ./1c 7&,06,/4c ),+$c ./6c #(&)$c %0./cc *+$'c 3(/+#)c (*c '$)$.'5#c ./6c 6$8$0(%3$/+;c 3.+$',.0c ,3%'(8$3$/+)c ./6c 0.7('.+('1c+$)+,/4;c+$$0c ./$0c(&/6.+,(/)c c.//(&/5$6c+(6.1c+#.+c,+c-,00c 6$7&+c.c/$-01c$/#./5$6c5(3%(),+$c%./$0c*(&/6.+,(/c+$5#/(0(41c+#.+c$/.70$)c 7&,06$')c./6c6$8$0(%$')c+(c5(/)+'&5+c-.+$'+,4#+c*(&/6.+,(/)c+#.+c.'$c'$.61c*('c *,/,)#,/4;c .+c .c 5(3%$+,+,8$c %',5$c ./6c ,/c 0$))c +,3$c +#./c 5(/8$/+,(/.0c 5(/5'$+$c *(&/6.+,(/)c #,)c &/%'$5$6$/+$6c )1)+$3c -,00c 7$c (/c 6,)%0.1c /$=+c -$$:c .+c ;c 5+c @ ;c .+c +#$c .)c <$4.)c (/8$/+,(/c $/+$'c ,/c .)c <$4.)c ((+#cW ?cc #$c(/01c*(&/6.+,(/c+$5#/(0(41c(*c,+)c:,/6;c c,)c.c%'(*$)),(/.001c$/4,/$$'$6;c 5(3%(),+$c %./$0c *(&/6.+,(/c )1)+$3c +#.+c $3%0(1)c 3(6&0.'c 5(/)+'&5+,(/;c .00(-,/4c7&,06$')c./6c6$8$0(%$')c+(c5(/)+'&5+c-.+$'+,4#+c*(&/6.+,(/)c+#.+c6(/T+c %'(3(+$c 3(06c 4'(-+#;c 5./c %'(+$5+c (55&%./+)c *'(3c '.6(/c $=%()&'$c ./6c .'$c ,/)&0.+$6c+(c:$$%c5(06c./6c#$.+c(&+),6$c+#$c*(&/6.+,(/cc #$c )1)+$3T)c 0,4#+-$,4#+c 5(/)+'&5+,(/c %'(3(+$)c 3('$c $5(/(3,5.0c +'./)%('+.+,(/c5()+)c./6c$/.70$)c0(/4c-.00c0$/4+#);c+#&)c'$6&5,/4c7(+#c)$.3)c ./6c(/@),+$c0.7('c5()+)c &'+#$';c ,/)+.00,/4c.c+$$0c ./$0c(&/6.+,(/)c )1)+$3c .00(-)c 7&,06$')c +(c 7$4,/c 5(/)+'&5+,(/c +#$c ).3$c 6.1c +#$c *(&/6.+,(/c -.00)c .'$c )$+c #$'$c ,)c /(c -.,+,/4c *('c +#$c 3.+$',.0c +(c 5&'$c +(c 7$4,/c *'.3,/4;c ./6c +#$c 7$0(-@4'.6$c 0,8,/4c .'$.c ,)c '$.61c *('c 6'1-.00c #$c c )1)+$3c $0,3,/.+$)c +#$c )5#$6&0,/4c #.))0$)c .))(5,.+$6c -,+#c 5(/5'$+$c 5&',/4c +,3$)c ./6c 5(('6,/.+,/4c 5(/5'$+$c./6c*(&/6.+,(/c5(/+'.5+(')cc
w,/5$c (&'c ,/,+,.0c 6$7&+c 0.)+c 1$.'c .+c ;c -$c #.8$c *&'+#$'c $/#./5$6c +#$c +$5#/(0(41c +(c 4,8$c +#$c 7&,06$'c ./6c #(3$(-/$'c $8$/c 3('$c 7$/$*,+;wc ).,6c .0c 5&6$',;c %'$),6$/+c (*c +$$0c ./$0c (&/6.+,(/)c w #$c )1)+$3c ,)c 3('$c $/8,'(/3$/+.001c*',$/601;c'$9&,'$)c0$))c+,3$c+(c,/)+.00c./6c,)c)+,00c.c5(3%$+,+,8$01c %',5$6c.0+$'/.+,8$c+(c5(/8$/+,(/.0c5(/5'$+$c*(&/6.+,(/)c('c+#$c#(3$(-/$'c,+c 5'$.+$)c .c ).*$;c -.'3c ./6c 6'1c $/8,'(/3$/+c /6c *('c +#$c 7&,06$';c ,+T)c )+,00c ./c $.)1@+(@,/)+.00c )1)+$3c +#.+c 5./c 7$c )$+c ,/c (/$c 6.1c ./6c $0,3,/.+$)c 5()+01c 5.007.5:)c6&$c+(c-$+c7.)$3$/+)c,/5$c+#$'$c,)c/(c-.,+,/4c*('c5(/5'$+$c+(c5&'$;c *'.3,/4c 5./c 7$4,/c ,33$6,.+$01;c ./6c +#$c 7$0(-@4'.6$c 0,8,/4c .'$.c ,)c '$.61c +(c *,/,)#wcc Highlights of the new technology include: c
@@cc #$c%./$0)c.'$c3.6$c(*c3.4/$),&3c(=,6$c 4c-,+#c.c*(.3c5('$;c.0(/4c
cccc
c-,+#c./c$=+$',('c%./$0c(*c 4;c4,8,/4c+#$c*(&/6.+,(/c$=+'.c%'(+$5+,(/c-#$/c
cccc
c7.5:*,00$6c.)c-$00c.)c*'(3c,/)$5+)c
ccccc c
@@cc ./$0)c.'$c/(-c*.5+('
[email protected]$;c+#&)c$0,3,/.+,/4c+#$c/$$6c*('c.))$3701c.+c
cc
ccc+#$cB(7c),+$;c%'(8,6,/4c%'$5,)$c5(/+'(0c(*c+#$c.))$3701c%'(5$))c,3%'(8,/4c
ccc
cc%'(6&5+c9&.0,+1c./6c'$6&5,/4c,/)+.00.+,(/c+,3$c./6c.))(5,.+$6c5()+)c
ccccc c
@@cc .+$',.0)c.'$c-.+$'%'((*c./6c'$),)+./+c+(c7(+#c,3%.5+c./6c&0+'.8,(0$+c
ccc
cc0,4#+c
ccccc c
@@cc>#,0$c+#$c)+./6.'6c#$,4#+c(*c+#$c%./$0)c,)c$,4#+;c/,/$c('cc*$$+;c
c
cccc%./$0)c5./c7$c3.6$c+(c./1c),2$c
ccccc c
@@cc$5.&)$c+#$c c3.+$',.0)c.'$c5(/),6$'$6cw4'$$/wc./6c5(/+.,/c'$5150$6c
cc
ccc5(/+$/+;c+#$c)1)+$3c,)c$/8,'(/3$/+.001c*',$/601c./6c5./c)&%%('+c4'$$/c
c
cccc7&,06,/4c,/,+,.+,8$)c
ccccc c
@@cc/0,:$c5(/5'$+$c*(&/6.+,(/)c+#.+c5./c5'.5:;c c5./c*0$=c-,+#(&+c
ccc
cc5'.5:,/4;c+#&)c:$$%,/4c(&+c3(,)+&'$;c,/)$5+)c./6c'.6(/c
ccccc
#$c%./$0)c.'$c3.6$c*'(3c?@4.&4$;c4.08./,2$6c)+$$0c)+&6)c*('c0(.6@7$.',/4c -.00)c ./6c 3$$+c .00c *(&/6.+,(/@7$.',/4c %'$))&'$)c #$c ?@,/5#c (/@5$/+$'c 5(/)+'&5+,(/c ,)c *.)+$/$6c ,/+(c +#$c 5(/5'$+$c *((+,/4c +c ,)c $.),01c .6.%+.70$c +(c 3$$+c 8.',(&)c -.00c 5(/*,4&'.+,(/);c ,/50&6,/4c *&00c 0(.6@7$.',/4c -.00);c 6.10,4#+c -.00);c *'()+c -.00);c 7',5:@0$64$c -.00);c ,/+$',('c -.00)c ./6c 3&0+,%0$c .7(8$@4'(&/6c 5(/*,4&'.+,(/)c #$c 5(3%(),+$c %./$0c 6$5:c ,)c A?@ /5#c 4c *('c ,/5'$.)$6c 6,.%#'.43c./6c+'./)8$')$c0(.6@7$.',/4c)+'$/4+#cc About Steel Panel Foundations, LLC +$$0c ./$0c (&/6.+,(/);c c -.)c *(&/6$6c +(c 6$8$0(%c ,//(8.+,8$c 7&,06,/4c %'(6&5+)c ./6c '$0.+$6c 7&,06,/4c 3.+$',.0c ./6c )$'8,5$)c +#.+c .'$c $5(/(3,5.0;c )+'(/4;c 6$%$/6.70$;c $/$'41@$**,5,$/+c ./6c $/8,'(/3$/+.001c *',$/601c +,0,2,/4c %'(8$/c +$5#/(0(41c ./6c .c %.+$/+$6c 6$),4/;c +$$0c ./$0c (&/6.+,(/)Tc 7'$.:@ +#'(&4#c *(&/6.+,(/c )1)+$3c ,)c .c 5(3%0$+$;c $/6@+(@$/6c )+'&5+&'.0c *(&/6.+,(/c )1)+$3c*('c)&%$',('c8.0&$;c6&'.7,0,+1c./6c)+'$/4+#c c Sixteen-Gauge Steel Studs and MgO Deckingc ./c 3%$/$+'.70$c /,(/c (*c +'$/4+#c ./6c 0$=,7,0,+1c #$c #$.'+c (*c .c c 5(3%(),+$c *(&/6.+,(/c )1)+$3c ,)c ,+)c *'.3$-(':c (*c 4.08./,2$6@)+$$0c )+&6)c ./6c +'.5:)c +T)c +#$c ,6$.0c )+'&5+&'.0c )&%%('+c *('c (&'c ,//(8.+,8$c 3.4/$),&3@(=,6$c 4c 5(3%(),+$c -.00c +-(c %./$0)c *&)$6c +(c $.5#c ),6$c (*c ./c ,/)&0.+,/4;c -.+$'%'((*c $=+'&6$6@%(01)+1'$/$c 5('$c >,+#c .c #,4#$'c 5(3%'$)),8$c )+'$/4+#c +#./c 5(/5'$+$;c +#,)c /+$'/.+,(/.0c (6$c (&/5,0@.%%'(8$6c 4c%./$0c,)c-.+$'%'((*;c/(/5(/6&5+,8$;c./6c,3%.5+@ '$),)+./+c./6c.0)(c'$),)+)c,/)$5+)c./6c7.5:*,00c6.3.4$c #$c$/6c'$)&0+c,)c.c6'1;c 0,8,/4@'((3@9&.0,+1c .'$.c +#.+c ,)c )&,+.70$c *('c 3&0+,%0$c &)$)@.c '$.61@*('@6'1-.00c )+'&5+&'$c+#.+c5./c7$c5&)+(3,2$6c*('c./1c7&,06,/4c),+$c./6c#(&)$c%0./cc c c c c
c c 2-3- Pole Foundation System ,4#+c %(0$)c .'$c )+'&5+&'$)c 6$),4/$6c +(c )&%%('+c ),/40$c ('c 3&0+,%0$c 0&3,/.,'$c 5(/*,4&'.+,(/)c ,')+c ./6c *('$3()+c .c 0,4#+c %(0$c ,)c ./c $/4,/$$'$6c )+'&5+&'$V )&**,5,$/+01c)+'(/4c+(c-,+#)+./6c+#$c%#1),5.0c*('5$)c(*c+#$c.%%0,5.+,(/;c5.%.70$c (*c %'(8,6,/4c .c 0(/4;c '$0.+,8$01c 3.,/+$/./5$@*'$$c )$'8,5$c 0,*$c ./6c %0$.),/4c ,/c .%%$.'./5$c #$,'c %',3.'1c *&/5+,(/c ,)c +(c '$),)+c +#$c 5(37,/.+,(/)c (*c0&3,/.,'$c -$,4#+;c ,5$c ./6c -,/6c *('5$)c -#,5#c %(0$)c 3.1c $/5(&/+$'c (8$'c +#$,'c $=%$5+$6c 0,*$c0(/4c-,+#c+#$c*(&/6.+,(/c)1)+$3;c+#$c%',3.'1c*('5$c.c%(0$c3&)+c-,+#)+./6c ,)c *'(3c -,/6c #$c 8.',$+1c (*c %(0$c )#.%$);c #$,4#+);c ),2$)c ./6c 9&./+,+1c (*c 0&3,/.,'$)c +(c 7$c )&%%('+$6c /$5$)),+.+$c +#$c 5(3%0$+,(/c (*c ./c $/4,/$$',/4c ./.01),)c +(c $/)&'$c )&,+.70$c )+'$/4+#c +(c ).*$01c .55(33(6.+$c 8.',(&)c 0(.6)c &$c+(c&/*('$)$$/c0(.6,/4)c./6c-,/6c$8$/+)c-#,5#c3.1c(55&';c,+c,)c.68,).70$c +(c)$0$5+c.c%(0$c-,+#c.3%0$c5.%.5,+1c
Reference: c #++%AA---*#-.6(+4(8A%&70,5.+,(/)A'$)$.'5#A,/*'.)+'&5+&'$A4$(+$5#/,5.0A A %6*c c #++%AA---3$+.0@)+$$0@7&,06,/4)5(3A7&,06,/4@.))$3701#+30c c #++%AA---5((%$',/6&)+',$)5(3A5(/+$/+A6.3A%&70,5A0,4#+,/4A'$)(&'5$)A0,7'.'1A 0,+$'.+&'$A (0$@>#,+$ .%$'S /8&$%6*c c #++%AA$/-,:,%$6,.('4A-,:,A$$%S*(&/6.+,(/c c #++%AA---3$+.07&,06,/45(3A.'+,50$S0((:&%#+30X.'+,50$,6Y c c
3.0
FLOOR SYSTEMS
c
3.1
Structural Steel Framing
+'&5+&'.0c+$$0c4,'6$');c7$.3);c./6c5(0&3/)c.'$c&)$6c+(c5(/)+'&5+c.c):$0$+(/c *'.3$c *('c )+'&5+&'$)c './4,/4c ,/c ),2$c *'(3c (/$@)+('1c 7&,06,/4)c +(c ):1)5'.%$')c $5.&)$c)+'&5+&'.0c)+$$0c,)c6,**,5&0+c+(c-(':c(/c),+$;c,+c,)c/('3.001c 5&+;c)#.%$6;c ./6c 6',00$6c ,/c .c *.7',5.+,(/c )#(%c .55('6,/4c +(c 6$),4/c )%$5,*,5.+,(/)Cc +#,)c 5./c '$)&0+c ,/c '$0.+,8$01c *.)+;c %'$5,)$c 5(/)+'&5+,(/c (*c .c )+'&5+&'.0c *'.3$c +'&5+&'.0c )+$$0c 3.1c 7$c 0$*+c $=%()$6c ,/c &/%'(+$5+$6c /(/5(37&)+,70$c 5(/)+'&5+,(/;c 7&+c 7$5.&)$c )+$$0c 5./c 0()$c )+'$/4+#c '.%,601c ,/c .c *,'$;c *,'$@'.+$6c .))$370,$)c ('c 5(.+,/4)c .'$c '$9&,'$6c +(c 9&.0,*1c .)c *,'$@'$),)+,8$c 5(/)+'&5+,(/c /c $=%()$6c 5(/6,+,(/);c5(''(),(/c'$),)+./5$c,)c.0)(c'$9&,'$6c
