CBSE Class XI Travel Resources in India

Travel resources in india

sTudenTs HandBook

classXi

Central Board of SeCondary eduCation, delhi Sks K, 2 Cmm C, P V, d-110301

Name of the Title : Travel Resources in India

First Edition : March 2014 No. of copies:

© CBSE

Paper used : 80 GSM CBSE Watermark Whigte Maplitho

Price:

Published by :

The Secretary, Secretary, CBSE, Shiksha Kendra, 2, Community Centre, Preet Vihar, Delhi-110301

Design, Layout & Printed by :

Dee Kay Printers 5/37 Kirti Nagar, New Delhi-110015 Phone : 25414260

Preface In an increasingly globalised world and the changing paradigm of urbanized living the demand for Hospitality Hospitali ty and Tourism Tourism has increased increase d manifold the world over. over. In this ever expanding expand ing sector, it has become essential to provide provide competency based vocational vocational education. It is in this context context that CBSE has launched a course in Travel and Tourism under Hospitality and Tourism stream. The Students Handbook on Travel Travel Resources in India explains about the various tourism resources of India such as Mountains, Rivers Lakes, Duns, Wetlands, Hill Stations, Sea, Beaches, and Islands etc. The approach has been to provide a simple and comprehensive outline of as many concepts as possible. It has been a deliberate effort to keep the language used in this student manual as simple as possible. Necessary maps and pictorial illustrations have been included to help the students to understand the concepts without any dificulty. Practicing professionals from the ield of Hospitality and Tourism comprised the team of authors for this book. The Board thankfully acknowledges their contribution in completing the book in record time. I hope this book will serve as a useful resource in this subject. The Board is grateful to the members of the Committee of Course for their advice, guidance and total commitment towards development of this course. We are indeed indebted to these academic advisors who have have lent us the beneit of their their rich and insightful experience. experience. I would like to appreciate Vocational Education Cell, CBSE for coordinating and successfully completing the work. Comments and suggestions are welcome for further improvement of the book.

Vi Jshi, IAS Chairman, CBSE

v

Acknowledgements advisors 1.

sh. vt Jh, IAS, Chairman, CBSE.

2.

sh. M.v.v M.v.v.. P P  r, Director (Vocational and Edusat), CBSE.

etg  ct 1.

d. d. Bwjt sh, Additional Director (VOC), CBSE.

2.

M. swt Gpt, Deputy Director (VOC), CBSE.

Mt Pt Gp 1.

Pf sy iyt a Z, Ex. Dean and Coordinator, THHHS, JMI.

2.

d. d. ab Q, Assistant Professor, JMI.

3.

d. d. s shm, Assistant Professor, IGNOU.

4.

M. nt Ym, Assistant Professor, JMI.

vi

Travel Resources in India

Contents

Pg n. 1

uniT1: General concePTual surveY

1.0 Unit Overview and Description

1

1.1 Introduction

2

1.2 Deinition and Concept of Tourism Resources

3

1.3 Characteristics of Tourism Resources

3

1.4 Classiications and Basis of Classiication of Tourism Resources

4

1.5 Key Terms Used In the Unit

11

1.6 Practical Activities

18 19

uniT2: PHYsical TourisM resourcesMounTains and valleYs


19

2.1 Introduction

22

2.2 Indian Himalayas

23

2.3 Aravali Aravali Mountain Ranges and Tourism

25

2.4 Western Ghats-Malabar (Sahyadri Mountains) and Tourism

28

2.5 Eastern Ghats (Coromondal Coast) and Tourism

30

2.6 Ten Stunning Mountains and Valleys Valleys Attractions in India

32


34


36

uniT3: TourisM PHYsical resourcesHill sTaTions, duns, PlaeaTus, deserT, WeTlands and Plains

37


37

3.1 Introduction

39

3.2 Hill Stations and Duns in India

42

3.3 Hill Stations of North-Eastern States (Manipur, (Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura Tripura & Mizoram)

47 vii


3.4 Plateaus and Tourism

54

3.5 Plain and Tourism

59

3.6 Wet Lands, Ramsar Sites and Tourism

60


62

3.8 Practical Activity

64

uniT4: TourisM PHYsical resourcescoasTal lands and BeacHes

65


65

4.1 Introduction

66

4.2 Sea Shores

67

4.3 Beaches And Tourism

68


74


76

uniT5: TourisM PHYsical resourcesislands

77


77

5.1 Introduction

79

5.2 Andaman and Nicobar Groups of Island

79

5.3 Lakshdweep Group of Islands

84

5.4 Majuli Islands

91

5.5 Other Islands of India

91


92


94

uniT6: TourisM PHYsical resourcesrivers, lakes and canals


95

6.1 Introduction

96

6.2 Major Rivers In India

98

6.3 Lakes and Canals Tourism In India viii

95

113



114


117 118

uniT7: TourisM Bio GeoGraPHical resources in india


118

7.1 Introduction

121

7.2 Flora and Fauna of India

122

7.3

122

Eco Tourism

7.4 Wild Life Sanctuaries

123

7.5

126

Top Ten Famous Bird Sanctuaries Sanct uaries of India

7.6 Botanical Gardens In India

129


131


135

uniT8: TourisM culTural resources in india

136


136

8.1 Introduction

139

8.2 Built Up Tourism Cultural Resources

145

8.3

145

Religious Tourism Cultural Resources

8.4 Sport Resources

147

8.5 Conservatories Of India

147

8.6 Entertainment Resources

148

8.7 Indian Cuisines As Tourism Resources

149

8.8 Art, Artifacts And Handlooms

151

8.9 Transportation Network And Tourist Infrastructure

152


152


154

ix


General insTrucTion To THe sTudenTs 1.

It is expected that the the student will be able to to understand the basics basics of Tourism Resources in India.

2.

The student should try to gain as much practical knowledge as possible by completing the practical assignments suggested after the respective units.

3.

The students should focus on understanding theTypes of Tourism Resources such as Physical Resources, Bio Geographical Resources& Cultural Resources, how they are different from each other and their signiicance in promoting Tourism in India.

4.

Each student must go through through the relevant relevant Tourism Resources dominant in their respective respective regions and gather knowledge about them thoroughly. All doubts and queries of the students should be clearly addressed and explained. Such questions and answers should be noted down in pocket note books which shall be the basis of writing more elaborate Reports. Collaborative Collaborative group activities should be encouraged among students for proper understanding.

5.

Proper caution regarding safety is mandatory during carrying out of practical projects. All safety requirements must be followed strictly.

x


Module obJectIVeS trAVel reSourceS In IndIA s.n s.n..

ut ut/c /ch hpt pt  nm nm

Thy+ Pt

1

General Co Conceptual Su Survey

22 Hr Hrs.

2

Physical Tourism ResourcesMountains And Valleys

18 Hrs.

3

Tourism Physical ResourcesHill Stations Duns, Plateaus, Desert , Wetlands And Plains

18 Hrs.

4

Tourism Physical ResourcesCoastal Lands And Beaches Tourism Physical Resourcesislands

16 Hrs.

Tourism Physical ResourcesRivers, Lakes And Canals Tourism Bio Geographical Resources In India

25 Hrs.

5

6 7

8

16 Hrs.

18 Hrs. Hrs.

Tourism Cultural Resources In 25 Hrs. India

ky lg objt

Explain the Meaning, Characteristics Characteristics & Classiications of Tourism Resources 1. Understand the Indian Himalayas, Aravali Mountain Ranges, Western Ghats-Malabar (Sahyadri), (Sahyadri), Eastern Ghats (Coromondal Coast) 2. List the Ten Stunning Mountains and Valleys Attractions in India 1. Understand about the Hill Stations and Duns in India 2. List and Explain the Hill Stations of NorthEastern States (Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura & Mizoram) 3. Explain about the Plateaus and Plains 4. Learn about the Wet Lands, Ramsar Sites in india 1. Understand about the Sea Shores and Beaches in india 1. Learn about the Andaman and Nicobar Groups of Island , Lakshdweep Lakshdweep Group of Islands, Majuli Islands & Other Islands of India 1. List the Major Rivers in India 2. Explain the Lakes and Canals Tourism in India 1. Lear earn abou aboutt the the Flor lora and Fauna auna of Indi Indiaa 2. Explain the Eco Tourism 3. List Wild Life Sanctuaries, Sanctuaries , Top Ten Ten Famous Bird Sanctuaries & Botanical Gardens in India I ndia 1. Explain Built Up Tourism Cultural Resources, Religious Tourism Cultural Resources, Sport Resources, Entertainment Resources 2. List the Conservatories of India 3. Understand about the Indian Cuisines Art, Artefacts and Handlooms as Tourism Resources 4. Learn about the Transportation Network and Tourist Infrastructure 1.

xi


xii


ut-1 G cpt sy ctt

1.0 Unit Overview and Description Overview Skills and Knowledge Resource Material Learning Outcomes Assessment for Teachers 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Deinition and Concept of Tourism Resources 1.3 Characteristics of Tourism Resources 1.4 Classiications and Basis of Classiication Classiication of Tourism Resources 1.5 Key Terms Used In the Unit 1.6 Practical Activities l l l l l

1.0 ut ow ow  dpt ow

This Chapter deals with the fundamentals of Tourism Resources, Terminologies used for the study of Tourism Resources, Characteristics and Categorization of Tourism Resources. Th ut w mpt fwg s  kwg

-

The Meaning Meanin g of Tourism Resources The Characteristics of Tourism Resources The Categories of Tourism Resources

r Mt:

1. 2. 3.

Goh Cheng Leong - Certiicate Physical Physical and Human Geography, Oxford University Press (1995). Charu Sheela - Tourism Products, New Royal Publishers, Lucknow, Lucknow, 2001. Sampad Kumar Kumar Swain and Jitendra Jitendra Kumar Kumar Mishra - Tourism Tourism Principles and Practices, OUP, OUP, New Delhi, 2012

1


lg otm: uniT-1

ouTcoMes

G cpt sy

aft styg th sb-ut:

1.1 Introduction

Students will be able to understand different aspects of Tourism Resources 1.2 Deinition and Concept of Tourism Students will be able to understand the fundamentals Resources of Tourism Resources

1.3 Chara Characte cteris ristic ticss of Tourism ourism Resou Resourc rces es

Student Studentss will be be able to under understa stand nd the major major characteristics of Tourism Resources

1.4 Classiications and Basis of Classiication of Tourism Resources

Students will be able to understand the Classiication of Tourism Resources

amt P: (f th Th) ut-1 Tp

amt Mth

1. 1

Introduction

1. 2

Dei einition an and Conce ncept of Question & Answer Trourism Resources

1.3 1.3

Char Charac actteri eristic sticss of Tour ourism ism Question & Answer Resources

1. 4

Classiications and Basis of Classiication of Tourism Resources

Tm P

rm

Question & Answer

Question & Answer

1.1 itt

The beauty of nature lies in its variety which indeed is endless. So is the timeless desire in the human beings to appreciate the nature and culture from the bottom of their heart. This is why since ancient times explorers, discoverers and travelers undertook adventurous journeys in spite of all dificulty, they come across. The underlying idea of visiting new places to appreciate their Natural and Cultural beauties. In course of time, it has given birth to modern industry called TOURISM.

2


But like other Industries, Tourism Industry also demands Resources. The resources used in Tourism Industry are called Tourism Resources. Review Question

1) Fill in the Blank: a) The resources used in Tourism Industry are called ___________________. 1.2 dt dt   cpt f Tm r

Generally, Resources are deined as any item or bundle of items which are consumed by Humans to satisfy their requirements. On the same pattern Tourism Resources are those items or commodities which Tourist either consume or use as facilitator to satisfy his/her requirements. By getting these products and services tourist feels maximum satisfaction from his targeted Tourism activity or activities. Review Question

1) Deine Tourism Resources. 1.3 chtt chtt  f Tm r o th b f mty t f Tm , th b f Tm  t f: a.

B.

Th c Tm r r: : The tourism product resources which facilitate tourism in

product form are Mountain, Hill Station, Beach, Desert, River, Lake, Wetland, Landscape, Wild life Sanctuaries, monuments like Qutub complex, Taj Mahal and remains of historical civilization like Harappa, Culture & Traditions and so on. Th at Pt  s Tm r: Under this category Tourism resources produced inform of Tourism product elements and Services are Religion, Fairs & Festivals, Travel Agencies, Foreign Exchange Providers, Passport Ofice, Transport & Communications, Accommodations & Hospitality, Catering & Gastronomy, Art & Artifacts, Literature, Visual & Performing Arts, Dance & Music, Theatre, Conservatories and so on.

Review Question

1)

Deine Core Tourism Resource and Additional Additio nal Product Tourism Resource.

3


1.4 c ct t  B f c ct t f Tm r

Tourism resources in themselves do not make Tourism products but they need to be embedded in whole range of Tourism services facilities and attractions. On the basis of the elementary deinition of Tourism resources as feedbacks for attractions, accommodations & catering plus transportations, Tourism resources can be broadly classiied into following major groups: a.

Tm Phy Phy  r r 

Physical Tourism resources are those Tourism generators and facilitators which are natural in origin and non-living in characters. Physical Tourism resources can further be classiied as: 1.

Landscape Tourism Resources

Landscape Tourism Resources comprises of the visible features of an area of land including the physical elements of landforms such as Mountains, Hills, Rocks, Plateau, Valley, Dun, Caves, Volcanoes, Gorges, Canyons and Deserts. Landscape Tourism resources bear too an extent of signiicance that in the absence of them it is Utopian to think of the existence and survival of Tourism. Major Landscape Tourism resources are: i.

Mt: Provides hill stations, origin of glaciers and rivers and various types of Adventure

Tourisms. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii.

H stt: These are irst choice of tourists. r: Provide raw materials for building monuments since old time. vy: Provide landscapes, natural beauty and rich source for tourism. d: Duns also functions same as valleys. v: Rich source for adventure tourism. c: Cave is rich source for tourism. Most of the caves are converted into master piece of

art & architecture, religious activities. Some caves act as source for adventure tourism. viii. dt: Provide landscapes and night safaris particularly camel safaris. ix. P: Plains have maximum share of total Tourism resources. 2.

Tourism Marine or Hydrological Sites Resources

Marine or Hydrological Sites Tourism Resources are the components which are Hydrological in origin i.e. Water bodies and Snow covered areas & Snow channels with their catchment areas.

4


ct f Tm r

Physical Resources C L A S S I F I C A T I O N O F T O U R I S M R E S O U R C E S

Tourism Marine or Hydrological Resources

Tourism BioGeographical

Tourism Cultural Resources

The Marine or Hydrological resources are very crucial for Tourism owing to their roles in Tourism as mentioned below: i.

ii.

iii.

G: These are rivers of moving snow. They support Adventure Tourism and some

glaciers such as Gangotri and Yamunotri support Religious Tourism. Some glaciers such as Siachin glaciers act as strategic points from defense purpose & Adventure Tourist site. r: These are water lowing channels emerge out either from glaciers or rains. Rivers are good source of transport, Sport tourism and sacred purpose. Most of the sacred places and monuments are built on the bank of rivers. l, lg, Bwt, P & T: Act as resources for boating and resorts.

5


iv. v.

o, s, By & Gf: Source for Shipping, Cruise and Adventure Tourism activities. Bh: Beach is areas on sea coast with loose soil particles and shingles .These are most

favored by tourists to enjoy sea shore. vi. ct l: Excellent locations for supporting Wildlife Sanctuaries, Coastal Tourism, Geo Tourism, Eco Tourism & Lush Green sites for Recreational Resorts. vii. i: Best places for Coastal Tourism, Geo Tourism, Eco Tourism, Adventure Tourism and Lush Green sites for Recreational Resorts. viii. ithm: Best sites for Coastal Tourism, Geo Tourism, Eco Tourism, Adventure Tourism and Lush Green sites for Recreational Resorts. ix. stt: Best locations for Coastal Tourism, Geo Tourism, Eco Tourism, Adventure Tourism & some serves as sites for Religious Tourism. x. c rf & at: Best potential resource sites for Coastal Tourism, Geo Tourism, Eco Tourism, Adventure Tourism & Lush Green sites for Recreational Resorts. xi. Wt l: Best potential resource sites for developing Wildlife Sanctuaries, Bird Sanctuaries and Botanical Gardens. xii. dt & et: Best potential resource sites for developing Wildlife Sanctuaries, Bird Sanctuaries, Fish Aquariums, River Tourism, Eco Tourism & Geo Tourism etc. 3.

Tourism Climatological Resources

Climatological Tourism Tourism Resources are the components of climate viz Sunny Sun ny days, Rainfall, Snowfall, Dryness, Cold, Hot, Warm. Seasonality and Climatic zones are king player in governing Tourism mechanism. i.

ii.

cmt: Climate in association with Geomorphologic agents has great inluence even on

monuments and Tourist concerned destinations. Each pattern and type of Tourism is directly related to climate of concerned destination. Origin and destination and nature of Tourism depends in which climatic zone origin and destination of Tourism is located s & Wth: Seasons & Weather are the chief architects of all Tourism activities and Tourism i.e. origin, destination and nature of Tourism depends on season and weather of destination of Tourism concerned. Each pattern and type of Tourism is directly related to seasons and weather of concerned Tourist destination. Day to day low of Tourists depends on season and weather of concerned destination. Even transportation also depends on weather conditions.

6


A Mountain

Cherai Beach, Kerala

Thar Desert, Rajasthan

The Blue Lagoon, Goa

Colony’s Plot Kerala Hill Station, Kerala

Museum, Kolkata

7


Shoolpaneshwar Wildlife Sanctuary

Golden Temple, Amritsar

Thenmala - First Planed Eco-Tourism Destination, India

St. Xavier’s Church, Goa

Minicoy Atoll, Lakshadweep

Jama Masjid, Delhi

8


B.

Tm B-Ggp B-Ggph h r

Tourism Bio-Geographical Resoures are those which have their root of Origin in Living Species in combination with Geographical components, on which survival of those Species depends. Major Tourism Bio-Geographical Resoures are: i.

B-dty: Bio-Diversity is the fundamental Bio-Geographical resource for the existence

and survival of Tourism. Bio-Diversity means variations in Biological components (Human, Flora and Fauna) including their physical surroundings. Without Bio-Diversity there is no question of survival of Tourism because it is the variations which motivates human behavior to Travel. ii.

egy: Ecology is another fundamental Bio-Geographical resource for the existence and

survival of Tourism. Ecology is the science of study of relationship between living to living organisms and their interrelationship with their physical surroundings. It is Ecology and Bio-Diversity oriented resources which create platform for all types of Tourism. Their balance is must for the survival survival of Tourism specially to make Tourism sustainable. All Nature based Tourism have their origin in Bio-Geography among which important are Eco Tourism, Green Tourism, Wildlife Sanctuaries, National Parks, Zoological Parks, Botanical Gardens, Whale Watching, Fish Aquariums etc. are worth to mention. c.

Tm ct r

Let us irst understand what are Tourism Cultural Resources. These have two meanings: (a) The evolved evolved human capacity to to classify and represent experiences experiences with symbols, and to act imaginatively & creatively thus the resulted outcomes are consumed for Tourism by Tourists as Cultural resources. (b) The distinct ways that people living living in different parts of the world classiied classiied and represented represented their experiences, and acted creatively then resulted outcomes are consumed for Tourism by Tourists as Cultural resources. The major Tourism Cultural Resources can be grouped as: i.

rg, ct, Tt, ctm  rt: Religion, Culture, Traditions, Customs

and Rituals are Tourism Cultural Resources because these satisfy the Tourist strong desire to know what he does not know about the visiting destination’s Religions, Culture, Traditions, Customs and Rituals. Moreover, these resources also form the Tourism Sub-Cultural resources to encash into numbers of Tourism products. 9


ii.

iii.

iv.

v.

vi. vii. viii.

ix.

x. xi.

xii.

Mmt, Ht Bg, at & ahtt: Monuments, Historical Buildings,

Art & Architecture are the relectors of History, Art & Architecture, Culture and Traditions of the destinations visited by the Tourists. For this reason these are the most sought Cultural Resources by the Tourists. Tourism Cultural Resources are also attractions and pull Pfmg  v at: These Tourism factors for Tourists for number of reasons which will be discussed in coming Units. These Cultural Tourism Resources includes Music, Drama, Dance, Cinema, Theater and so on. Hft, atft  Hm: No Tourist can resist himself from attracting towards these categories of Tourism Cultural Resources to make his visit memorable by enjoying and purchasing the products of these resources. F, Ft  spt: Fairs and Festivals are the interpreter of culture, tradition, custom and rituals of any destination besides providing knowledge and entertainment. Same is true for Sports. For this reasons, these Tourism Cultural Resources have place in the list of Itinerary of Tourists. Pgmg  rg st: This category of Tourism Cultural Resources are mostly sought by Tourists of Religious Tourism. ltt: This category of Tourism Cultural Resources are sought by Bibliophilic and Bibliomaniac Tourists. M Hth, w  Mtg: This category of Tourism Cultural Resources is natural as well as acquiring skill in the these ields. Therefore, these categories of resources are vital Tourism Cultural Resources. ct: Conservatories are also known as living theater of the past and plethora of knowledge, information and entertainment under one roof. Therefore, Therefore, to avail this category of Tourism Cultural Resources are Tourist’s one of the top priorities to visit. Museums, Archives and Art Galleries form Conservatories. F ittt: No Tourist, specially Non-Domestic can afford to ignore these resources because beside other inancial matter they have to avail it for Foreign exchange. ammt, amm t, c  Gt Gtmy: my: Each and every Tourist has to consume these Tourism Cultural Resources because these are integral and inseparable components of Tourism. Hotels, Motels, Inns, Guest Houses, House Boats, Food & Catering and related services such as Hospitality falls under this category of Tourism Cultural Resources. Tpt  cmmt: These Tourism Cultural Resources are the backbone and lifeline of Tourism. 10


India is one of the top most countries in the World having Unity in Diversities both at Natural and Cultural levels. Almost every part of India is bestowed with Tourism resources. This Natural gift has made India a progressive and one of the most favourite Tourist destination country in the World. The spatial pattern of these Tourism resources and their feedbacks in making India the best potential and progressive country in the arena of Tourism world will be discussed in the following chapters. Review Questions

1)

Match the following:

cm a

cm B

a) Conservatories b) Ecology c) Seasons and Wether d) Glacires e) Duns

a) Landscape Tourism Resources b) Tourism Climatological Resources c) Tourism Marine Or Hydrological Sites Resources d) Tourism Bio-Geographical Resources e) Tourism Cultural Resources

2) Fill in the Blanks: a) _________comprises of the visible features of an area area of land including including the physical elements of landforms such as Mountains, Hills, Rocks, Plateau etc. b) __________ provide landscapes and night safaris particularly camel safaris. 1.5 ky Tm u  ut

1.

