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C ASAS MO MOD DERNA NAS S EN CA C ALI M O DE DEL LO S Y PAR PA RA DI DIG G MAS Arquitecto PEDRO GÓMEZ ARANG ARANGO. O. Arquitecto. PABLO BUITR BUITRAGO AGO GÓMEZ
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Universidad del Valle Programa Editorial
CASAS MODERNAS EN CALI, MODELOS Y PARADIGMAS Autores Arquitecto Pedro Gómez Arango Arquitecto Pablo Buitrago Gómez
ISBN: xxx xxx xxx xxx x
Primera edición Colaboradores
Proyecto desarrollado dentro de la Convocatoria Fotografía interna para proyectos de investigación y creación Jose Kattan artística y humanística 2007. Otto Moll (Archivo fotograco adquirido) Universidad del Valle. Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones Pablo Buitrago, Pedro Gómez, Francisco Ramírez Facultad de Artes Integradas. Escuela de Arquitectura Arquitectura Andrés Salcedo, Diego Ramírez Asesor temático: Estudiantes de Arquitectura Arquitecto Francisco Ramírez Potes Profesor Escuela de Arquitectura Universidad del Valle Diseño gráco D.V.. Pablo Jaramillo (imagen de portada y timeline) D.V Oscar J. Echeverry R. (diagramación) Cali, Colombia. X xx de 2011
C ASAS MO MODE DER RNA NAS S EN CA C ALI M O DE DEL LO S Y PAR PA RA DI DIG G MAS
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Contenido Primera parte INTRODUCCIÓN
El edicio como expresión de la Cultura El edicio como patrimonio reconocido do Referentes de estudio
PARADIGMA Y DISCIPLINA: LAS CASAS CA SAS CO MO INSTRUMENTO DE INTERPRETAC ACIÓN IÓN
LA CASA como tema arquitectónico en permanente transformación Determinante s esenciales de la Arquitectu ra: func ión, forma y entorno Investigaciones Investigacion es en todos los ámbitos de la Casa El Paradigma La casa como emblema del paradigma y como su antagonista El Lugar: Clave para las dicotomías al interior del Paradigma Paradigma Proyecto de las Case Study Houses como un referente especíco El ámbito doméstico: de modelos a referentes o la transformac ión del paradigma
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MODERNIDAD Y VANG UARDIA EN LA ARQUITECTURA DE CALI C ALI
43
10 11 14
La Idea de Modernidad en Cali Primer inujo de la Modernización en Cali: 1 Cali: 19910 - 1930 Segundo inujo de la Modernización en Cali: 1 Cali: 19933 – 1955
43 44 48
ARQUITECTURA MODERNA DOMÉSTICA EN CALI 17
17 18 29 30 31 32 33 36
Arqu it ec ec tu tur a M od od er er na na En En Co Col om omb ia :E l p ro roye ct ct o d eV iv ien da da LA VIVIENDA UNIFAMILIAR EN CALI: CA LI: EL PARADIG MA REINTERPRETADO Y LOC ALIZADO
1.1. Función y programa arquitectónico 1.2. Tecnología y tectónica en general 1.3. Cultura 1.4. Estética y Estilo TIMELINE ARQUITECTOS ARQUI TECTOS Y SUS OBRAS BIBLIOG RAFÍA G ENERAL DE REFERENC BIBLIOGRAFÍA NCIA IA Y OTR O TRAS FUENTES CREDITOS FOTOGRÁFIC FOTOGRÁFICOS OS AGRADECIMIENTOS
53
53
53
60 60 61 61 62 65 176 178 179
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Contenido Segunda parte
Listado de obras por Arquitecto
Casa Domí Domínguez nguez
Casa Carlos Sarmiento Lora
C a sa C ha ta in Yusti
Ca sa Luisita Eder de Me ji jia a
C a sa G uerrero
Casa Consulado Casa Leo Feldsberg de Estados Unidos
Ca sa Losada Losada
Casa Salcedo Cabal
Ca sa Lozano Lozano
Ca sa Castro Castro
Casa Ambrosina de Borrero
Casa Arboleda
Casa Cardenas
Ca sa Dorronsoro Dorronsoro
Ca sa Fernando Fernando Borrero
Casa Wiliam Mejia
Casa Restrepo
C asa Errazuris
Ca sa Guy Hayes Hayes
Casa Garcés Córdoba
C a sa J a ime Sa énz
Ca sa LuisFr Franc anc o
Ca sa Solanilla la
Casa lago Verde
Ca sa Posada Posada y Saa Saa
C a sa Herna ndo Dominguez
Casa Pacini
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Introducción
“Cuando la cultura no se extravía en lo pintoresco del folclor o se enreda en la mera anécdota de lo circunstancial sino que logra hacer contacto con lo más esencial de lo humano, entonces su expresión trasciende lo particular y alcanza la universalidad”. J.A.Gutiérrez. L.F.Mesa. Mesa. Cien años de Arquitectura en Colombia. XVII Bienal de Arquitectura en Colombia. pág. 19.
8
Ca sas Modernas Modernas en Ca li, Modelos y paradigmas
La consolidación de un pensamiento arquitectónico lúcido, con exploraciones tectónicas y formales y sus consecuentes alternativas espaciales, que proponga posibles ejes de desarrollo dentro de una interpretación autónoma; se puede lograr en la medida en que profundicemos en los antecedentes de nuestra Cultura a través de los ejemplos ilustrativos de la Arquitectura precedente. Sin embargo aspectos asociados a la dimensión estética, el arte y sus diversas expresiones difícilmente pasan de ser datos anecdóticos dentro de un marco histórico general o a estar aislados en un ejercicio historiográco1 a pesar de que estos suelen ser evidencias de la consolidación cultural de una comunidad. De tal manera que la revisión y organización histórica ejemplos de arquitectura se convierte en mucho más que una simple recopilación informativa y anecdótica, puesto que además de aumentar la información en temas y lugares en los cuales la bibliografía existente aún no ha cubierto con suciencia; el propósito es hacer evidente la calidad de la arquitectura residencial moderna de Cali en el marco de una tendencia dominante como la Arquitectura Moderna, identicando ese contexto de desarrollo, las inuencias y referencias más especícas y su persistencia en el tiempo; con lo cual podríamos determinar las formas de interpretación de los paradigmas internacionales y por ende la construcción de autodeterminaciones.2 Esta es la base de la construcción de una cultura arquitectónica propia, a partir del reconocimiento y puesta en cuestión de esos precedentes formales, buscando desde los parámetros espaciales, estéticos, tecnológicos y funcionales de un movimiento internacional como la Arquitectura Moderna, Moderna, los posibles ejes de desarrollo y los inujos de las tradiciones locales.
1- La Arquitecta y teórica Marina Waisman (Argentina 1945 – 2000) afirmaba en su libro El Interior de la His toria (Editorial Escala, Bogotá, 1990) que “Los problemas históricos son aquellos que atañen a la existencia misma del hecho histórico –su veracidad o verosimili tud, su datación o, en el caso de obras arquitectónicas arquitectónicas o artísticas, su autor, su comitente, las circunstancias de su producción, etc. – Problemas historiográficos, en cambio, son los que atañen a la interpretación o caracterización del hecho histórico – su inclusión en una determinada unidad histórica, su relación causal con otros hechos o circunstancias…” Pág. 14. 2- La Crítica – asociada a la Historia y a la Arquitectura - entendida como identificación y puesta en cuestión de las nociones disciplinares, es una dimensión del trabajo historiográfico para comprender contextos, determinantes, procesos, hechos y fenómenos, contribuyendo a la valoración del entorno construido como patrimonio. Un trabajo historiográfico enfocado así explora los procesos de las comunidades en cuanto a sus condiciones socio culturales, dando valor a los eventos en el marco de una tendencia o de un paradigma
Ca sas Modernas en Ca li li,, Mod elos y paradigmas
9
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Será necesario explorar posteriormente algún tipo de continuidad o inuencia en la arquitectura a partir de los postulados espaciales, formales formales y compositivos que plantearon de manera casi unicada los arquitectos en la mitad del siglo XX en Cali; pero por pura observación básica tememos que no se incorporó en las siguientes generaciones lo decantado y desarrollado durante esa época y quizás en razón a eso, la arquitectura de las últimas tres décadas ha carecido de la consistencia que en esta recopilación se puede evidenciar evidenciar.. Es lamentable que la historiografía y la crítica nacional y local hayan obviado en extremo la reexión y estudio de esta arquitectura “caleña”, aun considerando que la calidad de los edicios y la trascendencia de sus arquitectos son elementos sucientes para su estudio en un contexto más amplio. Sin embargo, invocando invocando el epígrafe, nos han sorprendido las obras recopiladas porque son evidencia de una actitud individual que fácilmente podría calicarse en colectivo para el estudio historiográco,por su lucidez para comprender un movimiento arquitectónico dominante e ineludible y convertirlo en una expresión para el contexto cultural y geográco que “no se extravía en lo pintoresco del folclor o se enreda en la mera anécdota de lo circunstancial…” y que proponemos como material de análisis compartativo
con sus arquitecturas contemporáneas en el resto del país. Estudiar la Arquitectura Moderna en Cali no solo aportará en la construcción de una historiografía de la arquitectura colombiana, llenando vacíos identicados en la bibliografía existente y por tanto contribuyendo a la ampliación de la frontera del conocimiento en los campos de la Teoría, la Historia y la Crítica de Arquitectura, sino también nos permitirá comunicar de manera más ilustrativa el valor de esta arquitectura para que la comunidad la identique y la aprecie como parte de su entorno. El edicio como expresión de la Cultura Una de las intenciones de este trabajo es dar a conocer más allá del ámbito propiamente disciplinar un patrimonio tangible y pertinente por su valor cultural porque consideramos la Arquitectura como un soporte de la Cultura, y a su vez es su esencia tangible, su patrimonio: “En el interior del sistema cultural urbano la arquitectura tiene una gura, como disciplina, 3- ARGAN, Giulio Carlo. Arquitectura y cultura (1980). Del libro Historia del Arte como Historia de la Ciudad. Editorial Laia, Barcelona. 1984.
10
compleja y no muy diferente de aquella de la lengua; es una disciplina autónoma pero al mismo tiempo, constitutiva y expresiva de todo el sistema..” .