c (//$5+,(/)c&)&.001c&)$c+'./),+,(/.0c$0$3$/+);c )&5#c.)c )+$$0c./40$);c+$$);c('c %0.+$)c #$c .5+&.0c 5(//$5+,(/)c 3.1c 7$c ',8$+$6c 7&+c .'$c 3('$c (*+$/c 7(0+$6c ('c -$06$6c
c 3.1.1 One-Way Beam System .5#c%.,'c(*c$=+$'/.0c5(0&3/)c)&%%('+)c.c0(/4@)%.//,/4c7$.3c('c4,'6$'c #,)c )1)+$3c ,)c )&,+.70$c *('c 0(/4;c /.''(-c 7&,06,/4);c $)%$5,.001c -#$/c .c 5(0&3/@*'$$c )%.5$c,)c6$),'$6c .+$'.0@0(.6c 5.''1,/4c 3$5#./,)3)c .'$c '$9&,'$6c ,/c 7(+#c 6,'$5+,(/);c 7&+c 0.+$'.0c *('5$)c+$/6c+(c7$c3('$c5',+,5.0c,/c+#$c)#('+c6,'$5+,(/c
c 3.1.2 Two-Way Beam System +$$0c *'.3,/4c )#(&06c &+,0,2$c '$5+./4&0.'c 7.1c &/,+);c -,+#c 5(3%.'.+,8$01c 0,4#+01c 0(.6$6c7$.3)c)%.//,/4c*.'+#$'c+#./c3('$c#$.8,01c0(.6$6c4,'6$')c
c c 3.1.3 Triple Beam System >#$/c .c 0.'4$;c5(0&3/c *'$$c)%.5$c ,)c '$9&,'$6;c 0(/4c )%.//,/4c %0.+$c 4,'6$')c ('c +'&))$)c5./c7$c&)$6c+(c5.''1c+#$c%',3.'1c7$.3;c-#,5#c,/c+&'/c)&%%('+c.c0.1$'c (*c)$5(/6.'1c7$.3)c
c
3.2 Steel Beams ('$c)+'&5+&'.001c$**,5,$/+c-,6$@*0./4$>c)#.%$)c#.8$c0.'4$01c)&%$')$6$6c+#$c 50.)),5c @7$.3c c )#.%$)c $.3)c 3.1c .0)(c 7$c ,/c +#$c *('3c (*c 5#.//$0c Zc )$5+,(/);c)+'&5+&'.0c+&7,/4;c('c5(3%(),+$c)$5+,(/)c &0$)c(*c+#&37c*('c$)+,3.+,/4c6$%+#c
$.3)c)%./A cc ,'6$')c)%./A c >,6+#c"cA c"cJc(*c6$%+#c #$c 4$/$'.0c (7B$5+,8$c ,)c +(c &)$c +#$c 0,4#+$)+c )+$$0c )$5+,(/c +#.+c -,00c '$),)+c 7$/6,/4c ./6c )#$.'c *('5$)c -,+#,/c .00(-.70$c 0,3,+)c (*c )+'$))c ./6c -,+#(&+c $=5$)),8$c6$*0$5+,(/c*('c,/+$/6$6c&)$c /c .66,+,(/c +(c 3.+$',.0c 5()+);c .0)(c 5(/),6$'c +#$c 0.7('c 5()+)c '$9&,'$6c *('c $'$5+,(/c
c
3.2.1 Plate Girders 0.+$c 4,'6$')c .'$c 7&,0+c &%c *'(3c %0.+$)c ('c )#.%$)c +#.+c .'$c -$06$6c ('c ',8$+$6c +(4$+#$'cc-$7c%0.+$c*('3)c+#$c-$7c(*c.c%0.+$c4,'6$';c-#,0$c*0./4$c./40$)c*('3c +#$c+(%c./6c7(++(3c*0./4$)c#$.'c%0.+$)c 3.1c7$c*.)+$/$6c+(c+#$c -$7c(*c+#$c 4,'6$'c+(c,/5'$.)$c,+)c'$),)+./5$c+(c)#$.',/4c)+'$))$)c
c c
3.2.2 Box Girder (=c 4,'6$')c .'$c 7&,0+c &%c *'(3c )#.%$)c ./6c #.8$c .c #(00(-;c '$5+./4&0.'c 5'())c )$5+,(/ccccc
c
3.2.3 Castellated Beams +c,)c*.7',5.+$6c71c6,8,6,/4c+#$c-$7c(*c.c-,6$@*0./4$c)$5+,(/c-,+#c.c0$/4+#-,)$c 2,42.4c5&+;c+#$/c-$06,/4c7(+#c#.08$)c+(4$+#$'c.+c+#$c%$.:);c+#&)c,/5'$.),/4c,+)c 6$%+#c-,+#(&+c,/5'$.),/4c,+)c-$,4#+c c
c c c c c c
3.3 Steel Beam Connections
c #$'$c.'$c3./1c-.1)c,/c-#,5#c)+$$0c5(//$5+,(/)c5./c7$c3.6$;c&),/4c6,**$'$/+c +1%$)c(*c5(//$5+(')c./6c8.',(&)c5(37,/.+,(/)c(*c7(0+)c./6c-$06)c$*$'c+(c+#$c 3$',5./c /)+,+&+$c (*c +$$0c (/)+'&5+,(/E)c E)c ./&.0c (*c +$$0c (/)+'&5+,(/c *('c )+$$0c )$5+,(/c %'(%$'+,$)c ./6c 6,3$/),(/);c .00(-.70$c 0(.6c +.70$)c *('c 7$.3)c ./6c 5(0&3/);c ./6c '$9&,'$3$/+)c *('c 7(0+$6c ./6c -$06$6c 5(//$5+,(/)c /c.66,+,(/c+(c)+'$/4+#c./6c6$4'$$c(*c',4,6,+1;c5(//$5+,(/)c)#(&06c 7$c $8.0&.+$6c *('c $5(/(31c (*c *.7',5.+,(/c ./6c $'$5+,(/c ./6c *('c 8,)&.0c .%%$.'./5$c,*c+#$c)+'&5+&'$c,)c$=%()$6c+(c8,$-c #$c )+'$/4+#c (*c .c 5(//$5+,(/c 6$%$/6)c (/c+#$c ),2$)c (*c+#$c 3$37$')c ./6c+#$c 5(//$5+,/4c+$$);c('c%0.+$);c.)c-$00c.)c+#$c5(/*,4&'.+,(/c(*c7(0+)c('c-$06)c&)$6c #$'$c .'$c 6$*,/$)c +(c +#'$$c +1%$)c (*c )+$$0c *'.3,/4c +#.+c 4(8$'/c +#$c ),2$)c (*c 3$37$')c ./6c +#$c 3$+#(6)c *('c +#$,'c 5(//$5+,(/)c 3(3$/+c '$),)+,/4c 5(//$5+,(/);c)#$.'c5(//$5+,(/);c./6c)$3,@',4,6c5(//$5+,(/)c c
3.3.1 Moment Connections c 1%$cc"c,4,6c'.3$@c5(//$5+,(/)c.'$c.70$c+(c#(06c+#$,'c(',4,/.0c./40$c &/6$'c0(.6,/4c71c6$8$0(%,/4c.c )%$5,*,$6c'$),)+,/4c 3(3$/+;c&)&.001c71c 3$./)c (*c%0.+$)c-$06$6c('c7(0+$6c+(c+#$c7$.3c*0./4$)c./6c+#$c)&%%('+,/4c5(0&3/c
c
c c c c c c c
3.3.2 Shear Connections c 1%$c @c,3%0$c '.3$@c 5(//$5+,(/)c.'$c3.6$c+(c'$),)+c(/01c)#$.'c./6c .'$c *'$$c +(c '(+.+$c &/6$'c 4'.8,+1c 0(.6)c #$.'c -.00)c ('c 6,.4(/.0c 7'.5,/4c ,)c '$9&,'$6c*('c0.+$'.0c)+.7,0,+1c(*c+#$c)+'&5+&'$c c*'.3$6c5(//$5+,(/c,)c.c)#$.'@'$),)+,/4c)+$$0c5(//$5+,(/c3.6$c71c-$06,/4c('c 7(0+,/4c+#$c-$7c(*c.c7$.3c+(c+#$c)&%%('+,/4c5(0&3/c('c4,'6$'c-,+#c+-(c./40$)c ('c.c),/40$c+.7c%0.+$c c)$.+$6c5(//$5+,(/c,)c.c)#$.'@'$),)+,/4c)+$$0c5(//$5+,(/c3.6$c71c-$06,/4c('c 7(0+,/4c +#$c *0./4$)c (*c .c 7$.3c +(c +#$c )&%%('+,/4c 5(0&3/c -,+#c .c )$.+c ./40$c 7$0(-c./6c.c)+.7,0,2,/4c./40$c.7(8$c +c 3.1c 7$c)+,**$/$6c+(c'$),)+c0.'4$c7$.3c '$.5+,(/);c&)&.001c71c3$./)c(*c.c8$'+,5.0c%0.+$c('c%.,'c(*c./40$)c6,'$5+01c7$0(-c +#$c#(',2(/+.0c5(3%(/$/+c(*c+#$c)$.+c./40$cc
c c c c
3.3.3 Semi-Rigid Connections c 1%$c @c $3,@,4,6c '.3$@c 5(//$5+,(/)c .))&3$c 7$.3c ./6c 4,'6$'c 5(//$5+,(/)c%())$))c.c0,3,+$6c7&+c:/(-/c3(3$/+@'$),)+,/4c5.%.5,+1c 00@-$06$6c 5(//$5+,(/)c .'$c .$)+#$+,5.001c %0$.),/4;c $)%$5,.001c -#$/c 4'(&/6c )3((+#;c7&+c+#$1c5./c7$c8$'1c$=%$/),8$c+(c*.7',5.+$c
c
3.4 Open-Web Steel Joists %$/@-$7c B(,)+)c .'$c 0,4#+-$,4#+;c )#(%@*.7',5.+$6c )+$$0c 3$37$')c #.8,/4c .c +'&))$6c -$7c !c )$',$)c B(,)+)c #.)c .c -$7c 5(/),)+,/4c (*c .c ),/40$c 7$/+c 7.';c '&//,/4c,/c.c2,42.4c%.++$'/c7$+-$$/c+#$c&%%$'c./6c0(-$'c5#('6)c c./6c c )$',$)c B(,)+)c #.8$c #$.8,$'c -$7c ./6c 5#('6c 3$37$')c *('c ,/5'$.)$6c 0(.6)c ./6c )%./)c
c c
3.4.1 Span Ranges for Open-web Joists @!c)$',$)c)+./6.'6cB(,)+)CcI+(c Ic @?c6$%+#)c Tc !c
?Tc Tc
!c
Tc ?Tc
?! c
Tc Tc
!?c
?Tc Tc
!c
Tc Tc
!c
Tc Tc
!c
+(c c+(c?3c +(c c+(c3c
Tc ?Tc
!c
c+(c 3c
Tc Tc
! c
+(c
Tc Tc
! c ?Tc
+(c c+(c3c +(c c
+(c
3c +(c ?c
+(c
3c +(c c
+(c
3c +(c c
+(c
3c +(c c
+(c
?3c +(c c
+(c
3c
c @ c)$',$)c0(/4)%./cB(,)+)CcIc+(cIc Tc c c
?Tc
3c
?Tc
+(c +(c
Tc
3c
Tc c
Tc Tc
c ?Tc
c
+(c c
+(c c
+(c
+(c
?3c +(c ?c 3c
+(c
c@ c6$%+#)c
@ c )$',$)c 6$$%c 0(/4)%./c B(,)+)c .'$c .8.,0.70$c ,/c Ic +(c Ic c @ c 6$%+#)c./6c5./c)%./c&%c+(cE3c c 3.5 Open-web Joist Framing %$/@-$7c )+$$0c B(,)+)c 3.1c 7$c )&%%('+$6c 71c .c 7$.',/4c -.00c (*c 3.)(/'1c ('c '$,/*('5$6c 5(/5'$+$;c ('c 71c )+$$0c 7$.3)c ('c B(,)+c 4,'6$');c -#,5#c .'$c #$.8,$'c 8$'),(/)c (*c (%$/@-$7cB(,)+)c ,'$@'$),)+./5$c '.+,/4c 6$%$/6)c (/c+#$c*,'$c '.+,/4c (*c+#$c*0(('c./6c5$,0,/4c.))$370,$)c
c 3.5.1 Floor Deck 0(('c 6$5:c 3.1c 5(/),)+c (*c $+.0c 6$5:,/4c -A5(/5'$+$c *,00Cc %'$5.)+c 5(/5'$+$c %0./:)Cc%01-((6c%./$0c
c
c
c c c c
3.6 Metal Decking $+.0c 6$5:,/4c ,)c 5(''&4.+$6c +(c ,/5'$.)$c ,+)c )+,**/$))c ./6c )%.//,/4c 5.%.7,0,+1c #$c *0(('c 6$5:c )$'8$)c .)c .c -(':,/4c %0.+*('3c 6&',/4c 5(/)+'&5+,(/c ./6c .)c *('3-(':c*('c.c),+$5.)+c5(/5'$+$c)0.7c @c #$c 6$5:,/4c %./$0)c .'$c )$5&'$6c -,+#c %&660$@-$06)c ('c )#$.'c )+&6)c -$06$6c +#'(&4#c+#$c6$5:,/4c+(c+#$c)&%%('+,/4c)+$0cB(,)+)c('c7$.3)c @c #$c%./$0)c.'$c*.)+$/$6c+(c$.5#c(+#$'c.0(/4c+#$,'c),6$)c-,+#c)5'$-);c-$06);c ('c7&++(/c%&/5#,/4c)+./6,/4c)$.3)c @c *c+#$c6$5:c,)c+(c)$'8$c.)c.c)+'&5+&'.0c6,.%#'.43c./6c+'./)*$'c0.+$'.0c0(.6)c+(c )#$.'c-.00);c,+)c$/+,'$c%$',3$+$'c3&)+c7$c-$06$6c+(c)+$$0c)&%%('+)c /c.66,+,(/;c 3('$c)+',/4$/+c'$9&,'$3$/+)c*('c)&%%('+c./6c),6$c0.%c*.)+$/,/4c3.1c.%%01c
c #$'$c.'$c+#'$$c3.B('c+1%$)c(*c3$+.0c6$5:,/4c
3.6.1 Form Decking ('3c6$5:,/4c)$'8$)c.)c%$'3./$/+c*('3-(':c*('c.c'$,/*('5$6c5(/5'$+$c )0.7c&/+,0c+#$c)0.7c5./c)&%%('+c,+)$0*c./6c,+)c0,8$c0(.6c
c 3.6.2 Composite Decking (3%(),+$c 6$5:,/4c )$'8$)c .)c +$/),0$c '$,/*('5$3$/+c *('c +#$c 5(/5'$+$c )0.7c+(c-#,5#c,+c,)c7(/6$6c-,+#c$37())$6c',7c%.++$'/)c (3%(),+$c .5+,(/c 7$+-$$/c +#$c 5(/5'$+$c )0.7c ./6c +#$c *0(('c 7$.3)c ('c B(,)+)c 5./c 7$c .5#,$8$6c71c -$06,/4c )#$.'c )+&6)c +#'(&4#c +#$c 6$5:,/4c +(c +#$c)&%%('+,/4c7$.3c7$0(-c