Mt: A natural elevation of the earth surface rising more or less abruptly from the

2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

surrounding level and attaining an altitude which, relatively to the adjacent elevation, is impressive or notable. Example-Himalayas H stt: Mountain ranges modiied by man for different uses. Example-Shimla vy: A plain area surrounded by high mountains. Example-Kashmir d: A plain area surrounded by low mountain ranges. Example-Dehradun r: Relatively hard, naturally formed mineral or petriied matter and stone. dt: A desert is a landscape or region that receives an extremely extremely low amount of precipitation, less than enough to support growth of most plants and is characterized by the presence of sand. Example-Thar desert in Rajasthan. 11


7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

23. 24.

Bh: The part of the shore of an ocean, sea, large river, lake, etc. formed of loose soil, sand

and shingles, washed by the tide or waves. Example-Juhu, Mumbai o: An open vast amount of water body. Example-Indian Ocean s: An open huge amount of water body. Example-Arabian Sea By: A huge amount of water body with curved landmass. Example-Bay of Bengal Gf: A huge amount of water body enters deeply into landmass. Example-Gulf of Cambay. r: A water lowing channel natural in origin and course. Example-Ganga l: An enclosed man made water body. Example-Butkal lake, Haryana G: A huge mass of ice slowly lowing over a land mass, formed from compacted snow in an area where snow accumulation exceeds melting and Sublimation. Example-Gangotri Wt: Wetlands are areas of very shallow water table which make these regions always wet. dt: A delta is a landform that is formed at the mouth or at the source of a river, where the river lows into an ocean, sea, estuary, lake, or reservoir. Example-Sundarban delta. ety: An estuary is a partly enclosed coastal body of water with one or more rivers or streams lowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea. stt: refers to a channel of water that lies between two masses. Example Palk Strait., ithm: An isthmus is a narrow strip of land connecting two larger land areas usually with water on either side. ct l: A coastline or seashore is the area where land meets the sea or ocean. i: An island is any piece of sub-continental land that is surrounded by water. c rf: Coral reefs are underwater structures made from calcium carbonate secreted by corals. Coral reefs are colonies of tiny living animals found in marine waters that contain few nutrients. Most coral reefs are built from stony corals, which in turn consist of polyps that cluster in groups. The polyps are like tiny sea anemones, to which they are closely related. Unlike sea anemones, coral polyps secrete hard carbonate exoskeletons which support and protect their bodies. Reefs grow best in warm, shallow, clear, sunny and agitated waters. On accumulation of these by-products with ocean ridges and reefs are formed. Example – Andaman & Nicobar Islands. at: An Atoll is a coral island (or islands) that encircle a lagoon partially or completely. lg: A lagoon is a shallow body of water separated from a larger body of water by barrier islands or reefs.

12


Gangotari Glacier

A Coral Reefs of Indian Ocean

An Island

Ocean

Palk Strat Seprates South - East India and Eastern Sri

A Wet Land

Lanka

13


Chilka Lake, Odisha

Wular Lake, Kashmir

Back waters of Kerala

14

Barren Island, Andaman and Nicobar

Bhaja Caves, near Malavali Village, Lonavala, Maharashtra


Jagannath, Puri

Dwarka Temple

Badrinath Temple, Uttrakhand

Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu

Body Gya, Bihar

The famous Sai Baba Shrine, Shirdi

15


25. Bwt: Backwater is water in a main river which is backed up by an obstruction such as the tide or a dam or a branch of a main river which runs alongside it before rejoining it. 26. B-dty: Means variations in Biological components (Human, Flora and Fauna) including their physical surroundings. 27. egy: Ecology is the science of study of relationship between living to living organisms and their interrelationship with their physical surroundings. 28. Wildlife Sanctuaries: A Sanctuaries: A Wildlife Sanctuary is a naturally naturally occurring area that provides protection for species from hunting, predation or competition, or it may refer to a protected area, a geographic territory within which wildlife is protected. 29. e Tm: Eco tourism is a form of tourism involving visiting fragile, pristine, and relatively undisturbed natural areas, intended as a low-impact and often small scale alternative to standard commercial (mass) tourism. Its purpose may be to educate the traveler, to provide funds for ecological conservation, to directly beneit the economic and political empowerment of local communities, or to foster respect for different cultures and for human rights. 30. G Tm: Geotourism is “best practice” tourism that sustains, or even enhances, the geographical character of a place, such as its culture environment, heritage, and the well-being of its residents. 31. cmt: Climate is the statistics of temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, precipitation, atmospheric particle count and other meteorological elemental measurements in a given region over long periods. 32. s: A season is a subdivision of the year, marked by changes in weather, ecology, and hours of daylight. Seasons result from the yearly revolution of the Earth around the Sun and the tilt of the Earth’s axis relative to the plane of revolution. 33. Wth: Weather is the state of the atmosphere, to the degree that it is hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or stormy, clear or cloudy. 34. Tt ammt: Tourist Accommodations are the spots which provide lodging and catering facilities to the Tourists during their Tour. Hotels, Motels, Inn, Guest Houses, House Boats are few types of Tourist Accommodations. 35. Mm: Museums are the places where objects of signiicant values are kept and displayed for knowledge, information, educational and entertainment objectives & purposes. 36. ah ah: : Archives are the places where original & authentic documents of signiicant values are kept for knowledge, information and educational objectives & purposes.

16


revieW QuesTions F  th b:

1.

A natural natural elevation elevation of earth surface surface rising more abruptly from the surrounding surrounding level level is called………. 2. A plain area surrounded by low mountains ranges known as……….. 3. ……….. is an enclosed manmade water body. body. 4. …………..is water in a main river river which is backed backed up by such as the dam or a tide. 5. The biggest delta of the world is……………. 6. ………….. are the places where original and authentic documents of signiicant values are kept for knowledge, information and educational objectives and purposes. 7. …………and……….. Islands are made up of coral reefs. 8. ………… strait is a channel of water that lies between India and Sri Lanka. 9. …………. are places where original and authentic documents of signiicant values are kept and displayed. 10. …………. is a form of tourism that involves involves visiting to fragile, pristine and relatively undisturbed natural areas. sht aw Qt:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

What are the core tourism products? Deine the concept of tourism resources. What are the additional tourism product or service tourism resources? What are the hydrological hydrological tourism resources? Deine Eco tourism. What do you mean by Geo tourism? Explain. Enumerate the tourist accommodations. Deine beach and name some famous beaches of India. Deine hill station. Highlight the prominent hill stations of India. What are coral reefs? Explain.

17


lg aw Qt:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Deine Landscape tourism resources with appropriate examples. How marine or hydrological hydrological resources are accustomed for tourism purposes? “Climate has been used as a tourism tourism product”. product”. Elaborate Elaborate this this statement statement with with suitable suitable examples. What are bio geographical resources? Discuss the major bio geographical regions of India. Discuss the major cultural tourism resources of India.


1) 2)

Draw the diagram for Tourism Resources. Visit a nearby historical monument/educational recreational place. Write Write a report and prepare a scrapebook.

18


ut-2 Phy Tm r-Mt  vy ctt

2.0 Unit Overview and Description Overview Skills and Knowledge Resource Material Learning Outcomes Assessment for Teachers 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Indian Himalayas 2.3 Aravali Mountain Ranges and Tourism 2.4 Western Western Ghats-Malabar ( Sahyadri Sahyadri Mountains) and Tourism 2.5 Eastern Ghats (Coromondal Coast) and Tourism 2.6 Ten Stunning Mountains And Valleys Valleys Attractions Attractions In India 2.7 Key Terms Used In the Unit 2.8 Practical Activities l l l l l

2.0 ut ow ow & dpt ow

India, the land of Physical amazing wonders, has a large number of fascinating spots including some most scintillating of the world. The India is known for its fascinating natural charm with many of it having some really amazing Tourist attractions which form the focus discussion of this chapter. Th ut w mpt fwg   wg

-

India is the land of Physical amazing wonders in providing Mountain & Valley Valley Tourism Resources. India has a large number of Mountain & Valley Tourism Resources backbone for fascinating Tourist spots including some most scintillating of the world. Spatial distribution of Mountain & Valley Valley Tourism Resources in India.

19


20


-

Spatial distribution of Mountain & Valley Valley Tourist destinations in India and types of Tourism offered by them. Signiicances and Characteristics of Mountain & Valley Tourist destinations in India. Custodian, Regulator and Maintainee Authorities of Mountain & Valley Tourism Resources & destinations in India. Conservation & Protection issues of Mountain & Valley Tourism Resources & destinations destination s in India. Rights and Duties of Authorities and Tourists about Mountain & Valley Tourism Resources and at Mountain & Valley Tourism destinations in India.

-

r Mt:

1. 2. 3.

R.L. Singh - Regional Geography of India,National Geographical Society of India, 1971 Majid Husain - Geography of India, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, (2013) H.Y. H.Y. Sharada Prasad and Ashok Dilwali - Life Life and Landscapes, Under the Incredible India Series, Wisdom Tree Publications, New Delhi, 2007

lg otm: uniT-2.0

ouTcoMes

Phy Tm r-


Mt  vy

2.1

Introduction

Students will be able to understand different aspects of Mountain & Valley Tourism Resources in India

2.2

Indian Himalayas

Students will be able to understand about Indian Himalayas

2.3

Aravali Aravali Mountain Ranges and Tourism

Students will be able to understand about Aravali Mountain

2.4

Western Ghats-Malabar (Sahyadri (Sahyadri Students will be able to understand the major Mountains) and Tourism characteristics and distribution Western Ghats

2.5

Eastern Ghats (Coromondal Coast) and Tourism

Students will be able to understand about the major characteristics and distribution Eastern Ghats

2.6

Ten Stunning Mountains And Valleys Attractions In India

Students will be able to understand about the major Mountains And Valleys Attractions In India 21


amt P: (f th Th)

Unit-2 Topic

Assessment Method

2. 1

Introduction

Question & Answer

2. 2

Indian Himalayas

Question & Answer

2.3 2.3

Ara Aravali ali Moun unttain ain Range angess Question & Answer and Tourism

2. 4

West estern ern Ghat Ghatss-M Malab alabar ar Question & Answer (Sahyadri Mountains) and Tourism Eastern Ghats Question & Answer (Coromondal Coast) and Tourism Ten St Stunning Mo Mountains Question & Answer And Valleys Attractions In India

2. 5

2. 6

Time Plan

Remarks

2.1 itt

India, the land of Great wonders and Diversities, is one of the most fascinating Tourist destinations in the World. India has always impressed its visitors with its exceptionally beautiful and fascinating Landscapes, Biodiversity, rich Forest reserves, Flora, Fauna, Marine resources and high magnitude of amazing Wild life and Floral diversities, Natural heritages and all the above its Monsoon of Climate (Seasonal variations & varied Climatic zones). All these cumulative factors make visiting this enchanting land a rewarding and unforgettable Tourism experiences. India offers thousands of exciting and enjoyable Tourism Physical Resources and make it Paradise for Tourists by variable Seasonality, Climatic zones, Mountains and Hill stations, Valleys, Duns, Mountain passes, Plains, Desert, Wetlands, exotic Beaches, Shore Lines, and Coastal areas, Lagoons, Islands, Strait, Backwaters, magniicent Rivers and their Deltas & Estuaries, Lakes, Tals, Wild life Sanctuaries, National parks, Botanical gardens and so on. With so much to offer, no doubt, India is truly a Treasure for Worldwide Tourists.

22


Visit and explore hundreds of fascinating and exotic Physical Tourism Resources of India. These Resources in India offers Tourists an array of Tourist spots and those Tourists from all over the world. Travelling in all the exotic Mountain & Valley Tourism spots in India is an experience, where each destination is a welcome break from the usual. Whatever the theme of Travel, India has all the perfect Physical, specially Mountain & Valley Tourism spots for Tourists. Tourists from all over the world visit and discover the various Mountain & Valley Tourism facets of enchanting India and experience the magic of this fascinating land. India is a dream holiday destination that rewards every Tourist with its unmatched Mountain & Valley Tourism attractions. Review Question

1)

India is is one of the most fascinating fascinating Tourist Tourist destinations of the world. world. Comment Comment .

2.2 i Hmy

Himalayan range covers the entire northern part of India, nestling ive major states of the country within it. The ancient pilgrims who have travelled in these mountains in India since time immemorial coined a Sanskrit word for the Himalayas meaning “Abode of Snow”. Some of the reasons why people have been so fascinated by the Indian Himalayas is because of the Hindu pilgrim routes, the low valleys that abruptly rise up in high mountain ranges, the lovely trekking hikes, densely forested areas lying just a mountain range away from barren cold deserts, and the lovely people of the mountains in India with their unique hospitable lifestyles. Mj i Hmy rg a.

Jammu & Kashmir

Jammu and Kashmir are really three regions: the foothill plains of Jammu; the lakes and blue valleys of Kashmir rising to alpine passes, the high altitude plains and starkly beautiful mountains of Ladakh, which lies beyond those passes. Srinagar is Kashmir’s summer capital and Jammu, the winter capital. Among the most attractive part that this Indian state has is the adventure opportunities that can be segregated into trekking, mountaineering and Trans Himalayan Jeep Safari. What can make a mountaineering expedition, an adventure one could never forget. If it’s done on the glaciers that are still craving to be explored. The Himalayan range offers some of the most rigorous mountaineering challenges one can ever come across. The glaciers of Ladakh and

23


Kashmir regions can test one’s survival to the ittest and most testing of them all is the Siachen glacier, known as the largest glacier outside the Polar Regions. b.

Himachal Pradesh

Himachal Pradesh is the land of snow, lofty peaks, cascading streams, alpine meadows & lush fruit-laden valleys. Many parts of the Himachal state have a distinctly Austrian look with coniferclad mountains, chalet-like huts with overhanging balconies and serene blue valleys watered by snow-fed streams. Shimla the capital of Himachal Pradesh is still very much a Raj township in appearance and atmosphere. Himachal also store numerous wonderful hill stations, which are particularly, cool in summers. Shimla, Dalhousie, Kullu, Manali and Kufri are a few of the hill Stations in Himachal Pradesh which offer breathtaking scenery and countless options of adventure sports. Dharamshala, where the DalaiLama lives, is another important centre on the tourist map. c.

Uttarakhand

Lying in the north of the vast and bountiful expanse of India and cradled in the awesome beauty and calm serenity of the stately Himalayas, Uttarakhand - the “Devbhumi” that has attracted tourists and pilgrims from world over since time immemorial. Comprising of eight hill districts and an area and population that equals the state of Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand is an expression of divinity, austerity, meditation, penance and attainment. Uttarakhand is a paradise for adventure sports. The sheer variety ranging from Mountaineering, Trekking, Skiing, Skating, Water Sports to Aero Sports like Hang Han g Gliding, Paragliding make Uttaranchal one of the most attractive destinations for adventure sports not only in India but the world over. d.

Sikkim

A former kingdom, Sikkim is now the 22nd State of India. It is rooted to the Himalayan Massif like a scale on the neck of a Dragon. One of the smallest states of India, it is bounded by Nepal to the west and Bhutan to the east; by Tibet to the north and northeast and by West Bengal to the south. Shrouded in heavy mist, the guardian deity Kanchenjunga both protects and terriies the inhabitants of the magical kingdom of Sikkim. An awe-inspiring mass of rock clothed in dazzling white snow, this Himalayan giant in the world’s third highest peak at 8,590m (28,199ft). The name itself means ’house of ive treasures’ represented by its ive soaring summits

24


e.

The North Eastern States - Seven Sisters

The region has so much to see, so much to experience and so much to write about that it would take volumes. The region of northeastern India will wet the appetite of the travelers, the tourist, the anthropologist and the observer. It is impossible to describe the nuances that make this area unique, challenging and interesting. Get to any one place and the result will be that you will return for more. The seven sisters comprise of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Tripura, Meghalaya and Mizoram. While the seven sisters are unique in their own way, the major Himalayan destination over here is Arunachal Pradesh. The state provides abundant scope for angling, boating, rafting, trekking and hiking. Besides, there are a number of wild life sanctuaries and national parks where rare animals, birds and plants will fascinate the visitors. Review Question

1) Fill in the Blanks: a)

A former kingdom ________ is now the 22nd State of India.

b)

_________ has attracted attracted tourists tourists and pilgrims pilgrims from from world world over since time time immemorial. immemorial.

c)

__________ where the DalaiLama lives, is another important centre on the the tourist tourist map.

d)

___________ is known as the largest glacier outside the Polar Regions.

2.3 a Mt rg  Tm

The Aravalli Range literally meaning ‘line of peaks’, is a range of mountains in western India running approximately 800 km from northeast to southwest across states of Rajasthan, Haryana, and Gujarat. The Aravalli Range runs across the state from the southwest peak Guru Shikhar (Mount Abu), which is 1,722 m in height, to Khetri in the northeast. This divides the state 60% in the northwest of the range and 40% in the southeast. The northwest tract is sandy and unproductive with little water but improves gradually from desert land in the far west and northwest to comparatively fertile and habitable land towards the east. Aravalies mountains are adventurous destinations, being the oldest mountain ranges in India. The Aravalies have always attracted Tourists from India and abroad. If one is looking for an adventurous, action packed holiday then the Aravalies can be the ultimate destination. It is considered to be unique for trekkers as this place abounds in dense jungles, undulating meadows, lakes and so

25


26

Himalaya

Coromandal

Aravali Range

Sangla Mountain

Sahyadri Mountain

Kashmir Valley


Araku Valley

Igatpuri, Maharastra

Irpu Water Fall

Tawang, Arunachal Pradesh

Lakkidi,Kerala

Auli, Uttrakhand

27


on. These ranges constitute some of the inest places like Mount Abu which is 1300 m above the sea level, Kumbhalgarh Fort, the Jain temples of Ranakpur and Delvara. Review Question

1) Fill in the Blanks: a)

The Aravali Aravali Range literally means _____________ .

b)

The Aravali Aravali range is the _________________ mountain ranges of India.

2.4 Wt Ght-Mb (shy Mt)  Tm Tm

From The Western Ghats, Western Ghats or the Sahyadri mountains constitute a mountain range along the western side of India. This range runs north to south along the western edge of the Deccan Plateau, and separates the plateau from a narrow coastal plain along the Arabian Sea. The range starts near the border of Gujarat and Maharashtra, south of the Tapti river, and runs approximately 1,600 km (990 mi) through the states of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala ending at Kanyakumari, at the southern tip of India. These hills cover 160,000 (62,000 sq mi) and form the catchment area for complex riverine riverine drainage systems that drain almost 40% of India. The Western Ghats block rainfall to the Deccan Plateau. The average elevation is around 1,200 m (3,900 ft). The area is one of the world’s ten “Hottest biodiversity hotspots” and has over 5000 species of lowering plants, 139 mammal species, 508 bird species and 179 amphibian species; it is likely that many undiscovered species live in the Western Ghats. At least 325 globally threatened species occur in the Western Ghats. The Western Ghats extend from the Satpura Range in the north, go south past Maharashtra, Goa, through Karnataka and into Kerala and Tamil. Major gaps in the range are the Goa Gap, between the Maharashtra and Karnataka sections, and the Pal hat Gap on the Tamil Nadu and Kerala border between the Nilgiri Hills and the Anaimalai Hills. )

shyh

The major hill range starting from the north is the Sahyadri (the benevolent mountains) range. This range is home to many hill stations like Matheran, Lonavala, Khandala, Mahabaleshwar, Panchgani, Amboli Ghat, Kudremukh Kudremukh and Kodagu. The range is called Sahyadri Sahyadri in northern Maharashtra and Sahya Parvatam in Kerala.