Ca sas Modernas Modernas en Ca li, Modelos y paradigmas
Con esa intensión, la reexión tiene dos objetivos: por por un lado ampliar la cultura de apreciación del patrimonio arquitectónico para las personas que no logran percibir su valor por estar ajenos a los parámetros que usa la propia disciplina para reconocerlos; en tal sentido gran parte del trabajo es descriptivo e ilustrativo y por ello aparecen permanentemente referencias a obras arquitectónicas paradigmáticas sucientemente analizadas en textos disciplinares. Por otro lado, en el marco de la reexión de esta investigación denominada Casa Moderna en Cali: Modelos y Paradigmas, es inevitable profundizar en reexiones especícas con una actitud crítica y lenguaje más especializado que pueden alejarse de ese primer propósito. Estudiar la arquitectura desarrollada en un momento y lugar para reconocer su capacidad de síntesis en relación con los preceptos ambientales, estéticos, tecnológicos tecnológicos y arquitectónicos que pueden inferirse del estudio, nos permitirá comprender mejor su valor de uso como respuesta a necesidades esenciales de cobijo e intimidad y su valor patrimonial como testimonio cultural y estético. Esto determina la importancia de la calidad en la Arquitectura para consolidar un entorno construido, su posibilidad para hacerlo reconocible y apropiable; por lo tanto, siempre que haya una idónea respuesta de la Arquitectura a determinadas condiciones culturales y del entorno ella será un soporte tangible y simbólico de una cultura y la garantía de un mejor entorno habitable. El edicio como patrimonio reconocido El Patrimonio Cultural se gesta en todas las épocas pero la Sociedad ha priorizado la conservación de inmuebles de épocas antiguas, bajo la premisa que entre más antiguo es más importante; con lo cual, las expresiones culturales de décadas recientes no son apreciadas como testimonios sino como temas “viejos” y en proceso de obsolescencia; situación muy evidente con la arquitectura de las últimas cuatro décadas; aunque hay afortunadas excepciones como la declaratoria patrimonial a nueve obras del recientemente fallecido arquitecto Rogelio Salmona. En Cali, la destrucción, deformación o simple abandono de muchos ejemplos valiosos de la Arquitectura Moderna durante los últimos años ha sido lamentable, con casos dramáticos en la imagen de ciudad como la transformación comercial del Barrio Granada, en el cual se repite la historia de muchos sitios en diversas ciudades: ponerse “a la moda”, invertir, transformar lo viejo, “hacer algo bonito”, son las armaciones Ca sas Modernas en Ca li li,, Mod elos y paradigmas
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Foto 1 Casa Hernando Dominguez 1956 por Lago y Saenz Foto digitalizada archivo Arq. Francisco Ramírez
Foto 2 Casa Byron Muñoz 1947 por Heladio Muñoz, foto digitalizada archivo Arq. Francisco Francisco Ramírez
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para modicar condiciones cualitativas fundamentales como: la unidad de un conjunto barrial, la densidad habitacional, las dinámicas urbanas con ciertas intensidades en sus usos y espacios de soporte, las condiciones microambientales, sociales, ecológicas, entre otros. Han sido demolidas para ser sustituidas por nuevos edicios, obras tan destacadas como la casa Domínguez (Foto 1, página 69), de de Lago y Sáenz la casa Bryon Muñoz (Foto 2) de Heladio Muñoz, la casa Arboledas (página 135) de Recasenz y Vengoechea o incluso la casa de Luisita Eder de Mejía (página 127) de la rma Borrero, Zamorano y Giovanelli que que fue demolida para quedar en su lugar un parqueadero; y la casa Dorronsoro, (página 91) de esta misma rma fue demolida y ahora nadie recuerda el sitio donde se encontraba. Por otro lado han sido frecuentes las alteraciones que deforman radicalmente los diseños originales de casas como la casa Cárdenas (página 87), también de esta rma, en el Barrio San Vicente o la casa propia (Foto 3) del Arquitecto Jaime Errázuriz (página 155) en el Barrio El Refugio, al sur de Cali; o han sido abandonadas como la casa Franco (Foto 4) (página 111) de Lago y Sáenz a pocas cuadras de la anterior; no obstante haber sido publicadas en revistas nacionales o internacionales e incluidas en exposiciones y libros sobre arquitectura moderna en Colombia. Ese desdén con que se mira la arquitectura reciente, que como decíamos se identican como edicios viejos seguramente porque las generaciones mayores vivieron en torno a estos edicios y tienen una valoración basada en vínculo afectivo básico; es una amenaza permanente para la memoria urbana. En Manizales, por ejemplo,se demolió hace pocos años, mediante una espectacular implosión, el edicio de la Alcaldía, un edicio típicamente moderno, angosto y alargado, en cinco pisos, con columnas redondas a la vista, ventanales corridos y emplazado en el centro de una gran zona verde; hubo gran júbilo en la ciudad cuando fue demolido ese “feo” edicio. Igual desdén se produjo en Armenia en la misma época, año 2000, al demoler el edicio de la Alcaldía, con características muy similares, argumentando que había sufrido “serios” daños por el sismo de 1999. Es claro que esta arquitectura poco a poco poco ha cedido el paso al inujo avasallador de construcciones más comerciales y rentables de dudoso valor arquitectónico y seguramente sin capacidad para trascender en la historia de la ciudad como íconos arquitectónicos. La incipiente motivación por la defensa del patrimonio moderno es aún una reacción tímida frente al deterioro del entorno urbano, dada la
Ca sas Modernas Modernas en Ca li, Modelos y paradigmas
magnitud de la destrucción de sectores de excelente calidad ambiental, arquitectónica y urbanística; y por lo tanto es ineludible el trabajo de inventariar para reconocer los valores intrínsecos de nuestras a rquitecturas modernas. En los últimos años se ha avanzado en la valoración del patrimonio arquitectónico moderno tanto en el mundo como en Colombia. A nivel internacional la labor de las distintas liales del DocoMoMo4 ha permitido do identicar, valorar y defender edicios signicativos de la Arquitectura Moderna en varios países y hoy no es extraño encontrar en diversos lugares del planeta, acciones efectivas y recuperación de edicaciones modernas. También Tamb ién en Colombia algunos pocos edicios, hechos dentro de los cánones de la Arquitectura Moderna, son ahora patrimonio o por lo menos son valorados como edicios de interés patrimonial o bienes culturales, como el edicio Nacional de Gobierno de Barranquilla (1946 – 1952) del arquitecto Leopoldo Rother, o el Hospital San Carlos (1940 – 1948) en Bogotá de Cuéllar Serrano Gómez. En Cali podríamos citar, el Edicio del CAM (1967-1968) de la rma Esguerra, Saénz, Urdaneta y Samper desarrollado por concurso, varios de los edicios diseñados y construidos por la rma Borrero, Zamorano y Giovanelli, entre los que podemos mencionar el Edicio Aristi (1955), el Banco Industrial Colombiano (1958), las Residencias Aristi (1953 – 1955), el Edicio Belmonte (1957); tambien el Edicio López (1956 – 1957) de ZOT (Zornosa, Obyrne, Tascón) o el edicio de laboratorios Squibb (1952) en el norte de la ciudad de los Arquitectos Arango y Murtra. El I nventario del Patrimonio Urbano – Arquitectónico Monumental Moderno Moderno de Cali (BERNAL, (BERNAL, Carlos y otros, 2004) identicó 40 proyectos de carácter monumental en la ciudad y el Plan Especial de Protección del Patrimonio Inmueble (CITCE, Universidad Universidad del Valle, 2003) amplio un poco más la selección, llegando a un poco más de 50. En este contexto, la investigación sobre las Casas Modernas en Cali , pretende evidenciar una arquitectura de alta calidad estética, ambiental y funcional que ha sido subvalorada aún cuando es representativa de una época y una tendencia. Uno de los objetivos de este trabajo, es crear conciencia sobre sus condiciones y aportes en el desarrollo histórico arquitectónico de la ciudad. Proyectos de arquitectos como Heladio Muñoz, Jaime Errázuriz (Chile) y las rmas Borrero, Zamorano Zamorano y Giovanelli, y Lago y Sáenz, entre otros, son elocuentes ejemplos que bien vale la pena destacar.
Foto 3 Casa del Arquitecto 1960 por Jaime Errazuris, foto archivo Otto Moll
Foto 4 Casa Franco 1956 por Lago y Saenz, foto digitalizada
4- Grupo de investigación con módulos en muchos paises para la Documentación y Conservación de obras arquitectónicas y Urbanísticas del Movimiento Moderno.
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Referentes de estudio En años recientes se ha incrementado lentamente el volumen de producción crítico-histórica crítico-histórica sobre las arquitecturas modernas colombianas. A los muy importantes trabajos de Silvia Arango Historia de la Arquitectura en Colombia (Centro Editorial Universidad Nacional de Colombia. 1989) y Carlos Niño Arquitectura y Estado (Centro Editorial Universidad Nacional de Colombia. 1991), el cual estudia el proceso de modernización del Estado colombiano a partir de la arquitectura moderna impulsada por el Ministerio de Obras Públicas y el trabajo dirigido por el CEAM Estado, ciudad y vivienda : urbanismo y arquitectura de la vivienda estatal en Colombia 1918-1990 (Inurbe, 1996), se han sumado publicaciones como la de Eduardo Samper y Jorge Ramírez: Arquitectura Moderna Moderna en ColombiaDécada de Oro que aunque centrada en la productiva década de los 1950,
permite comprender los orígenes y desarrollos de las arquitecturas modernas colombianas en sus antecedentes y posteriores desarrollos, así como sus evidentes diferencias regionales. A estos trabajos hay que sumar las tesis de las Maestrías de Teoría e Historia de la Universidad Nacional y de restauración de Monumentos Monumentos arquitectónicos de la Universidad Javeriana, que han hecho aportes valorativos sobre las arquitecturas modernas colombianas, entre los que se puede citar la de Rafael Vega y Jorge Alberto Mejía sobre la obra de Enrique Triana, la de Ana Patricia Montoya sobre el Centro Urbano Antonio Nariño de Bogotá y el trabajo de Camilo Mendoza Valverde Valverde “La pérdida de la tradición moderna en la arquitectura de Bogotá”; todos buscando confrontar lo valorado con lo conservado, avanzando avanzando hacia los problemas de destrucción o deformación del patrimonio construido. También Tam bién están los trabajos creados para un público más amplio, con importantes valoraciones de la arquitectura moderna como Casa moderna: medio siglo de arquitectura doméstica Colombiana (1996, Villegas Editores) de Alberto Saldarriaga o exposiciones como La Casa en la Arquitectura Moderna Colombiana Bogota-Cali-Medellín (Cámara de Comercio de Cali-Museo de Arte Moderno de Bogotá), La arquitectura de Lago y Sáenz (Museo de arte Moderno La Tertulia, Tertulia, Museo de Arte Moderno Bogotá) que aproximan a la comunidad en general a temas como los arquitectónicos que no suelen ser frecuentes.