c 3.6.3 Cellular Decking $00&0.'c 6$5:,/4c ,)c 3./&*.5+&'$6c 71c -$06,/4c .c 5(''&4.+$6c )#$$+c +(c .c *0.+c )+$$0c )#$$+;c *('3,/4c .c )$',$)c (*c )%.5$)c ('c '.5$-.1)c *('c $0$5+',5.0c ./6c 5(33&/,5.+,(/)c -,',/4Cc )%$5,.0c 5&+(&+)c .'$c .8.,0.70$c *('c *0(('c (&+0$+)c #$c 6$5:,/4c 3.1c )$'8$c .)c ./c .5(&)+,5c 5$,0,/4c -#$/c +#$c %$'*('.+$6c5$00)c.'$c*,00$6c-,+#c40.))c*,7$'c
c &0$c(*c+#&37c*('c(8$'.00c6$%+#c)%./A c (/)&0+c +#$c3./&*.5+&'$'c *('c %.++$'/);c -,6+#);c 0$/4+#);c 4.&4$);c *,/,)#$);c ./6c .00(-.70$c)%./)c c 3.7 Light-Gauge Steel Joists ,4#+@4.&4$c)+$$0cB(,)+)c.'$c3./&*.5+&'$6c71c5(06@*('3,/4c)#$$+c('c)+',%c)+$$0c #$c'$)&0+,/4c)+$$0cB(,)+)c.'$c0,4#+$';c3('$c6,3$/),(/.001c)+.70$;c./6c5./c)%./c 0(/4$'c 6,)+./5$)c +#./c +#$,'c -((6c 5(&/+$'%.'+)c 7&+c 5(/6&5+c 3('$c #$.+c ./6c '$9&,'$c3('$c$/$'41c+(c%'(5$))c./6c3./&*.5+&'$c #$c5(06@*('3$6c)+$$0cB(,)+)c 5./c7$c$.),01c5&+c./6c.))$370$6c-,+#c),3%0$c+((0)c,/+(c.c*0(('c)+'&5+&'$c+#.+c,)c 0,4#+-$,4#+;c /(/5(37&)+,70$;c ./6c 6.3%c %'((*c )c ,/c -((6c 0,4#+c *'.3$c 5(/)+'&5+,(/;c +#$c *'.3,/4c 5(/+.,/)c 5.8,+,$)c *('c &+,0,+,$)c ./6c +#$'3.0c ,/)&0.+,(/c ./6c.55$%+)c.c-,6$c'./4$c(*c*,/,)#$)c 3.7.1 Types of Light-Gauge Steel Joists
c
c c%./c./4$)c*('c ,4#+@.&4$c+$$0c(,)+)c @?Ic cB(,)+)cccccEc+(cEc c+(c ? c @Ic cB(,)+)ccccc Ec+(cEc ??c+(c c @Ic
cB(,)+)cccEc+(c Ec ? c+(c? c
@ Ic cB(,)+)cccEc+(c ?Ec c+(c c @&0$c(*c+#&37c*('c$)+,3.+,/4cB(,)+c6$%+#cc)%./A c @ (/)&0+c 3./&*.5+&'$'c *('c $=.5+c B(,)+c 6,3$/),(/);c *'.3,/4c 6$+.,0);c ./6c .00(-.70$c)%./)c./6c0(.6)c c 3.8 Light-Gauge Joist Framing
c ,4#+@4.&4$c)+$$0c B(,)+)c .'$c 0.,6c (&+c ,/c ./6c.))$370$6c ,/c .c 3.//$'c ),3,0.'c +(c -((6cB(,)+c*'.3,/4c (//$5+,(/)c .'$c 3.6$c -,+#c )$0*@6',00,/4;c )$0*@+.%%,/4c )5'$-)c ,/)$'+$6c -,+#c ./c $0$5+',5c ('c %/$&3.+,5c +((0;c ('c -,+#c %/$&3.+,5.001c 6',8$/c %,/)Cc -$06$6c 5(//$5+,(/)c.'$c.0)(c%()),70$c
c c c 3.8.1 Interior and Exterior Bearing /+$',('c$.',/4ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc=+$',('c$.',/4c
c
/+$',('c$.',/4ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc=+$',('c$.',/4c
c 0(('c '(B$5+,(/)c./6c%$/,/4)ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc=+$',('c$.',/4c
c c c c c c c c c
=+$',('c-.00c)$5+,(/c(*c ,4#+@4.&4$c+&6c'.3,/4c
c c c c
4.0
WALL SYSTEMS
c
4.1
Steel Wall Structural System
+$$0c *'.3$c &)&.001c '$*$')c +(c .c 7&,06,/4c +$5#/,9&$c -,+#c .c w):$0$+(/c *'.3$wc (*c 8$'+,5.0c )+$$0c 5(0&3/)c ./6c #(',2(/+.0c @7$.3);c 5(/)+'&5+$6c ,/c .c '$5+./4&0.'c 4',6c+(c)&%%('+c+#$c*0((');c'((*c./6c-.00)c(*c.c7&,06,/4c-#,5#c.'$c.00c.++.5#$6c+(c +#$c*'.3$ +'&5+&'.0c )+$$0c *('3$6c -,+#c .c )%$5,*,5c )#.%$c ('c 5'())c )$5+,(/c ./6c 5$'+.,/c )+./6.'6)c(*c5#$3,5.0c5(3%(),+,(/c./6c3$5#./,5.0c%'(%$'+,$)c c @7$.3);c#.8$c#,4#c)$5(/6c3(3$/+)c(*c.'$.;c-#,5#c.00(-c+#$3c+(c7$c8$'1c )+,**c,/c'$)%$5+c+(c+#$,'c5'())@)$5+,(/.0c.'$.c
c
4.1
Common Structural Shapes
c @7$.3c @7$.3c @)#.%$6c 5'())@)$5+,(/c @c ,/c ',+.,/c +#$)$c ,/50&6$c /,8$').0c $.3)cc./6c/,8$').0c (0&3/)c Cc,/c&'(%$c,+c,/50&6$)c+#$c ;c ;c
;c c ./6c (+#$'c )$5+,(/)Cc ,/c +#$c c ,+c ,/50&6$)c >,6$c 0./4$c >c ./6c c )$5+,(/). U@#.%$c#.0*c.c*0./4$c,/c(%%(),+$c6,'$5+,(/) .c HSS-Shape: c (00(-c )+'&5+&'.0c)$5+,(/c.0)(c :/(-/c.)c c )+'&5+&'.0c #(00(-c )$5+,(/c ./6c ,/50&6,/4c )9&.'$;c '$5+./4&0.';c 5,'5&0.'c %,%$c ./6c $00,%+,5.0c5'())c)$5+,(/)c 7c Anglec:c @)#.%$6c5'())@)$5+,(/c 5c Channel: c[@)#.%$6c5'())@)$5+,(/c 6c Teec:c @)#.%$6c5'())@)$5+,(/c $c Rail profilec:c.)133$+',5.0c @7$.3cc ,c .,0-.1c'.,0c ,,c <,4/(0$)c'.,0c ,,,c 0./4$6c c'.,0c ,8c '((8$6c'.,0c *c Bar:cc %,$5$c (*c 3$+.0;c '$5+./4&0.'c 5'())c )$5+,(/$6c *0.+c ./6c 0(/4;c7&+c /(+c)(c-,6$c)(c.)c+(c7$c5.00$6c.c)#$$+c 4c Rod: '(&/6c('c)9&.'$c./6c0(/4c%,$5$c(*c3$+.0c('c-((6c #c Plate: $+.0c)#$$+)c+#,5:$'c+#./c?c33c('c\c,/c i. Open web steel joist >#,0$c 3./1c )$5+,(/)c .'$c 3.6$c 71c #(+c ('c 5(06c '(00,/4;c (+#$')c .'$c 3.6$c 71c -$06,/4c +(4$+#$'c *0.+c ('c 7$/+c %0.+$)c *('c $=.3%0$;c +#$c 0.'4$)+c 5,'5&0.'c #(00(-c )$5+,(/)c.'$c3.6$c*'(3c*0.+c%0.+$c7$/+c,/+(c.c5,'50$c./6c)$.3@-$06$6c
4.2 Types of wall steel structural system: hc Exterior Wall Exterior wall Studs / (Load bearing) Curtain wall / (Non-Load bearing )
hc Interior Wall Interior wall / (Non-Load bearingcor partitions)
4.2.1
Exterior wall studs / (Load bearing):
>.00c*'.3,/4c ,/c#(&)$c5(/)+'&5+,(/c,/50&6$)c+#$c8$'+,5.0c./6c#(',2(/+.0c 3$37$')c (*c $=+$',('c -.00)c ./6c ,/+$',('c %.'+,+,(/)c #$)$c 3$37$');c '$*$''$6c+(c.)c)+&6);c-.00c%0.+$)c./6c0,/+$0);c)$'8$c.)c.c/.,0,/4c7.)$c*('c .00c5(8$',/4c3.+$',.0c./6c)&%%('+c+#$c&%%$'c*0((');c5$,0,/4c./6c'((*cc =+$',('c -.00c )+&6)c .'$c +#$c 8$'+,5.0c 3$37$')c +(c -#,5#c +#$c -.00c )#$.+#,/4c./6c50.66,/4c.'$c.++.5#$6c #$1c.'$c)&%%('+$6c(/c.c7(++(3c %0.+$c('c*(&/6.+,(/c),00c./6c,/c+&'/c)&%%('+c+#$c+(%c%0.+$c+&6)c&)&.001c 5(/),)+c(*c c]cc,/c c]cc33c('c c]c?c,/c c]c c33c0&37$'c./6c .'$c 5(33(/01c )%.5$6c .+c ?c,/c c33c (/c5$/+'$c #,)c)%.5,/4c 3.1c 7$c5#./4$6c+(c c,/c c33c('c c,/c?c33c(/c5$/+'$c6$%$/6,/4c (/c +#$c 0(.6c ./6c +#$c 0,3,+.+,(/)c ,3%()$6c 71c +#$c +1%$c ./6c +#,5:/$))c (*c +#$c -.00c 5(8$',/4c &)$6c >,6$'c c]c?c,/c c]c c33c )+&6)c 3.1c 7$c &)$6c+(c%'(8,6$c)%.5$c*('c3('$c,/)&0.+,(/c /)&0.+,(/c7$1(/6c+#.+c-#,5#c 5./c7$c.55(33(6.+$6c-,+#,/c.c c,/cc33c)+&6c)%.5$c5./c.0)(c7$c %'(8,6$6c71c(+#$'c3$./);c)&5#c.)c',4,6c('c)$3,@',4,6c,/)&0.+,(/c('c7.++)c 7$+-$$/c c]c c,/c c]c c33c#(',2(/+.0c*&'',/4c)+',%);c('c',4,6c('c)$3,@ ',4,6c ,/)&0.+,(/c )#$.+#,/4c +(c +#$c (&+),6$c (*c +#$c )+&6)c #$c )+&6)c .'$c .++.5#$6c +(c #(',2(/+.0c +(%c ./6c 7(++(3c -.00c %0.+$)c (*c c,/c /(3,/.0c c33c0&37$'c+#.+c.'$c+#$c).3$c-,6+#c.)c+#$c)+&6)cc
4.2.2 Curtain wall / (Non-Load bearing )c ccurtain wallc,)c./c(&+$'c5(8$',/4c(*c.c 7&,06,/4c ,/c -#,5#c +#$c (&+$'c -.00)c .'$c /(/@)+'&5+&'.0;c7&+c3$'$01c:$$%c(&+c+#$c -$.+#$'c )c +#$c 5&'+.,/c -.00c ,)c /(/@ )+'&5+&'.0c ,+c 5./c 7$c 3.6$c (*c .c 0,4#+-$,4#+c
3.+$',.0c
'$6&5,/4c
5(/)+'&5+,(/c5()+)c>#$/c40.))c,)c&)$6c .)c +#$c 5&'+.,/c -.00;c .c 4'$.+c .68./+.4$c ,)c +#.+c /.+&'.0c 0,4#+c 5./c %$/$+'.+$c 6$$%$'c -,+#,/c +#$c 7&,06,/4c #$c 5&'+.,/c -.00c *.^.6$c 6($)c /(+c 5.''1c ./1c 6$.6c 0(.6c -$,4#+c *'(3c +#$c 7&,06,/4c (+#$'c +#./c,+)c(-/c6$.6c0(.6c-$,4#+c #$c-.00c +'./)*$')c #(',2(/+.0c -,/6c 0(.6)c +#.+c .'$c ,/5,6$/+c &%(/c ,+c +(c +#$c 3.,/c 7&,06,/4c )+'&5+&'$c +#'(&4#c 5(//$5+,(/)c .+c *0((')c ('c 5(0&3/)c (*c +#$c 7&,06,/4c c 5&'+.,/c -.00c ,)c 6$),4/$6c +(c '$),)+c .,'c ./6c -.+$'c ,/*,0+'.+,(/;c )-.1c,/6&5$6c71c-,/6c./6c)$,)3,5c*('5$)c.5+,/4c(/c+#$c7&,06,/4;c./6c,+)c (-/c6$.6c0(.6c-$,4#+c*('5$) &'+.,/c-.00)c.'$c+1%,5.001c6$),4/$6c-,+#c$=+'&6$6c.0&3,/&3c3$37$');c .0+#(&4#c +#$c *,')+c 5&'+.,/c -.00)c -$'$c 3.6$c (*c )+$$0c #$c .0&3,/,&3c *'.3$c ,)c +1%,5.001c ,/*,00$6c -,+#c 40.));c -#,5#c %'(8,6$)c ./c .'5#,+$5+&'.001c %0$.),/4c 7&,06,/4;c .)c -$00c .)c 7$/$*,+)c )&5#c .)c 6.10,4#+,/4c (-$8$';c %.'.3$+$')c '$0.+$6c +(c )(0.'c 4.,/c 5(/+'(0c )&5#c .)c +#$'3.0c 5(3*('+c ./6c 8,)&.0c 5(3*('+c .'$c 3('$c 6,**,5&0+c +(c 5(/+'(0c -#$/c &),/4c #,4#
[email protected]$6c 5&'+.,/c-.00)c+#$'c5(33(/c,/*,00)c,/50&6$c)+(/$c8$/$$';c3$+.0c%./$0);c 0(&8$');c./6c(%$'.70$c-,/6(-)c('c8$/+)c &'+.,/c -.00)c6,**$'c*'(3c )+('$@*'(/+c )1)+$3)c ,/c +#.+c +#$1c .'$c 6$),4/$6c +(c)%./c3&0+,%0$c*0((');c./6c+.:$c,/+(c5(/),6$'.+,(/c6$),4/c'$9&,'$3$/+)c )&5#c .)c +#$'3.0c $=%./),(/c ./6c 5(/+'.5+,(/Cc 7&,06,/4c )-.1c ./6c