28


b)

ng

The Hills, also known as known as the Nilagiri malai, are in northwestern Tamil Nadu. The Nilgiri Hills are home to the hill station Ooty. The Bili giri rangana Betta southeast of Mysore in Karnataka, meet the Shevaroys (Servarayan range) and Tirumala range farther east, linking the Western Ghats to the Eastern Ghats. In the South, the range is or Nilgiris in Tamil Nadu. )

am H

South of the Pal Ghat Gap are the Anaimalai Hills, in western Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Smaller ranges are further south, including the Cardamom Hills. In the southern part of the range is Ana Mudi peak 2,695 metres (8,842 ft) in Kerala the highest peak in Western Ghats. Chembra Peak 2,100 metres (6,890 ft), Banasura Peak 2,073 metres (6,801 ft), Vellarimala 2,200 metres (7,218 ft) and Agasthya mala 1,868 metres (6,129 ft) are also in Kerala. Doddabetta in the Nilgiri Hills is 2,637 metres (8,652 ft). Mullayanagiri is the highest peak in Karnataka 1,950 metres (6,398 ft). The Western Ghats in Kerala and Tamil Nadu is home to many tea and coffee plantations. The northern portion of the narrow coastal plain between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea is known as the Konkan Coast or simply Konkan, the central portion is called Kanara and the southern portion is called Malabar region or the Malabar Coast. The foothill region east of the Ghats in Maharashtra is known as Desh, while the eastern foot hills of the central Karnataka state is known as Malenadu. The largest city within the mountains is the city of Pune (Poona), in the Desh region on the eastern edge of the range. The Biligirirangan Hills lies at the conluence of the Western and Eastern Ghats. Western Ghats has to be listed as a protected World Heritage Site. This will be composed of 7 adjoining areas: 1. agth agthym ym b-t (wth  t mt) g: The Agasthya malai Biosphere Reserve 900 km², includes Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve 806 km², in Tamil Nadu and Neyyar, Peppar and Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuaries and their adjoining areas of Achencoil, Thenmala, Konni, Punalur, Thiruvananthapuram Divisions and Agasthyavanam Special Division in Kerala. 2. Py b-t (wth x t mt) g: Periyar National Park and nature reserve 777 km², in Kerala, Ranni, Konni and Achankovil Forest Divisions. Divisions. On the eastern side, lying largely in a rain-shadow area with mostly drier forests, lie the Srivilliputtur Wildlife Sanctuary and reserved forests of the Tirunelveli Forest Division. 29


3.

am a m    bb-  t t (w (wt th h     t t  m m t t))     g: g: Chinnar Wildlife

Sanctuary, Eravikulam National Park 90 km², Indira Gandhi National Park, Grass Hills National Park and Karian Shola National Park are located within the larger Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary 958 km², and Palani Hills National Park 736.87 km² (PRO) in Tamil Nadu and Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary 285 km² in Kerala. 4. ng b-t (wth  t mt) g: The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve with Karimpuzha National Park 230 km² (PRO),Silent Valley Valley National Park 89.52 km² and Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary 344 km² in Kerala, Bandipur National Park 874 km², Mukurthi National Park 78.46 km², Mudumalai National Park 321 km², Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary 524.34km², New Amarambalam Reserved Forest in Tamil Nadu. This sub-cluster constitutes a largely secure forest complex of over 6,000 km², which is one of the most globally signiicant conservation areas for highly threatened species such as the Asian elephant, tiger and gaur, besides dozens of endangered species. 5. T b-t (wth x t mt) g: Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary 181.29 km², Rajiv Gandhi (Nagarhole National Park) 321 km², Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary 92.65 km², Talakaveri Wildlife Sanctuary (105.01 km²) in Karnataka and Aralam Reserved Forest in Kerala. 6. kmh sb-ct (wth F st emt) g: Kudremukh National Park 600.32 km², Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary and surrounding Reserved Forests of Someshwara, Agumbe and Balahalli in karnataka. 7. shy sb-ct (wth F st emt) g: Anshi National Park 340 km², Chandoli National Park 317.67 km², Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary and Radhanagri Wildlife Sanctuary in Maharashtra. Western Ghats are rich sources for all types of Mountain Tourism i.e from Recreation to Adventures. Review Question

1)

Write a short note on Western Gahts.

2.5 et Ght (cm ct)  Tm )

Ggph lt

Eastern Ghats are discontinuous range of mountain set along Eastern coast. Starting at West Bengal, Eastern Ghats pass through states like Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. These Ghats are ripped through by rivers like Godavari, Mahanadi, Krishna and Kaveri, the four major rivers of South India. 30


b)

chtt f et Ght chtt

Eastern Ghats are older than Western Ghats. The elevation of Eastern Ghats is lower than the Western Ghats. They are located between 11o 30’ and 22o N latitude and 76o 50’ and 86o 30 E longitude in a North-East to South-West strike. It covers a total area of around 75,000 sq. km. Sirumalai and Karanthamalai hills of Tamil Nadu lies in the southern most part of the Eastern Ghats. North of Kaveri river are higher Kollimalai, Pachaimalai, Shevaroy, Kalrayan Hills, Palamalai and Mettur hills in north Tamil Nadu. Eastern Ghat is said to be the watershed of many rivers as the Ghat gets higher average waterfall. Due to higher rainfall, the lora and thus fauna is very rich. Often referred as “Estuaries Of India”, Eastern Ghats gift Tourists Eco & Geo Tourism in special. Like Western Ghats, thus, Eastern Ghats also carry a heap of Ecological importance. )

et Ght F  F

The diversiied ecological niches and environmental situation provide habitat for rich fauna. Eastern Ghats is home to largest number of Asiatic elephants in the world. Other large animals such as Nilgiri Tahr, Leopards, Gaurs, Sambar, and tigers abound the landscape. Apart from this, these Ghats are known for the wide variety of Birds species. A Tourist would be able to explore other Wildlife Sanctuaries and National parks in the Eastern Ghats such as the Simlipal National Park, Baissipalli Wildlife Sanctuary, Satkoshia Gorge Sanctuary and many more. Eastern Ghats also holds the rich loral system. It is region where large number of medicinal plants are traced thus boon for developing Nature based Medical Tourism. The land is also occupied by quite a few tribes which include Savara, Jatapu, Konda Dora, Gadaba, Khond, Manne Dora and Mukha Dora. These indigenous people have their own unique cultural heritage. These people follow the age old customs and traditions. They are still dependent on the forest produce and haunting for their livelihood. These tribes have good knowledge about the region and its produce and thereby make a good use of its medicinal plants. Owing to this reason this region can be marked to develop Tribal and Ecotourism. Like Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats are also having plethora of Mountain Tourism resources ranging from Recreational to Adventurous. Review Question

1)

Write a short note on characteristics of Eastern Ghats.

31


2.6 T stg Mt  vy vy  attt  i )

a

stt: utth / rg – Ghw Hmy

This popular ski resort is approximately 492km from Delhi, nestled at an altitude of around 3km above sea level. To reach the snow clad slopes, you treat yourself to a 4km long gondola ride, the longest in Asia. Apart from skiing, Auli also offers other attractions such as the highest man-made lake in the world and a stunning 180 degree view of the Himalayan Peaks. b)

My

stt: utth / rg – km Hmy

Munsiyari offers breathtaking views of the Himalayas, trekking routes into a never ending horizon, high altitude glacier walks and the whispering of the wind in the God’s own natural amphitheater. Situated approximately 588km from Delhi, Munsiyari, meaning “place with snow”, stands at an altitude of 2,200m high. It gives you the chance to view some of the most beautiful snow-capped landscape in the region, with the road towards it illed with scintillating scenery. )

sg

stt: Hmh Ph

This is popularly considered as the most beautiful Himalayan valleys in India. Surrounded by breathtaking scenery, Sangla is situated on the historically famous Hindustan-Tibet highway, a charming experience often dubbed, the Swiss Countryside of India. Visitors can enjoy a day out angling on the Baspa River, trekking to Kinner Kailash or pay a visit to the monastery at Rekong Peo. )

Ggt

stt: sm

Gangtok, the capital of Sikkim, is a popular haven for tourists, trekkers and mountaineers looking to explore the scenery of Sikkim. There is much to see within a day’s drive from Gangtok, such as the Tsomgo or Changu Lake, the famed Nathu La Pass which connects India to China’s Tibet autonomous region, as well as the valley of Yumthang. There are also numerous trekking routes starting from Gangtok, including the famed Mount Kanchenjunga (third highest in the world) trek and the Dzongri trek.

32


)

Twg

stt: ah Ph

Located between the border of India and Bhutan, Tawang is yet another station boasting stunning views of the Eastern Himalayas. At the heart of this small hill station lies the Tawang Gompa, a Buddhist monastery home to not more than 40 monks. Nearby is the beautiful Sela Lake, pristine and untouched, while trekkers would enjoy a hike to the Sela Top Pass. f)

igtp

stt: Mhht

Igatpuri is a small sleepy town in the Western Ghats not far from Mumbai, approximately 138km. During the Monsoons, the landscape transforms into a riot of colors and waterfalls dot every nook and cranny of this valley. It is also home to the Vipasana center, where believers lock to meditate and renew their spirituality. The Tringalwadi Fort is a popular picturesque spot, offering one a wide angle view of the entire valley and the Talegaon Lake. g)

a vy

stt: ah Ph

For some of the coolest summer in Southern India, head straight to Araku Valley. Enjoy a picturesque train ride passing through numerous tunnels enroute, before inally reaching the rolling hills and waterfalls of the Araku Valley. The Borra Caves, 35km from Araku Valley, dates back to a million years back and are pure stalactite and stalagmite formations that tells a story from a different era. h)

ngh nt P: ip F

stt: kt

Spread over 640 square km of virgin forests, streams and cascading waterfalls, the Nagarhole National Park is home to the mystical Irupu Falls (also known as Lakshmana Tirtha Falls). This stunning waterfall cascades down and takes a plunge of 170ft! The park is a haven of lora and fauna, and you can ind wild elephants, leopards, spotted dear and Gaur, among others. It is also an excellent place for bird-watching. )

l

stt: k

When you travel to the God’s and country, what would you expect? Naturally, stunning scenic beauty it for the Gods, exactly the type Kerala offers. Lakkidi, often referred to as the Tarzan territory, is the highest point in the Wayanad region of Kerala. It’s a forest canopy so dense that you can 33


barely see the sky, where you can truly walk through the wilderness. Here, you can experience treetop living and walking 100 feet above the ground to get from one tree to another. j)

B

stt: Tm n

Bellikal is a picturesque village situated on the Nilgiri Montains, with the famed Mudumalai forest on one end and the Sigur Plateau on the other. It is a place of isolation and tranquility, 5,500 ft above sea level. A trekker’s paradise, there are various trails here leading to various attractions such as the Kalhatti Falls, as well as the Bison valley, where you can spy on these amazing beasts. The biggest attraction here however, is the Kurinji Bush, which blooms only once every 12 years. Review Question

1) Match the Following: cm a

cm B

Bellikal Nagarhole national park: irpu falls Tawang Igatpuri

Karnataka Arunachal Pradesh Maharashtra Tamil Nadu

2.7 ky Tm u  th ut 1.

Ght

Ghat means a descending path or stairway to a river, a mountain pass or it could reference either the Western or Eastern Ghats (mountain ranges) in India. 2.

Mt P

A pass is a route through a Mountain Range or over a Ridge. If following the lowest possible route, a pass is locally the highest point on that route. Since many of the world’s mountain ranges have presented formidable barriers to travel, passes have been important since before recorded history. history. 3.

vy

A large plain areas surrounded by high Mountains. 4.

Mt rg

A Mountain Range is a Geographic area containing numerous Geologically related Mountains. A Mountain system or system of Mountain Ranges sometimes is used to combine several Geological features that are Geographically (Regionally) related. 34



1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

A Sanskrit word for the Himalayan mountain is ……………. …………… is the world’s third highest peak at 8,590m. …………… range literally meaning ‘line of peaks’. peaks’. ………… Ghats are ripped through by rivers like Godavari, Mahanadi, Krishna and Kaveri. Sangla is often dubbed as the ………………… of India. …………… is a large plain area surrounded by high mountains. Eastern Ghats is often referred as………… of India. ………… means a descending path or stairway to a river . Nilgiris are situated in………….. Cardamom hills are on ……….. side of India.

sht aw Qt:

1. 2. 3. 4.

Enumerate the names of seven sisters of India. What is the location and extension of Aravallis? Aravallis? Name the hill stations of north India. Name the important hill stations of south India.

5.

Name the tribes who lives in Eastern Ghats.

lg aw Qt:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

What are the main characteristics of mountain and valley resources tourism which attracts the tourist round the world? Which states are embedded with Himalayas? Discuss in details. Communicate the Western Ghats mountains and its marvelous correlation with tourism industry. What are the main resources that Eastern Ghats offer to lourish tourism? Mark the Eastern Ghats Wildlife Sanctuaries on India’s map. “Mountains are the frozen pride of India”. India”. Discuss Discuss any ten stunning mountains and valleys valleys attractions in India. 35


2.8 Pt att

1) 2)

On an Indian Map, locate any four rivers and Mountain Ranges. Visit a nearby hotel and write a report report on practices followed by the hotel to boost boost tourism tourism in the region.

36


ut-3 Tm Phy r-H stt, d, Pt, dt, Wt  P ctt

3.0 Unit Overview and Description l

Overview

l

Skills and Knowledge

l

Resource Material

l

Learning Outcomes

l

Assessment for Teachers

3.1 Introduction 3.2 Hill Stations and Duns In India 3.3 Hill Stations Of North-Eastern States (Manipur, (Manipur, Meghalaya, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, Sikkim, Tripura Tripura & Mizoram) 3.4 Plateaus and Tourism 3.5 Plain and Tourism 3.6 Wet Lands, Ramsar Sites and Tourism Tourism 3.7 Key Terms Used In the Unit 3.8 Practical Activity 3.0 ut ow ow & dpt ow

This Chapter deals with the fundamentals of Hill stations, Duns, Plateaus, Desert, Plains and Tourism Resources. Th ut w mpt fwg s  kwg

-

The Concept of Hill stations, Duns, Plateaus, Desert, Wet Lands (Including Ramsar Sites) as Tourism Resources The Characteristics of Hill stations, Duns, Plateaus, Desert, Wet Lands as Tourism Resources

37


-

The Categories of Hill stations, Duns, Plateaus, Desert, Wet Lands Tourism Resources The spatial distributions and resulted Tourism products carved out of Hill stations, Duns, Plateaus, Desert, Wet Lands Tourism Resources

r Mt:

1. 2. 3.

Majid Husain - Geography of India, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, (2013) Manohar Sajnani - Encyclopedia Encyclopedia of Tourism Resources in India (In two two Vol.), Vol.), Kalpaz Pub. New Delhi, 2001. H.Y. H.Y. Sharada Prasad and Ashok Dilwali - Life Life and Landscapes, Under the Incredible India Series, Wisdom Tree Publications, New Delhi, 2007

lg otm: uniT-3

ouTcoMes

Tm Phy r-H stt, aft styg th sb-ut: d, Pt, dt, Wt  P

3.1

Introduction

Students will be able to understand different aspects of Hill stations, Duns, Plateaus, Desert, Wet Lands Tourism Resources in India.

3.2 3.2

Hill Hill Stat Statio ions ns and and Duns Duns In Indi Indiaa

Stud Studen ents ts will will be able able to un unde ders rsta tand nd abou aboutt majo majorr characteristics and Distribution ofHill Stations and Duns In India

3.3

Hill Stations of North-Eastern States Hill Stations Of North-Eastern States (Manipur, (Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura & Mizoram) Sikkim, Tripura & Mizoram)

3.4

Plateaus and Tourism

Students will be able to understand the major characteristics and distribution of Plateaus of India

3.5

Plains and Tourism

Students will be able to understand about the major characteristics and distribution Plains of India

3.6

Wet Lands, Ramsar Sites and Tourism

Students will be able to understand Wet Lands, Ramsar Sites of India

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amt P: (f th Th) ut-1 Tp

amt Mth

3. 1

Introduction

3. 2

Hill Stations and Duns Question & Answer In India

3. 3

Hill St Stations of of No North- Question & Answer Eastern States (Manipur, (Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura & Mizoram)

3. 4

Plateaus an and To Tourism

Question & Answer

3. 5

Plains and Tourism

Question & Answer

3. 6

Wet Land ndss, Ramsar Sites Question & Answer and Tourism

Tm P

rm

Question & Answer

3.1 itt

The Hill Stations are high-altitude man modiied Mountains, used especially by the rulers and ruling class particularly European colonialists, as a place of refuge from the summer heat. They are prevalent in Southeast Asian and South Asian countries, particularly India. The British Raj, and in particular the British Indian Army, founded perhaps 50 of the 80-odd hill stations in the Indian subcontinent. The rest were built by various Indian rulers over the centuries as places of leisure or even as capities. Duns are generally plain areas surrounded by low mountain ranges. Dehradun (Uttarakhand) is best example of Duns in India. Plains are lat topography which are developed by the deposition of alluvium by the rivers. PunjabHaryana Plains, Ganga Plains, Yamuna Plains, Awadh and Brahmaputra Plains are some of the famous Plains of India. Plains alone feed about 70 Per Cent of Tourism in India because most of Architectural and Historical-Cultural Tourism Products are available in Plains.

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Rocks can be no doubt main feedback for Tourism Products because there is no single Architectural, Historical, Monumental or any other building and even construction which can come into existence without direct or indirect role of Rocks. Desert is a region where rate of precipitation is extremely low compared to very high rate of evaporation making area vegetation deicit, arid and sandy. Thar Desert is the best example of Desert Topography in India. Sand dunes support both natural and cultural Tourism. For example Camel Safari and Camel Caravan are the best examples. Wetlands are the Ecotones or Transitional zones between permanently aquatic and dry Terrestrial Ecosystems. Ramsar Convention has deined Wetlands as “areas of marsh, fen, peat land or water, whether natural or artiicial, permanent or temporary with water that is static or lowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six meters.”Wetlands are very signiicant to Tourism because they play a vital role in evolving and development of Wildlife Sanctuaries, National Parks, Bird Sanctuaries and Botanical Gardens etc. Pp

Several Hill Stations served as Summer capital cities of Indian provinces and princely states. Since independence, the role of these Hill Stations as Summer capitals has largely ended, except Kashmir. There in winter Srinagar remains capital while in Summer Jammu. But now Hill Stations are popular summer resorts. d

We come across numerous such holiday resorts almost in all parts of the country. Besides the high Himalayas in the north, there are high hills in the northeast and around Nil Giris the South. There are hill ranges of medium to low height in the Vindhyas, Satpura, and the Aravalies and Western Ghats in the addition to isolated hillocks elsewhere. For this reason, even states which have predominantly plain or lat land, have one or two hill resorts with the exception of Odisha and Punjab. Locationally, out of 100 Hill Stations, the largest group of 42 is in the west Himalayas extending Kumaon (Uttarakhand) to Kashmir. The next long enough of 25 is marked along the Nilgiris-Western Ghats Hills divide forming the boundary of our three Southern most States. A bunch of 15 is found along Sahyadri ranges, mostly in Maharashtra and another 12 are scattered in North- Eastern Hills .One comes across the remaining six unevenly scattered on central hills, Eastern Ghats and the Aravalies. Some of these Hill Resorts are relatively more developed and are most popular. Many have the

40


potential to gain importance in years to come and there are others lying under developed. These Hill Stations altitude-wise is divided into three broad categories: (a) Hill resorts at low height (between (between 800 and 1200 meters at sea level). (b) Hill Resorts at medium height (between (between 1200 and 2100 meters at sea level). level). (c) Hill Resorts Resorts at great height height (between (between 2100 and 3500 meters at sea level). The accompanying map locates a very large number of them medium height, a number of them at low height and a few at very great heights. Most of them share the salubrious climate, pleasant summers, but usually rainy monsoon season and mildly cool winters. Some of them located in the Western Himalayas experience severally cold winters with the frequent snowfall. They are famous for providing relief to the visitors from heat of the burning hot plains in summer months and recreation in the winter season. There are the examples of less known Hill Resorts, not even marked on general maps. These are Morni at 1000m height in Haryana near Kalka, Halong (1637 m) in north Catcher hills of Silchar district of Assam, Jmapui (1309 m) in North Tripura, Ukhrul (1900 m),east of Imphal in Manipur, Mao (1788 m) on Dimapur, Imphal route, Harshly hills(1265 m) enroute to Tirumala Temple of Andhra Pradesh, Mannar (1600 m) in Western Ghats of Kerala, unspoilt Matheran (830 m) close to Mumbai, Satpura (873 m) on the second highest plateau of the Sahyadri to the southeast of Gujarat and Chikaldara (1000 m) on Satpura hills near Amravati town in Maharashtra. Their less popularity and low degree of development are largely a matter of chance a casual neglect. They can hardly be ruled out for being less attractive sites. No doubt they regain their lush greenery and seasonal cascades every year during Summer rains. Over a dozen such places are situated on western and Eastern Ghats or on Satpura Hill ranges. Each of them uniqueness its own. Ridge sites like Shimla, Darjeeling, Gangtok or Mussoorie attract by opening out a wider view of the deep valleys and of the snow-clad mountains. The wall of the forest green as a backdrop to the slopes parallel to the ridges adds to their charms. If the forest cover is replaced by wholesale cutting down of the trees and mushrooming of the tiers of concrete buildings, the scenic beauty of the resort is lost. The attraction of the distant views on sunny days is as much like as their mystic landscape wrapped in clouds on other days. Some Hill resorts like Naini Tal, Udagamandalam (Ooty) and Kodaikanal have come up around the lakesides, lying in a bowl and hemmed in by the hills. Their slopes are thickly wooded up to the water edges. In some cases like Srinagar in Kashmir and Ooty in Tamil Nadu, the encircling mountains are at a great distant and the sites lie in a wide open valley or undulating Grassland. The 41


lakeside resort of Udaipur in Rajasthan is an example of a lakeside resort outside the Himalayas and the hill regions. Hill Resorts like Mt. Abu, Morni, Matheran, Pachmarhi, Saputara and Ranchi are situated on a hump backed broad hill tops or on an uneven plateau surface giving panoramic views of the lush green valley or wild landscape. Shillong and Dalhousie are two examples of places situated on a group of hills separated by narrow valleys. Dharamsala in Himachal Pradesh occupies a lat topped spur projecting from Dhaula Dhar towards the Kangra valley. Long walks along a ridge from end to end of circular rounds of hills engage the visitors’ every day. Riverside location like Manali and Pahalgam combine the advantages of the valley site and the altitude of a mountain. Tawang in Arunachal Pradesh along Indo-Bhutan border Leh and Gulmarg in J&K state, Chail, Shimla, Dalhousie, Tabo, Sangla, Thanedar and Masholora in Himachal Pradesh are the examples of high altitude or near high-altitude hill stations. Review Question

1) Deine the following: a) Hill Stations b) Duns c) Plains d) Desert e) Wetlands 3.2 H stt stt  d  i )

i utth utth 

Almora is one of the most beautiful places in Kumaon region. The glamour and glitter which is seen in Ranikhet and Nainital is totally absent in Almora. Cradled in the mountain ranges of the Nar-Narayan, with the splendid Nilkanth peak as the enchanting backdrop, is located the holiest of all the Hindu pilgrimages, Badrinath. Bhim Tal, situated at a distance of 22kms from Nainital, is named after one of the Pandav brothers called Bhim. Mussoorie is located in the Garhwal hills. Due to its immense natural beauty, Mussoorie is known as the queen of hill stations.