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Ca sas Modernas Modernas en Ca li, Modelos y paradigmas
En el caso de la arquitectura en Cali se deben citar los trabajos de investigación del arquitecto y profesor Francisco Ramírez Potes como “Identidad y Adecuación en la Arquitectura Profesional- 4 casos en el SurSantander-Colcultura, ultura, 1996), OccidenteColombiano” (Beca Francisco de Paula Santander-Colc “Arquitectura Profesional Profesional en el área de Inuencia de Cali” (Departamento de Planicación-Universidad Planicación-Univ ersidad del Valle) y “Arquitectura “Arquitecturass Neo-coloniales en Cali” (Colciencias-Univalle, (Colciencias-U nivalle, 1999); y el libro del Arquitecto Rodrigo Tascón La Arquitectura Moderna en Cali – la obra de Borrero, Zamorano y Giovannelli. También Tam bién está la tesis de la Arquitecta Lucy Marcela Sandoval sobre La Casa Universidad en la Arquitectura Moderna de Cali (Maestría en Restauración, Universidad
Javeriana) y Jorge Alberto Mejía sobre sobre el Edicio López López (Maestría enTeoría e Historia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia). En el pregrado de Arquitectura de la Universidad de San Buenaventura de Cali se han realizado distintos trabajos de grado sobre arquitectos como Alfonso Caicedo Herrera, Francisco Zornoza, las rmas Borrero Zamorano y Giovannelli y Lago y Sáenz, junto a estudios sobre las casas modernas, que si bien no adelantan nuevos juicios críticos, son importantes trabajos de identicación de obras, que permiten ampliar el catalogo de referencias. A su vez, la Escuela de Arquitectura de la Universidad del Valle, e, en varios cursos sobre Arquitectura en Cali, Patrimonio e incluso en cursos de Geometría Descriptiva han realizado investigaciones, recopilaciones y levantamientos de casas de la época. Desde el 2005 el arquitecto Pedro Gómez ha estado revisando el archivo de la ocina de la rma Lago y Sáenz, identicando material existente de planos y fotografías de viviendas realizadas y diseñadas por la rma. Igualmente se han conseguido copias de las publicaciones de estas obras, en particular las de las décadas de los 1950s y 60s; haciendo visitas a algunas de estas casas para evaluar su estado de conservación e identicar el tipo de alteraciones a las mismas. Tam También bién hemos revisado el archivo de Borrero, Zamorano y Giovannelli que reposa en las ocinas de la SCA-Valle del Cauca. Como algo realmente estratégico se ha hecho una primera indagación sobre el material fotográco del archivo Otto Moll que fuera legado al también fotógrafo Pedro Rey y actualmente es propiedad del Banco de la República, el cual se convierte en una valiosa fuente de información pues no sólo fue el fotógrafo de la mayoría de las construcciones importantes de la ciudad y la región, sino que también fotograó planos y registró autores, propietarios y fechas. Se han revisado igualmente diversas colecciones de periódicos y revistas que reposan en la Biblioteca General de la Universidad del Valle, Centro de Documentación del Banco de la República, Biblioteca del Centenario y Biblioteca Departamental. Ca sas Modernas en Ca li li,, Mod elos y paradigmas
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PARADIGMA PARADIG MA Y DISC IPLINA: LAS CASAS CASAS COMO CO MO INSTRUMENTO DE INTERPRETAC IÓ IÓN N LA CASA como tema arquitectónico en permanente transformación La casa, identicada aquí con viviendas de gran área o “de encargo”, ha sido un tema decisivo para los cambios de rumbo en los modos de conceptualizar la Arquitectura Arquitectura a lo largo de la Historia, puesto que los más esenciales aspectos de bienestar del hombre son inherentes a ella: el cobijo, la intimidad, los vínculos, los valores; como también los temas propios de la epistemología de la disciplina: el estilo, los conceptos conceptos sobre espacio, forma y función, escala, tecnología, estrategias proyectuales, entre otros. La casa se presenta simultáneamente como unidad básica y complejo universo de habitar, relativizando el tamaño de la edicación pues abarca desde un refugio hasta los más insignes palacios. Concurren Concurren también en el tema de la casa, las relaciones entre público y privado o entre colectivo e individual o entre social y privado; y se reiteran los imaginarios sobre la familia y el individuo y reproducen nuevas formas a partir de la memoria como lo hace Rogelio Salmona recordando su casa: “Mi primera imagen es un jardín. El jardín de la quinta que iba de la avenida del Mariscal Sucre a la Avenida Caracas. Yo pasaba mucho tiempo en el jardín. Salía del zaguán y entraba directa mente en él. De ahí, posiblemente , viene la necesidad que tengo de hacer patios seguidos, en batería. Pienso en eso ahora. Recuerdo un jardín con caléndulas: la idea de la casa como un espacio abierto”
Dibujo de la casa de Gonzalo Alarcón Archivo de Otto Moll
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Ca sas Modernas Modernas en Ca li, Modelos y paradigmas
Esto evidencia que en la casa se concretan de manera dialéctica las formas de vida con las formas espaciales; en ella se han abordado variadas reexiones entre lo esencial del ser y su idea de sociedad y también ha dado lugar para plantear hipótesis y problemas sobre la Estética y sobre la Técnica; ha proporcionado discusiones innumerables para la Teoría y la Crítica a partir de las exploraciones proyectuales y resultados de ocio. Los estilos se han puesto en cuestión en la arquitectura de la casa y los Maniestos de las Vanguardias se han vuelto casas a partir de las opciones de hacerla un objeto que surge de los preceptos artísticos, o de las especulaciones teóricas o de las soluciones tecnológicas. Es decir, ha sido el ámbito a través del cual la Arquitectura se ha movido logrando sincretismos desde las reexiones socioculturales sobre los modos de habitar hasta las maneras de pensar de sus creadores. Ca sas Modernas en Ca li li,, Mod elos y paradigmas
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Determinantes esenciales de la Arquitectura:
función, forma y entorno
Foto 5 La Villa Capra – la Rotonda- (1570)
5- Asumimos en este punto Época Moderna como la transformación cultural propiciada desde el Renacimien to. Posteriormente nos referiremos a Moderno con dos connotaciones más: el concepto de transformación hacia un apartente “modo actual” y la definición de Arquitectura Moderna en el siglo XX.
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A través de la casa como tema arquitectónico se hacen evidentes las determinantes cruciales de la disciplina puesto que su diseño exige sintetizar las expectativas sociales y culturales con las necesidades básicas y modos de habitar. Esta condición dialéctica entre la postura creativa del arquitecto y las solicitudes del cliente como condición para concebir la casa ha dado como resultado los más sosticados ejemplos paradigmáticos de la historia de la arquitectura. Como actitud estética asociada a las corrientes culturales, la casa ha evidenciado los más radicales procesos de transformación del pensamiento; especialmente en el siglo XX a partir de la preocupación por “ser modernos” se generaron tendencias críticas que intentaron la actitud de rechazar el pasado inmediato incorporando la novedad como valor per se. Esto conmina a los habitantes a modicar sus costumbres costumbres en sus espacios privados en consonancia con los desarrollos técnicos y los numerosos inventos surgidos desde el siglo XIX para transformar la cotidianidad. De los múltiples temas disciplinares que se pueden explorar a través del tiempo en el concepto de casa, el más recurrente en la época Moderna5 es el de Función asociado al modo de ocupación y uso determinado de los espacios de la casa y con este el Volumen; con los cuales la capacidad creativa y compositiva del arquitecto se convierte en la base de un modo de diseñar que integra los componentes básicos de un espacio de habitar dando como resultados apariencias muy diversas a través de las épocas. Andrea Palladio, el gran arquitecto, técnico técnico y teórico del Manierismo post Renacimiento, autor de los “Cuatro Libros de la Arquitectura” (1570), un compendio con consideraciones sobre la forma correcta de hacer arquitectura a partir del Estilo Clásico, planteó sus principales ideas sobre la disciplina con sus casas unifamiliares. La Villa Capra – la Rotonda- (1570) (Foto 5), un palacete ubicado en la zona provincial de Venecia, Venecia, en el cual combinó con cierta libertad muchos elementos arquitectónicos y espaciales de la Arquitectura Clásica retomados por el Renacimiento; incorpora incorpora como reexión proyectual la valoración del entorno donde se emplaza la casa y una idea ordenada y explícita de función; dos dos aspectos que comenzaron a cambiar el rumbo de la Arquitectura desde entonces. Mediante su contundencia volumétrica, la rigurosa doble simetría, expresada en los
Ca sas Modernas Modernas en Ca li, Modelos y paradigmas
pórticos corintios de los cuatro lados de la casa, su concepto espacial hacia el centro y a partir de ello las valoraciones desde la colina donde se ubica la casa, del entorno y el paisaje; con lo cual se logra una de las obras residenciales más importantes de la época moderna e ícono para la disciplina. Tress siglos después, en 1859, en plena expansión de la cultura socio Tre económica liberal de la Revolución Industrial,en el país que la impulsó desde el siglo anterior: Inglaterra; el arquitecto y diseñador, además de escritor y político William Morris diseñó con Philip Webb Webb su propia casa, denominada justamente Red House (Foto 6), construida en una localidad cerca de Kent; justamente como maniesto para protestar por la creciente cultura del Desarrollo . Es, por sus postulados y conceptualizaciones el origen de la idea de casa moderna, aún con con su apariencia romántica romántica e inuencia verná cula. De manera explícita en sus intenciones busca recuperar los valores locales, el trabajo artesanal, las costumbres, instalándose en una postura crítica tanto frente al establecimiento academicista y ecléctico de inuencia del Beaux Arts, como ante el inujo alienante de la industrialización. Como en el caso de Palladio, aunque por supuesto en otras condiciones, las preocupaciones por las necesidades de los usuarios, la conciencia más marcada por su localización y emplazamiento, el rigor en los procesos constructivos y una espacialidad libremente concebida para responder a aspectos funcionales, plantean los nuevos parámetros de la arquitectura doméstica. Morris confronta el establecimiento inglés durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX y se van consolidando las diversas actitudes críticas en todas las expresiones de la cultura en lo que históricamente se identica dentro de las Vanguardias. En medio del desarrollo de estas vanguardias artísticas en Europa, se depuraron ideas contundentes que década tras década hasta entrar al siglo XX se convirtieron en hechos concretos cargados de crítica y creatividad en todos los campos del arte, logrando profundos cambios en los sistemas de pensamiento. En todas la capitales europeas, músicos, pintores, escultores, escultores, poetas y arquitectos, en una relación completamente “natural” y consecuente, desarrollaron desde sus disciplinas las creaciones que representaban esa actitud crítica frente al establecimiento y que a su vez era el fundamento del nuevo pensamiento Moderno. Este proceso, iniciado por Morris, se extendió en el tiempo en el Reino Unido con arquitectos muy determinantes como Charles F.A. Voysey (1857 – 1941) quien, adoptando las nuevas condiciones socio-económicas del diseño industrial comenzó trabajando en creaciones decorativas para