3(8$3$/+Cc -.+$'c 6,8$'),(/Cc ./6c +#$'3.0c $**,5,$/51c *('c 5()+@$**$5+,8$c #$.+,/4;c5((0,/4;c./6c0,4#+,/4c,/c+#$c7&,06,/4c
4.3 Systems and Principles 4.3.1 Stick systems #$c8.)+c 3.B(',+1c(*c5&'+.,/c-.00)c.'$c,/)+.00$6c0(/4c%,$5$)c'$*$''$6c+(c .)c c 7$+-$$/c *0((')c 8$'+,5.001c ./6c 7$+-$$/c 8$'+,5.0c 3$37$')c #(',2(/+.001c '.3,/4c 3$37$')c 3.1c 7$c *.7',5.+$6c ,/c .c )#(%;c 7&+c .00c ,/)+.00.+,(/c./6c40.2,/4c,)c+1%,5.001c%$'*('3$6c.+c+#$cB(7),+$c
4.3.2 Unitized systems /,+,2$6c5&'+.,/c-.00)c$/+.,0c*.5+('1c*.7',5.+,(/c./6c.))$3701c(*c%./$0)c./6c 3.1c ,/50&6$c *.5+('1c 40.2,/4c #$)$c 5(3%0$+$6c &/,+)c .'$c #&/4c (/c +#$c 7&,06,/4c)+'&5+&'$c+(c*('3c+#$c7&,06,/4c$/50()&'$c/,+,2$6c5&'+.,/c-.00c#.)c +#$c.68./+.4$)c(*c)%$$6Cc0(-$'c*,$06c,/)+.00.+,(/c5()+)Cc./6c9&.0,+1c5(/+'(0c -,+#,/c ./c ,/+$',('c 50,3.+$c 5(/+'(00$6c $/8,'(/3$/+c #$c $5(/(3,5c 7$/$*,+)c .'$c+1%,5.001c'$.0,2$6c(/c0.'4$c%'(B$5+)c('c,/c.'$.)c(*c#,4#c*,$06c0.7('c'.+$)cc
4.3.3 Rainscreen principle
c c 5(33(/c *$.+&'$c ,/c 5&'+.,/c -.00c +$5#/(0(41;c +#$c '.,/)5'$$/c %',/5,%0$c +#$(',2$)c +#.+c $9&,0,7',&3c (*c .,'c %'$))&'$c 7$+-$$/c +#$c (&+),6$c ./6c ,/),6$c (*c +#$c w'.,/)5'$$/wc %'$8$/+)c -.+$'c %$/$+'.+,(/c ,/+(c +#$c 7&,06,/4c ,+)$0*c('c$=.3%0$c+#$c40.))c,)c5.%+&'$6c7$+-$$/c./c,//$'c./6c./c(&+$'c 4.):$+c ,/c .c )%.5$c 5.00$6c +#$c 40.2,/4c '$7.+$c #$c 40.2,/4c '$7.+$c ,)c 8$/+,0.+$6c +(c +#$c $=+$',('c )(c +#.+c +#$c %'$))&'$c (/c +#$c ,//$'c ./6c (&+$'c ),6$)c (*c +#$c $=+$',('c 4.):$+c ,)c +#$c ).3$c >#$/c +#$c %'$))&'$c ,)c $9&.0c .5'())c +#,)c 4.):$+c -.+$'c 5.//(+c 7$c 6'.-/c +#'(&4#c B(,/+)c ('c 6$*$5+)c ,/c +#$c4.):$+c c c
4.3.4 Interior wall / (Non-Load bearingcor partitions) /+$',('c %.'+,+,(/)c )&%%('+,/4c *0((';c 5$,0,/4c ('c '((*c 0(.6)c .'$c 5.00$6c 0(.67$.',/4c -.00)Cc (+#$')c .'$c 5.00$6c /(/@0(.67$.',/4c ('c ),3%01c %.'+,+,(/)c /+$',('c 0(.67$.',/4c -.00)c .'$c *'.3$6c ,/c +#$c ).3$c -.1c .)c $=+$',('c-.00)c+&6)c.'$c&)&.001c c]cc,/c c]cc33c0&37$'c)%.5$6c .+c ?c,/c c33c (/c 5$/+'$c #,)c )%.5,/4c 3.1c 7$c 5#./4$6c +(c c,/c c33c('c c,/c?c33c6$%$/6,/4c(/c+#$c0(.6)c)&%%('+$6c./6c+#$c +1%$c./6c+#,5:/$))c(*c+#$c-.00c*,/,)#c&)$6c .'+,+,(/)c 5./c 7$c 7&,0+c -,+#c c]c c,/c c]c?c33c ('c c]cc,/c c]cc33c)+&6)c)%.5$6c.+c?c('c c,/cc('c?c33c(/c5$/+$'c 6$%$/6,/4c (/c+#$c +1%$c ./6c +#,5:/$))c (*c +#$c-.00c*,/,)#c &)$6c>#$'$c .c %.'+,+,(/c 6($)c /(+c 5(/+.,/c .c )-,/4,/4c 6((';c c]cc,/c c]cc33c )+&6)c .+c ?c,/c c33c (/c 5$/+'$c .'$c )(3$+,3$)c &)$6c -,+#c +#$c -,6$c *.5$c (*c +#$c )+&6c %.'.00$0c +(c +#$c -.00c #,)c ,)c &)&.001c 6(/$c (/01c *('c %.'+,+,(/)c$/50(),/4c50(+#$)c50()$+)c('c5&%7(.'6)c+(c).8$c)%.5$c,/5$c +#$'$c,)c/(c8$'+,5.0c0(.6c+(c7$c)&%%('+$6c71c%.'+,+,(/);c),/40$c)+&6)c3.1c 7$c&)$6c.+c6(('c(%$/,/4)c #$c+(%c(*c+#$c(%$/,/4c3.1c7$c7',64$6c-,+#c .c),/40$c%,$5$c(*c c,/c/(3,/.0c c33c0&37$'c+#$c).3$c-,6+#c.)c+#$c )+&6)c #$)$c 3$37$')c %'(8,6$c .c /.,0,/4c )&%%('+c *('c -.00c *,/,)#;c 6(('c *'.3$)c./6c+',3cc
4.4
Light Gauge Metal Framing:
c c c c c c c
c
(/@0(.6c7$.',/4c('c/(/@)+'&5+&'.0c 3$+.0c)+&6)c./6c*'.3,/4c.'$c/(+c6$),4/$6c ('c,/+$/6$6c+(c5.''1c./1c.=,.0c0(.6)c=,.0c0(.6)c-(&06c,/50&6$c)&5#c$0$3$/+)c .)c *0(('c B(,)+);c 5$,0,/4c B(,)+);c '((*c '.*+$');c ('c '((*c +'&))$)c #$1c .'$;c #(-$8$';c 6$),4/$6c+(c5.''1c+#$c6$.6c0(.6c(*c3./1c+1%,5.0c-.00c*,/,)#$)c)&5#c.)c41%)&3c 7(.'6;c %0.)+$'c -(':;c ('c ),3,0.'c *,/,)#$);c ./6c +(c %'(8,6$c '$),)+./5$c +(c /('3.0c +'./)8$')$c 0(.6)c .+$'.0c0(.6)c 5.//(+c $=5$$6c c 07A)9c *+c(/c .c )+$$0c *'.3$6c -.00c)1)+$3c.)c6$*,/$6c71c c ? c ,4#+c 4.&4$c 3$+.0c *'.3,/4c &)$6c *('c ,/+$',('c -.00c %.'+,+,(/)c 5(3$)c ,/c8.',(&)c )#.%$);c +#,5:/$))$);c ),2$);c ./6c *,/,)#$)c .5#c (*c +#$)$c 5(3%(/$/+)c #.)c .c )%$5,*,5c*&/5+,(/c,/c+#$c-.00c.))$3701c$0$5+,/4c+#$c5(''$5+c),2$c./6c+#,5:/$))c -,00c6$%$/6c%',3.',01c(/c+#$c)%.5,/4c(*c+#$c*'.3,/4c3$37$')c./6c+#$c#$,4#+c(*c +#$c -.00c $/+$'c +(c 5$/+$'c )+&6c )%.5,/4c *('c +1%,5.0c ,/+$',('c .%%0,5.+,(/)c -,00c $,+#$'c 7$c w;c ?w;c ('c wc +#$'c 5(/),6$'.+,(/)c ,/c +#$c )$0$5+,(/c %'(5$))c ,/50&6$c +#$c 3.:$&%c (*c +#$c -.00c *,/,)#$);c -#$+#$'c +#$c -.00c *,/,)#$)c -,00c 7$c .%%0,$6c+(c(/$c('c7(+#c),6$);c./6c,3%.5+c'$),)+./5$c'$9&,'$3$/+);c,*c.%%0,5.70$c )c.c4$/$'.0c'&0$c(*c+#&37;c,/+$',('c-.00)c(*c.c%&70,5c)%.5$c3.1c'$9&,'$c3('$c '$),)+./5$c+(c,3%.5+c+#./c6(c+#()$c(*c.c%',8.+$c(**,5$c
c
$+.0c )+&6)c.'$c+1%,5.001c 3./&*.5+&'$6c,/c0$/4+#)c'./4,/4c*'(3cT@wc+(c T@wc ./6c +'.5:)c -#,5#c 5(3$c,/c T@wc 0$/4+#)cc #$)$c .'$c '$*$'$/5$6c 71c 3./&*.5+&'$')c-,+#c+#$c.5'(/13cS T U F Lc /c.66,+,(/c+(c+#,)c.5'(/13;c(+#$'c )$',$)c(*c/&37$')c.'$c&)$6c+(c,6$/+,*1c)%$5,*,5c*'.3,/4c3$37$');c.)c)#(-/c,/c +#$c4.00$'1c7$0(-c #$c)3.00$'c+#$c4.&4$c/&37$'c+#$c+#,5:$'c./6c#$.8,$'c+#$c 3$+.0c )+&6c -,00c 7$c $$c +#$c ,/,3&3c +$$0c #$$+c #,5:/$))c 5#.'+c ,/c +#$c 4.00$'1c7$0(-c*('c.c5(3%.',)(/c(*c4.&4$c/&37$')c+(c.5+&.0c3$+.0c+#,5:/$))c
c Advantages c
.'4$c50$.'c)%./c(%$/c.'$.)c*('c7.00'((3);c('c(+#$'c-,6$c5(/5(&')$c.'$c%()),70$c .+c+#$c*,')+c*0(('c0$8$0;c7$5.&)$c5(0&3/)c.'$c0(5.+$6c(/01c(/c+#$c$=+$',('c*.5$)c(*c +#$c 7&,06,/4c #,)c .00(-)c *('c )%.5$)c .)c 3&5#c .)c ?c *$$+c ,/c $.5#c 6,'$5+,(/c -,+#c 5(0&3/)c(*+$/c(/01c.%%$.',/4c(/c+#$c%$',3$+$'c(*c.c)+'&5+&'$c #,)c.0)(c,/5'$.)$)c 6$),4/c*0$=,7,0,+1c$)%$5,.001c*('c.+',&3c%0.5$3$/+c./6c(%$/c)%.5$c*0(('c%0./)c
c
0(('c )%./)c 3.1c 7$c )#('+c 7.1c 0$/4+#);c -#,0$c %'(8,6,/4c +-(c 5(0&3/c 7.1c )%.5,/4c *('c '((3c .''./4$3$/+)[_c #,)c '$)&0+)c ,/c 0(-c *0(('@+(@*0(('c #$,4#+)c 1%,5.001;c ./c T@wc*0(('@+(@*0(('c#$,4#+c,)c.5#,$8$6[_c
c
(0&3/)c #.8$c 3,/,3&3c 7$/6,/4c 3(3$/+)c 6&$c +(c 4'.8,+1c ./6c -,/6c 0(.6);c 7$5.&)$c(*c+#$c5./+,0$8$'c.5+,(/c(*c+#$c6(&70$@%0./.'c)1)+$3c(*c*'.3,/4[_c
c
(0&3/)c .'$c (',$/+$6c -,+#c +#$,'c )+'(/4c .=,)c '$),)+,/4c 0.+$'.0c *('5$)c ,/c +#$c 0(/4,+&6,/.0c6,'$5+,(/c(*c+#$c7&,06,/4[_c
c
.=,3&3c 0,8$c 0(.6c '$6&5+,(/)c 3.1c 7$c '$.0,2$6c 7$5.&)$c +',7&+.'1c .'$.)c 3.1c 7$c .6B&)+$6c+(c)&,+c5(6$c'$9&,'$3$/+)[_c
c
(&/6.+,(/)c .'$c (/c 5(0&3/c 0,/$)c (/01c ./6c 3.1c 5(/),)+c (*c +-(c )+',%c *((+,/4)[_c $5.&)$c +#$c 8$'+,5.0c 0(.6)c .'$c 5(/5$/+'.+$6c .+c .c *$-c 5(0&3/c %(,/+);c 0$))c *(&/6.+,(/c*('3-(':c,)c'$9&,'$6[_c
c
',*+c ,)c )3.00;c 7$5.&)$c +#$c +(+.0c *'.3$c ,)c .5+,/4c .)c .c )+,**c +'&))c -,+#c 6,'$5+c .=,.0c 0(.6)c(/01c.5+,/4c,/c3()+c)+'&5+&'.0c3$37$')c$5(/6.'1c7$/6,/4c(55&')c(/01c,/c +#$c5#('6)c(*c+#$c+'&))$)[_c
c
,4#c)+'$/4+#c)+$$0)c3.1c7$c&)$6c+(c.68./+.4$;c7$5.&)$c.00c+'&))c3$37$')c./6c 5(0&3/)c.'$c)&7B$5+$6;c*('c.00c%'.5+,5.0c%&'%()$);c+(c.=,.0c0(.6)c(/01[_c
c
c0,4#+-$,4#+c)+$$0c)+'&5+&'$c,)c.5#,$8$6c71c+#$c&)$c(*c#,4#c)+'$/4+#c)+$$0)c./6c./c $**,5,$/+c *'.3,/4c )1)+$3[_c ,/5$c +#,)c '$6&5$)c +#$c -$,4#+c (*c +#$c )&%$')+'&5+&'$;c +#$'$c,)c.c)&7)+./+,.0c5()+c).8,/4)c,/c*(&/6.+,(/c-(':[_c
c
.)+$'c+(c$'$5+c+#./c5(3%.'.70$c5(/5'$+$c)+'&5+&'$)c/5$c+-(c*0((')c.'$c$'$5+$6;c -,/6(-c,/)+.00.+,(/c5./c)+.'+c./6c)+.1c',4#+c7$#,/6c+#$c)+$$0c./6c*0(('c$'$5+,(/c (c +,3$c,)c0()+c,/c -.,+,/4c*('c(+#$'c+'.6$);c)&5#c.)c7',5:0.1$');c+(c)+.'+c -(':c=5$%+c *('c*(&/6.+,(/);c+(%%,/4c)0.7;c./6c4'(&+,/4;c.00cw-$+wc+'.6$)c.'$c$0,3,/.+$6[_c
c