42


Small town in the hills of Kumaon, Nainital is a lovely hill station surrounded by mountains on three sides. Once this area had many lakes and it was called the City of 60 lakes. Dundanadun, Mussoorie, Auli and Pithoragarh are often referred to as Miniature Kashmir. Hence, Uttarakhand offers following gems for Tourists in the form of following Hill Stations: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27.

Nainital Lake City Mussoorie Almora Askot Auli Badrinath Bageshwar Berinag Bhimtal Binsar Chamoli Auli Champawat Chaukori Chopta Dehradun Didihat Dhanaulti Gangolihat Garhwal Joshimath Kausani Kedarnath Landour Lansdowne Lohaghat Mukteshwar

43


28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44.

Munsiyari Mussoorie Nainital Nanda Devi Naukuchiatal Pauri Pithoragarh Tarkeshwar Mahadev Ranikhet Rishikesh Rudraprayag Uttarkashi Marchula Joshimath Ranikhet Valley of lowers Kanatal

b)

i Hmh Ph

Chail, Chamba Valley, Dalhousie, Dharamsala Kangra, Kasauli, Khajjiar, Kufri, Kullu, Lahaul & Spiti, Manali, Palampur, Renuka, Shimla, Solan, Chopta, Dhanaulti Hills and so on. Chopta situated on the Gopeshwar-Ukhimath Road about 40 kms. From Gopeshwar is at an altitude of about 2,900 m above sea level. Total in Himachal Pradesh Tourists can enjoy following Hill Stations: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Chail Dharamkot Dharamsala Mcleodganj Dalhousie Kasauli Kullu Manali

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9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

Shimla Kufri Barog Kiarighat Solan Mashobra Kangra Khajjiar Haripurdhar Lahaul and Spiti Palampur

)

i Jmm & khm

A huge cup shaped meadow, lush and green with slopes where the silence is broken only by the tinkle of cowbells, Gulmarg & Sonmarg look like a fantasy set in a ilm and not surprisingly have been the venue of several ilms. About 20-km south of Rangdum stands the Pazila watershed across which lies Zanskar, the most isolated of all the Trans Himalayan Hill Stations. Ladakh is a land like no other. other. Bounded by two of the world’s mightiest mountain ranges, the Great Himalayas and the Karakoram, it is a thwart two other, the Ladakh range and the Zanskar range As one approaches Leh, the sloping seep of dust and pebbles divide it from the loor of the Indus Valley. The capital of Jammu and Kashmir and the largest city in the state, Srinagar (1,730m) is famous for its canals, houseboats and Mughal gardens. At an altitude of 2,130m and about 95-km from Srinagar, Pahalgam is probably the most popular hill resort in the Kashmir valley. Relatively unknown, compared to the other tourist spots in the state Patnitop is no less beautiful or serene. At a height of 2,740m, Sonmarg is the last major point in the Kashmir valley before the Zoji La pass into Ladakh. So the Tourists in Jammu & Kashmir may enjoy following Hill Stations for heavenly pleasure,

45


excitement and make their visit life time memorable: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Bhaderwahea Patnitop Aru Gulmarg Pahalgam Sonmarg Srinagar Yusmarg Leh

)

i ah Ph

Major Hill Stations in Arunachal Pradesh for Tourism purposes are Along, Bomdila, Itanagar, Khonsa, Twang, Ziro etc. )

i am

Halong and Maibong are major Hill Stations in Assam. f)

i rjth & Hy

The only hill station in Rajasthan, Mount Abu huddles among the rocks on a 1,220-m granite table mountain at the far southwestern end of the Aravalli hills. Atop the Aravalli hills lies Sohna, the picturesque health-cum-holiday resort. ‘Sohna’ literally means `gold’ in Hindi. Morni Hills is famous Hill Station of Haryana. g)

i Mhy Ph

Major Hill attractions in Madhya Pradesh for Tourists are Pachmarhi, Amarkantak and Shivpuri. h)

i Gjt

Hill Stations which attract Tourists in Gujarat are Pavagadh, Saputara and Wilson Hills. )

i Jhh

Major Hill attractions in Jharkhand are Hazaribagh and Ranchi. j)

i Wt Bg

In West Bengal Tourist can enjoy and get refreshed by visiting the following Hill Stations and 46


attractions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

The ‘Toy ‘Toy Train’ in Darjeeling, Darjeel ing, Darjeeling Kalimpong Kurseong Mirik

Review Question

1) Name any four major hill hill stations of the region of your your choice choice. 3.3 H stt f nth-et stt (Mp, (Mp, Mghy, Mghy, ng, sm, Tp & Mzm) The Hill Stations which allure Tourists in the above States of Seven Sisters State categories are: 1. Nohkalikai 2. Cherrapunjee 3. Jowai 4. Shillong 5. Aizawl 6. Kohima 7. Pfutsero 8. Lachung 9. Gangtok 10. Lachung 11. Pelling 12. Yuksom These spots provide specially Adventure Tourism, Eco Tourism, GeoTourism and Natural landscapes to the Tourists. )

i oh

The main Hill Station in Odisha is Daringbadi. b)

i ah Ph

Andhra Pradesh has following major attractions as Hill Stations to facilitate Tourism: 1. Araku Valley, Valley, 2. Horsley Hills 47


3. 4. 5.

Araku Valley Nallamala Hills Ananthagiri Hills

)

i kt

In Karnataka Tourists Tourists have to select their choice of Hill Station from the following Hill Destinations: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

Kudremukh Agumbe Baba Budangiri Biligiriranga Hills Dandeli Horanadu Hosanagara Kemmangundi Kudremukh Koppa Madikeri Mudigere Mullayanagiri Nandi Hills Chikkamagaluru Sakleshpur Sirsi Siddapura Somwarpet Sringeri Talakaveri Theerthahalli Virajpet Yana Yellapura

)

i k

Kerala is an established Tourist destination for both Indians and non-Indians alike. Kerala is popular for its Beaches,Backwaters, Mountain ranges and Wildlife Sanctuaries. Hill Stations of

48


Tourists interests are well eficient. Tourists desired Hill Station products as indicated below: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

Munnar Charalkunnu Devikulam Kalpetta Kottancheri Kumily Mananthavady Nelliampathi Peermade Ponmudi Ranipuram Sulthan Bathery Thusharagiri Vellarimala Vythiri Vagamon

)

i Mhht Mhht 

As Maharashtra is the home of Sahydri Mountains, the state has many appealing Hill Stations to attracts Tourists Tourists not only from India but throughout the World, also has potential of all the facilities to make these Hill Stations pull factors for Tourists. Major Hill stations of Maharashtra are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Lonavla Amboli Chikhaldara Igatpuri Jawhar Karjat Khandala Lavasa Lonavala Mahabaleshwar

49


Malwa Plateau

Jeep Safari, Ranthambore Wild Life Sanctuary

Camel Caravan, Rajasthan

50


Loktak lake (Ramsar site), Manipur

A Wetland

Valley of Flowers, Hill station in Uttrakhand

Deacon Plateau

51


11. 12. 13. 14.

Matheran Panchgani Panhala Toranmal

f)

i Tm n

Tamil Nadu Tourism holds a special place in India’s tour landscape. Known to be the land of serene beaches and panoramic Mountains, Hill Stations Valleys, Tamil Nadu welcomes all with its ininite reserve of Natural beauty. Situated on the southern corner of the country, country, the Hill Stations of Tamil Nadu are visited by large number of Foreign and Domestic Tourists. The endless special appeals of Tamil Nadu’s Hill Stations not only make it an obvious choice of holiday destination but also extends its aesthetic credibility to the outer World. The major Hill Stations of Tamil Nadu are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Ooty Agasthiyamalai Coonoor Javadi Hills Kodaikanal Kolli Hills Kothagiri Meghamalai Sirumalai Udagamandalam Valparai Yelagiri Yercaud

Review Question 1) Match the following:

cm a

cm B

a) Lonavla, Amboli, Chikhaldara b) Coonoor, Coonoor, Javadi Hills, Kodaikanal c) Araku Valley, Valley, Horsley Hills d) Darjeeling, Kalimpong, Kurseong

Tamil Nadu Maharashtra West Bengal Andhara Pradesh

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Map 3.1: Distribution of Hill Stations, Duns, Plateaus, Deserts and Plains in India

53


3.4 Pt  Tm

Plateaus are lat top and steep wall Topography are of intense signiicance for Tourism. In India three major Plateaus are very crucial from Tourism aspects which are as follows: )

chtgp chtgp  Pt  Tm

The Chotanagpur plateau lies in the Indian state of Jharkhand and adjoining States. This region has a lot to offer with respect to Tourism, and it caters to every type of Tourist – the religiously inclined ones, the history buffs, the ones who are travelling for fun and architecture and nature buffs. The region is vast and beautiful and mainly unadulterated. There are many hills and valleys in the Chotanagpur region too and all these places provide excellent options for hiking and camping. Tourists can also indulge in activities like bird watching or wildlife spotting. There are many small tribal villages in the region too, which serve as bases for Khonds, Gonds, Koras, Lohras, Asurs and Santhals, and these can be visited by Tourists. Major places to visit in the Chotanagpur region include Ranchi, Dhanbad, Netarhat and Hazaribagh. There are many Waterfalls. Hazaribagh is a Hill Station and thus provides excellent views. Tourists can also visit the Wildlife sanctuary that is located near this town. Netarhat is another beautiful Hill Resort which is a must see destination due to its picturesque setting and exotic locales. This region is also blessed with minerals and ores resources which form the basis for Mining Tourism. From above analysis of The Chotanagpur plateau it can be concluded that this region is ideal for providing Nature Based, Mining and Cultural (Especially Tribal) Tourism. b)

Mw Pt  Tm

Politically and administratively, the Malwa includes districts of western Madhya Pradesh and parts of South-Eastern Rajasthan. The deinition of Malwa also includes the Nimar region north of the Vindhyas. This plateau has mixed of cultures like Rajasthani, Marathi and Gujarati. Several prominent people in the history of India have hailed from Malwa, including the poet and dramatist Kalidasa, the author Bhartrihari, the mathematicians and astronomers Varahamihira and Brahmagupta, the polymath king Bhoja and musician Tansen. Ujjain had been the political, economic, and cultural capital of the region in ancient and medieval times, and Indore is presently the largest city and commercial centre.

54


Tourism of Malwa Plateau

The main Tourist Destinations in Malwa are places of Historical or Religious signiicance. The river Shipra and the city of Ujjain have been regarded as sacred for thousands of years. The Mahakal Temple of Ujjain is one of the 12 Jyotirlingas. Ujjain has over 100 other ancient temples, including Harsidhhi, ChintamanGanesh, Gadh Kalika, Kaal Bhairava and Mangalnath. The Kalideh Palace is a ine example of ancient Indian architecture. The Bhartrihari caves are associated with interesting legends. Since the fourth century BC, Ujjain has enjoyed the reputation of being India’s Greenwich, as the Prime Meridian of the Hindu Geographers. The observatory built by Jai Singh II is one of the four such observatories in India and features Ancient Astronomical devices. The Simhastha mela, celebrated every 12 years, starts on the full moon day in Chaitra (April) and continues into Vaishakha (May) until the next full moon day. Mandu was originally the fort capital of the Parmar rulers. Towards the end of the 13th century, it came under the sway of the Sultans of Malwa, the irst of whom named it Shadiabad (city of joy). It remained as the capital, and in it the sultans built exquisite palaces like the Jahaz Mahal and Hindola Mahal, ornamental canals, baths and pavilions. The massive Jami Masjid and Hoshang Shah’s tomb provided inspiration to the designers of the Taj Mahal centuries later. Baz Bahadur built a huge palace in Mandu in the 16th century. Other notable historical monuments are Rewa Kund, Rupmati’s Pavilion, Nilkanth Mahal, Hathi Mahal, Darya Khan’s Tomb, Dai ka Mahal, Malik Mughit Mosque and Jali Mahal. Close to Mandu is Maheshwar, a town on the northern bank of Narmada River that served as the capital of the Indore state under Rajmata Ahilya Devi Holkar. The Maratha rajwada (fort) is the main attraction. A life-size statue of Rani Ahilya sits on a throne within the fort complex. Dhar was the capital of Malwa before Mandu became the capital in 1405. There, the fort is in ruins but offers a panoramic view. The Bhojashala Mosque (built in 1400) is still used as a place of worship on Fridays. The abandoned Lat Masjid (1405) and the tomb of Kamal Maula (early 15th century), a Muslim saint, are other places of interest. Modern Indore was planned and built by Rajmata Ahilya Devi Holkar. The grand Lal Baag Palace is one of its grandest monuments. The Bada Ganpati temple houses what is possibly the largest Ganesh idol in the world, measuring 7.6 m from crown to foot. The Kanch Mandir is a Jain temple entirely inlaid with glass. The Town Hall was made in 1904 in indo-gothic style; originally named King Edward Hall, it was renamed Mahatma Gandhi Hall in 1948. The chhatris are the tombs or cenotaphs erected in memory of dead Holkar rulers and their family members.

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The shrine of Hussain Tekri, built by the Nawab of Jaora, Mohammad Iftikhar Ali Khan Bahadur, in the 19th century, is on the outskirts of Jaora in the Ratlam district. Mohammad Iftikhar Ali Khan Bahadur was buried in the same graveyard where Hussain Tekri was buried. During the month of Moharram, thousands of people from all over the world visit the shrine of Hazrat Imam Hussain there, which is a replica of the Iraqi original. The place is famous for the rituals called Hajri to cure mental illness. )

d Pt a Tm

The plateau is bounded on the east and west by the Ghats, while its northern extremity is the Satpura Mountain Range. its principal rivers, the Godavari, Krishna, and Cauvery, low from the Western Ghats eastward to the Bay of Bengal. The plateau’s climate is drier than that on the coasts and is arid in places. On the Western edge of the plateau lie the Sahyadri, the Nilgiri, the Anaimalai and the Cardamom Hills, commonly known as Western Ghats. The eastern Deccan plateau is called Telangana. The language of the plateau is Telugu of the Dravidian family. The plateau’s important cities and towns are Hyderabad, Warangal, Kurnool, and Nizamabad. Tourists Attractions of Deccan Plateau i.

Aurangabad

Named after the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, Aurangabad is located in Maharashtra. It is globally renowned for the Ajanta and Ellora caves, apart from the Bibi-ka-Maqbara (mausoleum of Aurangzeb’s wife) and the Aurangabad caves. ii.

Badami

Once the capital of the Chalukyas, Badami is now a small rural town in Karnataka. It is best known for its beautiful cave temples, cut into the cliff face of a red sandstone hill. iii.

Bangaluru

Also in Karnataka, it is India’s Garden city with pleasant parks and Historical monuments. Now it is Information & Technological capital of India with many Multinational software companies comming up in the city.

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iv.

Belgaum

This small town in Karnataka is famous for its Jain temples and the Masjid Sata mosque. The Watchtower and Sunset Point offer panoramic views of the lat countryside and distant hills. v.

Bidar

The one-time capital city of the Bahamani rulers of south India, Bidar, located in Karnataka, is known for its Historical monuments. The main Tourist attraction of Bidar is its fort built by Ahmad Wali Shah .There are important palaces within the ramparts of the fort, including the Rang Mahal, the Solah Kambha Masjid (16-pillared mosque), the Gagan Mahal, the Diwan-e-Aam, the Royal Pavilion, and the Takhat Mahal. vi.

Bijapur

The capital city of the Adil Shahi rulers of Medieval India, Bijapur is situated in the Southern state of Karnataka. It is known for its Historical monuments. The magniicent Gol Gumbaz (the largest dome in India and the second largest in the world), the Ibrahim Roza (a beautiful tomb built by Adil Shah II for his queen), and the ruins of Gagan Mahal lure Tourists. The Sat Manzil (seven-storied palace), Jal Manzil (water pavilion), Bara Kaman (twelve arches), Taj Bawdi (water tank), Upli Burj (watch tower), Mehtar Mahal and Asar Mahal are other important places to be visited by Tourists in Bijapur. vii. Calicut

Calicut (also Kozhikode), located in Kerala, has been a commercial trading city since ancient times. Vasco-da-Gama landed in a place called Kappada close to Calicut in 1498. The city is the center of the timber industry, and is known for its boat building. The word ‘calico’ is derived from the name of this place. viii. Gulbarga

Located in the state of Karnataka, the small town of Gulbarga is famous for its association with the Medieval kingdom of Bahamani. A number of monuments dating from 13th to the 15th century can be enjoyed by Tourist here. Gulbarga Fort is an important Tourist spot. This fort includes the Jama Masjid, said to have been built by a Moorish architect from Spain in the late 14th century on the lines of the Great Cordoba Mosque in Southern Spain. Other places of interest within the town are the Tombs of the Bahamani rulers, the Haft Gumbaz, the Tomb of Khwaja Bande Nawaz, a sui saint and the Sharana Basaveshwara temple.

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ix.

Hampi

Located in the central part of Karnataka, Hampi is a world heritage site famous for its ruins belonging to the kingdom of Vijaynagar. The Temples and monolithic Sculptures and monuments, along with the rugged landscape attract Tourists to Hampi. x.

Hassan

Hassan is located in Karnataka. The place is called Hassan after the Goddess “Hasanamba,” the presiding deity of the town. The Temple of Hasanamba is opened only once in a year during the second Ashwayuja (October). A big Jatra (fair) is held on this occasion. Hassan is a convenient base for visiting the other temple of nearby towns such as Belur, Halebid and Sharavanabelagola. Sharavanabelagola is a famous Jain pilgrimage with a 17-m-high monolith of lord Bahubali. Belur was once the capital of the Hoysala kings. The Chennakeshava Temple took 103 years to be completed and is illed with intricate carvings and sculptures. Halebid, like Belur, is rich cultural heritage of Karnataka. xi.

Hyderabad

Built around the Hussain Sagar Lake, Hyderabad is the capital of the state of Andhra Pradesh. It was founded in the 16th century by Mohammad Quli Qutub Shah and later became the seat of the Nizam rulers. Symbolic of Hyderabad is its Char Minar, a charming rectangular building with four slender minarets. Other places of Tourists attractions include the Mecca Masjid, Salar Jung Museum, Birla Mandir, and Mahakali Temple. The Golconda Fort, the 13th-century fort rebuilt by the Qutub Shahi rulers, lies at a distance of 13 km from Hyderabad. xii. Mysore

Mysore and Bangaluru can be translated as twin cities. Being home to the royalty for centuries, Mysore has a number of palaces, parks and boulevards as well as museums and cultural centers. The Maharaja’s Palace, Lalitha Mahal, Jayachamarajendra Art Gallery, Jaganmohan Palace, Chamarajendra Chamarajendra Zoological Gardens, Rail Museum, St. Philomenas Church, etc. are some of the mustsee places of Bangalore. Among the nearby places, Chamundi Hill (13 km), Srirangapatnam (16 km), Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary (16 km), historical capital city of the famous rulers Hyder ali and Tipu Sultan and Krishna Sagar Dam (19 km). However, memorable to many Tourists visiting Mysore is the Vrindavan Gardens.

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xiii. Ooty

Situated amidst the blue mountains of the Nilgiris in Tamilnadu, Ooty was once the British township and a popular Hill station(Presently also). The beautiful Botanical Gardens, Ketty Valley, the Wenlock Downs and Doddabetta Peak make Tourists delighted. Review Question

1) Fill in the Blanks: a) The eastern Deccan plateau called _______ . b) __________ includes districts of western Madhya Pradesh and parts of South-Eastern Rajasthan. c) __________ plateau lies in the Indian state of Jharkhand and adjoining States. 3.5 P  Tm

Plains are generally lat Topography resulted of deposition of Alluvium etc. by Rivers or any other depositional agents. In India, River and Coastal Plains have their presence with signiicant Tourism values. India have very extensive Plain Regions among which prominent are Indo-Gangatic, Brahmaputra, Awadh and Coastal Plains which offer a huge array of Tourist places to be explored by Tourists. The shades of these Plains compose of a number of Communities, Religions, Cultures and Races. As a result, the Tourist attractions in India due to these Plains are varied and numerous in nature. For the sake of convenience Indian Plains and the Tourism outcome of them can be categorized into following Zones: .

nth Z

The vast expanses of the North Indian Territory present one of the World’s most widespread and fertile lands, comprising the alluvial soil deposited in the form of ine silt by the rivers. Lying towards the south of the Himalayas, the northern plains comprise the Indus basin, the GangaBrahmaputra basin. Uttar Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttaranchal, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh are the states that form the north zone. Some of the striking Tourist destinations of India in the North Zone are Taj Mahal, Hawa Mahal, Jama Masjid, Dal Lake, Jaisalmer Fort, Agra Fort, Qutub Complex and Corbett National Park etc. .

et Z

The East Zone is composed of States Odisha, West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, Assam etc. Assam’s

59


Brahmaputra and the Barak river Plains are full of dense forests. The mentionable Tourist attractions in this zone broadly include Konark Temples, Sunderbans, Victoria Memorial, Kolkata National Museum Bodh Gaya, Rajgir, etc. .