Foto 6 Red house (1859)
Ca sas Modernas en Ca li li,, Mod elos y paradigmas
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Foto 7 Casa Hill (1902)
convertirse en un arquitecto muy riguroso en materia de casas suburbanas dentro del estilo vanguardista Art Nouveau; sucedido por M.H. Baillie Scott (1865 – 1945) y por Sir Edwin Lutyens (1869 – 1944) considerado el arquitecto más importante de ese país. En torno a ellos descolla la obra de Charles Rennie Mackintosh (1868 – 1928) en Escocia, quien introduce introduce un radical modo creativo que hace mucho más intensa la integración de todas las artes y expresiones del momento. Sus casas hacen evidente la profunda preocupación por el paisaje circundante, expresada mediante respuestas formales y volumétricas que parecen desarticular el volumen compacto casi intacto en la arquitectura residencial hasta entonces. Ya no es la simetría el valor compositivo, es a través de la descomposición del volumen que se intenta generar una imbricación entre casa y entorno de un modo completamente diferente al descrito del arquitecto Palladio. Intenta Mackintosh explícitamente nuevos ámbitos que complejicen la espacialidad de la casa, se conguran espacios de transición como patios anteriores, terrazas y jardines que comienzan a dar valor arquitectónico al espacio abierto. Su casa Hill (1902) (1902) (Foto 7) no solo plantea una descomposición volumétrica explícita como parte de la concepción espacial sino que además en el esquema de composición de fachadas no es posible determinar un principio claro, pues las ventanas ahora se organizan con criterios de respuesta funcional. Es el interior el que comienza a ser preponderante y no es ya la fachada un maquillaje estilístico, actitud que tanto odiaron estos arquitectos vanguardistas europeos. europeos. Esta estrategia es fundamental para explorar una transformación en el concepto de espacio contenido, de intimidad y de relación entre la casa y su entorno; es la búsqueda de una relación intensa de la casa con el paisaje sin perder la dimensión de
En Estados Unidos, apenas comenzando el siglo XX, Frank Lloyd Wright (1867 – 1959) desarrolla, en su primera etapa de producción prolíca, las casas de la Pradera – Prairie Style House- en los suburbios de Chicago, con un célebre ejemplo en la Casa Robie (1906 - 1910) (Foto 8), cuyo planteamiento general apunta a temas muy concretos en lo disciplinar: un trabajo compositivo y espacial alternativo para su época que parte de la descomposición del tradicional volumen compacto, mediante una estrategia concéntrica escalonada y proyectada hacia todos lados con alargados planos horizontales, a partir de un gran prisma pétreo que se eleva en el centro de la construcción. Los volúmenes que de allí se proyectan en todas direcciones generan terrazas, jardines semicongurados, espacios espacios en diversas alturas para dar al conjunto una escala bastante acertada al uso doméstico, apareciendo a su vez una franja concéntrica de terrazas intercaladas con jardines que dicultan descubrir los límites de la vivienda: el perímetro ya no es un muro. Por otro lado el gran rigor constructivo demostrado siempre por el arquitecto y su trabajo bastante creativo en el diseño interior y de muebles complementa una obra integral que tiene además de este otro ícono de la arquitectura residencial y de la tendencia orgánica en la arquitectura moderna en la Casa de la Cascada (1935 – 1939. Pensilvania, EUA), EUA), obra bastante publicada, comentada y estudiada. En Viena el Arquitecto Arquitecto Adolf Loos (1870 – 1933), quien en una postura permanentemente crítica y radical y con fuertes antipatías con otros ilustres arquitectos de la ciudad como Hoffman, declara la impertinencia de la ornamentación en la Arquitectura, aludiendo a la retrógrada – en su criterio – arquitectura neoclásica y manierista que ahoga su ciudad de costumbres “victorianas”. “victorianas”. A través de sus crónicas sobre la vida social y las costumbres, recopiladas bajo el título de “Escritos” criticó la sociedad,
Foto 9 Casa Moler (1927 - 1928)
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Loos desarrolla en sus proyectos de vivienda su concepción arquitectónica basada en la coordinación espacial volumétrica denominada Raumplan 7 , que consiste en darle a cada espacio las condiciones tridimensionales que le corresponden, tanto a nivel funcional como de calidad ambiental y por su puesto espacial: un cuarto de servicio es un espacio pequeño, bajo y poco iluminado, un salón es un espacio amplio, alto y muy iluminado; la superposición de todos los espacios caracterizados físicamente así construyen construyen una imagen volumétrica volumétrica de la casa. Es difícil encontrar ejemplos históricos en donde sea tan determinante la concepción de la arquitectura desde el interior volumétrico pero esto aún es una estrategia genérica, aplicable a todas las obras, luego aparecen otra serie de estrategias que determinan el universo de lo íntimo en la vivienda para Loos. La alteridad como valor estratégico en sus obras complejiza la concepción desde el Raumplan: exteriores austeros, austeros, rigurosos en lo esencial y sin decoración e interiores cuidadosamente elaborados espacialmente y determinados con diferencias dimensionales, espaciales, funcionales y de acabados; además de un cuidadoso manejo de las cualidades sensoriales: las ventanas son entradas de luz para los espacios, el color acentúa la calidad espacial, las texturas de los materiales dan carácter a cada sitio, los muebles empotrados hacen de los rincones espacios para la memoria; así las casas son completamente modernas y cuidadosamente personales. Loos deende un modo de ver el mundo en sus textos, especialmente en el famoso escrito Ornamento y Delito (1910) donde arma: “Como el ornamento ya no pertenece a nuestra civilización desde el punto de vista orgánico, tampoco es ya expresión de ella. El ornamento que se crea en el presente ya no tiene ninguna relación con nosotros ni con nada humano; es
genuina: la villa Moller (1927 (1927 – 1928) en Viena. El enunciado de Le Corbusier de la casa como una máquina para habitar, concebido para diseñar casas económicas y muy funcionales, funcionales, se convierte en el espíritu de esta obra a partir de entender la armación, no como como una idea mecánica análoga a lo más admirado por el propio Le Corbusier, el automóvil, tampoco a una postura formal; sino a comprender, aplicando aplicando sí una analogía a la máquina, que todo debería funcionar coordinadamente al interior de una casa, desde su distribución de espacios que albergan las actividades cotidianas vistas como procesos muy claros, que podían ser relacionados ecientemente para lograr un alto grado de confort; hasta la concepción estructural estructural y de materialidad de la obra misma. Por esta razón están enunciados los cinco puntos de la Arquitectura de Le Corbusier que son su intención de convertir esta reexión Tecnocrática Tecnocrática en un lenguaje arquitectónico contundente: el edicio levantado sobre pilotes para liberar mayor cantidad de espacio sobre el suelo que pueda convertirse en áreas colectivas, los ventanales continuos, la fachada como una envolvente separada de la estructura, una planta libre para distribuirla ecientemente pero a criterio individual y una cubierta “útil” como jardín y zona lúdica. También en 1929 es construida en Brno (antigua Checoeslovaquia) la casa Tugendhat (Foto 12) diseñada por el arquitecto Mies van der Rohe (Alemania, 1886, Estados Unidos, 1967), declarada Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la Unesco. Por otro camino de estudio de los modos modos de habitar y de la funcionalidad, en esta casa se diluyen las divisiones funcionales explícitas en las zonas sociales; sin embargo la contundencia del concepto de distribución funcional por áreas, que ya Mies había estudiado en sus rascacielos utópicos; genera una estructura de casa en la cual el piso
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Foto 13 Casa Farnsworth (1951)
fundamentada en su experiencia de concebir y dirigir el proyecto de la Siedlung de Weissenhoff en Alemania; en donde se exploraron diversos modos de habitar por parte de los más vanguardistas arquitectos de la época, invitados tados por él mismo; pero además un año antes de esa armación estaba terminada la villa Saboya y en su relación profesional con Le Corbusier,, seguramente ya estaba enterado de esa obra y de sus radicales Corbusier propuestas para el concepto de vivienda moderna. Su armación evidentemente tenía la intención de abandonar la idea tradicionalista y romántica de la casa que solo resguarda íntimamente a quien la habita y esconde todos sus recuerdos, como ya mostraba en la mencionada Casa Tugendhat, Tugendhat, ubicada en la zona suburbana de Brno. Este camino exploratorio de Mies van der Rohe lleva a la Casa Farnsworth (1951) (Foto 13), en Estados Unidos, en donde sus ideas de habitar son casi metafísicas pues nadie –ochocentista y tradicionalista- parece poder habitar una casa que disuelve su contorno, que se devora el paisaje circundante, que lo subyuga al elevarse del suelo 8; y para casi todos los que la reconocen como un ícono de la arquitectura resulta imposible pensarla permanentemente habitada para dejar en ella huellas y contingencias propias del habitar. Los conceptos fundamentales han sido transgredidos y con ellos las expectativas dominantes de la tradición: los muros se vuelven invisibles, los espacios funcionales se diluyen con la sobreabundancia de luz y las transparencias, la uidez cambia de sentido con el objeto opaco en el corazón de la casa, que a su vez deja de ser romántico para volverse un corazón puramente pragmático; la intimidad desaparece aunque aumenta la vitalidad en la interacción con el entorno, en las plataformas que proyectan el interior y lo diluyen o que nos llevan al interior de manera
fundada por la costumbre (...). Huellas que él mismo ha impreso en cojines y en sillones, las de sus parientes en las fotografías, las las de sus bienes en fundas y estuches, huellas todas que parecen dejar a veces los cuartos tan superpoblados
propia casa como un columbario” 9. Y culmina advirtiendo aquello que es la propia Farnsworth “…con el acero y el vidrio los nuevos arquitectos han logrado crear espacios en los que no resulta fácil dejar una huella”. Una idea cabalmente desarrollada por Mies van der Rohe, porque su casa muestra un claro propósito de no propiciarle comodidad y hábitat sino al “nuevo” hombre del mundo industrializado para evadir al tradicionalista melancólico – la señora Farnsworth aparentemente10 –. Mies van der Rohe no duda en ningún momento al pensar que la casa es el sustrato esencial para comprender los nuevos enfoques de la cultura pues recuerda: “En el campo de la arquitectura, el desarrollo de la tecnología proporcionaba nuevos materiales y métodos de trabajo más prácticos, que a menudo se encontraban en clara oposición a nuestra interpretación
de la arquitectura. A pesar de ello, creía en la posibilidad de desarrollar una arquitectura con estos nuevos medios. Sentía que tenía que ser posible armonizar las fuerzas antiguas de nuestra civilización con las nuevas. Cada una de mis obras era una demostración de esta reexión y un paso más en el proceso de mi propia búsqueda de claridad. Estaba cada vez más convencido que estos avances cientícos y tecnológicos eran los requisitos para una arquitectura de nuestro tiempo. Este convencimiento nunca lo he perdido. En la actualidad, igual que hace ya mucho tiempo, creo que la arquitectura poco, o nada, tiene que ver con la invención de formas interesantes, ni con preferencias personales” 11.