,'$c'$),)+./5$Cc)+$$0c,)c0(5.0,2$6c+(c+#$c+'&))$);c-#,5#c(/01c(55&'c.+c$8$'1c @+(@ @*$$+c (/c .c *0((';c )(c +#$c *,'$%'((*,/4c (%$'.+,(/c 5./c 7$c 5(3%0$+$6c $**,5,$/+01c &'+#$'3('$;c +#$c +'&))$)c .'$c +1%,5.001c %0.5$6c -,+#,/c 6$3,),/4c -.00)c ./6c ,+c ,)c %()),70$c +#.+c +#$c /$5$)).'1c *,'$c '.+,/4c 5./c 7$c $/+,'$01c 71c $/50(),/4c +#$c +'&))$)c -,+#c 41%)&3c -.007(.'6c ,/.001;c ,*c )%'.1@(/c %'(+$5+,(/c ,)c 6$),'$6;c +#$c .%%0,$6c +#,5:/$))c 5./c 7$c :$%+c +(c .c 3,/,3&3c 6&$c +(c +#$c 5(3%.5+c /.+&'$c (*c +#$c +'&))c $0$3$/+)[c
c c c Reference: c #++%AA7&,06,%$6,.5(3A(/@),+$A5(/)+'&5+,(/@3.+$',.0)@3$+#(6)A0,4#+@4.&4$@ 3$+.0@)+&6@*'.3,/4c c #++%AA$/-,:,%$6,.('4A-,:,A+'&5+&'.0S)+$$0c c #++%AA---.0,7.7.5(3A%'(6&5+)A&@5#.//$0S),2$)A@@ #+30c c #++%AA$/-,:,%$6,.('4A-,:,A+.44$'$6S+'&))S)1)+$3c cc Books: c &,06,/4c5(/)+'&5+,(/c,00&)+'.+$6;c'./5,)c!c #,/4c c (/)+'&5+,(/c $5#/(0(41;c(1c #&60$1c c &/6.3$/+.0c(*c&,06,/4c (/)+'&5+,(/c c 3,+$5#$00E)c+'&5+&'$c./6c.7',5;c.5:c+'(&6c()+$'c 5.0
ROOF SYSTEMS 5.1
Structural Steel Roof Framing
>#$'$c+#$c-#(0$c-$,4#+c(*c+#$c-.00);c*0((')cQc'((*c,)c5.'',$6c71c+#$c)+$$0c*'.3$c +'&5+&'.0c )+$$0c ,)c .55&'.+$c ,/c ),2$c ./6c %(),+,(/,/4c ./6c 5./c 7$c $'$5+$6c 8$'1c 9&,5:01c)&.001c &)$c )+./6.'6c #(+c '(00$6c &/,8$').0c 7$.3c Qc 5(0&3/c )$5+,(/)c +(4$+#$'c-,+#c.c'./4$c(*c+$$);c5#.//$0)c./6c./40$)c -#,0$c :$$%,/4c+#$c-$,4#+c +(c.c3,/,3&3cE)c./6c E)c.'$c%'(6&5$6c,/c.c'./4$c(*c)+./6.'6c),2$)c./6c -$,4#+)c6$),4/.+$6c71c)$',.0c/&37$'c c *0.+c '((*c)+&'&5+&'$c 3.1c 7$c*'.3$6c -,+#c )+'&5+&'.0c )+$$0c 3$37$')c),3,0.'c +(c +#$c-.1c)+$$0c*0((')c.'$c*'.3$6c$$c+#$c6,.4'.3c7$0(-c
5.1.1 Benefits of Steel Framesc c <.0&$c*('c3(/$1c c 0$=,7,0,+1c c %$$6c c .*$+1c c H&.0,+1cQc$0,.7,0,+1c '(*$)),(/.0c%%'(.5#c
c
c &)+.,/.7,0,+1c '$)+,4$c
c c
5.1.2 There are three basic residential steel framing assembly methods: c +,5:c7&,0+c5(/)+'&5+,(/c c
./$0,2$6c)1)+$3)c
c
'$"$/4,/$$'$6c)1)+$3)c c
5.1.2.1 Stick Built Construction +,5:c 7&,0+c 5(/)+'&5+,(/c ,)c 8,'+&.001c +#$c ).3$c ,/c -((6c ./6c )+$$0c #,)c *'.3,/4c 3$+#(6c #.)c .5+&.001c4(/$c +#'(&4#c .c+'./)*('3.+,(/c ,/5('%('.+,/4c 3./1c (*c +#$c +$5#/,9&$)c &)$6c ,/c c c %./$0,2$6c 5(/)+'&5+,(/c c #$c )+$$0c 3.+$',.0)c.'$c6$0,8$'$6c+(c+#$cB(7c),+$c,/c)+(5:c0$/4+#)c('c,/c)(3$c5.)$)c5&+c +(c 0$/4+#c #$c 0.1(&+c ./6c .))$3701c (*c )+$$0c *'.3,/4c ,)c +#$c ).3$c .)c *('c 0&37$';c $=5$%+c 5(3%(/$/+)c .'$c )5'$-$6c +(4$+#$'c '.+#$'c +#./c /.,0$6cc +$$0c B(,)+)c 5./c 7$c ('6$'$6c ,/c 0(/4c 0$/4+#)c +(c )%./c +#$c *&00c -,6+#c (*c +#$c #(3$c c #,)c $=%$6,+$)c +#$c *'.3,/4c %'(5$))c ./6c $0,3,/.+$)c 0.%c B(,/+)cc #$.+#,/4c./6c*,/,)#c3.+$',.0)c.'$c*.)+$/$6c-,+#c)5'$-)c('c%/$&3.+,5c%,/)c
5.1.2.2 Panelized Systems ./$0,2.+,(/c 5(/),)+)c (*c .c )1)+$3c *('c %'$*.7',5.+,/4c -.00);c *0((')c ./6A('c '((*c 5(3%(/$/+)c ,/+(c )$5+,(/)c c #,)c 3$+#(6c (*c 5(/)+'&5+,(/c ,)c 3()+c
$**,5,$/+c-#$'$c+#$'$c,)c.c'$%$+,+,(/c(*c%./$0c+1%$)c./6c6,3$/),(/)cc ./$0)c 5./c7$c3.6$c,/c+#$c)#(%c('c,/c+#$c*,$06cc+$$0c)+&6)c./6cB(,)+)c.'$c('6$'$6c 5&+c+(c0$/4+#c*('c3()+c%./$0c-(':;c%0.5$6c,/+(c.cB,4c./6c*.)+$/$6c71c$,+#$'c )5'$-)c('c-$06,/4cc #$c$=+$',('c)#$.+#,/4;c('c,/c)(3$c5.)$)c+#$c5(3%0$+$c $=+$',('c *,/,)#;c ,)c .%%0,$6c +(c +#$c %./$0c %',('c +(c$'$5+,(/c #(%c %./$0,2.+,(/c 5./c (**$'c )$8$'.0c ),4/,*,5./+c .68./+.4$)c +(c +#$c 7&,06$'c c #$c %./$0c )#(%c %'(8,6$)c .c 5(/+'(00$6c $/8,'(/3$/+c -#$'$c -(':c 5./c %'(5$$6c '$4.'60$))c (*c +#$c -$.+#$'c 5(/6,+,(/)c c %%0,5.+,(/c (*c )#$.+#,/4c ./6c *,/,)#c )1)+$3)c ,)c $.),$'c./6c*.)+$'c-,+#c+#$c%./$0)c,/c.c#(',2(/+.0c%(),+,(/cc #$c%./$0)c.'$c +#$/c +'./)%('+$6c *'(3c +#$c %./$0c )#(%c +(c +#$c B(7c ),+$c c 3.B('c 7$/$*,+c (*c %./$0,2.+,(/c,)c+#$c)%$$6c(*c$'$5+,(/cccB(7c5./c&)&.001c7$c*'.3$6c,/c.7(&+c (/$c9&.'+$'c(*c+#$c+,3$c'$9&,'$6c+(c)+,5:"7&,06cc>#$/c1(&c5(/),6$'c+#.+c+#$c $=+$',('c *,/,)#c )1)+$3c 3.1c .0)(c 7$c %.'+c (*c +#$c %./$0;c +#$c (8$'.00c +,3$c ).8,/4)c3.1c7$c$8$/c4'$.+$'c
5.1.2.3 Pre±engineered Systems >,+#c )+$$0T)c #,4#c )+'$/4+#c ./6c 6$),4/c *0$=,7,0,+1;c ,//(8.+,8$c )1)+$3)c .'$c %()),70$c -#,5#c .'$c /(+c %()),70$c &),/4c (+#$'c 3.+$',.0)c c /4,/$$'$6c )1)+$3)c 3.1c )%.5$c +#$c %',3.'1c 0(.6c 5.''1,/4c 3$37$')c 3('$c +#$c c ,/5#$)c (/c 5$/+'$;c )(3$+,3$)c &%c +(c c *$$+c c #$)$c )1)+$3)c &)$c $,+#$'c )$5(/6.'1c #(',2(/+.0c 3$37$')c +(c 6,)+',7&+$c -,/6c 0(.6)c +(c +#$c 5(0&3/)c('c 0,4#+$'c -$,4#+c )+$$0c ,/"*,00c )+&6)c 7$+-$$/c +#$c 5(0&3/)c c &'',/4c 5#.//$0)c &)$6c+(c)&%%('+c )#$.+#,/4c3.+$',.0)c.0)(c%'(8,6$c.c7'$.:c,/c+#$c#$.+c*0(-c %.+#c+(c+#$c$=+$',(';c -#,5#c,/5'$.)$)c+#$'3.0c$**,5,$/51c ./1c(*c+#$c%'$" $/4,/$$'$6c)1)+$3)c%'(8,6$c*'.3,/4c3$37$')c-#,5#c.'$c%'$"5&+c+(c0$/4+#c -,+#c%'$"6',00$6c#(0$)c*('c7(0+)c('c)5'$-)cc ()+c(*c+#$c*.7',5.+,(/c0.7(&'c,)c 6(/$c71c+#$c)&%%0,$';c.00(-,/4c.c#(3$c+(c7$c*'.3$6c,/c.)c0,++0$c.)c(/$c6.1c
5.2
Steel Rigid Frame (Portal Frame)
c 5(/+,/&(&)c *'.3$c-#,5#c #.)c '$)+'.,/$6c B(,/+$6c 7$+-$$/c 8$'+,5.0c )&%%('+,/4c 3$37$')c ./6c +#$c )%.//,/4c 3$37$')c )$6c ,/c >.'$#(&)$);c *.5+(',$)c ./6c %('+)c .00)c .),5c .1(&+c "c 5(0&3/)c .+c '$4&0.'c 5$/+'$)c .0(/4c +-(c ),6$)c (*c 7&,06,/4c-,+#c'((*c)+'&5+&'$c)%.//,/4c7$+-$$/c'.3$c+#$/c50.6c,/c0,4#+c-$,4#+c 50.66,/4c )#$$+)c )&.001c 5(/)+'&5+$6c &),/4c (**c )#$0*c %'$c *.7c )$5+,(/)c ()+c 5(33(/c &)$)c )+./6.'6c '(00$6c )+$$0c )$5+,(/)c 0)(c 5(33(/c +(c &)$c 0.++,5$c 4,'6$')c .++,5$c"c(%$/c4',6c(*c)0$/6$'c3$37$')c*,=$6c.5'())c('c7$+-$$/c$.5#c (+#$'c&)&.001c,/c'$5+./4&0.'c%.++$'/c('c5'())c6,.4(/.0)c('c.)c.c'$5c4',6c(,/+)c ,/+'(6&5$6c .+c 7.)$c 5(//$5+,(/);c 5$/+'$c ('c .%$=c (*c)%.//,/4c 3$37$')c 4,8,/4c +#'$$c*('3)c(*c%('+.0c*'.3$)c ,4,6c *'.3$)c 5(/),)+c (*c +-(c 5(0&3/)c ./6c .c 7$.3c ('c 4,'6$'c +#.+c .'$c ',4,601c 5(//$5+$6c .+c +#$,'c B(,/+)c %%0,$6c 0(.6)c %'(6&5$c .=,.0;c 7$/6,/4;c ./6c )#$.'c *('5$)c ,/c .00c 3$37$')c (*c +#$c *'.3$c ),/5$c +#$c ',4,6c B(,/+)c '$)+'.,/c +#$c $/6)c (*c +#$c 3$37$')c *'(3c '(+.+,/4c *'$$01c /c .66,+,(/;c 8$'+,5.0c 0(.6)c 5.&)$c .c ',4,6c *'.3$c +(c 6$8$0(%c #(',2(/+.0c +#'&)+)c .+c ,+)c 7.)$c c ',4,6c *'.3$c ,)c )+.+,5.001c ,/6$+$'3,/.+$c./6c',4,6c(/01c,/c,+)c%0./$cc
c +$$0c *'.3$)c 3.1c 7$c 0$*+c $=%()$6c ,/c &/%'(+$5+$6c /(/@5(37&)+,70$c 5(/)+'&5+,(/c c (3$c7&,06,/4c5(6$)c'$6&5$c+#$c*,'$@%'(+$5+,(/c'$9&,'$3$/+)c*('c)+$$0c'((*c )+'&5+&'$c
5.2.1 Benefits of Portal Frame c ./c$5(/(3,5.001c$/50()$c.c0.'4$c.'$.;c#.)c .c)3.00c c %'(6&5,/4c.c ).8,/4c ,/c *0(('c )%.5$c 0(('c .'$.)c &/'$)+',5+$6c 71c 0(/4c '&/)c (*c -.00);c 3('$c *0$=,70$c ,/c &)$c ((6c *0(('c +(c 5$,0,/4c #$,4#+)c '.3$c 9&,5:$'c +(c 7&,06c+#./c-.00)c).8,/4c+,3$c./6c3(/$1
5.2.2 Advantages of Steel Portal Frames
'$*.7c(**c),+$;c'$6&5,/4c(/c),+$c+,3$)c.5+('1c.55&'.+$c (c5&',/4c+,3$c /$$6$6;c 5.%.70$c (*c +.:,/4c 0(.6,/4)c ,33$6,.+$01c (/5$c 5(/)+'&5+$6c .%.70$c (*c 7$,/4c .6.%+$6;c $=+$/6$6c ./6c .66$6c +(c $.),01c (-c 3.,/+$/./5$c .0+#(&4#c 5(''(),(/c 5./c 7$c %'(70$3c +$$0c ,)c 8$').+,0$;c )+'(/4c./6c'$0.+,8$01c5#$.%c c
5.2.3 Disadvantages: (''(),(/c (+c *,'$%'((*c &'0,/)c Qc #$$+,/4c .,0)c &'0,/)c *,=$6c .5'())c '.*+$')c#$$+,/4c'.,0)c*,=$6c.5'())c5(0&3/)c+(c%'(8,6$c)&%%('+c./6c*,=,/4c *('c
'((*;c
-.00c
50.66,/4c
Qc
,/)&0.+,(/c
%.5,/4)c Qc ),2$)c -,00c 6$%$/6c (/c +1%$c ./6c )%$5c (*c '((*c ./6c 50.66,/4c %./$0)c7$,/4c&)$6c
5.3 Space Frames c)%.5$c*'.3$c,)c.c0(/4@)%.//,/4c+#'$$@6,3$/),(/.0c%0.+$c)+'&5+&'$c7.)$6c(/c +#$c ',4,6,+1c (*c +#$c +',./40$c ./6c 5(3%()$6c (*c 0,/$.'c $0$3$/+)c )&7B$5+c (/01c +(c .=,.0c+$/),(/c('c 5(3%'$)),(/c #$c),3%0$)+c )%.+,.0c&/,+c(*c.c)%.5$c*'.3$c,)c.c +$+'.#$6'(/c#.8,/4c*(&'cB(,/+)c./6c),=c)+'&5+&'.0c3$37$')c
.