Wt Z

Comprising the states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Daman & Diu, and Goa, the western region is one of the most Travelled Tourist Zones of India. Located along the blue waters of the Arabian Sea, all of these states offer primarily Coastal beauties of Beaches and Sea shores. Gujarat, one of the most important states, houses some of the most impressive architectural works of art, like the Somnath Temple and the Dwarkadhish Temple. Gir Wildlife Sanctuary is another favorite site for the Tourists. Ajanta and Ellora Caves and Mahabaleshwar in Maharashtra are some of the striking Tourist destinations. Lakshadweep, Goa and Kerala, favourite Tourist spots in the Western areas offer magniicent Lagoons, Backwaters, Beaches of Kovalam, Dona Paula and Calangute etc. .. 

sth Z

One of the major Tourist Zones of India, the South zone includes the States Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Andaman and Nicobars Islands etc. The Wildlife Sanctuaries of the N ilgiris and exotic beaches of Tamil Nadu, Pudducherry, Andaman & Nicobar are some of the prime Tourist attractions. Among the Architectural Masterpieces, the Meenakshi Temple, Khajuraho Temples, the Tirupati Temple, Rameswaram and Kanyakumari hold great Tourism signiicance. Review Questions

1) Fill in the Blanks: a) _____________ is the most travelled Tourist Zones in India. b) ____________ is major Tourist Zone of India. 2) In how how many many Zones Indian Plains can be classiied? Give Give two examples of Tourist Tourist attraction attraction of each zone. 3.6 Wt l, rm st  Tm

Wetlands are areas of very shallow water table which make these regions always wet. They have very signiicant role in Tourism by contributing towards Wild Life Sanctuaries, Bird Sanctuaries National Parks, Botanical Gardens, Wildlife Reserves and now Ramsar Sites. Following are some of the mentionable Wet Land in India:

60


1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

Ashtamudi Wetland-Kerala Bhitarkanika Mangroves-Orissa Bhoj Wetland- Madhya Pradesh Chandertal Wetland-Himachal Pradesh Chilika Lake- Odisha Deepor Beel-Assam East Calcutta Wetlands-West etlands-West Bengal Harike Lake- Punjab Hokera Wetland-Jammu and Kashmir Kanjli-Punjab Keoladeo National Park -Rajasthan Kolleru Lake - Andhra Pradesh Loktak Lake -Manipur Point Calime- Tamil Nadu Pong Dam Lake-Himachal Pradesh Renuka Wetland-Himachal Wetland-Himachal Pradesh Ropar- Punjab Rudrasagar Lake-Tripura Lake-Tripura Sambhar Lake-Rajasthan Sasthamkotta Lake- Kerala Surinsar-Mansar Lake- Jammu and Kashmir Tsomoriri-Jammu and Kashmir Vembanad-Kol Wetland- Kerala Wular Lake-Jammu and Kashmir Upper Ganga River (Brijghat to Narora Narora Stretch)-Uttar Pradesh

Review Question

1) Give ive examples of wetlands in India.

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3.7 ky W u  th ut 1.

H stt

Hill Stations are modiied Mountains by man for one or more reasons. 2.

d

Duns are plain areas surrounded by low mountains. 3.

dt

Desert is a region where rate of precipitation is extremely low compared to very high rate of evaporation making area vegetation deicit, arid and sandy. 4.

P

Plains are lat and fertile areas formed by deposition of alluvium by rivers. 5.

sf

A Safari is an overland journey, usually a trip by Tourists. Traditionally, the term is used for a BigGame hunt, but today the term often refers to a trip taken not for the purposes of hunting, but to observe and photograph animals and other wildlife. 6.

c

A Caravan is a series of animals or vehicles carrying goods or passengers or both in a group as part of a regular or semi-regular services between two points. 7.

Wt l

Wetlands are areas of very shallow water table which makes these regions always wet. They have very signiicant role in Tourism by contributing towards Wild Life Sanctuaries, Bird Sanctuaries National Parks, Botanical Gardens, Wildlife Reserves and now Ramsar Sites. 8.

rm st

Ramsar Sites are sites which comprise of Wet Lands and the Sites which are deemed potential sites for the development of Wildlife Reserves, Wild life Sanctuaries, Bird Sanctuaries “for International importance” under the Ramsar Convention.

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

…………. is famous for its canals, houseboat and Mughal gardens. The Toy train starts from ……………. . …………… is famous for its beaches, backwaters, mountain ranges and wildlife sanctuaries. Maharashtra is the home of …………….. Mountains. Chotanagpur region is famous for ……………… tourism. Since the fourth century BC, Ujjain Ujjain has enjoyed the reputation of being India’s ………………, as the Prime Meridian of the Hindu Geographers. 7. The ………….. Mandir is a Jain temple entirely inlaid with glass. 8. The language of Deccan plateau is …………… of the Dravidian family. family. 9. Vasco da Gama landed in a place called ……….. close to Calicut in 1498. 10. …………… is a world heritage site famous for for its ruins belonging belonging to the kingdom of Vijaynagar. Vijaynagar. sht aw Qt:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Deine desert and where one can ind it in Indian sub continent. Deine Duns. What is Safari in Tourism context? Deine Wetlands. What are Ramsar sites? Explain.

lg aw Qt:

1. 2. 3. 4.

Write down the famous hill stations of India and locate locate them them on India’s India’s political map. “Plateaus are main stay of cultural tourism” Elaborate this statement in an Indian context. context. Indian plains constitute constitute a large number of communities, religions, cultures and races races and hence a tourist spot. Where are these regions in India? How wetlands and Ramsar sites contribute to tourism industry? Locate these sites on India map.

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3.8 Pt atty

On the Physical map of India show any ten Wetlands and Ramsar sites signiicant from tourism aspects.

64


ut-4 Tm Phy r-ct l  Bh ctt

4.0 Unit Overview and Description Overview Skills and Knowledge Resource Material Learning Outcomes Assessment for Teachers 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Sea Shores 4.3 Beaches And Tourism 4.4 Key Terms Used In the Unit 4.5 Practical Activity l l l l l

4.0 ut ow ow & dpt ow

This Chapter deals with the fundamentals of Coastal lands and Beaches as Tourism Resources. Th ut w mpt fwg s  kwg

-

The The The The The

Concept of Coastal lands and Beaches as Tourism Resources Characteristics of a Coastal lands and Beaches as Tourism Resources Categories of Coastal lands and Beaches Tourism Resources signiicances of Coastal lands and Beaches Tourism Resources spatial distributions and resulted Tourism products Coastal lands and Beaches

r Mt:

1. 2. 3.

Enayat Ahmad - Physical Geography, Geography, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi, 20052. Majid Husain - Geography of India, India, Geography Geography of India, Tata Tata McGraw McGraw Hill, New Delhi, (2013) Manohar Sajnani - Encyclopedia Encyclopedia of Tourism Resources in India (In two two Vol.), Vol.), Kalpaz Pub. New Delhi, 2001.

65


lg otm: uniT-4

ouTcoMes

Tm Phy r-ct l aft styg th sb-ut:  Bh

4.1

Introduction

Students will be able to understand different aspects of Coastal lands and Beaches Tourism Resources in India.

4.2

Sea Shores

Students will be able to understand about major characteristics and Distribution ofSea Shores of India

4.3

Beaches and Tourism

Students will be able to understand about the major characteristics characteristics and distribution distribution of Beaches of India

amt P: (f th Th) ut-4

Tp

amt Mth

4. 1

Introduction

Question & Answer

4. 2

Sea Shores

Question & Answer

4. 3

Beaches and Tourism

Question & Answer

Tm P

rm

4.1 itt

India is Peninsular Country with its Southern Boundaries washed by Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean. All these three huge Water bodies form the Indian Shorelines. These Shorelines form an integral part of Tourism Resource by providing lush Green Flora & high reserves of Wildlife which in turn provide Wildlife Sanctuaries, Bird Sanctuaries, Zoological Parks, Botanical Gardens, Lagoons, Backwaters, Eco- Tourism, Geo- Tourism and so on. Beaches are Shorelines which have loose Soil, Sand, Shingles and Gravels. Beaches are most favorite favorite among the Tourists because of the excitement and enjoyment provided by them to the Tourists.

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India is blessed with World famous Shoreline and Beaches as Tourism Resources for instance: Review Questions

1) 2)

Deine Beaches. Name the three water bodies that form the Indian Shorelines.

4.2 s sh

Covering everything from sponges to Crabs, Birds, and Algae, Coastal lands Life of India introduces Tourists to the Plant and Animal life along India’s Coastlines. Important Seashores of India are: India has two Seashores on the East and the West, which have 10 large and 200 small-andmedium-sized Seashores. In addition there are many islands, which are proximal to other countries than Indian mainland. In east, Andaman and Nicobar islands are more proximal to Thailand and Indonesia, and in the West Lakshadweeps and Minikoy Islands lie in the neighbourhood of Maldives and Mauritius. Kandla, Mumbai, Chennai, Vishakhapatanam and Kolkata are busy gates on Indian Sea-coast today. Fm s sh f i

Though India is blessed with numerous Sea Shores in it. From Tourism resources point of view Shorelines give Tourists a nice differs from their frantic everyday life and if they are hunting for a change, sea shores are best options for them. Among the better seaside vacation resort possibilities contain Juhu, Underwater Push and also Chowpatty Beaches in Mumbai. Common as treat joint parts and also hangout speciic zones regarding Mumbai, these kinds of coastal landsoffer inest alternatives for uses the particular smooth ine sand in the ocean. Kovalam Seaside in Kerala provides a stimulating change. Kovalam shines from other Indian native seashores due to its magniicent natural landscape and also the coconut trees along the seacoast. Using stunning blue waters Marine and also Elliot’s Beaches give Tourists a pleasant experience with the horse rides will invariably pleasure for the kids. Tamil Nadu Traveler Improvement Corporation operates a speed boat House from Muttukadu, in which facilities regarding Marining and also wind low browsing on are available for Tourists’ pleasure regarding coastal landslovers. Puri, as well as Konark Shorelines throughout Odisha furthermore create excellent sea shore destination for a number of fascinating Tourism. The particular Tourist inlux in these spots primarily consists of pilgrims and marine lovers. 67


One of many sea shore parts of Andhra Pradesh, Vishakhapatnam shore is noted for its charming natural environments and prolonged seaside expands. Ramakrishna shore front and the Lawson’s Fresh are main spots to keep things interesting and also rest one search for with sea shore Tourism. Close to Vishakhapatnam are Bheemunipatnam which is one of several safest shores. In Western India shores of Tourism signiicances are Malabar, Konkan and Gujarat Sea Shores. Konkan apart from its beauty, Railway is also a masterpiece of Railway Network with more than two thousands Tunnels and bounty of natural beauty along the tracks. The magniicent beauty of Malabar is beyond imagination and Tourist’s expectations. Review Question

1)

Write a short note on famous Sea Shores of India.

4.3 Bh  Tm Tp Bh  i

India is a peninsula with an extensive coast line dotted with numerous marvelous and heart capturing Beaches. The Seas and the Oceans bordering the Coastline sport magniicent colors like Electric blue, Turquoise, Emerald green, Menacing gray and even Foamy white. Tourists enjoys Whirling currents, Gigantic waves, Gentle ripples, Glistening Sunlight dancing on the undulations of water, sparkling foam crowning the waves, lapping or crashing against the shores advancing and receding. The sounds range from a gentle rumbling to a mighty roar. The Beaches sport amazing variety. These have vast stretches of golden or dazzling white sand, hard Beaches rocky Beaches with crags, crevices and caves. Most of these Beaches are some of the most sought holiday destinations offering luxurious Resorts simple Cottages and Hotels amidst exotic Landscapes and breathtaking Scenic beauty. There are provisions for various exciting activities, Cruises and Water sports. Each Beach is unique with a perfect ambience for a holiday mood for attracting Tourists. There are certain outstanding Beaches especially in Goa which is the Beach Capital of India .Calangute Beach of Goa is called the Queen of Beaches. Goa is blessed with a bounty of exotic Beaches, Fabulous Weather, Delightful people, Delicious food, quaint little white washed Churches, Forts on Hill tops, Portuguese cathedrals. It is one of the prime holiday destinations because of these fabulous Beaches amidst which Calangute Beach deserves a special mention. Tourists swarm to this Beach mesmerized by the soft sands, swaying

68


Map 4.1: Sea Shores and Beaches In India

69


A beach

Chawpatty Beach, Mumbai

70

Mahabalipuram Beach, Tamil Nadu


Nagoa Beach

Ajuna Beach, Goa

Andaman Beach

Rishikonda Beach

Shores

71


palms, and the calm waters of the Arabian Sea caressing its shores. It is a perfect haunt for Water sports like suring, snorkeling, scuba diving, water skiing, parasailing and others. Some like to relax by ishing or enjoying a lazy swim or just lying around to acquire a sun. Goa Beaches are for frolicking in shade or sun or splashing in the water or just sipping long cool drinks. It’s a big chill out party zone and a close cousin to the Caribbean and Miami Beaches. The best time to visit is November to February. )

aj Bh

Anjuna Beach in Goa is a favorite hunt for honeymooners and those want the memories of the sixties “Flower Power” days. It is very popular amidst International Tourists. The calm blue sea here is very safe for swimming and water sports. The weekly lea market is a great crowd puller offering cool bargains on a plethora of products from handicrafts to trinkets. Drink House parties in the full moon night or restaurants offering a great variety of culinary delights are enough to recharge people with zest and vigor. vigor. The Mascarenhas Mansion is a wonderful piece of Architecture with beautiful loral motifs etched on glass and artistic woodwork. The Albuquerque Mansion has majestic octagonal towers and an astounding Mangalore tile Roof. The best time to visit Anjuna Beach is from November to May. June to October is, however, the best time to enjoy overcast skies and cool breeze with occasional rain splashes. b)

ng Bh (diu)

Twenty kilometers away from Diu there is a long shoe-shaped stretch of sand called the Nagoa Beach. It is one of the most beautiful Beaches of India. It is very peaceful with shady palm trees at the shore of the cool crystal waters of the Arabian Sea. )

km Bh – P f th k

Kerala Beaches are quite a contrast to Goa Beaches. Goa Beaches are for Backpackers whereas Kerala Beaches are spots of perfect calm beauty drawing more upper class Tourists. Tourists ind over excited crowds here, unlike in Goa. Kovalam is the most famous Beach along the West Coast of Kerala. This Beach affords privacy and silence with only the sound of waves lashing on the shore to enjoy walks along the golden sands, swims in the crystal clear water, soothing shade of tall coconut trees which create a green magic along the shores. It is a dream destination for International Tourists who want to relax and rejuvenate. They can indulge in Ayurvedic massages or catamaran Cruises. Other attractions are exotic Sea food lavored with Coastal Cuisine and Colorful corals. The best time to visit is September to May. )

Mhbpm Mhbp m (T (Tm m n)

Tamil Nadu has one of the inest Beaches in India at Mahabalipuram. It attracts Tourists from all 72


over the World. The peaceful ambience here has a compelling impact on all who come here. One can relax and unwind soaking in the Natural beauty and listening to the roar of the waves. There are centuries old monuments and amazing rock cut Sculptures. The Shore Temples, Rathas and Arjuna’s Penance are truly magniicent and have withstood here with Nature. The Traditional Indian Dances and Classical Music at the Dance Festival organized by Dept of Tourism Govt. of Tamil Nadu attracts a lot of Indian and Foreign Tourists. There are many luxury Resorts, Guest Houses and Budget Hotels for Tourists. The Crocodile farm and Snake Venom- Extracting center, besides School of Art and Sculpture are other Tourist attractions. The best time to visit Mahabalipuram is from November to February. )

Phy Bh

If Goa has traces of the Portuguese Culture then Pudducherry (Pudducherry was the central town for the French colonialists) has memories of the French Colonial era. The Beaches here abound in powdery white sand and brilliant Sunshine, bordered by clear blue water. There are numerous Resorts, Cafes, Bars and Cottages a lot of it still upholding the French ethos. The surroundings are very calm and peaceful. The Sri Aurobindo Ashram attracts Tourists from all over the World and is the ultimate destination in the search for peace. f)

rh Bh

The Golden sands of the unspoilt Beach of Rishikonda washed by the warm sea is an ideal haunt for Swimmers, Water Skiers and Wind Surfers. The settings are charming with Hills in the vicinity, a rare combination of the Hills and the Sea. It is just 8 km away from Vizag stuffed with Hotels and Resorts. g)

am Bh

Andaman Islands are encircled by the Sea and are, therefore, blessed with some of the best Beaches. Deep Sea Coral Reefs, Soft Sands and captivating Sunshine are the main attractions apart from Water Sports and activities like Snorkeling, Boat rides and Deep Sea diving. Corbyn’s Cove which is 4 km from the airport with long Sandy Stretches fringed by Coconut trees, Chiriya Tapu, a tiny Fishing village with beautiful Beaches or the unspoilt Beaches and Corals of Clinque Island treat the Tourists to Divine experiences of lazing and bathing in the Sun. Havelock Island has white Sand Beaches washed by Turquoise waters beneath which there is abundance of amazing Coral Reefs and colorful Marine creature. Havelock Island sites include Mac Point, Aquarium, Barracuda city, Turtle Bay, Seduction Point, Pilot Reef and Minerva Lodge. Wandur Island, Little Andaman as well as Red Skin, Cinque, Neil and Havelock Islands are popular spots for Snorkeling. The perfect beauty of the Islands of Grub, Red skin and Jolly Buoy is irresistible.

73


h)

lhwp Bh

The astounding beauty of the white Coral Beaches of Lakshadweep Islands scattered on the Turquoise blue Waters of the Lagoons is unparalleled in the World. The gentle breeze of the swaying Coconut palms and the soothing warm Sunshine adds to its attraction. The Marine life and Coral Reefs enhance the visual splendor. The Moon dipping into the horizon at the Bangaran Islands or the water sports at Agatti Islands, Deep Sea Fishing, Sailing, Diving into the unrufled waters draws Tourists in large numbers. October to May is the best time for divers. )

P Bh (oh)

Puri is both a Pilgrimage and Holiday destination. The vast stretch of sand along the breath taking beautiful Bay of Bengal on the Coastline of Odisha is one of the inest Beaches in India. The roaring Sea is so alluringly blue with foam-covered white crowns that thousands lock to bathe in the Sea or take Catamaran Cruises. The Temple of Lord Jagannath is an added attraction in Puri with Craft, Culture and Cuisine of Odisha. An attempt to identify the top Beaches in India would leave one puzzled as each has its unique charm and the Coastline is almost an unending stretch as is the number of Beaches. The number of Beaches mentioned is certainly not an exhaustive list nor does it diminish the importance of others. Review Questions

1) 2)

Deine Shores. Give two examples of famous sea shores of India.

4.4 ky Tm u  th ut 1.

Bh

Beach is Shoreline which has loose Soil, Sand, Shingles and Gravels. Beaches are most favorite among the Tourists because of the excitement and enjoyment provided by them to the Tourists. 2.

sh

The Shore is the land along the edge of an Ocean, Sea, Bay, Gulf, River and Lake,

74



1.

India has ………….. large and ………. Small and medium sized Seashore.

2.

…………. and ………… Islands are more proximal to Thailand and Indonesia.

3.

West Lakshadweep and Minikoy Minikoy Island lie lie in in the neighborhood of ………….. and ………………

4.

Calangute beach of Goa is called the …………….. of Beaches.

5.

The ………….. Mansion has majestic octagonal towers and an astounding Mangalore tile roof.

6.

………….. Beach is known as the Paradise of the Kerala.

7.

……………… Island has white sand beaches washed by turquoise waters beneath which there is abundance of amazing coral reefs and colorful marine creatures.

8.

The …………………… …………………… Ashram attracts tourists from all over over the world world and is the ultimate ultimate destination in the search for peace.

9.

…………… Tapu, a tiny ishing village with beautiful beaches and corals corals of Clinque Island treat treat the tourists to divine experiences of lazing and bathing in the sun.

10. The Temple Temple of ……………….. ……………….. is an added attraction in Puri with craft, culture culture and cuisine of Odisha. sht Qt aw:

1. 2. 3.

What do you mean by Beach? Deine Seashore. What is coast?

lg Qt aw:

1. 2. 3.

Write about Eastern Beaches of India. Write about Western Beaches of India. Which are the famous Seashores of India.

75


4.5 Pt atty

On the Physical map of India mark famous seashores of India.

76


ut-5 Tm Phy r-i ctt

5.0 Unit Overview and Description Overview Skills and Knowledge Resource Material Learning Outcomes Assessment for Teachers 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Andaman and Nicobar Groups of Island 5.3 Lakshdweep Group of Islands 5.4 Majuli Islands 5.5 Other Islands of India 5.6 Key Terms Used In the Unit 5.7 Practical Activity l l l l l

5.0 ut ow ow & dpt ow

This Chapter deals with the fundamentals of Islands as Tourism Resources. Th ut w mpt fwg s  kwg

-

The The The The The

Concept of Islands as Tourism Resources Characteristics of Islands Tourism Resources Categories of Islands Tourism Resources signiicances of Islands Tourism Resources spatial distributions Islands Tourism Resources in India

r Mt:

1. 2.

Majid Husain - Geography of India, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, (2013) H.Y. H.Y. Sharada Sharada Prasad and Ashok Dilwali - Life Life and Landscapes, Under the the Incredible Incredible India Series, Wisdom Tree Publications, New Delhi, 2007 77


lg otm: uniT-5

ouTcoMes

Tm Phy r- i


5.1

Introduction

Students will be able to understand different aspects of Island Tourism Resources in India.

5.2

Andaman and Nicobar Groups of Students will be able to understand about major Island characteristics such as tourist destinations, lora & fauna, major ethnic groups of Andaman and Nicobar Groups of Island.

5.3 5.3

Laks Laksha hadw dweep eep Grou Group p of Isla Islands nds

Stude Students nts will will be able able to to unde unders rstan tand d abo about ut majo majorr characteristics such as tourist destinations, lora & fauna, major ethnic groups of Lakshadweep Group of Islands.