El antecedente estudiado por Mies van der Rohe, quien se convirtió en modelo para muchos profesionales que avanzaron a través de él en las reexiones desde la visión técnica de la Arquitecutra: Richard Buckminster
Foto 14 Dimaxion House (1945)
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la Casa Tugendhat, Tugendhat, que a su vez pasa a ser un modelo dominante en lo que serían ideas sobre el habitar expresadas en casas diseñadas en las siguientes décadas: Glass House (1949) de Philip Jhonson, las cuatro decenas de prototipos llamados Case Study Houses también en California realizadas desde 1946 en adelante - de las que hablaremos más adelante -, la casa propia de Oscar Niemeyer (Brasil, 1907) en Río de Janeiro o la de Vidrio de Lina Bo Bardi (Italia, 1914 – Brasil, 1992), ambas contemporáneas de la Farnsworth; y en décadas más recientes la casa Möbius de Ben van Berkel, la casi irónica casa Holandesa de Rem Koolhaas mencionada antes, las numerosas casas de Glen Murcutt, entre otros muchos posibles ejemplos. Para evidenciar algunas contradicciones que curiosamente no parecen estar disociadas en varias casas modernas en Cali, es conveniente conveniente resaltar la postura que Loos expresó con vehemencia antes de las exploraciones de Mies van der Rohe: “La obra de arte apunta a destruir la cómoda complacencia del hombre. Una casa debe estar al servicio de nuestra comodidad. La obra de arte es revolucionaria, la casa es conservadora. La obra de arte señala al hombre nuevos caminos y piensa hacia el futuro. La casa piensa en el presente. El hombre ama todo aquello que sirve a su comodidad, odia todo cuanto pretende arrancarle de su posición resguardada y segura, y le resulta gravoso. El hombre, 12
así pues ama la casa y odia el ar te” .
La señora Farnsworth, al demandar a Mies van der Rohe por el cubo de vidrio abstracto y frío que le hizo por casa, quizás soñaba con esta visión narrada por Benjamin. Pero lo que intenta el lósofo es advertir sobre la situación de cambio radical a que está sometida la sociedad en el comienzo del siglo XX, porque una casa tradicional en ese momento: “…paradójicamente, “…paradójic amente, el interior obliga a sus ocupantes a adoptar una cantidad
altísima de costumbres” debido al abigarramiento que producen sus propias
Hemos superpuesto dos condiciones: habitar los espacios y concebir los espacios. Son indisolubles, aun cuando los arquitectos suelen quedarse en el segundo y los habitantes ven los proyectos desde la primera dimensión. En ambos sin embargo está la condición y necesidad de “ser moderno” con sus correspondientes perspectivas. Vacchini expresó en su búsqueda y en su descubrimiento del paradigma a través de una casa, su preocupación ante esa dicotomía que no comprendió la señora Farnsworth: cómo lograr una casa moderna con los materiales del momento, para que sea habitable aún cuando sus espacios y apariencia inhiban la opción del habitante a dejar su impronta. Las casas, que por su sentido inmanente de refugio no dejan de ser un ejercicio arquitectónico altamente sosticado y de búsquedas permanentes según lo arma el maestro Mies y lo demuestra Fuller, tiene muchas variantes como la que plantea Alvar Aalto (Finlandia, 1898-1976), 1898-1976), quien en 1938 diseñó la Villa Mairea (Foto 15) en las afueras de Noormarkku (Finlandia), para sus amigos, el matrimonio Gullichsen, Gullichsen, terminada en 1940. La exploración de un concepto de recinto abierto y congurado por volúmenes, cuya entidad no puede determinarse como patio estrictamente sino como un espacio vacío concentrador, concentrador, es estratégico en una casa suburbana rodeada de bosques; con lo cual se puede identicar la meticulosa orientación de los espacios sociales para controlar el sol en verano o aprovecharlo en invierno, las relaciones con el paisaje, el entorno, la topografía; base de la Topología13; concepto recogido en los años 60 60 y 70 por los dos arquitectos más destacados en Colombia, Fernando Martínez Sanabria y Rogelio Salmona; y aunque en la arquitectura de Cali no hay por parte de sus autores un enunciado explícito dentro de este concepto, es posible estudiar obras como la de Germán Cobo, Francisco Zornoza y Heladio
Foto 15 Villa Mairea (1938)
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Foto 17 Casa Venturi (1962)
el espacio íntimo, buscando una relación explícita con el paisaje sin perder la dimensión de lo privado, de convertir la casa en mucho más que un refugio para hacerla un pequeño e íntimo universo. En la Villa la Mairea se sintetiza claramente todo esto. Las columnas metálicas en acero, ordenadas además en retícula, expresión de la más ortodoxa modernidad, se recubren con tejidos vegetales, rattán por ejemplo,buscando la calidez e intimidad y una –especulativa- analogía a los bosques del entorno. Las fachadas combinan los blancos muros enlucidos con ladrillos rojos o maderas de enchape. La composición rigurosamente ortogonal en la volumetría se contrasta con curvas y sinuosidades que rematan los volúmenes. La búsqueda de un lenguaje local en medio del paradigma Moderno tiene un resultado altamente sosticado en esta casa, convirtiéndose en modelo paradigmático de la otra Modernidad que llevaba un camino diferente a la línea ortodoxa del dominante Estilo Internacional; tendencia que ha sido identicada por los historiadores y críticos como arquitectura orgánica o arquitectura expresionista (aunque en rigor no signican lo mismo). En adelante, y no solo por esta casa, sino porque se han abierto las puertas a las reexiones que cuestionan la abstracción espacial dominada en las décadas anteriores por el Modernismo soportado por los CIAM14; se multiplican las opciones y casi todos los arquitectos destacados harán su versión de casa que respalda su reexión reexión sobre el habitar. habitar. Puede uno revisar lo que ha signicado para la disciplina la casa para Vanna Venturi (1962) (Foto 17) de Robert Venturi Venturi (Estados Unidos, 1925), que vuelve a transgredir, a criticar y a poner en cuestión, dando otra vuelta al espiral de los cambios de rumbo, aquel maniesto que fue en su momento la paradigmática villa Saboya de Le Corbusier
Investigaciones en todos los ámbitos de la Casa De manera magistralmente crítica el creador de cine Jacques Tatí (Francia, 1907 – 1982) evidenció en su película Mi Tío (1958) con un humor sutil pero contundente, las paradojas y ambigüedades que desencadena vivir en una casa moderna enunciada como una “máquina para habitar” en sentido literal (Foto 18). Monsieur Hulot (personaje central de la película interpretado por el propio Tatí), un tipo basto y básico en sus formas de proceder, entr a a la cocina en la casa de su hermana para buscar un vaso y se siente abrumado y confundido ante el orden y la asepsia del casi abstracto espacio. De pronto al acercarse accidentalmente a los muebles la llave del lavaplatos se abre automáticamente; busca un vaso pero las alacenas altas sin manijas no tienen forma de manipularse, hasta que repentinamente la puerta se abre automáticamente y él salta hacia atrás sorprendido y al intentar tomar el vaso la alacena se vuelve a cerrar intempestivamente. Este es un tema que en palabras de Le Corbusier corresponde con el enunciado: “la casa es una máquina para habitar”, aunque evidentemente en una interpretación demasiado literal e irónica como por supuesto es la intensión de Tatí y no corresponde complemtamente al sentido de la expresión enunciada por el arquitecto. Pero en lo que sí coinciden el arquitecto y el director de cine es en que la planeación sistemática de la casa se hace considerándola como un perfecto artefacto sincronizado y bien dispuesto para ser “usado” más que para ser habitado. Allí se desarrollan las investigaciones sobre las nuevas formas de habitar: los muebles, los controles de la luz, los armarios para guardar, los electrodomésticos, el arte decorativa, todo se redene y todo se explora. En la búsqueda de un modo de habitar moderno que aproveche los
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Desde los años 30, el Arquitecto y Diseñador norteamericano George Nelson (Estados Unidos 1908 – 1986), quien junto con Henry Wright, desarrolló una trabajo integral de diseño, en paralelo al de Ray y Charles Eames; termina transformando los conceptos conceptos de habitar, de confort y por supuesto los hábitos hábitos en torno a las casas. A partir del desarrollo de los muebles modulares, todo tipo de objetos utilitarios para la vivienda que le dieron un valor estético a todos los elementos que la ocupan; incluso planteó nuevos espacios en la casa como el family room
Estas condiciones caracterizan una Arquitectura cuya denición acotada y aplicada a gran escala: un paradigma, constituye el marco de acción o reacción en los contextos donde se aplica. La Arquitectura Moderna en Cali, revisada a partir de las casas unifamiliares diseñadas y construidas desde nales de los años 30 hasta comienzos de los años 70, se puede entender como la consolidación de ese paradigma; sin embargo al mismo tiempo, con una serie de determinaciones muy concretas que son el objeto de reexión en las casas modernas en Cali se identica una
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El Lugar: Clave para las dicotomías al interior del Paradigma Como hemos repasado a lo largo de la historia moderna, la casa es tema clave en la exploración conceptual, proyectual proyectual y teórica15 por parte parte de los arquitectos, con explícitas búsquedas que sustentan la determinación de un sistema cultural de pensamiento disciplinar. Sin embargo, como toda
abiertos y cerrados, arriba y abajo y su propuesta de “otar” en medio del paisaje; el vacío central, el claustro claustro de servicios. Sobre estas obras sí hay alusiones de los arquitectos que en ese entonces diseñaban la arquitectura residencial en Cali. Carlos Eduardo Días Comas (Brasil), arquitecto teórico e investigador, plantea cuáles son las preocupaciones esenciales en esta exploración en el contexto latinoamericano: “…no se trata simplemente de innovaciones como la luz eléctrica, el teléfono, la radio, el telégrafo, los automóviles o la desaparición
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extenso, la elegancia del espacio en medio de aquella vegetación xerofítica, las prolongaciones de los techos y sus sombras que amplian las percepciones espaciales, una manejo en planta riguroso en su funcionamiento frente a la disolución volumétrica; todas condiciones en la búsqueda sensible y sosticada de un modo de habitar. Breuer, Neutra y varios más, sin poder eludir la fuerte inuencia de Frank Lloyd Wright, dieron la pauta para la exploración arquitectónica doméstica promovida por Jonh Entenza a través de la Revista Arts and
• La tectónica y la materialidad. La exploración permanente de la calidad espacial con base en la concepción estructural, en elementos portantes sutiles e incorporados como parte del lenguaje estético, la combinación de materiales modernos para caracterizar espacios. • La dimensión plástica y su expresión en la volumetría como lenguaje arquitectónico, con composiciones rigurosamente ortogonales. Un
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El ámbito doméstico: de modelos a referentes o la transformación del
paradigma. La revisión de algunos íconos de la arquitectura de las casas unifamiliares nos lleva a la reexión sobre el papel de ellas como Modelos, que representan la imagen tangible de un paradigma como la Arquitectura Arquitectura
icónicas resultaba en que éstas casi habían abandonado su sentido esencial de espacios para habitar dejando de “existir” para convertirse en un objeto abstracto y a ltamente sosticado: “…seleccioné la casa Farnsworth para adaptarla a mis exigencias personales. ¡Imposible¡ Lo intenté con la casa
Caine, con la casa sobre cuatro pilares, con la casa con tres patios, pero nada, cada vez era más imposible” 17. Aparentemente da al traste esta anécdota
con nuestras sugerencias sobre el valor de los modelos para desarrollar un paradigma; sin embargo, lo que ha sucedido a partir de esto es que
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En su Casa de Burdeos (1997) (Foto 29) son más evidentes las estrategias que pueden explicar la idea de alteridad; una casa que en consideración de algunos críticos es un paradigma de la arquitectura de nales del siglo XX. Los prismas superpuestos: uno parcialmente enterrado, encima uno desmaterializado, como un gran espacio continuo y rodeado de muros transparentes y encima en aparente estado de ingravidez otro completamente cerrado y solo horadado horadado por círculos pequeños. Si se repasa paso a paso en esta casa cada una de las estrategias de diseño
locales; que obligaba a los arquitectos, no a desistir en sus ideas vanguardistas sino a encontrar respuestas para realizarlas. De un modo más retórico podría decirse que era una simbiosis entre la lógica espacial y funcional del paradigma y la poética y sensibilidad sugerida por un entorno y un clima característicos lo cual genera una serie de obras cuya arquitectura resulta singular fuertemente personal y colectivamente muy consistente. Respecto a la condición de habitar aquellas casas icónicas resulta, además frecuentemente indescifrable en relación con su idea como
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Casa Ambrosina de Borrero 1953 Borrero, Zamorano & Giovanelli
Casa medianera con patio central y una pasarela que divide el lote en cuatro espacios: el volumen bajo del frente, el volumen de doble altura al fondo con las funciones principales de la casa, el patio jardín con la piscina y el patio de servicio y parqueo. Esta composición no compacta de la vivienda establece un modo radical frente a la casa urbana medianera y logra una alta calidad ambiental. El punto de partida en el emplazamiento es un volumen pequeño que forma la fachada principal hacia la Carrera 5C Norte que no se adosa a ningún vecino y aun así no afecta la continuidad paramental; plantea un modo alterno e incluso desestructurante de concebir la imagen de una casa urbana acorde con la tendencia crítica de la Arquitectura Moderna frente al valor del contexto. Esta estrategia simultáneamente determina una alternativa al inherente valor dual de la domesticidad: la vida íntima y la vida social, centradas en un patio jardín en torno al cual gira la casa, con que se logra una alta calidad en el concepto de habitar, consciente además del contexto ambiental en el cual se inscribe. Localización: Barrio San Vicente Vicente
» Casa ubicada al norte de la ciudad, se encuentra en uso comercial pero ha sido ocupada de manera discplicente y sin reconocimiento de su valor patrimonial.