5.3 Open Web Joist Framing ((*c )1)+$3)c &+,0,2,/4c (%$/@-$7c )+$$0c B(,)+)c .'$c ),3,0.'c ,/c 0.1(&+c ./6c 5(/)+'&5+,(/c+(c)+$$0cB(,)+c*0(('c)1)+$3)cc
5.4 Metal roof decking $+.0c '((*c 6$5:,/4c ,)c 5(''&4.+$6c +(c ,/5'$.)$c ,+)c )+,**/$))c ./6c .7,0,+1c +(c )%./c .5'())c(%$/@-$7c)+$$0cB(,)+)c('c3('$c-,6$01c)%.5$6c)+$$0c7$.3)c./6c+(c)$'8$c .)c .c 7.)$c *('c +#$'3.0c,/)&0.+,(/c ./6c 3$37'./$c '((*,/4c #$c 6$5:,/4c %./$0)c .'$c %&660$@-$06$6c ('c 3$5#./,5.001c *.)+$/$6c +(c +#$c )&%%('+,/4c )+$$0c B(,)+)c ('c 7$.3c #$c %./$0)c .'$c *.)+$/$6c +(c $.5#c (+#$'c .0(/4c +#$,'c ),6$)c -,+#c )5'$-);c -$06);c ('c 7&++(/c %&/5#,/4c )+./6,/4c )$.3)c *c +#$c 6$5:c ,)c +(c )$'8$c .)c .c )+'&5+&'.0c 6,.%#'.43c ./6c +'./)*$'c 0.+$'.0c 0(.6)c +(c )#$.'c -.00);c ,+)c $/+,'$c %$',3$+$'c 3&)+c 7$c -$06$6c +(c )+$$0c )&%%('+)c /c .66,+,(/;c 3('$c )+',/4$/+c '$9&,'$3$/+)c*('c)&%%('+c./6c),6$c0.%c*.)+$/,/4c3.1c.%%01c $+.0c '((*c 6$5:,/4c ,)c 5(33(/01c &)$6c -,+#(&+c .c 5(/5'$+$c +(%%,/4;c '$9&,',/4c )+'&5+&'.0c -((6c ('c 5$3$/+.+,(/)c %./$0)c ('c ',4,6c *(.3c ,/)&0.+,(/c %./$0)c +(c 7',64$c+#$c4.%)c,/c+#$c5(''&4.+,(/c./6c%'(8,6$c.c)3((+#;c*,'3c )&'*.5$c*('c+#$c +#$'3.0c,/)&0.+,(/c./6c3$37'./$c'((*,/4cc
$+.0c 6$5:,/4c #.)c 0(-@8.%('c %$'3$./5$c 7&+c 7$5.&)$c (*c +#$c 3./1c 6,)5(/+,/&,+,$)c7$+-$$/c+#$c%./$0);c,+E)c/(+c.,'+,4#+c,*c./c.,'c7.'',$'c,)c'$9&,'$6c +(c %'$8$/+c +#$c 3,4'.+,(/c (*c 3(,)+&'$c 8.%(&'c ,/+(c +#$c '((*,/4c .))$3701;c .c
5(/5'$+$c +(%%,/4c 5./c 7$c &)$6c >#$/c .c 0,4#+-$,4#+c ,/)&0.+,/4c 5(/5'$+$c *,00c ,)c &)$6;c+#$c6$5:,/4c3.1c#.8$c%$'*('.+$6c8$/+)c*('c+#$c'$0$.)$c(*c0.+$/+c3(,)+&'$c ./6c8.%(&'c%'$))&'$c
5.06 Light-gauge roof framing ((*)c ./6c 5$,0,/4)c 3.1c 7$c 5(/)+'&5+$6c -,+#c 0,4#+@4.&4$c )+$$0c 3$37$')c ,/c .c 3.//$'c ),3,0.'c +(c -((6c 0,4#+c *'.3$c 5(/)+'&5+,(/Cc +#$c 0,4#+@4.&4$c )+$$0c 3$37$')c3.1c.0)(c7$c)5'$-$6c('c-$06$6c+(4$+#$'c+(c*('3c'((*c+'&))$)c),3,0.'c +(c+#()$c6$)5',7$6c(/c*,4&'$c
6.0
THERMAL AND MOISTURE PROTECTION 6.1
Sheet Metal Roofing
c )#$$+c 3$+.0c '((*c,)c 5#.'.5+$',2$6c 71c .c )+'(/4c 8,)&.0c %.++$'/c (*c,/+$'0(5:,/4c )$.3)c ./6c .'+,5&0.+$6c ',64$)c ./6c '((*c $64$c #$c 3$+.0c )#$$+)c 3.1c 7$c (*c 5(%%$';c 2,/5c .00(1;c 4.08./,2$6c )+$$0;c ('c +$'/$c 3$+.0c c )+.,/0$))c )+$$0c %0.+$6c -,+#c./c.00(1c(*c+,/c./6c0$.6c (c.8(,6c%()),70$c4.08./,5c.5+,(/c,/c+#$c%'$)$/5$c (*c '.,/c -.+$';c *0.)#,/4;c *.)+$/,/4);c ./6c 3$+.0c .55$))(',$)c )#(&06c 7$c (*c +#$c ).3$c 3$+.0c .)c +#$c '((*,/4c 3.+$',.0c +#$'c *.5+(')c +(c 5(/),6$'c ,/c +#$c &)$c (*c 3$+.0c '((*,/4c .'$c +#$c -$.+#$',/4c 5#.'.5+$',)+,5)c ./6c 5($**,5,$/+c (*c $=%./),(/c (*c+#$c3$+.0cc
6.2 Corrugate metal roofing (''&4.+$6c ('c ',77$6c '((*,/4c %./$0)c )%./c 7$+-$$/c '((*c 7$.3)c ('c %&'0,/)c '&//,/4c.5'())c+#$c)0(%$c #$c'((*,/4c%./$0)c3.1c7$c(*c c 0&3,/,&3c-,+#c.c/.+&'.0c3,00c('c$/.3$00$6c*,/,)#cc c .08./,2$6c)+$$0c c ,7$'40.))c('c'$,/*('5$6c%0.)+,5c c (''&4.+$6c)+'&5+&'.0c40.))cc
./1c5(''&4.+,(/c./6c',77$6c%.++$'/)c.'$c.8.,0.70$c './)0&5$/+c*,7$'40.))c('c %0.)+,5c%./$0)c-,+#c3.+5#,/4c%'(*,0$)c.'$c.8.,0.70$c*('c&)$c.)c):10,4#+)c
6.3 Metal cladding /)&0.+$6c ./6c7(/6$6c 3$+.0c %./$0)c .'$c&)$6c %',3.',01c +(c 50.6c ,/6&)+',.0@+1%$c 7&,06,/4)c #$1c 3.1c #.8$c *.5,/4)c (*c ./(6,2$6c .0&3,/,&3c ('c )+$$0c -,+#c %('5$0.,/;c 8,/10;c .5'10,5;c ('c $/3$0c *,/,)#$)c #$c %./$0)c .'$c +1%,5.001 E c -,6$c ./6c )%./c 8$'+,5.001c 7$+-$$/c #(',2(/+.0c )+$$0c 4,'+)c )%.5$6E+( Ec .%.'+;c 6$%$/6,/4c (/c +#$c +1%$c ./6c %'(*,0$c (*c %./$0c &)$6c (/)&0+c 3./&*.5+&'$'c *('c %'(*,0$);c ),2$);c .00(-.70$c )%./);c +#$'3.0c ./6c .5(&)+,5.0c '.+,/4);c ./6c ,/)+.00.+,(/c6$+.,0)cc c
6.4 Joint sealant (c %'(8,6$c ./c $**$5+,8$c )$.0c .4.,/)+c +#$c %.)).4$c (*c -.+$'c ./6c .,';c .c B(,/+c )$.0./+c 3&)+c 7$c 6&'.70$;c '$),0,$/+;c ./6c #.8$c 7(+#c 5(#$),8$c ./6c .6#$),8$c )+'$/4+#c$.0./+)c5./c7$c50.)),*,$6c.55('6,/4c+(c+#$c.3(&/+c(*c$=+$/),(/c./6c 5(3%'$)),(/c+#$1c5./c-,+#)+./6c7$*('$c*.,0&'$c Low Range sealant c (8$3$/+c5.%.7,0,+1c(*c`A@c Fc c ,0@7.)$6c('c.5'10,5c5(3%(&/6)c c *+$/c '$*$''$6c +(c .)c 5.&0:,/4c ./6c &)$6c *('c )3.00c B(,/+)c -#$'$c 0,++0$c 3(8$3$/+c,)c$=%$5+$6cc Medium Range sealant c (8$3$/+c5.%.5,+1c(*c`A@c Fc+(cFc c &+10c'&77$';c.5'10,5;c('c/$(%'$/$c5(3%(&/6)c c )$6c*('c/(/-(':,/4;c3$5#./,5.001c*.)+$/$6cB(,/+)c High Range sealant c (8$3$/+c5.%.5,+1c(*c`A@c Fc+(c Fc c
(013$'5.%+./);c%(01)&0*,6$);c%(01&'$+#./$);c./6c),0,5(/$)c
c )$6c*('c-(':,/4B(,/+)c )&7B$5+c+(c.c ),4/,*,5./+c.3(&/+c(*c3(8$3$/+;c)&5#c .)c+#()$c,/c5&'+.,/c
6.5 Expansion Joints 00c 7&,06,/4c 3.+$',.0)c $=%./6c ./6c 5(/+'.5+c ,/c'$)%(/)$c +(c /('3.0c 5#./4$)c ,/c +$3%$'.+&'$c (3$c .0)(c )-$00c ./6c )#',/:c -,+#c 5#./4$)c ,/c 3(,)+&'$c 5(/+$/+;c -#,0$c (+#$')c 6$*0$5+c &/6$'c 0(.6,/4c (,/+)c 3&)+c 7$c 5(/)+'&5+$6c +(c .00(-c +#,)c 3(8$3$/+c +(c (55&'c ,/c ('6$'c +(c %'$8$/+c 6,)+('+,(/;c 5'.5:,/4c ('c 7'$.:)c ,/c +#$c 7&,06,/4c3.+$',.0)c (8$3$/+c B(,/+)c )#(&06c %'(8,6$c .c 5(3%0$+$c )$%.'.+,(/c (*c 3.+$',.0)cc (8$3$/+cB(,/+)c)#(&06c%'(8,6$c.c5(3%0$+$c)$%.'.+,(/c(*c3.+$',.0)c ./6c .00(-c *'$$c 3(8$3$/+c -#,0$;c .+c +#$c ).3$c +,3$;c 3.,/+.,/,/4c +#$c -$.+#$'c +,4#+/$))c(*c+#$c5(/)+'&5+,(/c c =%./),(/cB(,/+)c.'$c5(/+,/&(&);c&/(7)+'&5+$6c)0(+)c5(/)+'&5+$6c7$+-$$/c+-(c %.'+c(*c.c7&,06,/4c c (/+'(0c B(,/+)c .'$c 5(/+,/&(&)c 4'((8$)c ('c )$%.'.+,(/)c *('3$6c ,/c 5(/5'$+$c 4'(&/6c)0.7)c./6c5(/5'$+$c3.)(/'1c-.00c
7.0
DOORS AND WINDOWS 7.1
Doors & windows
((')c ./6c 6(('-.1)c %'(8,6$c .55$))c *('3c +#$c (&+),6$c ,/+(c +#$c ,/+$',('c (*c .c 7&,06,/4c .)c -$00c .)c %.)).4$c 7$+-$$/c ,/+$',('c )%.5$)c (('-.1)c )#(&06c +#$'$*('$c 7$c 0.'4$c $/(&4#c +(c 3(8$c +#'(&4#c $.),01c ./6c .55(33(6.+$c +#$c 3(8,/4c (*c *&'/,)#,/4)c ./6c $9&,%3$/+c #$1c )#(&06c 7$c 0(5.+$6c )(c +#.+c +#$c %.++$'/)c(*c3(8$3$/+c+#$1c5'$.+$c7$+-$$/c./6c-,+#,/c)%.5$)c.'$c.%%'(%',.+$c +(c+#$c&)$)c./6c.5+,8,+,$)c#(&)$6c71c+#$c)%.5$)c =+$',('c 6((')c )#(&06c %'(8,6$c -$.+#$'+,4#+c )$.0)c -#$/c 50()$6c ./6c 3.,/+.,/c +#$c.%%'(=,3.+$c+#$'3.0c,/)&0.+,(/c8.0&$c(*c+#$c$=+$',('c -.00)c+#$1c%$/$+'.+$c /+$',('c6((')c)#(&06c(**$'c+#$c6$),'$6c6$4'$$c(*c8,)&.0c./6c.5(&)+,5.0c%',8.51c 00c6((')c)#(&06c7$c$8.0&.+$6c*('c+#$,'c$.)$c(*c(%$'.+,(/;c6&'.7,0,+1c&/6$'c+#$c ./+,5,%.+$6c*'$9&$/51c(*c&)$;c)$5&',+1c%'(8,),(/);c./6c+#$c0,4#+;c8$/+,0.+,(/;c./6c 8,$-c+#$1c3.1c(**$'c&'+#$';c+#$'$c3.1c7$c7&,06,/4c5(6$c'$9&,'$3$/+)c*('c*,'$c '$),)+./5$;c$3$'4$/51c$4'$));c./6c).*$+1c40.2,/4c3&)+c7$c).+,)*,$6c #$'$c .'$c 3./1c +1%$)c ./6c ),2$)c (*c -,/6(-);c +#$c5#(,5$c (*c -#,5#c .**$5+)c /(+c (/01c +#$c %#1),5.0c .%%$.'./5$c (*c .c 7&,06,/4;c 7&+c .0)(c +#$c /.+&'.0c 0,4#+,/4;c 8$/+,0.+,(/;c8,$-c%(+$/+,.0;c./6c)%.+,.0c9&.0,+1c(*c+#$c7&,06,/4E)c,/+$',('c)%.5$)c )c -,+#c $=+$',('c 6((');c -,/6(-)c )#(&06c %'(8,6$c .c -$.+#$'+,4#+c )$.0c -#$/c 50()$6c >,/6(-c *'.3$)c )#(&06c #.8$c 0(-c +#$'3.0c 5(/6&5+,8,+1c ('c 7$c 5(/)+'&5+$6c +(c ,/+$''&%+c +#$c *0(-c (*c #$.+c >,/6(-c 40.2,/4c )#(&06c '$+.'6c +#$c +'./)3,)),(/c(*c#$.+c./6c5(/+'(0c)(0.'c'.6,.+,(/c./6c40.'$c c $5.&)$c6(('c./6c-,/6(-c&/,+)c.'$c/('3.001c*.5+('1@7&,0+;c+#$,'c3./&*.5+&'$')c 3.1c#.8$c )+./6.'6c ),2$)c./6c 5(''$)%(/6,/4c'(&4#@(%$/,/4c'$9&,'$3$/+)c*('c +#$c 8.',(&)c 6(('c ./6c -,/6(-c +1%$)c #$c ),2$c ./6c 0(5.+,(/c (*c 6((')c ./6c -,/6(-)c )#(&06c 7$c 5.'$*&001c %0.//$6c )(c +#.+c .6$9&.+$c '(&4#c (%$/,/4)c -,+#c %'(%$'01c),2$6c0,/+$0)c5./c7$c7&,0+c,/+(c+#$c-.00c)1)+$3)c+#.+c-,00c'$5$,8$c+#$3c '(3c ./c $=+$',('c %(,/+c (*c 8,$-;c 6((')c ./6c -,/6(-)c .'$c ,3%('+./+c 5(3%(),+,(/.0c $0$3$/+)c ,/c +#$c 6$),4/c (*c 7&,06,/4c *.5.6$)c #$c 3.//$'c ,/c