5.4

Majuli Islands

Students will be able to understand about major characteristics of Majuli Islands.

5.5

Other Islands of India

Students will be able to understand about other Major islands of India.

amt P: (f th Th) ut-1

Tp

amt Mth

5. 1

Introduction

Questions & Answer

5. 2

Andaman and Nicobar Questions & Answer Groups of Island

5. 3

Lakshadweep Group of Questions & Answer Islands

5. 4

Majuli Islands

Question & Answer

5. 5


Question & Answer

78

Tm P

rm


5.1 itt

As you have studied in the previous chapters that India is a peninsular country that means it has three large water bodies in each three sides. These have islands. Islands can be devided into two categories-(i) Sea islands and (ii) river islands. Andaman and Nicobar islands are situated in the Bay of Bengal and Lakshadweep in the Arabian Sea. The world famous river island Majuli lies in the basin of river Brahmputra. These Islands due to high biodiversity and natural coastal areas, greenery and unpolluted fresh air atract all nature lovers. Landscapes are Naturalist’s heaven. The beaches, clean environment and adventure sports like trekking, snorkeling, Scuba diving etc. are the real attractions for tourists. A marvelous mix of natural beauty, historical heritages and tribal cultures make these Islands favorite passion for Tourists across the World. After going through this chapter you will understand and appreciate the precious Tourism values of Islands. Review Question

1) Why are the Islands considered to be one of the important tourism tourism resources resources in India? 5.2 am  nb Gp f i

There are 572 islands in the territory having an area of 8,249 km2 of these, only 38 are permanently inhabited. The islands extends from 6° to 14° North latitudes and from 92° to 94° East longitudes. The Andamans are separated from the Nicobar group by a channel (the Ten Degree Channel) some 150 km wide. The highest point is located in North Andaman Island (Saddle Peak at 732 m .The Andaman group has 325 islands which cover an area of 6,408 km2 while the Nicobar group has only 24 islands with an area of 1,841 km2. It is an union territory. territory. Unlike states Union territory is directly governed governed by the centre. Government is appointed to control the administration. In India, there are seven union territories. Its capital is Port Blair. It is located 1,255 km from Kolkata, 1,200 km from Visakhapatnam and 1,190 km from Chennai. The northernmost point of the Andaman and Nicobars group is 901 km away from the mouth of the Hooghly River and 190 km from Burma. Indira Point at 6°45’10°N and 93°49’36°E at the southern tip of the southernmost island, Great Nicobar, is the southernmost point of India and lies only 150 km from Sumatra in Indonesia. The Capital of the Andamans is Port Blair and the Capital of Nicobar Islands is Car bar. 79


)

F  F

1)

Flora

Andaman & Nicobar Islands are blessed with a unique Tropical Rainforest canopy, made of a mixed lora with elements from Indian, Myanmarese, Malaysian and endemic loral strains. So far, about 2,200 varieties of plants have been recorded, out of which 200 are endemic and 1,300 do not occur in mainland India. The South Andaman forests have a profuse growth of Epiphytic vegetation, mostly ferns and orchids. The Middle Andamans harbors mostly moist Deciduous Forests. North Andamans is characterized by the wet evergreen type, with plenty of woody climbers. The North Nicobar Islands (including Car Nicobar and Battimalv) are marked by the complete absence of evergreen forests, while such forests form the dominant vegetation in the central and southern islands of the Nicobar group. Grasslands occur only in the Nicobars, and while Deciduous Forests are common in the Andamans, they are almost absent in the Nicobars. The present forest coverage is claimed to be 86.2% of the total land area. This a Typical Forest coverage is made up of twelve types namely: -

Giant evergreen evergreen forest Andamans tropical evergreen evergreen forest Southern hilltop tropical evergreen evergreen forest Cane brakes Wet bamboo brakes Andamans semi-evergreen semi-evergreen forest Andamans moist deciduous forest Andamans secondary moist deciduous forest Littoral forest Mangrove forest Brackish water mixed forest Submontane Hill Valley Valley swamp forest

2)

Fauna

This tropical rain forest despite its isolation from adjacent land masses is surprisingly rich with a diversity of animal life.

80


i)

Mammals

About 50 varieties of forest mammals are found to occur in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Some are endemic, including the Andaman Wild Boar. Rodents are the largest group with 26 species, followed by 14 species of bat. Among the larger mammals there are two endemic varieties of wild boars, Sus scrofa Andamanensis from Andaman and Nicobaricus Nicobaricu s from Nicobar, which are protected by the Wildlife Protection Act 1972 The Spotted Deer Axis axis, Barking Deer and Sambar were all introduced to the Andaman District, though the Sambar did not survive. Interview Island (the largest wildlife sanctuary in the ANI) in Middle Andaman holds a population of feral elephants. These elephants were brought in for forest work by a Timber company, which subsequently released them when it went bankrupt. ii)

Birds

ANI has also 270 species of birds (including endemics) the Nicobar island group has a higher endemicity than the Andamans and there are a total of 14 species endemic to ANI. The State Bird of the Andamans is the Andaman Wood pigeon. Some endemic birds of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are: -

Andaman Andaman Andaman Andaman

Hawk Owl Scoops Owl Crake (a data deicient species [IUCN 2000] – endemic species Coucal, Subspecies of Brown Coucal – endemic subspecies

iii.

Butteries and Moths

With about 225 species, the A&N Islands house some of the larger and most spectacular Butterlies of the world. Ten species are endemic to these Islands. Mount Harriet National Park is one of the richest areas of butterly and moth diversity on these Islands. iv.

Shells

These islands are traditionally known for their Shell Wealth, especially in the genera Turbo, Trochus, Murex and Nautilus. Shells such as Giant clam, Green mussel and Oyster support edible shell ishery, a few like Scallopand cockle are burnt in kilns to produce edible lime. b)

nt P f am  nb i

i. ii.

Campbell Bay National Park Galathea National Park

81


iii. iv. iv. v. vi. vii. viii.

Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park Middle Button Island National Park Mount Harriet National Park North Button Island National Park Rani Jhansi Marine National Park Saddle Peak National Park

)

oth Tt dmt f am & nb i

i)

National Memorial Monument (Cellular Jail)

The Cellular Jail which is also known as KALA PANI (Black Water) was a Colonial prison situated in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The prison was used by the British especially to exile Political and other Hardcore prisoners to the remote Archipelago. Many notable dissidents such as Batukeshwar Dutt and Veer Savarkar etc. were imprisoned here during the Struggle for India’s Independence. Today, the complex serves as a National Memorial Monument. ii)

Port Blair

The laid-back capital of the Andamans and the sole entry/exit point. Tourists can spend a day or two here walking around and enjoying fresh Seafood and seeing a couple of the nearby sites. iii)

Diglipur

This is a Road trip to the far North of the Island chain of Smith and Ross islands which are very alluring group of Islands. iv)

Rangat

A very beautiful and attractive Tourist destination. v)

Mayabunder

One of the most beautiful destinations. vi)

Havelock Island

The most visited of the islands, with the most (although still minimal) infrastructure. Beautiful Beaches, Great snorkeling and Scuba diving. vii) Rutland Island

It is pristine, non-polluted and least visited island. Beautiful Mangrove forest and coral reefs 82


welcomes Tourists to the 274 sq.km island. There is also a 45 acre Totani Resort which has quaint little huts which can be used as a base camp for exploring the island. It is the ideal place for Eco-Tourists. viii) Neil Island

It is quieter than Havelock with nice Beaches and decent Snorkeling. ix)

Wandoor

It is a relaxed destination known as the Gateway to the Park. There is a newly setup luxury resort called Sea Princess Beach Resort. Easily reached, and near the Wandoor jetty is Anugama Resort. x)

Baratang Islands

These are sites of Mud Volcano, Limestone Caves, and Mangrove creeks in Back waters. xi)

Barren Island

It is an island with the only volcano in all of India. xii) Long Island

It is great destination for Tourists to enjoy Robinson Crusoe style camping. Nothing exists here, so Tourists must bring their own accessories and food. xiii) Little Andaman

Once popular for Suring, it was devastated in the 2004 Tsunami. Now a destination for Disaster Tourism. xiv) Jarwa Reserve

A heart touching Wild life and Flora of Andaman & Nicobar Islands. )

eth Gp f am & nb Gp f i

In the Andaman Islands, the various Andamanese people maintained their separated existence, diversifying into distinct linguistic, cultural and territorial groups. By the 1850s when they irst came into sustained contact by outside groups, the indigenous people of the Andamans were: -

The Great Andamanese, who collectively collectively represented at least 10 distinct sub-groups and languages. The Jarawa

83


The Jangil (or Rutland Jarawa) The Onge The Sentinelese (most isolated of all the groups). The indigenous people of the Nicobars (unrelated to the Andamanese) are divided into two main groups: The Nicobarese, or Nicobari, living throughout many of the islands; and The Shompen, restricted to the hinterland of Great Nicobar. Nicobar. Owing to the location, Geographical conditions, availability of Flora & Fauna and Tribal & Ethnic Groups, Andaman & Nicobar Groups of Islands are wonderful destinations for Recreational, Eco, Geo, Wildlife, Beach, Adventure and Tribal Tourisms. Review Questions

1) 2)

List any 5 National Parks of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. List any 3 Ethinic Groups of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

5.3 lhwp Gp f i

Lakshadweep is an Archipelago of twelve Atolls, three Reefs and ive submerged Banks, with a total of about thirty-nine Islands and Islets. The Reefs are in fact also Atolls, although mostly submerged, with only small unvegetated sand cays above the high water mark. The submerged banks are sunken Atolls. Almost all the Atolls have a Northeast-Southwest orientation with the Islands lying on the Eastern Rim, and a mostly submerged Reef on the Western Rim, enclosing a Lagoon. It has 10 inhabited Islands, 17 uninhabited Islands, attached Islets, 4 newly formed Islets and 5 submerged Reefs. The main Islands are Kavaratti, Agatti, Minicoy, and Amini. Agatti has an airport with direct lights from Kochi. Tourists need a Permit to visit the Islands. Foreign Tourists are not permitted to visit certain Islands. According to the current Alcohol laws of India, consumption of Alcoholic Beverages is not permitted in the Lakshadweep Archipelago except on Bangaram Island. All these islands have been built up by Corals and have fringing Coral reefs very close to their shores. )

Tm  lhwp Gp f i

Due to its isolation and scenic appeal, Lakshadweep was already known as a Tourist attractions for Indians since 1974. This brings in signiicant revenue, which is likely to increase. Since such 84


a small region cannot support Industries, for this reason the Government is actively promoting Tourism as a means of income in in these groups of Islands. Bangaram is projected as a major destination for International Tourism. In the Groups of Lakshwadeep Islands the rich Marine Flora and Fauna are delightful attraction for Tourists. Water sports activities such as Scuba Diving, Wind Suring, Snorkeling, Suring, kayaking, Canoeing, Water Skiing, Yachting and Night-Voyage into sea are Adventurous as well as quite popular activities among Tourists. b)

Mj Tt attt

i)

Kadmat

Kadmat Island is one of the most popular Tourist destinations. There is a huge Lagoon. ii)

Kavaratti Island

Kavaratti Island is the most developed Island in Lakshadweep. Kavaratti is the administrative capital of Lakshadweep. There are many Mosques on this Island (around 52) and the most beautiful one is Ujra mosque. iii)

Kalpeni

This place lies in an extensive and shallow Lagoon. This Lagoon is World famous for its rich Coral and Marine life. iv)

Bangaram

This Island is one of the best Tourist Tourist destinations in the World World due to its smooth sands and amazing palm grove backdrop. Here smooth sand is caressed by the waves of the multi coloured sea. v)

Agatti Island

Agatti Island is the Gateway for the Lakshadweep. Agatti Island is around 6 km long. Surplus ishes are easily found on Agatti Island. This Island has some of the best Beaches for swimming in the World. Here Tourists can enjoy the Adventure of Swimming, Snorkeling and Scuba Diving. Tourists can also ind huge Lagoons over here, which increases the beauty of this Island. Tourists can also enjoy different water sports activities like Scuba Diving, Deep Sea Fishing, Sailing, Boat rides, Water Skiing and Kayaking. )

F, F  c  Tt attt

Lakshadweep is a completely different different piece of land that holds, the treasures of nature. The Flora in Lakshadweep is no exception itself. Lakshadweep is home to some of the unique Plant varieties 85


86

An Island

Andaman and Nikobar Island

Majuli Island, Assam



An Archipelago


Mezo Tribe

Celular Jail Andaman and Nicobar Island

Samudrika Museum

Minicoy Tower House, Lakshadweep Islands

Lakshadweep Tribe

87


that add to the beauty of this Archipelago. Banana, Colocasia, Drumsticks, Bread-fruit and Jack fruit are some of the most common plant varieties in Lakshadweep. However Coconut is the only item of economic importance to Lakshadweep population. Not only it is the main ingredient in the Lakshadweep cuisine, it is also used for making coir which is then exported from here. Fauna in Lakshadweep consists mainly of Marine life that is simply the most colorful Tourists would have ever seen. When groups of ishes of various colours swim over Corals of different hues, the view is unbelievably beautiful. Skip jack, yellow in, Rainbow ish and King ish are the most commonly seen ishes in Lakshadweep Lagoons. Lakshadweep is also home to a Diversity of Bird Species. Bangaram is the main island where Tourists can see the birds. Sand piper, Golden plover, Green shanks and Red shanks are few of the most frequently found Avi fauna species on Bangaram Island. )

Mmt / Ht P / Ft of lhwp

The Monuments and Historical places in Lakshadweep include a few Museums, the Minicoy Lighthouse and the Three Storied jail. The famous monument of Andrott Island is the Tomb of Hazrat Ubaidullah, renowned for introducing Islam in archipelago and other Buddhist Archaeological remains. The main Monument at Kalpeni is the Moid-Ud-Din Mosque also referred as Historical Grandeur of Lakshadweep that has walls made of Coral. i)

Minicoy Tower House

One of the most impressive sights of Minicoy is a ifty meter tall Lighthouse, built by the British. ii)

Three-Storied Jail

Netaji Subash Chandra Bose hoisted the Tricolor lag to proclaim Independence on 30th December 1943 at a place near this Three-storied jail where inhumane atrocities were meted out to the said-convicts or the most inluential freedom ighters. It also houses a Museum, an Art Gallery and a Photo Gallery. iii)

Ross Island

The Capital of Andaman Islands during the British Raj period is having the Colonial ruins of old buildings like Ballroom. iv)

Anthropological Museum at Phoenix Bay

Anthropological Museum at Phoenix Bay exhibits the life of the Paleolithic Islanders while Aquarium or Fisheries Museum exhibits species of Marine life peculiar to the Islands. 88


v)

Zoological Survey of India Museum

Zoological Survey of India Museum exhibit a good variety of sponges, corals, butterlies and centipedes while Forest Museum at Haddo offers an insight into forest activities through scale models and displays decorative wood pieces made up of Padauk, Marble, Peauma, Gurjan and Satin Wood. vi)

Samudrika or Naval Marine Museum at Delanipur

Samudrika or Naval Marine Museum at Delanipur aims to create awareness on various aspects of oceanic environment and has a good collection of shells, corals and a few species of colorful ishes found in these Islands. )

Ft

Majority of the people in Lakshadweep are Muslims. So festivals of Lakshadweep are mostly Muslim festivals like Iid-ul-Fitr, and Milad-Un-Nabi, which are celebrated with great enjoyment here. Moharram is observed as a mark of sorrow and mourning in memory of martyrs Hasan and Husain, sons of Hazrat Ali. i)

Eid-Ul-Fitr

Popularly known as the Festivals in South India of the breaking of the fast, Eid-ul-Fitr is observed as soon as the new moon is sighted at the end of Ramazan or the month of Fasting. It is a festive occasion. On this day special food and delicacies are made and distributed to neighbors and friends. ii)

Eid-Ul-Zuha (Bakra Eid)

Eid-ul-zuha is popularly known as Bakra Eid. It is a festival of sacriice. This festival is observed to pay homage to Prophet Ibrahim’s readiness to sacriice his son for God’s sake. On this auspicious day special prayers are recited by thousands of Muslims for peace and prosperity. Not only this, it is a festival that marks the completion of pilgrimage at Mecca. iii)

Milad-Un-Nabi

On this day Muslim communities throughout the world celebrate the birthday of Prophet Muhammad. They take part in religious services and prepare delicious food and delicacies for the day. iv)

Muharram

Muharram is not festival to celebrate. On this day people mourn the Karbala tragedy when Imam Husain, grandson of Prophet Muhammad, was martyred. To observe this day of mourning,

89


luxuriously decorated Taziyas which are the replicas of martyr’s tomb are carried through city streets. People beat their chests and lament over the killing of Imam Husain. f)

lhwp lhw p ethty  Tb

Lakshadweep Ethnicity involves wide Tribal communities that are populating the Island from many past decades. Divided as per the Social status and occupation, the various Ethnic groups of Lakshadweep comprises of Aminidivi, Koyas, Malmis and Malcheris. The unique trait of the Ethnicity of Lakshadweep lies in its Multi-Dimensional Culturalism which gloriies one and only one Religion i.e. Islam. The Historical Archives of Lakshadweep states the fact that once upon a time the Island had been visited by the Great Prophet of Muslims, Ubaidullah. Inspired by the sermons of this Holy Prophet, the people of Ancient Lakshadweep converted to Islamic faith. Today, the Island is dominated mainly by the Muslim sects. The Ethnicity of Lakshadweep can be categorized under four main heads. These are: am : The community of Aminidivis is found in the Amini Island of Lakshadweep. The

people of this community are known as one of the original and oldest clans of the place. ky : The community of Koyas were once the land-owners of Lakshadweep who used to possess

a powerful position in the Island. Till today, the people of this particular community enjoy the beneits of a superior social rank. Mm : The community of Malmis were originally the Tenants of Koya community. The people

of this group today ferry goods through boats from one place to another. Mh : The community of Melacheris are engaged with the occupation of gathering coconuts

to extracting sweet Toddy. This Ethnic group of Lakshadweep is considered as the last social rung of the Island. Lakshadweep Ethnicity collectively showcases the varied Socio-Cultural characteristics of the Tribal people of the Islands. On the same pattern of Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Lakshwadeep Islands also provide Recreational, Eco, Geo, Wildlife, Beach, Adventure and Tribal Tourisms. Tourists lock these Islands throughout the year except during the South-West Monsoon months when Sea is extremely rough. Review Question

1)

List any 5 Tourist attarctions of Lakshadweep Island. 90


5.4 Mj i

Majuli is the largest fresh Water mid-river Deltaic Island in the world. It is situated in the upper reaches of the river Brahmaputra in Assam within the latitude of 26045’ N – 27012’ N & longitude of 93039’ E – 94035’ E with mean height of 84.5 Mt. above MSL. This landmass, with a population of 1.6 Lakhs, majority being Tribals, has a very rich heritage and has been the abode of Assamese Vashnavite culture with tremendous option for spiritual and Eco-tourism. The island is a BioDiversity hotspot and has rich ecology with rare breeds of lora and fauna. Review Question

1) Write a short note on Majuli Island. 5.5 oth i f i

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

Diu Islands of the Cauvery River Srirangapatnam Shivanasamudram Sri Rangam Crocodile Island (Tamil (Tamil Nadu) Chorao, (Goa) St. Mary’s Islands Netrani Island New Moore Island (West (West Bengal) Divar, Divar, Goa Majuli luvial island Minicoy Island Munroe Island, (Kollam, Kerala) Islands of Mumbai Harbour Butcher Island (Mumbai) Cross Island Elephanta Island Middle Ground Oyster Rock Salsette Island Sagar Island (West (West Bengal)

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23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29.

Pamban Island Sriharikota Vashee, Goa Vypin, Kochi, (Kerala) Willington Island, Kochi, (Kerala) Kavvayi Quibble Island – It It is an entirely entirely man-made island. The island starts from from University University of Madras and ends in Estuary of Adayar. 30. South Tolyatti Tolyatti Island –It is a three-mile-long three-mile-long island that was disputed to be owned by both India and Bangladesh. 5.6 ky Tm u  th ut 1.

i

An Island is any piece of Sub-Continental land that is surrounded by water. 2.

ahpg

An Archipelago is any Island group containing a large number of scattered Islands 3.

c rf

Coral Reefs are underwater structures made from Calcium Carbonate secreted by Corals. Coral Reefs are colonies of tiny living animals found in Marine waters that contain few nutrients. Most Coral Reefs are built from Stony Corals, which in turn consist of Polyps that cluster in groups. The Polyps are like tiny Sea animals, to which they are closely related. Coral Polyps secrete hard Carbonate Exoskeletons which support and protect their bodies. Reefs grow best in warm, shallow, clear, sunny and agitated waters. 5.

at

An Atoll is a Coral Island (or Islands) that encircles Lagoons partially or completely. 6.

lg

A Lagoon is a shallow body of water separated from a larger body of water by barrier, Land, Islands or Reefs. 7.

Tb

Tribes are Social Groups used to live in Remote areas and want to preserve their Old age SocioCultural identity without intermingling with outside World. 92



1. 2. 3.

In Andaman and Nicobar Islands only………… only………… Islands are permanently inhabited. The Andaman group group has ……….. Islands while while the Nicobar group has only ………. Islands. ……… Point at the the southern southern tip tip of the southernmost southernmost Island, Great Great Nicobar Nicobar,, is is the the southernmost southernmost point of India. 4. The capital of the Andaman is ………….. and the capital of Nicobar Island is Car bar bar.. 5. Andaman and Nicobar Island’s present coverage coverage is claimed to be ………per cent of the total land area. 6. The cellular jail which which is also known as KALA PANI PANI was was a colonial prison prison situated in the ……………… Islands. 7. ………………. is an Island with the only volcano in all of India. 8. …………….. Lagoon is world famous for its rich coral and marine life. 9. …………… Island is an entirely man-made Island. 10. ………….. Island was disputed disputed to be owned by both Bangladesh and India. India. sht Qt aw:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Deine Island. Write the ive names of National Park of Andaman and Nicobar Island. Write the ive names of Ethnic group of Andaman and Nicobar Island. What is Lakshadweep? Which Island is the Gateway of Lakshadweep? Where is three storied jail? What Zoological Survey of India Museum presents to tourist? Where is Majuli Island? What is Atoll? Deine Lagoon.