Ca sas Modernas en Ca li, Mod elos y paradigmas
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Esta 2 Alcoba 3 T Terr erraza aza Ja rdín 5 V ac ac o
Planta Segundo Piso
Planta Primer Piso
Acceso 2 Parqueaderos 3 Ent ntrra a - Cor Corre re or Sala 5 Estudio 6 c na 7 Piscina 8 Esta 9 C om ome o r 10 Cocina 1 Patio 12 Ja r n 13 Alcoba de Servicio cio 1 Lava avan n era 15 Patio de Ropas 16 Garajes 17 A co co a C o er er 18 Deposito
ESCALA GR FICA 0
C a sa s Moderna s en C a li, M odelos y pa ra digma s
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C a sa s M oderna s en C a li, M odelos y p a ra d igma s
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Casa Cardenas 1953 Borrero, Zamorano & Giovanelli
La casa se percibe como un objeto “extraño” en un paisaje barrial de casas, puesto que sus volúmenes puros, su aparente desdén por el asoleamiento y su falta de lenguaje residencial le dan este particular aspecto. Sin embargo, el modo como se superponen los volúmenes para controlar la escala doméstica y la cuidada orientación de las ventanas y de las aberturas, que buscan la luz y eluden el sol, capturan la brisa tradicional de los cerros y la meten en la casa a través del gran calado de la fachada occidental que llega hasta el patio central demuestran un alto rigor en la reflexión arquitectónica y la capacidad de depurar parámetros internacionales de la estética arquitectónica y adaptarlos a una situación concreta.
Localización: Barrio San Vicente Vicente
El patio es aquí el espacio esencial para tener un moderno claustro que forma una esquina en un barrio de la zona de expansión al norte de la ciudad en el año 1945. El volumen se resuelve con dos crujías principales enfrentadas en los lados sur (el cuerpo principal hacia la calle) y norte (la zona de servicios contra un muro medianero), y se completa el claustro con una crujía “virtual” en el costado occidental que contiene las circulaciones en ambos pisos, la escalera y el acceso.
Ca sas Modernas en Ca li, Mod elos y paradigmas
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Hall 2 Ha ta c n 3 Servicio Balcón 5 V ac ac o 6 Estar 7 Servicio
Panta Segu egun n o Pso
Co rte Transversal ESCALA GR FICA 0
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1 Acceso 2 Estu o 3 Salón 4 Ja rdín 5 Garae 6 Piscina 7 Ja rdín 8 Estar 9 Escalera 10 Ja r n 11 Comedor 12 Cocina 13 Pato 14 Lavandería 15 Patio de ropas
Planta Primer Piso ESCALAGR FICA 0
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Fa c a a Sur ESCALA GR FICA 0
C a sa s Moderna s en C a li, M odelos y pa ra digma s
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Casa Dorronsoro 1954 Borrero, Zamorano y Giovanelli
Esta casa medianera se resuelve mediante un cuerpo principal frontal que se retrocede en el paramento dejando una gran zona de antejardín cercada y respaldada por un muro en ladrillo a manera de zócalo, con un cuidadoso mampuesto. Un vacío bajo el volumen principal, en el costado izquierdo del acceso, define el garaje y la entrada peatonal, cuyo umbral es lateral a la aproximación; en tanto, en el otro costado de la fachada una pequeña dilatación del muro vecino en el primer piso es el ingreso al área de servicio. El segundo piso se “defiende” del sol con una profunda galería sobre la cual se abren ventanales continuos de las alcobas, aun cuando la orientación axial de la casa parece ser dominantemente norte-sur.
» Casa demolida, su ubicación no se pudo determinar, ningún testimonio permitió determinar su localización exacta, solo que estaba en el barrio Santa Teresita.
La organización espacial se basa en la composición volumétrica, que es siempre muy contundente, y con un volumen claramente definido que da la imagen al proyecto y contiene todas las funciones principales. Hacia atrás, en el centro del lote, se diseñó un particular espacio de estar jardín apergolado que hace la transición de la casa hacia la zona de la piscina, al fondo del lote. Dos patios flanquean este espacio pero no están in tegrados con él, lo que refuerza una relación tensional entre el frente y el patio posterior, donde se encuentra la piscina. El estar central, que ha “atrapado” un gran samán, se convierte en un volumen virtual principal de la casa, en torno al cual se da todo su valor ambiental y funcional.
Ca sas Modernas en Ca li, Mod elos y paradigmas
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J ardín 2 Terr Terraza aza 3 Cubierta plana V ac ac o
Planta Cubierta Estar 2 Terr Terraza aza 3 Habitación Piscina 5 Ba o 6 Ja rdín
Planta Segundo Piso Ha 2 Sala 3 Comedor Ha tac n 5 Zona de ofcios 6 Garaje 7 Pscna 8 Cocina 9 Ba o 10 Ofcina 1 J ardín Pa nta Prmer Pso ESCALAGR FICA 0
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C a sa s Moderna s en C a li, M odelos y pa ra digma s
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C a sa s M oderna s en C a li, M odelos y p a ra d igma s
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Casa Fernando Borrero 1955 Borrero, Zamorano & Giovanelli
Esta casa medianera tiene un esquema similar a la casa de Ambrosina de Borrero, pero con algunas determinantes más complejas por la zona de pendiente donde se ubica y por tener dos calles opuestas con fachadas y un lote con un ángulo que hace que las dos calles no sean paralelas. En la fachada sur estan el acceso y la zona de garajes y servicios (en un piso inferior bajo el suelo), y otra para la zona principal de la casa al norte: zonas sociales, por donde paradójicamente no se accede a la vivienda, con habitaciones en un piso superior. Esto determina la existencia de do s volúmenes, integrados a partir de un pa tio jardín central en el que se ubican la piscina y un par de patios contiguos y separados con muros y exige hacer un recorrido longitudinal para llegar a la sala desde la calle.
Localización: Urbanización Arboledas
La estrategia de promenade arquitectónica, planteada por Le Corbusier como un recorrido continuo y estimulante a través del espacio, como en la famosa rampa de la casa La Roche para un coleccionista de arte, encuentra aquí eco a partir del recorrido horizontal acodado que hay que hacer desde el acceso de la casa, cambiando de dirección frente al patio jardín, para llegar a la zona social, completamente abierta a la piscina, aunque en un nivel más bajo. Esta estrategia determina una manera alternativa de comprender los hábitos en las casas, porque no se trata ya de entrar y resguardarse; es un paseo lúdico, estimulante y un poco “misterioso” hacia el fondo de la casa.
Ca sas Modernas en Ca li, Mod elos y paradigmas
93
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Planta Segundo Pis Piso o
Planta Primer Piso
Planta Semisótano sótano ESCALA GRÁFICA 0
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Ca sas Modernas Modernas en Ca li, Modelos y paradigmas
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Ca sas Modernas en Ca li, Mod elos y paradigmas
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Casa William Mejia 1955 Borrero, Zamorano & Giovanelli
Esta casa, también medianera, ubicada sobre la Avenida 2a Norte, frente a la zona verde del río Cali y un poco más abajo del Paseo Bolívar y del actual Centro Administrativo Municipal -CAM-, prácticamente ha desaparecido del panorama, aun cuando no ha sido demolida; su transformación física y uso ya no permiten reconocerla.
Localización: Barrio Granada
Una volumetría sencilla que se resuelve esencialmente mediante la composición de vanos y elementos lineales proyectados es la fachada principal; no permite inferir el nivel de calidad espacial del interior. El esquema es similar al probado en la casa Borrero y con un lote formalmente muy similar, con la diferencia de que el cuerpo principal de la casa se ubica sobre la Avenida, con los garajes y el acceso principal en este sitio, aunque la vida interior está orientada hacia el patio central con piscina, una secuencia de espacios de servicio muy cerrados al frente en el primer piso y la zona social en segundo piso y zonas de alcobas en el tercero. Una secuencia de terrazas y escaleras le dan un sentido de complejidad espacial sobre la zona del patio central y la piscina; na; una solución bastante sencilla en volumetría. En el fondo del lote y separado de la casa están las zonas de servicio con alcobas y zona de patio de ropas.