-#,5#c +#$1c %&/5+&.+$c ('c 6,8,6$c $=+$',('c -.00c )&'*.5$)c .**$5+)c +#$c 3.)),/4;c 8,)&.0c-$,4#+;c)5.0$;c./6c.'+,5&0.+,(/c(*c+#$c7&,06,/4c*('3c c 7.2 Doors and doorways #$c 6$+.,0,/4c (*c .c 6(('*'.3$c $)+.70,)#$)c +#$c .%%$.'./5$c (*c .c 6(('-.1c $%$/6,/4c(/c+#$c+#,5:/$))c(*c+#$c-.00c5(/)+'&5+,(/;c.c6(('*'.3$c3.1c7$c)$+c -,+#,/c+#$c'(&4#c(%$/,/4c('c(8$'0.%c,+)c$64$)c
c
c
7.3
Door Operation
7.4
Window Elements
/c)$0$5+,/4c.c-,/6(-c&/,+;c'$8,$-c+#$c7&,06,/4c5(6$c'$9&,'$3$/+)c*('c c .+&'.0c0,4#+c./6c8$/+,0.+,(/c(*c#.7,+.70$c)%.5$)c c #$'3.0c,/)&0.+,(/c8.0&$c(*c+#$c-,/6(-c.))$3701c c +'&5+&'.0c'$),)+./5$c+(c-,/6c0(.6)c c 0$.'c (%$/,/4c(*c ./1c (%$'.70$c -,/6(-c +#.+c )$'8$)c .)c ./c $3$'4$/51c $=,+c *('c.c'$),6$/+,.0c)0$$%,/4c)%.5$c)&5#c-,/6(-)c.'$c+1%,5.001c'$9&,'$6c+(c7$c .+c 0$.)+c c )*c c )3c ,/c .'$.c ./6c #.8$c .c 3,/,3&3c 50$.'c -,6+#c (*c I ;c .c 3,/,3&3c 50$.'c #$,4#+c (*c I?;c ./6c .c ),00c /(c #,4#$'c +#./c I c.7(8$c+#$c*0(('c c .*$+1c40.2,/4c*('c.c-,/6(-c+#.+c5(&06c7$cc3,)+.:$/c*('c./c(%$/c6(('-.1Cc ./1c-,/6(-c+#.+c,)c3('$c+#./c)*c)3c./6c-,+#,/c c(*c.c6(('-.1c('c 0$))c +#./c ?c .7(8$c +#$c *0(('c 7$c ).*$+1c 40.2$6c -,+#c +$3%$'$6c 40.));c 0.3,/.+$6c40.));c('c%0.)+,5c c 1%$c./6c),2$c(*c40.2,/4c.00(-.70$c,/c*,'$@'.+$6c-.00)c./6c5('',6(')c
c
c
7.5
Window Operation
10.0
INDIVIDUAL CASE STUDY
c
10.1
c
c
c
c
'5#,+$5+c!$,B,c)#,2.-.c$),4/c
c
c
(5.+,(/c.,+.3.;c.%./c
c
c
'(B$5+c'5#,+$5+c!$,B,c)#,2.3.c
c
c
+'&5+&'.0c/4,/$$'cB,',c/4/$$'c
c
c
11 Boxes
c
'(B$5+c$.'c c
c
c
10.1.1 Features #$c 3()+c ,/+$'$)+,/4c +#,/4c .7(&+c +#,)c %.'+,5&0.'c 7&,06,/4c ,)c +#$c *.5+c+#.+c,+c,)c3.6$c(&+c(*cc%'$*.7',5.+$6c)+$$0c*'.3$c7(=$)cc
c ,.4'.3c.c'5#,+$5+E)c5(/5$%+&.0c):$+5#$)c
&$c +(c ),+$c 5(/)+'.,/+)c ./6c +#$c /$$6c +(c 3.=,3,2$c )%.5$c (*c +#$c ),+$;c +#,)c ),3%0$c 5(/)+'&5+,(/c 3$+#(6c -.)c 5#()$/c )(c .)c /(+c +(c .**$5+c ,+)c$=,)+,/4c /$,4#7(',/4c 5(/+$=+c .%./$)$c #(&),/4c .'$.)c .'$c/('3.001c+,4#+c./6c5(3%.5+c=+$'/.0c%./$0)c.'$c.++.5#$6c+(c +#$c*'.3$)c-,+#(&+c+#$c/$$6c(*c./1c.66,+,(/.0c)+'&5+&'$c
c ,.4'.3c7c/c,/6,8,6&.0c%'$*.7',5.+$6c)+$$0c*'.3$c7(=c(/c.c+'&5:c
(-$8$';c +#$c ),2$c (*c )+$$0c 7(=$)c /$$6$6c +(c 7$c 5(/),6$'$6c 5.'$*&001c),/5$c$.5#c#.6c+(c*,+c(/c.c+'&5:c+(c7$c+'./)%('+$6c+(c),+$cc
c ,.4'.3c5c ,4#c+$/),0$c7(0+)c
c +c,)c+#$/cB(,/$6c+(4$+#$'c-,+#c#,4#c+$/),(/c7(0+)c #$c)+$$0c*'.3$c 7(=$)c .'$c 7.),5.001c +.,0('$6c 3.6$c +(c 7$c 6$),4/$6c .)c .c )0(+@,/c ./6c7(0+$6@,/c.c3('$c'$.0,)+,5c8$'),(/c(*c $4(c
c ,.4'.3c6c $/+'.0c)+.,'-.1c
c #(&4#c +#$c 5$/+'.0c )%./c #(06)c +#$c 3.,/c )+'&5+&'.0c )+'$/4+#c (*c +#$c 7&,06,/4;c +#$c 5,'5&0.+,(/c )+.,'5.)$c ,)c ,/+$/+,(/.001c %(),+,(/$6c +#$'$c +(c (%$'.+$c .)c ./c $.'+#9&.:$@%'((*c $0$3$/+c .)c -$00c .)c +(c '.+,(/.0,2$c+#$c%0./c(*c+#$c#(&)$c c c
10.1.2 Drawings
c ,.4'.3c .c 0./c'.-,/4)c(*c+#$cc7(=$)c
/c +#$c %0./);c (/$c 5./c )$$c +#.+c +#$c 7(=$)c )+.5:c (/c +(%c (*c $.5#c (+#$';c -#,5#c +#$c 3,660$c 7(=c )0,4#+01c )3.00$'c .5#c *0(('c ,)c 5.+$4(',2$6c ,/+(c )%$5,*,5c *&/5+,(/)c -,+#c +#$c 7(++(3c *0(('c 7$,/4c +#$c (**,5$;c ./6c +#$c +(%c *0(('c 7$,/4c ,+)c 3()+c %',8.+$c .'$.;c +#$c 7.+#,/4c ./6c )0$$%,/4c 2(/$)c #$c '((*c +(%c .5+)c 0,:$c .c 8,$-,/4c 7.05(/1c
c ,.4'.3c 7c$5+,(/c./6c$+.,0c(*c+$$0c'.3$c(=c1)+$3c
#$c )$5+,(/c 50$.'01c )#(-)c #(-c +#$c 7(=$)c .'$c 50$8$'01c )+.5:$6c (/c +(%c (*c $.5#c (+#$'c #$c (/01c *('3-(':c (/c ),+$c ,)c +#$c 7.)$c *(&/6.+,(/c #$c 5$/+'.0c )3.00$'c 7(=$)c .5+c .)c +#$c 5('$c )+.7,0,2$'c +#.+c#(06)c7(+#c),6$)c(*c+#$c7&,06,/4c+(4$+#$'c #$c*'(/+c*.^.6$c,)c 4$/$'.001c 3('$c (%$/$6;c ,*c *&00c #$,4#+c -,/6(-)c /+$'$)+,/4c $/(&4#;c+#$c*0((')c.'$c)0(++$6c(/+(c+#$c @)#.%$c)+$$0c*'.3$c7(=c #$c )+c *0((';c '6c *0(('c ./6c '((*c *0(('c &)$)c %'$5.)+c 5(/5'$+$c *0((',/4c 7&+c (/01c +#$c )$5(/6c *0(('c &)$)c +,37$'c %./$0)c #,)c ,)c 7$5.&)$c+#$'$c$=,)+c.c0.'4$c8(,6;c6(&70$c8(0&3$c,/c*.5+;c+(c4,8$c.c )$/)$c('c0.'4$'c)%.5$c,/c+#$c2(/$c @)#.%$6c 7(=$)c .'$c 7(0+$6c +(4$+#$'c 5'$.+,/4c .c 5(37,/$6c @ )#.%$c7'.5:$+c-#,5#c.00(-)c*0((')c+(c7$c,/)+.00$6c(/c7(+#c),6$c c 10.1.3 Advantages c
c
c
c ,.4'.3c .c:$0$+.0c*'.3$-(':c(*c+#$c7&,06,/4c./6c5(/)+'&5+,(/c
c #$c 4'$.+$)+c .68./+.4$c (*c +#$c 7&,06,/4c ,+E)c +#$c 5(/)+'&5+,(/c )%$$6c ./6c .55&'.51c #$c %'$*.7',5.+$6c *'.3$)c 5./c 7$c +'./)%('+$6c +(c ),+$c $.),01;c ,/)+.00$6c 8,.c .c 5'./$c ./6c .c *$-c -(':$');c ./6c (/5$c +#$c *'.3$-(':c ,)c &%;c ,+c -,00c 7$c $.)1c *('c +#$c -(':$')c +(c ,/)+.00c +#$c -.00)c ./6c *0((')c ),/5$c +#()$c +((c .'$c %'$*.7',5.+$6c
,/5$c$8$'1+#,/4c,)c 3.6$c,/c+#$c*.5+('1c./6c )$/+c+(c),+$;c 5()+c,)c 0(-$'c ('3.001;c 5(/)+'&5+,(/c ,)c $=%$/),8$c 6&$c +(c +#$c (/@),+$c -$06,/4;c+,3$c5(/)&3,/4c$0$3$/+)c+(c),+$c.6B&)+3$/+)c./6c.0)(;c ,/.55&'.51c3,4#+c(55&'c
c
c
c ,.4'.3c 7c&,06,/4E)c*'(/+c$0$8.+,(/c./6c*.^.6$c
c #,)c )+$$0c *'.3$c 7(=c )1)+$3c .0)(c $0,3,/.+$)c +#$c /$$6c (*c ,/)+.00,/4c 5(0&3/)c (/c ),+$c #$c ./40$)c (/c $.5#c 7(=c .5+)c 0,:$c .c +'&))c +#.+c 5#.//$0)c *('5$)c ).*$01c 6(-/c +#$c 4'(&/6c /+$'$)+,/4c 5(/)+'&5+,(/c ./6c 6$),4/;c ).601c /(c 7((:)c ('c $@7((:)c #.8$c %&70,)#$6c./1+#,/4c.7(&+c+#,)c-(':c(*c-(/6$'c c
c ,.4'.3c.c:$0$+.0c*'.3$-(':c(*c+#$c7&,06,/4c./6c5(/)+'&5+,(/c
c
c ,.4'.3c7c:$0$+.0c*'.3$-(':c(*c+#$c7&,06,/4c./6c5(/)+'&5+,(/c
c References: c #++%AA---#(3$6)4/5(3A AA A@7(=$)@71@:$,B,@.)#,2.-.@6$),4/Ac c #++%AA---.'5#6.,015(3A A@7(=$)@:$,B,@.)#,2.-.@6$),4/Acc c #++%AA---:$,B,6$),4/5(3Ac c &,06,/4c (/)+'&5+,(/c 00&)+'.+$6c"c'./5,)c!c #,/4c c
c
c
c
10.2
Big Dig House
c
c c &,06,/4c .3$c
cc
Big Dig House
'5#,+$5+)c
c
c
cSingle Speed Designc
(5.+,(/c
c
c
cLexington, MA, USAc
'(4'.33$c c
c
cPrivate Housec
(3%0$+,(/c1$.'c
c
c2008c
,+$c'$.c
c
c1,784 sqmc
c
(/)+'&5+$6c'$.c cc
353 sqm
#$c,4c,4c,)c+#$c3()+c$=%$/),8$c#,4#-.1c%'(B$5+c,/c+#$c#,)+('1c (*c+#$cc #$c%'(B$5+c,/50&6$6c'$'(&+,/4c+#$c $/+'.0c'+$'1c,/+(c .c +&//$0c &/6$'c +#$c #$.'+c (*c ()+(/;c '$9&,',/4c .c +'$3$/6(&)c $/4,/$$',/4c -(':c 6&$c +(c &/6$'0.1,/4c 3$+'(c 0,/$)c ./6c%,%$)c ./6c &+,0,+1c 0,/$)c +#.+c -(&06c #.8$c +(c 7$c '$%0.5$6c ('c 3(8$6c &//$0c -(':$')c $/5(&/+$'$6c 3./1c &/$=%$5+$6c 4$(0(4,5.0c ./6c .'5#.$(0(4,5.0c 7.'',$');c './4,/4c *'(3c 40.5,.0c 6$7',)c +(c *(&/6.+,(/)c (*c 7&',$6c #(&)$)c ./6c .c /&37$'c (*c )&/:$/c )#,%)c 01,/4c-,+#,/c+#$c'$50.,3$6c0./6c c c c c c #$c Big Digc (&)$c 71c,/40$c %$$6c $),4/c'$&+,0,2$)c 3.+$',.0)c *'(3c +#$c ,4c ,4c /c +#.+c .)%$5+;c ,+I)c .c '$3.':.70$c $=.3%0$c (*c '$5150,/4c ,/c .'5#,+$5+&'$c '(B$5+c 6$)5',%+,(/c 71c +#$c .'5#,+$5+)c .*+$'c +#$c7'$.:c c c c c c c c c