93


lg Qt aw:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Describe the lora and fauna of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Name the National Parks, Ethnic groups and other small Islands of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. How Lakshadweep Island evolv evolves es as a tourists spot? Name the major tourist attractions of Lakshadweep Islands. Write about the monuments/historical places and forts of Lakshadweep Islands. How the Lakshadweep’s Lakshadweep’s Ethnicity and Tribes allure tourists?

5.7 Pt atty

On the Physicall Map of India locate famous Indian Islands.

94


ut-6 Tm Phy r-r, l  c ctt

6.0 Unit Overview and Description Overview Skills and Knowledge Resource Material Learning Outcomes Assessment for Teachers 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Major Rivers In India 6.3 Lakes and Canals Tourism In India 6.4 Key Terms Used In the Unit 6.5 Practical Activities l l l l l

6.0 ut ow ow & dpt

This Chapter deals with the fundamentals of Rivers, Canals and Lakes as Tourism Resources. Th ut w mpt fwg s kwg

-

The The The The The

Concept of Rivers, Canals and Lakes as Tourism Resources Characteristics of Rivers, Canals and Lakes as Tourism Resources Categories of Rivers, Canals and Lakes as Tourism Resources signiicances of Rivers, Canals and Lakes as Tourism Resources Spatial distributions and resulted Rivers, Canals and Lakes as Tourism products

r Mt:

1. 2. 3.

Enayat Ahmad - Physical Geography, Geography, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi, 2005 Majid Husain - Geography of India, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, (2013) Manohar Sajnani - Encyclopedia Encyclopedia of Tourism Resources in India, (In two two Vol.), Vol.), Kalpaz Kalpaz Pub. New Delhi, 2001.

95


lg otm: uniT-6 Tm Phy rr, l  c

ouTcoMes aft styg th sb-ut:

6.1

Introduction

Students will be able to understand different aspects of Rivers, Canals and Lakes Tourism Resources in India

6.2

Major Major Rive Rivers rs In India India

Stud ents ent s will be able to understa unde rsta nd abou t major majo r characteristics and distribution and River adventure tourism of India

6.3

Lakes and Canals Tourism In Students will be able to understand about major India characteristics of Majuli Islands

6.4 6.4

Othe Otherr Islan slands ds of Indi Indiaa

Stud Studen ents ts will will be able able to un unde ders rsta tand nd abou aboutt othe otherr Majo Majorr Characteristics and Distribution of Canals and Lakes in India

amt P: (f th Th) ut-6

Tp

amt Mth

6. 1

Introduction

Questions & Answer

6. 2

Major Rivers In India

Questions & Answer

6. 3

Lakes and Canals Tourism Questions & Answer In India

6. 4


Tm P

rm

Question & Answer

6.1 itt

India is Peninsular Country with Perennial and Seasonal Rivers. These Rivers are Huge Resource Base for River Tourism like Recreation, Boating, Rafting, Adventure and Religious Tourism etc.

96


MAP 6.1: Rivers in India

97


because most of the Pilgrimage sites in India are located along the banks of Rivers. Rivers are also one of the modes of Tourist Transportation and facilitators for Fish Tourism and Wildlife Sanctuaries and Aquariums etc. Review Question

1) How do rivers act Tourism Resource in India? 6.2 Mj r  i

Alaknanda River, Amravati River, Baitarani River, Banas River, Beas River, Betwa River, Bhagirathi River, Bharathappuzha, Bhargavi River, Bhavani River, Bhilangna River, Bhima River, Bhugdoi River, Brahmaputra River, Chambal River, Ganges River, Ghaghara River, Godavari River, Gomati River, Hoogly River, River, Indus Ind us River, River, Jhelum Jhe lum River, River, Mahanadi Ma hanadi River, River, Mahi Ma hi River, River, Mondovi Mo ndovi River, River, Meenachil Me enachil River, River, Meghna River, Musi River, Narmada River,Naagavali, Ravi River, Rihand River, Tapti River,Saryu River,Sarasvati River, Sabarmati River, Son River, River, Subarnarekha River, Sutlej River, Teesta River, Thuthapuzha, Tons, Tungabhadra River, Yamuna River, Zuari River etc. 1.

Mj r  i  Tm

a.

r at at Tm  i

River Rafting, Canoeing and Kayaking Regions in India 1.

Himalayas

Famous Rafting, Canoeing And Kayaking sites include Ladakh in Jammu & Kashmir, the Garhwal Himalayas in Uttarakhand, the Beas River of Himachal Pradesh and Teesta River in Sikkim. The most dificult and exciting white water rafting is available on the Zanskar River through the Gorge in the Zanskar Mountains, between Padum and Nimo regions. This river course is suitable only for well-organized white-water expeditions. 2.

The Ganges

Ganges River is one of the most favorable choices for the Rafting, Canoeing And Kayaking. Ganga near Rishikesh in Uttarakhand is a popular spot for white water rafting. This site is available from Kaudiyala to Rishikesh where the river has 12 major Rapids over 36-kms long most of which are easily negotiable and some require expertise.

98


3.

Himachal Pradesh

Himachal Pradesh’s Snow-fed rivers offer tremendous opportunities for the rafting. The rivers Chandrabhaga in Lahaul, the Satluj near Shimla, the Ravi near Chamba and the Beas near Kullu offer immense white water rafting potentials. Here river running expedition opportunities are available between Shamshi and Aut on the Beas. The 20-km stretch has exciting and extreme white water rapids. 4.

Teesta River

River Teesta of Sikkim provide opportunity to rafters in the Eastern Himalayan region. Teesta provides a series of white water rapids with various intensities at regular intervals with meandering down the rough and rugged mountain river offer one a combination of Nature and Adventure. 5.

Brahmaputra River

The Brahmaputra cascading down the heights of immense beauty across Tibet into the northEastern state of Arunachal Pradesh is an exciting experience for the rafters. This region is the ultimate destination for Canoeing and Kayaking. ii)

Major Places For Rafting, Canoeing And Kayaking In India

Teesta River (Sikkim), Beas River (Himachal Pradesh), Ganges River (Garhwal, Uttarakhand), Gangotri (Garhwal Himalayas, Uttarakhand), Lake Paradise (Nanital, Uttarakhand) Asan Barrage (Uttarakhand), Kudiyala Rafters Club (Uttarakhand), Satluj River (Shimla, Himachal Pradesh), Ravi, Chamba (Himachal Pradesh), Chandra, Lahaul (Himachal Pradesh), Bhalukpung (Assam), Mercera (Coorg, Karnataka), Munnar (Kerala), Dandeli (Kali River, Karnataka), Dharmapuri (Tamilnadu), Kundalika (Maharashtra), Konaseema (Andhra Pradesh) and Goa etc. B.

s r f Tt  i

Among the most distinctive features of India are its Rivers, which hold the highly Religious importance for Religious and Pilgrimage Tourism. Carrying a wider importance in Cultural and Religious development, the numerous Rivers of India are of great value. The Rivers in India are considered as God and Goddess and are even worshiped among the Hindus. They provide Tourists a wonderful insight into the Historical, Cultural and Traditional aspect of India. Some of the most prominent Sacred Rivers in India include Ganga, Yamuna, Krishna, Godavari, Narmada, Saryu and Kaveri etc. 1)

Ganga River

Ganga originates from the Gangotri Glacier which is located in the Western Himalayas. According

99


100

A River

Dal Lake, Kashmir

Heritage Site: Tajmahal, Agra

Khijadia Bird Sanctuary, Gujurat

Heritage Site: Red Fort, Delhi

Nandankanan Zoo, Odisha


Hampi : Located on the Banks of Tungabhadra River

Rapid of a River

A Shikara

River Rafting

A Canal

River as transport facilitator

101


to the Hindu beliefs a dip in the Ganga water can wash away all the Sins. Sangam at Allahabad and Banaras Ghats are major gifts of Ganga. Muhammad-bin Tughlaq and Emperor Akbar used to drunk Gangawater. 2)

Yamuna Yamun a River

Yamuna originate from the Yamunotri Glacier in the Western Himalayas. This River is also sacred among Hindus parallel to Ganga. 3)

Saryu River

The Saryu River River lows through through the Uttar Pradesh. This River is is of Ancient signiicance, inding mentions in the Vedas and the Ramayana. The Saryu forms at the conluence of the Karnali (or Ghaghara) and Mahakali (or Sharda) in Bahraich District. The Mahakali or Sharda forms the IndiaNepal border. Ayodhya is situated on the banks of River Saryu. On Ram Navami thousands of people take a dip in the Saryu River at Ayodhya. 4)

Godavari River

The Godavari River rises near the Trimbak in the district of Nasik in the Indian state of Maharashtra. Apart from Ganga and Yamuna, Godavari also holds the special religious importance in India. 5)

Kaveri River

River Kaveri originates in the Brahmagiri Hills in Kodagu in a place called Talakaveri (head of Kaveri). The River Kaveri has been supporting the large amount of Wildlife. Millions of people in south India are heavily dependent on its water especially the Tribal population. 6)

Krishna River

Krishna River originates in the Western Ghats near Mahabaleshwar at an elevation of about 1,300 meter, in the state of Maharashtra in Central India. It is one of the longest rivers in India. 7)

Narmada River

Narmada River originates in Amarkantak. It is said Narmada River came down from the Sky as by the order of the Lord Shiva. Some also says that the Narmada River sprang from the body of the Lord Shiva, while performing the Tandava (Lord Shiva’s Cosmic Dance). 8)

Tapi River

Tapi River is one of the major Rivers in India. This river is also called by the names Tapati, Tapti, Tapee and Taapi. According to the legends, Tapi River also known as Tapti, the daughter of Surya (the Sun God).

102


c.

r  Tpt Ftt t Tt

India has about 14,500 km of Navigable Waterways, which consists of the Ganges–Bhagirathi– Hooghly Rivers, the Brahmaputra, the Barak river, the rivers in Goa, the Backwaters in Kerala, Inland waters in Mumbai and the deltaic regions of the Godavari - Krishna rivers. Large number of Tourists moved annually through these Waterways using mechanized Vessels and Country Boats. -

National Water Waterway-1: way-1: Allahabad–Haldia stretch of the Ganges– Bhagirathi– Hooghly river of total length 1620 kms.

-

National Waterway-2: Saidiya-Dhubri Waterway-2: Saidiya-Dhubri stretch of the Brahmaputra river of total length 891 kms.

-

National Waterw Waterway-3: ay-3: Kollam–Kottapuram Kollam–Kottapuram stretch of West Coast Canal and Champakara and Udyogmandal canals of total length 205 kms.

-

National Waterway- 4: 4: Kakinada–Pondicherry stretch of canals and Kaluvelly Tank, Bhadrachalam–Rajahmundry stretch of River Godavari and Wazirabad–Vijayawada stretch of River Krishna of total length 1095 kms.

-

National Waterway-5: Waterway-5: Talcher–Dhamra stretch of rivers, Geonkhali – Charbatia stretch of East Coast Canal, Charbatia–Dhamra stretch of Matai River and Mahanadi Delta Rivers of total length 620 kms.

d.

r  Ftt f Wf Wf  st  nt P

Major Wildlife Sanctuaries Located on Rivers Banks in India 1.

Rampara Wildlife Sanctuary

The Rampara Wildlife Sanctuary is a compact woodland located at a distance of 47 kms from Rajkot airport. The sanctuary is home to 280 species of plants, 130 species of birds, 20 species of mammals, 20 species of reptiles and several species of amphibians and invertebrates. The major wildlife species found here are Nilgai (bluebull), Chinkara, Wolf and Fox. 2.

Khijadia Bird Sanctuary

Khijadia Bird Sanctuary, located 10 km north east of Jamnagar, represents the combination of seasonal freshwater shallow lake, inter-tidal mudlats, creeks, saltpans, saline land and mangrove scrub. The place is a known breeding ground of the Great Crested Grebe. Apart from it, Little Grebe, Purple Moorhen, Coot, Black-winged Stilt and Pheasant-tailed Jacana are also recorded breeding here. Raptors, including harriers, eagles, hawks and falcons are also spotted here. The sanctuary also shelters migratory birds such as swallows, martins, wagtails and various waterfowls. 103


3.

Gir Forest National Park

Gir Forest National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary also known as Sasan-Gir, is a forest and wildlife sanctuary in Gujarat, India. Established in 1965, the park is located about 65 km to the southeast of Junagadh. It is the sole home of the pure Asiatic Lions and is considered to be one of the most important protected areas in Asia due to its supported species. 4.

Wild Ass Sanctuary

Wild Ass Sanctuary is situated in the Rann of Kutch area of Gujarat. It was established in the year 1972 and falls under the Wildlife Protection Act of 1973. The sanctuary is also known as the Indian Wild Ass Sanctuary and covers an area of 4953 sq. km. 5.

Nandankanan Zoo

Nandankanan Zoo is about 15 km outside of Bhubaneswar and has some rare species of animals. Particularly well known for white tigers. A large number of buses ply from Acharya Vihar Square. Hiring an auto rickshaw is also possible. There is a nice lake inside for boating, a ropeway, also the Botanical Garden is adjacent to the zoo. 6.

Lakhari Vall Valley ey Sanctuary

Lakhari Valley Sanctuary is located in the Lakhari valley of Ganjam District, Odisha. It is 60 km from Berhampur. Spread over an area of 185 sq km, it offers a rare feast of rich tropical forest, hills, valleys, perennial water sources. The sanctuary is primarily home to elephants and black bucks. Besides, tiger, leopard, pea fowl and all other fauna of tropical forests are found here. Mahendragiri hill, close to this sanctuary, is rich in lowers and medicinal plants. 7.

Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary

A sprawling expansion of 650 sq km, which houses rich marine vegetation, dynamic and salt tolerant varieties of trees, accumulated land, rivers, estuaries, mud lats, creeks and backwater Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary acquires a unique position. Regarded as one of its kind in the entire Asia, this sanctuary is famous as a natural residence of the estuarine crocodiles. This thick mangrove forests with wetlands showcases a pulsating ecosystem and its lush greenery serves as a natural asylum for large number migratory and exotic birds that includes winter migratory birds from central-Asia and Europe. The area near Suajore creek at the sanctuary is a hub of Cormorants, Asian Open Bill, Black Ibis, Egrets, Darters, and many other precious inhabitants of the Avifauna.

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8.

Himalayan Zoo

Everest Museum and Mountaineering Museum are entered through the Himalayan Mountaineering Institute Zoo. The zoo and the two museums are run by the Himalayan Mountaineering Institute, which trains mountaineers. The mountaineering museum has a grand collection of Historical mountaineering equipment, specimens of Himalayan lora and fauna, and a relief model of the Himalayas. 9.

Chinnar

Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary is located 18 km north of Marayoor in the Marayoor and Kanthalloor Panchayats of Devikulam Taluk in the Idukki District of Kerala state in South India. It is under the jurisdiction of and contiguous with Eravikulam National Park to the south. Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary is to the northwest and Kodaikanal Wildlife Sanctuary is to the east. It is one of twelve Wildlife Sanctuaries in Kerala. The Western Ghats, Anamalai Sub-Cluster, including all of Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, is under consideration by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee for selection as a World Heritage Site 10.

Eravikulam National Park

The park is administered by the Kerala Department of Forests and Wildlife, Munnar Wildlife Division, together with the nearby Mathikettan Shola National Park, Anamudi Shola National Park, Pambadum Shola National Park, Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary and the Kurinjimala Sanctuary. The Western Ghats, Anamalai Sub-Cluster, including all of Eravikulam National Park, is under consideration by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee for selection as a World Heritage Site. 11.

Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary

Located adjacent to the Anamalai Wildlife Sanctuary, the 285 km² stretch of forest, known as the Parambikulam Sanctuary, is one of Kerala’s premier wildlife reserves. Parambikulam lies in the Anamalai Hills, south of the Palghat Gap in the Western Ghats. The area is hilly and rocky, drained by several rivers, including the Parambikulam, the Sholayar and the Thekkady. Parambikulam animal species include many of India’s most prominent mammals such as tiger, leopard, wild dog, sloth bear and elephant. 12.

Silent Valley National Park

Silent Valley National Park is located in the Nilgiri Hills, Palakkad district, Kerala, in South India. The park is one of the last undisturbed tracts of South Western Ghats montane rain forests and

105


tropical moist evergreen forest in India. Contiguous with the proposed Karimpuzha National Park (225 km²) to the north and Mukurthi National Park (78.46 km²) to the north-east, it is the core of the Nilgiri International Biosphere Reserve (1,455.4 km²), and is part of The Western Ghats World Heritage Site. 13.

Muthanga Wild Life Sanctuary

It is Sanctuary in Wayanad, Kerala, South India. It is on the way from Mysore to Sultan Battery. Wild animals such as bison, elephant, deer and tiger have been spotted. There are also quite a few wild birds in the sanctuary. Peacocks and Peafowl tend to be very common in the area. The sanctuary is part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. 14. Nilambur

Nilambur is a place in Malappuram district of Kerala, South India. It is famous for its green forests, especially the wildlife habitat, clean water rivers, waterfalls and teak plantations. It is situated close to The Nilgiris range of the Western Ghats on the banks of the Chaliyar River. It is about 40 kilometres from Malappuram town. 15.

kumarakom bird sanctuary

The main attractions are local birds like the waterfowl, cuckoo, owl, egret, heron, cormorant, moorhen, darter, Brahminy kite and the duck, as well as the migratory Siberian crane. Parrot, teal, lark, lycatcher, and other birds are seen here during their respective migratory seasons. Some of the migratory birds come from the Himalayas, and a few from far away Siberia. Dawn is the ideal time for bird watching when the birds prepare to leave their forest homes and ly over the lake. An early morning trek, well before sunrise, is recommended for avid bird watchers 16.

National Zoological Park

Delhi National Zoological Park lies near the famous Old Fort. One of the best zoos in the entire Asian continent, its uniqueness is that it tries to provide an almost natural habitat to the animals and birds houses here. It proves to be an ideal picnic spots, especially in winters, and is spread over an area of 214 acres. National Zoological Gardens of New Delhi houses more than 2,000 species of animals and birds. 17.

Gajner Wildlife Sanctuary

Situated 32 km from Bikaner is the Gajner wildlife sanctuary. Located on the Jaisalmer road, the sanctuary houses a rich wildlife consisting of Nilgai, Chinkara, Black buck, Wild boar, etc.

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18. Vedanthangal

It is one of the major Water Bird Sanctuaries in India, 48 km from Kanchipuram. Storks, Egrets, Cormorants, Darter, Flamingos, Pelicans, moor hens, herons, kingishers, sandpipers, white ibis, spoonbills, swans and grey wagtails are some of the birds which arrive here during season. The best time to visit is between October and March, when a large number of migratory birds visit. The birds can be viewed from the bank or from the watch tower. 19.

Anamalai Wildlife Sanctuary

Anamalai Wildlife Sanctuary also called as Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary. Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park sprawls across an expanse of 958 sq. km. The sanctuary is accessible from Top slip in Anamalai Hills. It also encompasses a national park that occupies an area of 108 sq. km. 20.

Bannerghatta National Park

Bannerghatta National Park is situated 22 km south of Bangalore. This hilly place is the home for one of the richest natural, zoological reserves. The 25,000 acre zoological park makes this a major tourist attraction of Bangalore. 21.

Dubare - Elephant Camp

This is mainly an elephant capturing and training camp of the Forest Department, at the edge of Dubare forest, on the bank of river Kaveri, on the Kushalnagar - Siddapur road. The largest land animal is captured here with the help of tamed elephants and local tribals - the Kurbas - and is held captive for up to 6 months in large teak wood cages. 22.

Bandipur National Park

Bandipur National park includes rocky hills and valleys drained by rivers Kabini, Nugu, Moyar and numerous small streams. The enchanting Nilgiri Mountains and their cloud-covered peaks form a picturesque backdrop for the park. Bandipur National Park’s altitude between 680-1454 metres and is situated south of the Kabini river at the foothills of the Western Ghats. Monsoon from June to September and best time to visit is open throughout the year but preferably in monsoon when wildlife is plenty and forest is green. 23.

Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary

Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary was started in 1951 as Jagara Valley Game Sanctuary covering an area of about 252 km². It was combined with the surrounding Lakkavalli forests in the year 1972 and 107


given its present name of Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary. It now spans an area of 492 km². It has two component areas Muthodi and Lakkavalli. Some of the wild animals found in this sanctuary are tiger, leopard, wild dog, jackal, elephant, gaur, sloth bear, sambar, spotted dear, monitor lizard, barking deer, wild boar, common langur, bonnet macaque, slender loris and the Malabar giant squirrel. 24.

Shettihalli Wildlife Sanctuary

It lies adjacent to Shimoga town and has forests ranging from dry deciduous to semi-evergreen and is spread over an area of 395.6 km². 25.

Mandagadde Bird Sanctuary

Mandagadde Bird Sanctuary is located on the NH-13 at a distance of 30 km. from Shivamogga town on the way to Thirthahalli. This is a small island surrounded by Tunga River and the birds found here are median egret, cormorant, darter and snakebird. 26.

Sakrebailu Elephant Camp

Sakrebailu Elephant Camp lies 14 km. from Shivamogga town on the way to Thirthahalli. As the name suggests, this is a training camp where elephants undergo training from mahouts. 27.