» La casa actualmente está en perfecto estado y habitada por la familia que encargó la casa
Ca sas Modernas en Ca li, Mod elos y paradigmas
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1 Garaje 2 Saa 3 Servicio Piscina 5 Lav avan an era 6 Ja rdín
Planta Primer Piso
lcoba ppa 2 Saa 3 Comedor Cocna 5 Pscna 6 ardín
P a nta Segun o P so
1 Alcoba ppal 2 Saa 3 Estudio Piscina 5 Ja r n 6 Baño 7 Veste 8 Ja rdín
P a nta Terc er P so ESCALA GR FICA 0
C a sa s Moderna s en C a li, M odelos y pa ra digma s
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C a sa s M oderna s en C a li, M odelos y p a ra d igma s
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Casa Gárces-Córdoba 1955
Bacca & Mondineau
Una casa muy elaborada en su volumetría por su localización en una zona de ladera muy irregular. Realizada en una colina en el barrio Arboledas, la fachada más larga de la casa se plantea paralela al acceso y las zonas sociales más importantes están en el costado norte, con una excelente vista sobre la ciudad. Se suceden terrazas y jardines, valorando las visuales y el clima. En una secuencia de espacios reticulados aparece un patio central que organiza y separa las zonas sociales de las privadas y genera un gran espacio ajardinado para aumentar la calidad ambiental en las alcobas. Una característica esencial es el manejo de un mampuesto en piedra
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Planta Contexto ESCALA GRÁFICA 0
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Planta Plant a G eneral
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Casa Saénz 1955 Lago & Sáenz
Esta pequeñísima casa es otra muestra muy elaborada de construcción medianera que se propone romper el esquema convencional programá tico de vivienda, como es evidente en la composición de la fachada, en la cual desaparecen las definiciones esenciales de vanos y paredes para convertirse en una gran composición. Nos refiere a muchos ejemplos, especialmente la casa Eames, del Arquitecto Charles Eames, una de las famosas casas experimentales promovidas en los años cincuenta por John Entenza, en California, a través de la revista Arts and Architecture, ejemplos paradigmáticos en la arquitectura residencial. La fachada, compuesta de un gran marco blanco en concreto, rellena en
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5 Sala a doble altura 6 Estar 7 Cocna
Planta Segundo Pis Piso o
8 M ue ue e e ro pa pa 9 Habitación 10 Baño
Planta Tercer Piso ESCALAGR FICA
Hall - Garaje 2 Ba o 3 Lavandería Cuarto servicio
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Casa Luis Franco 1955 Lago & Sáenz
Esta vivienda, ubicada al sur de la ciudad, en las zonas de expansión de los años cincuenta, está concebida como casa aislada. Siguiendo los preceptos compositivos de Lago y Sáenz, se propone como un volumen único en una sola crujía larga y muy cerrada hacia la fachada. Contrastan en ella tres elementos por su calidad material: un mu ro extenso y blanco, un panel oscuro formado por una rejilla vidriada que contiene la puerta de acceso y un largo volumen compuesto por elementos verticales que forman una celosía. El patio vuelve a ser un gran protagonista de la casa, como en las obras previas de la firma Borrero, Zamorano y Giovanelli. Toda la casa se vuelca
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Acceso 2 Garae 3 Cuarto chofer Piscina 5 Cocna 6 Ofcina 7 Ha ta c n 8 Sala
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ardín 2 Ha 3 Salón Estadero 5 Dormtoro 6 Baño 7 Comedor 8 Cocna 9 Huéspedes 10 Pscna
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Casa Pierangelo Pacini 1962
Borrero, Zamorano y Giovanelli
En un lote de forma triangular, flanqueado por los lados largos por vías, n el barrio residencial Santa Rita, al oeste de la ciudad; se resuelve esta asa cuyo volumen principal en dos pisos se convierte en el centro de un ran jardín. Contra el muro medianero, al fondo del lote, en un primer iso se encuentran las áreas de servicios y de manera perpendicular a llas y hacia el frente del lote, conformando una "T" se suceden: una gran ocina, un comedor y una sala, abiertos a ambos lados y termina la planta on una terraza cubierta por el voladizo del balcón de la Alcoba principal n todo el centro de lote y rodeada de jardínes. En el segundo piso, el volumen central se desarrolla en una secuencia e cuatro habitaciones que aprovechan toda la luz y la ventilación. No ay patios como en otras casas de esta firma, es un gran jardín con una ermosa casa moderna en el centro.
Localizaci n: Barrio Santa Teresita
» La casa aún existe y se encuentra habitada por us dueños originales. Se encuentra en buen stado.
Ca sas Modernas en Ca li, Mod elos y paradigmas
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Planta Primer Piso ESCALAGRÁFICA 0
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Casa Solanilla 1962 Francisco Zornosa
La limpieza y el rigor constructivo son algunas de las características más destacadas de esta casa que fue construida en 1962, en la parte alta del barrio Santa Mónica, en un lote medianero, en el norte de Cali, en el mismo sector de la casa Castro. La casa se organiza ubicando las áreas de acceso, sociales, servicio y garajes sobre la fachada que da a la calle, en el centro hay dos patios, uno de servicio y otro social que sirven como pozos de aire y luz, y al final, en la zona más tranquila, están las habitaciones, con una franja de patio privado, que corre a todo lo ancho del terreno. La cubierta en teja de barro a dos y tres aguas, el manejo cuidadoso de los materiales y la composición sobria y refinada, hacen de esta casa un ejemplo destacado de la arquitectura doméstica.
Localización: Santa Mónica
» Foto tomada de la tesis Registro de 12 Obras del arquitecto Francisco Zornosa por Delly Robledo y Dianelby Villareal, Cali 2002.
Ca sas Modernas en Ca li, Mod elos y paradigmas
165 16 5
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Acceso 2 Garaje 3 Sala Estu o 5 Lavandería 6 Ja rdín 7 C om ome o r 8 Baño 9 Cocina 10 Pato e ropas 1 Habitación 12 Vester 13 Estar
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Casa Lago Verde 1968-70 e a io
u oz
bicada en la margen izquierda de la via que conduce al cerro de Cristo Rey, se encuentra este conjunto bifamiliar, diseñado por la firma Yusty & Richardson para dos hermanas. La construcción descansa sobre la parte alta del terreno que es esquinero presenta una suave pendiente. Tanto la volumetria como el uso de los ateriales escogidos, denotan gran sobriedad y dominio en el manejo de a composición. Las casas estan resueltas en dos y tres niveles, los niveles bajos para los arages, accesos, areas sociales, de trabajo y de servicios, y el nivel supeior para las habitaciones, áreas privadas y terrazas.
Localizaci izaci n: Callej Callej n de las Chuchas Chuchas - Pance Pance
» La casa sigue teniendo su uso original en un gran lote muy arborizado, en un sector que ha cambiado mucho su vocación
Ca sas Modernas en Ca li, Mod elos y paradigmas
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Cortes ESCALAGRÁFICA 0
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Garaje 2 Sala 3 Servc o Piscina 5 Baño 6 C om ome o r 7 Cocina 8 Habitación 9 Estar
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Casa Posada y Saa 1972 L. Yusti & E. Richardson
bicada en la franja sur de la vía que conduce al cerro de Cristo Rey, cerca del Parque del Acueducto, se encuentra este conjunto bifamiliar, diseñado por la rma Yusty & Richardson para dos hermanas. La construcción descansa sobre la parte alta del terreno en esquina con una topografía compleja porque desciende en ambos sentidos desde la propia squina; sin embargo la decisión de mantener la casa en la parte alta y la solución el acceso retirado de la calle permite una adaptación sencilla al terreno y una volumetría muy compacta. Tanto la composición general del edificio como el uso e los materiales escogidos y la funcionalidad interior denotan gran sobriedad y ominio del diseño arquitectónic arquitectónico. o. Las casas están resueltas en dos y tres pisos con los niveles bajos para los garajes, e trabajo y de servicios, el piso intermedio, al que se logra llegar desde la calle para onas sociales y cocinas, y el nivel superior para las habitaciones, áreas privadas terrazas. Hay un fuerte contraste, reiterativo de los antecedentes domésticos, ntre una fachada dominantemente cerrada y una total apertura al solar que es n enorme patio jardín integrado para ambas viviendas, con grandes ventanales n las zonas sociales y balcones continuos en las zonas de habitación.
Localizaci n: Barrio Bellavista
Esta casa, marca en general el final de un proceso de diseño observado durante os décadas y abre a su vez el camino a una arquitectura mucho menos cademicista; que se expresa en el uso dominante de un material local a la vista omo es el ladrillo.
» El nombre con el que se identifica frecuentemente es Casa Saa y Calero; sin embargo en entrevista con la autora, Libia Yusti, nos aclaró que la casa fue encargada por el señor Posada para su esposa y su hermana melliza (casada con el eñor Saa). De modo que en realidad este es un bifamiliar de las familias Posada y Saa.
Ca sas Modernas en Ca li, Mod elos y paradigmas
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Planta Primer Piso
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Levantamiento y digitalización de planos de los estudiantes Wilmer Moreno y Jonathan Salazar para el curso Arquitectura Moderna en Cali, I 2009
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Bibliografía G ENERAL DE REFERENC REFERENC IA Y O TRAS FUENTE FUENTES S Abalos, Iñaki: La Buena vida. Visita guiada a las casas de la modernidad. Ed. G Gili, Barcelona, 2001 Angulo Flórez, Eduardo: Cincuenta años de Arquitectura, 1936-1986. Universidad Nacional, Bogotá, 1987 Aprile-Gniset, Jacques: La Ciudad Colombiana, Tomo II. Banco Popular, Bogotá, 1992 Arango, Silvia: Historia de la Arquitectura en Colombia. Universidad Nacional. Bogotá, 1989. Argan, Giulio Carlo: El concepto de Espacio Arquitectónico. Del barroco a nuestros días. Ed. Nueva Visión, Buenos Aires, 1975 Argan, Giulio Carlo: Proyecto y Destino. UCV, Caracas, 1969 Barney, Benjamín y Ramírez, Francisco: Modelos, Tipos y Patrones en la arquitectura de las Casas de Hacienda del Valle del Alto Cauca. En Plan ta Libre, Depto. De Planificación, Univalle, Cali, 1988. Behrendt, Walter Kurt: Arquitectura Moderna: Su naturaleza, sus problemas y formas. Ed. Infinito, Buenos Aires, 1959 Browne, Enrique: Otra Arquitectura en América Latina. Ed. G Gili. México D.F. 1988 Colqhoun, Alan: Arquitectura moderna y cambio Histórico. Ed. G. Gili, Barcelona, 1978. Fonseca, Lorenzo y Saldarriaga, Alberto: Arquitectura Colombiana, Cuadernos Proa, 1984 Galindo, Jorge: Arquitectura Industrial Cali: 1920-1930. Revista Citce No. 1, Cali, 1999 Guzmán, Arcadio y Ordóñez, Luis Aurelio: El origen de la Universidad del Valle y su contexto histórico. Universidad del Valle, Cali, 1995 Hitchcock, Henri-Rusell: Latin American Architecture since 1945. MoMa, Nueva York, 1955 Mejía, Jorge Alberto: Edificio López-Cali. Vivienda Moderna en Colombia. Textos 10. CIDAR, Universidad Nacional, Bogotá, 2004
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Mendoza Valverde, Camilo: La pérdida de la tradición moderna en la arquitectura de Bogotá y sus alrededores. Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, 2005 Montoya, Ana Patricia: Centro Urbano Antonio Nariño, Bogotá. Vivienda Moderna en Colombia, CIDAR, Universidad Nacional, Bogotá, 2004. Niño, Carlos: Arquitectura y Estado. Universidad Nacional, Bogotá, 1991 Ordóñez, Luis Aurelio: Industrias y empresarios pioneros: Cali, 19101945. Universidad del Valle, Cali, 1995. Ramírez, Francisco: La arquitectura racionalista moderna. Cali 1930-1960. Revista Citce 1, Cali, 1999 Ramírez, Francisco: Lago y Sáenz Arquitectos. Plegable-Catalogo de exposición. Museo de Arte Moderno La Tertulia, Cali y MaMBo, Bogotá, 1992 y 1994. Ramírez, Francisco, Gutiérrez, Jaime y Uribe, Rodrigo: Arquitecturas Neocoloniales en Cali, 1920-1955. Ed. Citce, Cali, 2000. Ramírez, Jorge: El discurso Vargas Capanema y la arquitectura moderna en Brasil. Universidad Nacional, Bogotá, 2000.l Rybczyinsk, Witold: La casa, Historia de una Idea. Ed. Nerea, San Sebastián, 2001 Saldarriaga, Alberto: Casa Moderna, Medio Siglo de Arquitectura Doméstica Colombiana. Benjamín Villegas, Bogotá, 1996 Saldarriaga, Alberto, Ramírez, Francisco y Ruiz Gómez, Darío: La casa en la arquitectura moderna colombiana –1920-1990. Cámara de Comercio de Cali, Cali, 1990. Saldarriaga, Alberto: Arquitectura y Cultura en Colombia. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, 1986 Samper Eduardo y Ramírez, Jorge: Arquitectura Moderna en ColombiaEpoca de Oro. Diego Samper Editores, Bogotá, 2000 Serrano, Gabriel: ¿Existe un estilo siglo XX ? Revista Ingeniería y Arquitectura 2, Bogotá, 1939.