c Salvaged Columns c
c
c c
Salvaged Inversetsc
c c )c
.c
%'(+(+1%$c
7&,06,/4c
+#.+c
6$3(/)+'.+$)c #(-c ,/*'.)+'&5+&'.0c '$*&)$c 5./c 7$c ).08.4$6c ./6c '$&)$6;c +#$c )+'&5+&'.0c )1)+$3c *('c +#,)c ;)*c #(&)$c ,)c 5(3%',)$6c (*c )+$$0c ./6c 5(/5'$+$c 6,)5.'6$6c *'(3c Boston¶s
Big
Digc
&+,0,2,/4c (8$'c ?;c 07)c (*c ).08.4$6c 3.+$',.0)c *'(3c $0$8.+$6c %('+,(/)c (*c +#$c /(-c 6,)3./+0$6c @ c #,4#-.1c 0.//,/4c +#$c '$.))$3701c (*c +#$c 3.+$',.0)c ,/c .c ),3,0.'c -.1c (/$c -(&06c )1)+$3.+,5.001c 5(3%()$c -,+#c .c %'$@*.7c )1)+$3;c )&7+0$c )%.+,.0c .''./4$3$/+)c .'$c 5'$.+$6c *'(3c +#$c0.'4$@)5.0$c#,4#-.1c5(3%(/$/+)c c c c
c
`
vvc
10.3 Jonathan¶s House
c c
10.4
COX Housec
Introduction:
c =+$',('c8,$-c c
$+$'3,/$6c+(c5'$.+$c.c/$-c.'5#,+$5+&'.0c0./4&.4$c*('c+#$c%'(%$'+1;c+#$c(-/$'c#,'$6c .c %'(4'$)),8$c .'5#,+$5+&'$c *,'3c *'(3c !./).)c ,+1c +(c 6$),4/c +#$c -.'$#(&)$c )c .c '$)%(/)$c +(c +#$c 7&64$+c 5(/)+'.,/+);c +#$c .'5#,+$5+)c ,33$6,.+$01c )&44$)+$6c +(c -(':c -,+#c.c%'$@$/4,/$$'$6c 3$+.0c7&,06,/4c )1)+$3c*+$'c5.'$*&0c'$)$.'5#c(*c+#$c)1)+$3E)c 5(/)+'.,/+)c ./6c 5.%.7,0,+,$);c .c 6$),4/c 6,'$5+,(/c -.)c %'(%()$6c +(c 3$$+c +#$c %'(B$5+E)c %'(4'.3;c 5(/),)+,/4c (*c ./c ; c )9&.'$c *((+c (%$/c *0(('c %0.+$c -.'$#(&)$c #$c %'(4'.3c .0)(c '$9&,'$6c ./c ,/8$/+('1c 5#$5:@(&+c 6$):c .)c -$00c .)c .c 0(.6,/4c 6(5:c *('c ,/5(3,/4c )&%%0,$)c #$c%'(B$5+c)(0&+,(/;c5(3%()$6c(*c)+',:,/4;c1$+c$0$4./+c)+'&5+&'.0c 7.1);c,3%0$3$/+)c)&)+.,/.70$c)+'.+$4,$)c-#,5#c.,6$c,/c#(06,/4c$/$'41c6$3./6)c+(c.c 3,/,3&3cc)(.',/4c5./+,0$8$'c5(3%0$+$01c)#.6$)c+#$c0(/4;c)(&+#c3$+.0c-.00c)1)+$3c *'(3c+#$c#(+;c)&33$'c)&/c #$c4$/$'(&)c(8$'#./4c.0)(c%'(8,6$)c.c)#$0+$'$6c0(.6,/4c ./6c&/0(.6,/4c.'$.c*('c)$'8,5$c8./)cc0,/$.'c50$'$)+('1c-,/6(-c.00(-)c,/6,'$5+c)(&+#c 0,4#+c+(c*0((6c+#$c-.'$#(&)$c"c+#$c)(&+#c)#$08,/4c.,)0$c6($)c/(+c'$9&,'$c$0$5+',5c0,4#+c 6&',/4c+#$c6.1c ,/$.'c0(&8$'$6c8$/+)c.0(/4c+#$c7.)$c(*c+#$c/('+#c./6c)(&+#c*.5.6$)c .5+,8.+$c.c5(/8$5+,(/c5((0,/4c)1)+$3;c.00(-,/4c(&+),6$c.,'c+(c$/+$'c+#$c-.'$#(&)$c.+c
*0(('c 0$8$0;c '$%0.5,/4c +#$c#(+c.,'c$=,+,/4c+#$c 7&,06,/4c +#'(&4#c 0.'4$c '((*c 8$/+)c &001c ,/+$4'.+$6c *0&('$)5$/+c 7&,06,/4c 0,4#+,/4c 5'$.+$)c $**,5,$/+c $=%./)$)c (*c ,/6,'$5+c ),+$c ,00&3,/.+,(/;c $0,3,/.+,/4c +#$c /$$6c *('c .66,+,(/.0c 0,4#+,/4c %.':,/4c 0(+c %(0$@ 0,4#+)c +#(&4#c )3.00c ,/c .'$.;c +#$c /$-c 6,)+',7&+,(/c5$/+'$c*('c (=c (33&/,5.+,(/)c 5(33./6)c .c 0.'4$c ),+$c %'$)$/5$c +#'(&4#c $0$4./+c %'(%('+,(/);c 5',)%c 6$+.,0,/4;c ./6c )3.'+c $/$'41c5(/)$'8.+,(/c Image :
Building Specification:
'5#,+$5+)cel dorado inc.c (5.+,(/cTopeka, Kansas,cc ',/5,%.0c,/c #.'4$cJosh Sheltonc '(B$5+c'5#,+$5+cSean Slattery, AIA, LEEP APc &)+(3c+$$0c.7',5.+,(/cDoug Hurtc +'&5+&'.0c/4,/$$')cGenesis Structuresc $+.0c&,06,/4c/4,/$$',/4c+$$03.)+$'cc cLankford and Associatesc ./6)5.%,/4cel dorado incc ,4#+,/4cel dorado incc $/$'.0c (/+'.5+('cKelley Construction Companyc -/$'cHenderson Development, Inc.c '(B$5+c'$.c9,200 sqfc '(B$5+c$.'c2007c $/6$'$',/4)c$0c6('.6(c #(+(4'.%#)cMike Sinclairc c
c
Design concept and solution: c #$c.'5#,+$5+)c6$),4/$6c.c6,)+',7&+,(/c5$/+$'c+#.+c*,+c-,+#,/c+#$c%.'.3$+$')c(*c+#$c (-/$'E)c'$/$-$6c0$.)$c+$'3)c/c.66,+,(/.0c5(/)+'.,/+c-.)c+#$c7&64$+c+#$c.'5#,+$5+)c -$'$c4,8$/c+#$c5#.00$/4$c+(c-(':c-,+#cNc%$'c)9&.'$c*((+c (c-(':c-,+#,/c+#$c0,3,+$6c 7&64$+;c+#$c.'5#,+$5+)c5#()$c.c%'$@$/4,/$$'$6c3$+.0c7&,06,/4c)1)+$3c/$'41c $**,5,$/+c6$),4/c-.)c.0)(c,3%('+./+cc)(.',/4c5./+,0$8$'c)#.6$)c+#$c)(&+#c3$+.0c-.00c )1)+$3c./6c%'(8,6$)c)#$0+$'c*('c+#$c0(.6,/4c6(5:cc50$'$)+('1c-,/6(-c.00(-)c,/6,'$5+c )(&+#c0,4#+c,/+(c+#$c-.'$#(&)$c #$c0(&8$'$6c8$/+)c(*c+#$c/('+#c./6c)(&+#c*.5.6$)c .5+,8.+$c.c5(/8$5+,(/c5((0,/4c)1)+$3;c.00(-,/4c(&+),6$c.,'c+(c$/+$'c+#$c-.'$#(&)$c.+c *0(('c0$8$0c
c
c
c Foundation Systemcccccccccc #$c3(/(0,+#,5c)0.7c*(&/6.+,(/c-.)c3.6$c&%c(*c.c0.'4$c70(5:c(*creinforced concrete;c -#,0)+c*((+,/4)c-$'$c&)$6c+(c#(06c&%c+#$c)$5+,(/c(*c+#$c#(&)$c #$c)+$$0c*'.3$c )+'&5+&'$c,)c+#$/c)$5&'$6c+(c+#$c*(&/6.+,(/c&),/4csteel beam to concrete connectionsc c c Structural Framingc prefabricated offsitec./6c-.)c+'./)%('+$6c+(c+#$c),+$c.)c.c),/40$c*'.3$c #$c )+'&5+&'.0c*'.3$c-.)c5(/)+'&5+$6c&),/4c+#$cone-way beam systemc(/c.00c 0(/4,+&6,/.0c),6$)c #$c5(//$5+,(/)c7$+-$$/c7$.3)c&)$6csteel anglesc+#.+c-$'$c boltedc(/+(c$.5#c(+#$'c+(c5'$.+$c.c',4,6c*'.3$c&$c+(c$=%()&'$;cfire resistantc./6c corrosion resistantc5(.+,/4)c-$'$c.0)(c.66$6c+(c+#$c*'.3$c
c Flooring System '(&/6c*0(('c,)c3.6$c&%c(*csteel floor structure beamsc-#,5#c5./+,0$8$'c(&+c.0(/4c +#$c7(++(3c(*c+#$c)+$$0c*'.3$cSIPS floor panelsc.'$c+#$/c%0.5$6c.0(/4c+#$c0$/4+#c(*c +#$c*0(('c./6cB(,/+$6c+(c+#$c)+'&5+&'.0c7$.3)cc
c Wall System #$c-.00c)1)+$3c(*c+#$c#(&)$;c&)$6cSIP panelsc+#.+c-$'$c#&/4c.0(/4c+#$c)+$$0c*'.3$;c 5'$.+,/4c.c-.00c #$c3$+#(6c(*cB(,/+,/4c&)$6cbolting +(c5'$.+$c.c)$5&'$c-.00c)1)+$3c #$)$c%./$0)c.0)(c,/50&6$c-,/6(-c%./$0);c.00c-,+#c),3,0.'c6,3$/),(/)cc #,)c $/50()&'$c)1)+$3c,)c6$),4/$6c+(c.00(-c.c'./4$c(*c-,/6(-c('ccurtain wall systemsc 71c8.',(&)c3./&*.5+&'$')c+#&)c5'$.+,/4c.c5&)+(3,2.70$c,/+$',('cc
c Roof Structure/Material ('c+#$c'((*c)+'&5+&'$;cSIPS roof panelsc-$'$c%0.5$6c.0(/4c+#$c$/+,'$c)+'$+5#c(*c+#$c '((*c(/c+(%c(*croof structure beamsc+#.+c'$)+c&%(/c+#$c)+$$0c*'.3$ccwaterproof roof membranec-#,5#c,)c.c(/$@%,$5$;c%'$*.7',5.+$6c)#$$+c-.)c.++.5#$6c+(c+#$c'((*c )$5+,(/c+(c70(5:c-.+$'c0$.:.4$c6&$c+(c#$.81c'.,/c #$c'((*c,)c.0)(cairtight .)c c '((*c%./$0)c3$$+c'$9&,'$3$/+)c,/c+#$c/$-c&,06,/4c$4&0.+,(/)c5(6$c
V
c
V
cc
Ä
cc
Conclusion c
.)$6c(/c+#$c'$)$.'5#c./6c(7)$'8.+,(/);c+#$'$c.'$c6,).68./+.4$)c./6c
.68./+.4$)c(*c)&5#c)+$$0c*'.3$c5(/)+'&5+,(/c+(c7$c&)$6c,/c)3.00c'$),6$/+,.0c%'(B$5+)c 3(/4c+#$3c,/50&6$c Advantages of structural steel framing c
#$c.'5#,+$5+c#.)c5.'$*&001c5(/)+'&5+$6c+#$c,/+$',('c)%.5$)c+(c.00(-c*('c+#,)c #(&)$c+(c7$cinterchangeablec./6clinkable -,+#c(+#$'c%'$*.7',5.+$6c%,$5$);c -#,5#c.00(-)c*('c*&'+#$'c$=%./),(/c&),/4c+#$c).3$c$5(c+$5#/,9&$)c&)$6c+(c 7&,06c+#$c3.,/c)+'&5+&'$c
c
#$c3.B('c)+'&5+&'.0c./6c$/50()&'$c$0$3$/+)c.'$c.00c%./$0,2$6c)1)+$3);c %'$@*.7',5.+$6c(**@),+$c #,)c.%%'(.5#c3,/,3,2$)c&/%'$6,5+.70$c),+$c0.7('c 5()+);c)%$$6)c5(/)+'&5+,(/;c./6cminimizes disturbancec+(c+#$c$=,)+,/4c ),+$c5(/+$=+c #$cminimal foundationc'$9&,'$3$/+)c.0)(cspeed construction;creduce labour costsc./6creduce site disturbancec
c
(c,/+$',('c$0$3$/+)c.'$c$))$/+,.0c+(c+#$c)+'&5+&'.0c,/+$4',+1c(*c+#$c7&,06,/4;c +#&)c+#$c,/+$',('c5./c7$c5(/)+'&5+$6c71cless skilledc0.7(&'$')c,/c.c*.)+$'c +,3$c*'.3$c
Disadvantages of structural steel framing c
#$'$c,)c.cdifficulty in transportingc./6cerectingc+#$c)+$$0c*'.3$c.)c,+c,)c %'$*.7',5.+$6c+(c7$c&)$6c.)c(/$c%,$5$c./6c.0)(c-$,4#)c.c0.'4$c.3(&/+c #,)c3.1c5.&)$cdelays ,*c5(/)+'&5+,(/c,)c+(c7$c5.'',$6c(&+c,/cruralc.'$.)c('c +$''.,/c
c c
c
c
10.5
Cantilever House
c