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C REDITOS FOTOGRÁF FOTOG RÁFIC ICOS OS Archivo Otto Moll Gonzáles
Páginas; 13, 16, 76, 77, 79, 80, 82, 84, 85, 88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94, 96,97, 98, 99, 100,101,102,110,112,113,114,121,124,125, 126,128,129,130,136,138,152,153,154,156,158,160,161,162 Dibujo s; 42, 52, 53, 54, 58
José Kattán
Páginas; 72, 73, 74,120, 122, 123, 138,172
Francisco Ramírez (archivo)
Páginas; 12, 66, 69,114,117,116,118,132,133,137, 138 140, 141,142, 144,145, 146, 157, 168,169,171
Pablo Buitrago
Páginas; 67, 148,149,151, 173
Jaime Errázuriz Errázuriz
(fotos Areas)
Pág inas; 135,137, 143
Yamileth Rodríguez
Página; 69
Freddy Clávijo
Página; 68
Andrés Salcedo
Página; 118
Revistas
Foto tomada de Saldarriaga, Alberto, Ramírez, Ramírez, Francisco Francisco y Ruiz Gómez, Darío: La La c asa en la arquitectura mod erna colombiana –1920-1990. Cáma ra de C omercio de C ali, Cali, 1990. pagina: 66 Foto tomada de l folleto eto de ob ras de Lago y Sáenz, Sáenz, página; 104, Fotos tomadas de la revista Proa y de la revista L' Architecture D'Au jordh'ui, pág inas;105,107,108,109, Foto tomada de la tesisRegistro de 12 Obras del arquitecto Francisco Zornosa por Delly Robledo y Dianelby Villarea Páginas; 164,165,
Web
Foto 5, La Villa Ca pra – la
Rotonda- (1570), página 18, tomada de: http://www.ess http://www.essential-archi ential-architecture.com/ITALY/ tecture.com/ITALY/ VI/V I-003.htm Foto 6, Red house (1859), página 19,
tomada de: http://wps.prenhall.com/hss_s .com/hss_stoks tokstad_arthis tad_arthistrev_2/21/5573/1426765.cw/ -/1426824/inde x.html // http:/ / homepages.uel.ac.uk/1953r/robie.jpg Foto 9, Casa Moler (1927 - 1928), página 21, tomada de: http://albertend.blogspot.com/2011/02/adolfhttp://albertend.blogspot.com/2011/02/adolfloos-ornament-und-verbrechen.html Foto 10, Casa Wittgenstein (1906 - 1910), página 21, tomada de: http://www.giusepperaciti.eu/ho-me.htm Foto 11, Villa Saboya (1929 - 1931), página 22, tomada de: http://intro0o.blogspot.com/2009 o0o.blogspot.com/2009/03/le-corbu/03/le-corbusier.html Foto 12, Ca sa Tugendhat Tugendhat (1929), página 23, tomada de: http://picasaweb.google.com/ ajperson1/ArchitectureAndBuildings#53077409 42174390626 Foto 13, Casa Farnsworth (1951), página 24, tomada de: http://teturaarqui.wordpress.com/201 .wordpress.com/2010/05/14/ classicos-dc-a-ca class icos-dc-a-ca sa-farn sa-farnswort sworth-mies-van-der-r -van-der-rohe/ ohe/ Foto 15, Villa Ma irea (1938), pá gina 27, tomada de: http://www.ickr.com/photos/28375467@
N08/ 2654769925 Wilkie, página 27, tomada de: http://w ww.sk ww.skys yscrapercity.com/showthr crapercity.com/showthread. php?p=7583098 Foto 17, Casa Venturi (1962), página 28, tomada de: http://coisasdaarquitetura.wordpress a.wordpress. com/2010/10/18/a-casa-vanna-venturi/ Foto 18, La casa mode rna, página 28, tomada de: http://zonacine.s.es/2010/10/%C2%A1estrenam os-blog-nuevo-portal-de-cine-de-la-escuela-de-arquitectura-de-sevilla-2/ Foto 20, La casa po pular, página 31, tomada de: http://avist http://avistuer.bl uer.blogspot.com/2009/05 ogspot.com/2009/05/mitio-1958.html Foto 23, La ca sa kaufman, página 33, tomada de: http://aprendersociales.blogspot. ogspot. com/2007/12/la-casa-kaufmann-de-richard-neutra.html Foto 27, La ca sa salzman (1952 - 53), pág ina 37, tomada de: http://la.curbed.com/ archives archives/2010 /2010/06/case_ Foto 16, Casa
study_no_9_in_the_palisades_fnally_goes.php (1992 - 94), 94), página 37, Foto 28, La casa de l bosque (1992
tomada de: Tomada de Revista sta El Croquis. España Burdeos (1997), pág ina 38, tomada de: http://www.infoteli.com/house-in-bordeauxn-bordeauxrem-koolhaas-oma.htm/house-i rem-k oolhaas-oma.htm/house-in-bordeaux-design-by-remn-bordeaux-design-by-remkoolhaas-oma
Foto 29, C asa de
tomada de: http://www.ickr.com/photos/martin97uk/
MAPAS, Todos los mapas de ubica ción han sido tomados del
3495137620/
Servicio de mapas Google Maps™ ,a través de la Búsqueda de GOOGLE, perteneciente a Goo -
Foto 7, Casa Hill (1902),página 20,
omada de: http://his http://history tory-of-architectur -of-architecture-frank.wi e-frank.wiki.uml.edu/ ki.uml.edu/ Exam+1
178 17 8
Foto 8, Casa Robie (1906 - 1910), página 20,
AGRADE AG RADEC IMIENTOS Por aportarnos su conocimiento como protagonistas de la Arquitectura Moderna en Cali:
Por los archivos fotográcos de Otto Moll que fueron adquiridos para esta exposición:
Arquitecto Alfonso Caicedo Herrera (Fundador del Programa de Arquitectura de la Universidad del Valle en 1947) Arquitecto Fr Franc anc is isco co Zornoza (In Memoriam - Marzo de 2010) Arquitecto Harold Borrero, Borrero, Arquitecto tecto Ma nolo Lago, Arquitecta Libia Yusti, Arquitecto Rodrigo Tascón Por colaborarnos con su información, anécdotas y datos :
Arquitecta Ms. Lucy Marcela Sandoval Patiño Myriam Suarez Alonso Restrepo Restrepo Ca rlos Restr Restrepo epo Laura Restrepo Claudia Restrepo Yolanda Lozano Lozano Delly Robledo Dianelby Villareal Ricardo cardo Arboleda Elvira Arboleda Familia Posada y Saa Arquitecto tecto M auricio cio G arcía Arquitecto J aime Gutiérrez Gutiérrez
Pedro Rey y Leonor Cortez Por sus reexiones para la investigación:
Benjamín Barney Por estar siempre dispuesto a prestar todo tipo de material de la biblioteca Mario Carvajal de la Universidad del Valle en Cali:
J osé Viteli telio López (Coordinador de área d e Servicios Servicios al Público) Por permitirnos esculcar los estantes de la Hemeroteca de la Biblioteca de la Universidad del Valle:
Ekar Dinas J ovier Torr orres. es.
gle Inc. ®
Ca sas Modernas Modernas en Ca li, Modelos y paradigmas
Ca sas Modernas en Ca li, Mod elos y paradigmas
179 17 9
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Este trabajo, compuesto por el presente libro y una exposición de 62 afiches, es el resultado de la investigación realizada entre Agosto del año 2007 y Junio del año 2009 en el marco de la convocatoria interna de la Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones de Universidad del Valle para Proye Proyectos ctos de Investigación y Creación Artística y Humanística 2007; cuyo objetivo central es hacer un reconocimiento de la Arquitectura residencial unifamiliar Moderna en Cali como un desarrollo muy caracterizado, a partir del paradigma de la Arquitectura Arquitectura Moderna como estilo que imperaba en el mundo occidental. Cuando se formuló el proyecto no estaba previsto el grado de dificultad en la recopilación de información debido a la dispersión y descuido atávico para hacer registros sistemáticos,
Además de estos materiales se han desarrollado tesis de pregrado y posgrado en la Facultad de Arquitectura de la Universidad San Buenaventura Buenaventura que permiten i r acumulando un archivo sobre el tema, aunque también relativamente restringido por su accesibilidad. accesibilidad. Fueron especialmente especialmente importantes para este proyecto proyecto dos materiales, materiales, por un lado la tesis La La vivienda unifamiliar Moderna en Cali. Naturaleza, clima y Modernidad caleña de la Arquitecta Lucy Marcela Sandoval Patiño; desarrollada en la Maestría en Restauración de Monumentos Arquitectónicos Arquitectónicos de la Universidad Javeriana de Bogotá en el año 2005. La autora, quien se encuentra fuera del país, nos hizo llegar una copia digital de su trabajo que agradecemos. El otro texto de referencia esencial para nuestra investigación fue el libro Arquitectura Moderna en Cali. La obra de la firma