Tyavarekoppa Lion Safari

Shimoga is a true picture of nature’s bounty-landscapes dotted with waterfalls, swaying palms and lush paddy ields make for picturesque locales. Shimoga, almost central on the Karnataka map is the rice bowl of the State. The rivers Tungabhadra, Sharavasti, Varada and Kumudavathi inundate the luxuriant greens of the region. Shimoga was ruled by the great Indian dynasties of the Kadambas, Gangas, Chalukyas, Rastrakutas, Keladi and Vijaynagar Kings. 28.

Daranghati Sanctuary

This sanctuary located in the upper area of the Shimla district has an undisturbed forest area with plenty of wildlife-monal, tragopan, koklas and khalij pheasants and musk deer, ghoral and thar. There is a network of bridle paths in the sanctuary. Visitors are advised to seek assistance from the forest staff posted at Dofda and Sarahan. The area is ideal for those who love to trek. 29. Gopalpur

There is a mini zoo here, here you have a glimpse of Leopard, Black Beer and many more rare species.

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30.

Malsi Deer Park

Dehradun is situated in the newly formed Himalayan state of Uttaranchal around 235 km from Delhi at the center of the Doon valley. The city has the Himalayas to its north, the Shivalik range to its south, the sacred Ganges to its east and the Yamuna to its west. Dehradun is the part of Garhwal Himalayan region, which was earlier known as Kedar Khand. Katyuris of Garhwal were the initial rulers of this region. 31.

Pench Tiger Reserve

All Maharashtra’s tiger reserves are located in Vidarbha. Pench Tiger Reserve is in Nagpur district. 32.

Phansad Wildlife Sanctuary

Primarily a bird sanctuary, Phansad is also home to a whole array of insects, amphibians and mammals. Phansad is a wilderness not frequented by too many people and the forest relects this with its green vistas and varied wildlife that will tempt you to stay back. 33.

Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve

Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve is the second largest protected area in Tamil Nadu, created in 1988 by combining Kalakad Wildlife Sanctuary and Mundanthurai Wildlife Sanctuary. The Reserve forms the catchment area for 14 rivers and streams. Among them the Tambraparani, Ramanadi, Karayar, Servalar, Manimuthar, Pachayar, Kodaiyar, Kadnar, Kallar form the back-bone of the irrigation network and drinking water for people of Tirunelveli, Turicorin and part of Kanyakumari district. Several major dams - Karaiyar, Lower Dam, Servalar, Manimuthar, Ramanadi, Kadnanadi and Kodaiyar - owe their existence to these rivers. 34.

Mudumalai National Park

The Mudumalai National Park is about 80 KM from Coimbatore on the interstate boundaries with Karnataka and Kerala. It was started in 1940 and the irst wildlife sanctuary in South India. The sanctuary is contiguous with Bandipur National Park and Waynad Wildlife Sanctuary. Activites includes Elephant Safari and Jungle Safari. Other attractions are elephant feeding camp, Kallatty falls, Pykara Lake,Lonar River, Museum. A private guest house provides the Jungle Home facility. 35.

Panna National Park

The Park is situated 25 km from Khajuraho, a world heritage site which is half an hour drive from Madla Entry Point. Hinouta, the second gate of the Park is 20 km from Panna town. Khajuraho

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is the nearest airport which is directly connected to the National Capital, New Delhi. Taxis are available all the time from Khajuraho to Panna. 36.

Jungle Safari

Shivpuri in Madhya Pradesh is famous for the wildlife sanctuaries that preserve the wild animals in their natural habitat. The deep woody forest around these parks offers a wonderful experience of seeing animals in their natural surroundings. The enthralling experience of enjoying the abundant natural beauty, Jungle Safari in the sanctuaries is an unforgettable experience 37.

Karera Bird Sanctuary

Karera Bird Sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh is the hub of diverse avian army and is a perfect spot for bird watchers. With an array of birds of different colors, shape and size, this sanctuary houses not only birds but is also home to a number of wild animals. It is a bird watcher’s delight. 38.

Fambong La Wildlife Sanctuary

Fambong La Wildlife Sanctuary is situated 20 km away from Gangtok. This sanctuary is very famous for varied lora (like bamboo, champa, ferns, katus, kimbu, oak, orchids, rhododendrons, and so on) and fauna (binturong or bearcat, civet cat, Himalayan black bear, red panda, and so on). It is a wonderful place to ind many species of wild animals pursued with their day-to-day activities. 39.

Kamla Nehru Zoo

This is near to Kankaria Lake and one of the best zoos in India. E)

Rivers and Monuments

If we analyse the locations of Monuments in India, most of them are located in the vicinity of Rivers Zones. This may be attributed to the Rivers as the main mode of Transportation during the periods of their respective constructions. sm Pmt Mmt  i lt  r B 1)

Tj Mh

It is the most beautiful monument of Mughal period in Indian history. It stands on the bank of the river Yamuna at Agra. It was built by Emperor Shahjahan in the memory of his beloved queen Mumtaz Mahal. It is a grand monument of white, marble. It is considered to be one of the Seven Wonders of the World due to its matchless beauty.

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2)

Qtb M

The Qutub Minor is situated at Mehrauli in Delhi, near River Yamuna. It was built by Qutub-uddin-Aibak, the irst ruler of Slave Dynasty about 750 years ago. 3)

r Ft

Shahjahan, the Mughal Emperor was a great builder. Red Fort, built on the bank of the River Yamuna is one of his most important buildings. 4)

dw J Tmp

Dilwara Jain Temples built on a tip of Mount Abu in Rajasthan are about 800 years old. It is a sacred place for the Jains. These temples are built of white marble. 5)

st. X’ chh

St. Xavier’s Church is one of the oldest and the most famous Churches in Goa. It is in old Goa, a place about 10 Km. from Panjim, near River Mandovi, Goa. 6)

ajt c

The Ajanta Caves are famous for their beautiful paintings. Ajanta Caves are about 100 km. from Aurangabad. In Ajanta there are about 30 caves cut out of the rocky hills in Kaveri River Basin. 7)

e c

Ellora Caves are famous for their rock paintings. These caves are at a distance of about 100 Km. from the Ajanta Caves. They are located in Kaveri River Basin, near Dev Giri a short distance from Aurangabad. There are about 60 caves. Emperor Aurengzib (1556 – 1707 A.D.) visited Ellora Caves. Though he is known an iconoclast but in contrary his remarks are signiicant to note here. He eulogized in the following Persian words, ‘San’ san’ haqiqi subhana ast’ (It is the truth of the glorifying Creator). 8)

Hmp

This Heritage Site is located on the banks of Tungabhadra River. 9)

ujj

Ancient monuments in Ujjain, in the Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh are located on the Eastern bank of the Shipra River.

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Map 6.2 Major Lakes in India

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10) chm

Charminar in Hyderabad is located on the East bank of Musi River . 11) Htp

Hastinapur is located on Ravine of Ganges. 12) chttgh

It is located on the left bank of of the Berach River (a (a Tributary of the Banas River). Review Questions

1) 1) 2)

List any Four Sacred Rivers of India. List any Four Monuments located on the bank of rivers. List any Four Wildlife Santuaries located on the the bank bank of rivers.

6.3 l  c Tm Tm  i

Lakes and Canals are an attractive element and play an important role in recreation and holidays. Besides Seas and Rivers a large number of Lakes and Canals are available as destinations for Tourists in India. Most of these destinations are Worldwide famous for their different morphology, climate, culture, traditions and nature of providing Tourism Tourism and so on. Nonetheless, they show also various similarities concerning their characteristics, development potentials and the threats they are exposed to by Tourism. Lakes and Canals serves Tourists with Resorts, Natural Landscapes, Boating and Shikaras etc. i

Mj l ab  i f Tt

Andhra Pradesh (Hussain Sagar, Kambham Lake, Kolleru Lake, Pulicat Lake), Assam (Chanddubi Lake), Bihar (Ranchi Lake, Topchanchi Lake), Goa (Corambolin Lake, Mayem Lake), Gujarat (Narayan Sarovar), Haryana (Badkhal Lake, Brahma Sarovar, Suraj Kund), Himachal Pradesh (Brighu Lake, Chamera Lake, Chandra Tal Lake,Gadhasaru Lake Gobind Sagar Lake,Maharana Pratap Sagar Lake,Manimahesh Lake), Jammu & Kashmir (Dal Lake, Manasbal Lake, Mansar Lake, Wuler Lake, Karnataka (Karanji Lake, Kukkarahalli Lake, Ulsoor Lake), Kerala (Akkulam Lake, Pookot Lake, Venbanad Lake), Maharashtra (Ambazari Lake, Lonar Lake, Pashan Lake, Rankala Lake, Ramkund Lake), Meghalaya (Thadlaskein Lake,Umhang Lake),Odisha (Chilika Lake), Rajasthan (Ana Sagar Lake, Fateh Sagar Lake, Gaib Sagar Lake, Pichola Lake, Sardar Samand Lake), Sikkim (Khecheopalri

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Lake, Tsomgo Lake), Tamil Nadu (Berijam Lake, Ooty Lake, Pulicat Lake), Uttarakhand (Bhim Taal, Dodi Taal, Kedar Taal, Naini Lake, Nachiketa Taal, Naukuchia Taal, Roop Kund), Uttar Pradesh (Barua Sagar Taal, Radha Kund) for providing the basis for Boatings & Lake Tourism. ii

Mj c ab  i f Tt

Indira Gandhi Canal, Ganga Canal, Sethu Canal, Agra Canal, Telugu Telugu Ganga Canal, Kalingarayan Kalingarayan Canal, Buddha Nullah Canal, Sutlej-Yamuna link Canal, Lower Bhavani Canal, Kaveri–Vaigai link Canal, Shoranur Canal, Tamirabarani–Nambiar Canal to support lora & fauna, catchment greenery and Resort centers along Canal banks. 6.4 ky Tm u  th ut 1.

r

River is a Natural Watercourse, usually Freshwater, lowing towards an Ocean, a Lake, a Sea, or another River. 2.

P r

A Perennial river river is a river (channel) that has continuous low throughout throughout the year. 3.

s r

Seasonal River is River in generally Arid areas (Deserts and other very Dry areas) that has water lowing in it only in the Rainy season. 4.

r Tm

River Tourism is Tourism in which Tourist use Riverine system for Tourism purpose. 5.

r rftg

River Rafting is a challenging Recreational Outdoor activity using an inlatable Raft to navigate a River or other bodies of water 6.

rft

Raft is a lat Buoyant structure of Timber fastened together, used as a Boat or loating Platform. 7.

cg

Canoeing is an Outdoor activity that involves a Special kind of Canoe.

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8.

c

A canoe is a small narrow Boat, typically Human-powered, though it may also be powered by Sails or small Electric or Gas motors. 9.

kyg

Kayaking is the use of a Kayak for moving across water. 10. ky

A kayak is deined by the International Canoe Federation as a Boat where the paddler faces forward, legs in front, using a double-bladed paddle. 11. rp

A Rapid is a section of a River where the River bed has a relatively Steep Gradient causing an increase in water Velocity and Turbulence. 12. l

A Lake is a body of relatively still fresh or salt water of considerable size, localized in a basin that is surrounded by land apart from a river, stream, or other form of moving water that serves to feed or drain the lake. Lakes are inland and not part of the ocean and therefore are distinct from lagoons, and are larger and deeper than ponds. These are generally man made features. 13. c

Canals are man-made channels for water 14. sh

The Shikara is a type of wooden ship found on Dal Lake and other water bodies of Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India.

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revieW QuesTion F  th b:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Ganges originates from the ………….. Glacier. Glacier. The Mahakali or Sharda forms the ……………….. Border. Border. Narmada river river sprang from the body body of the Lord Shiva, while performing the ………………….. ………………….. India has about …………….. Kms of Navigabl Waterways. Waterways. Gir Forest Forest National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary also known as ……………… …………….. Valley National Park is located in the Nilgiri Hills. Anamalai Wildlife Sanctuary also called as ………………… Wildlife Sanctuary. Sanctuary. Taj Mahal stands on the bank of river ………….. at Agra. Ajanta caves caves are cut out of the rocky hills in ………… river basin. Charminar in Hyderabad Hyderabad is located on the East bank of …………. …………. River River..

sht Qt aw:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

What is Perennial River? What is River rafting? What is Cannoning? What is Kayak? What do you understand by Shikara? Deine Lake? Name the largest Canal of India. What is Wildlife Sanctuary? Which is the largest National Waterway Waterway of India? On which river basin Ellora caves are are located? For For what they are renowned for? for?

116


lg Qt aw:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Name the rivers those offer river rafting, canoeing and kayaking in India? Discuss the Holy Rivers of India in detail and their signiicances in tourism. Name the Wildlife Sanctuaries and National Parks located on river river banks of India and mark mark them on India’s map? Write about the prominent prominent monuments of India India which which are are located on the banks of river river and locate them on India’s map? Lakes and Canals are becoming the major major tourist attraction in India. India. Discuss Discuss the major lakes and canals of India serving as tourist attractions.

6.5 Pt att

1) 2)

On the Physical map of India locate the major lakes in India. Visit any major river river destination in your region and write a report on how it acts as attraction for tourists.

117


ut-7 Tm B Ggph r  i ctt

7.0 Unit Overview and Description Overview Skills and Knowledge Resource Material Learning Outcomes Assessment for Teachers 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Flora and Fauna of India 7.3 Eco Tourism 7.4 Wild Life Sanctuaries 7.5 Top Ten Famous Bird Sanctuaries Sanctu aries Of India 7.6 Botanical Gardens In India 7.7 Key Terms Used In the Unit 7.8 Practical Activities l l l l l

7.0 ut ow ow & dpt ow

This Chapter deals with the fundamentals of Bio Geographical components as Tourism Resources. Th ut w mpt fwg s kwg

-

118

The Concept of Bio Geographical components as Tourism Resources The Characteristics of Bio Geographical components as Tourism Resources The Categories of Bio Geographical components as Tourism Resources The signiicances of Bio Geographical components as Tourism Resources The Spatial distributions of Bio Geographical components component s and resulted Tourism products


Map 7.1 Bio Geographical Regions in India

r Mt:

1. 2. 3.

A.K. Raina Raina - Ecology, Ecology, Wildlife Wildlife and Tourism Tourism Development, Sarup and Sons Pub., Pub., New Delhi, 2005 Avinash Chiranjeev - Wildlife Wildlife Tourism Resources, Published by Jnanada Prakashan, Prakashan, Delhi 2008. Varsha ed. - Incredible India

119


lg otm: uniT-7 ouTcoMes Tm B Ggph aft styg th sb-ut: r i i

7.1

Introduction

Students will be able to understand different aspects of Bio Geographical Resources as Tourism Resources in India. Studen Students ts will will be able able to unde underst rstand and the the dei deinit nition ionss and and difference between Flora and Fauna.

7.2

Flora Flora and Fauna auna of India India

7.3

Eco Tourism

Students will be able to understand about the deinitions, characteristics of Eco Tourism

7.4

Wild Life Sanctuaries

Students will be able to understand about ten most famous Wild Life Sanctuaries of India

7.5

Top Ten Famous Bird Sanctuaries of India

Students will be able to understand about Top Ten Famous Bird Sanctuaries Of India

7.6

Botanical Botanical Gardens Gardens of India Students Students will will be able able to understand understand about the Botanical Botanical Gardens of India

amt P: (f th Th) ut-7 Tp

amt Mth

7. 1

Introduction

Questions & Answer

7. 2

Flora and Fauna of India

Questions & Answer

7. 3

Eco Tourism

Questions & Answer

7.4

Wild Life Sanctuaries

Questions & Answer

7. 5

Top Ten Famous Questions & Answer Bird Sanctuaries of India Botanical Ga Gardens of India

7. 6

120

Tm P

Pfm rm


7.1 itt

Bio Geographical Resources are the Resources which are the resulted resources of Bio Life and surrounding Physical Environment of respective Region or an Area. These Bio Geographical Resources are the root bases and suppliers of Nature Base Tourism viz. Wildlife Sanctuaries, Bird Sanctuaries, National Parks, Botanical Gardens, Aquariums, Wildlife Safaris and certain Tourism like Eco Tourism, Geo Tourism, Shark & Whale Tourism etc. The Biomes, Biodiversity, Environment, Ecosystems and Ecology are the major constituents of Bio Geography. For all types of Tourisms Sustainability there should be a perfect balance in the constituents of Bio Geography. B-Ggphy  wth Bm, Bt, emt, eytm  egy

(1) B-dty: Means variations in Biological components (Human, Flora and Fauna) including their Physical surroundings. Without Biodiversity there is no question of survival of Tourism because it is variations which motivate Human behavior to Travel. (2) egy: Ecology is the science of study of relationship between living to living organisms and their interrelationship with their physical surroundings. It is Ecology and Biodiversity which create platform for all types of Tourism its balanced is must for the survival of Tourism specially to make Tourism sustainable. (3) Bm: Biomes are huge Geographic entities having Homogeneous characters of both Physical and Biological Traits. (4) emt: The Sum Total of our all types of surroundings is termed as Environment. If analyzed indepthly, indepthly, it can be argued with certainty that all Tourisms have their foundations and origin in Bio Geography and its constituents directly or indirectly. Review Question

1) Fill in the Blanks:

a) b) b)

The Sum Total of our all types of surroundings is termed as ___________. ___________. ________Means variations in Biological components (Human, Flora and Fauna) including their Physical surroundings. ________ is the science of study of relationship relationship between between living living to living organisms and their interrelationship with their physical surroundings.

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7.2 F  F f i

India has a wide variety of Flora and Fauna like the diverse cultures and religions in India. The Indian subcontinent’s Flora and Fauna is an eye candy for its nature lovers. Around 23.68% of India is covered by forests. Flora and Fauna is the mirror of a country. The richness of Flora and Fauna is relected in the combination of India’s Climate and Topography. The Flora (Vegetation or forests) provides home to many Rare and Unique Species (Fauna or animals). These vary from region to region and each have some unique feature be it is Flora and fauna. These Flora and Fauna have huge potentials as Tourism Bio Geographical Resources. )

F

All Species of Plant Kingdom that are found in a particular region, period, or special environment is altogether termed as ‘Flora’ deriving the term from the Roman Goddess. The Indian Flora has around 15,000 Species. b)

F

All of the living beings that fall in Animal kingdom of any particular region or time is known as ‘Fauna’ of the country. Around 400 varieties of Mammals, 1250 species of Birds, 10,000 types of Insects, 2546 variety of Fish, 197 species of Amphibians and 408 reptile species are found in India. Now let us discuss the Tourism products available out of Bio Geographical Resources: Review Question

1) Deine a) Flora b) Fauna 7.3 e Tm )

dt

Environmentally responsible travel and visitation to relatively undisturbed natural areas to enjoy and appreciate nature (and any accompanying cultural features, both past and future). b)

chtt

-

Travel Travel that promotes conservation has low negative visitor impact and provides for beneicially active social-economic involvement of local populations.

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-

-

-

-

-

Covers unpolluted nature-based areas e.g. national parks, coral reefs, wetland areas. Tourists have responsible attitude towards what and whom they come into contact with in the nature-based areas. Education is part of the Tourists’ experience while they enjoy and appreciate what they learn about nature and any accompanying traditions and cultures of the local communities. Education also on the importance of conservation. Caters to small groups of Tourists → Minimise negative impacts on the Natural Environments and Local communities e.g. i) Flora and Fauna not disturbed. ii) Local communities not displaced. iii) No need to clear large areas to make way way for built up Environment to accommodate droves of Tourists. Encourages the active involvement involvement of local communities in the planning and promotion of ecotourism in their nature based areas e.g. locals serve as guides, run businesses related to providing accommodation, food and selling their crafts and works of art. Creates awareness among tourist and local communities of the need to protect and conserve the natural and cultural assets in their nature-based areas to sustain their attractions as ecotourism destinations. Money earned from Ecotourism contributes to the funding of conservation, management of natural and protected areas, Biodiversity and research Ensures that Tourism development does not exceed the Social and Environmental limits of acceptable change as determined by researchers in cooperation with local residents. Review Questions

1. Deine Eco Tourism . 2. What are the characteristics of Ecotourism? 7.4 Wf st

India has over 441 animal sanctuaries, referred to as Wildlife Sanctuaries. Among these, the 28 Reserves are governed by Project Tiger and are of special signiicance in the conservation of the Tigers. Some Wildlife Sanctuaries are speciically named Bird Sanctuary. Wildlife Sanctuaries of National importance to conservation are main attractions for Tourists.

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Tp 10 Wf st  i a)

Ranthambore Wildlife Sanctuary Sanctuary,, Rajasthan

The Ranthambore is one of the last sanctuaries where the Royal Bengal Tiger roams free. Spread over 392 sq kms and located just 130 kms away from Jaipur, the deciduous forests of Ranthambore make for great wildlife viewing and though besides the tigers, Tourists can spot other animals like sambar, chital and panthers. It is primarily the tiger that Tourists comes here for. Early morning and late afternoon safaris will take them to possible spots where a tiger and some of its cubs may cross their path. b)

Corbett National Park, Uttarakhand

One of India’s prime destinations for spotting the wild at their natural best is the Corbett National Park located in the foothills of Himalayas at Uttarakhand. Corbett is not just about the Tigers that steal the Tourists heart as it shelters a vast diversity of rare lora and fauna making it the wildlife hub of India. For a close encounter with the striped beasts Tourists take elephant safari and keep their binoculars handy. Identify distinct deer species at the water ills or indulge in some quality bird watching. Corbett gives them endless possibilities of interacting with the wild, so they come and connect with these magniicent creatures and discover that unique bond they share with nature. c)

Bandhavgarh National Park, Madhya Pradesh

Sheltered in the Vindhyas of Madhya Pradesh, the Bandhavgarh National Park was the original home of the precious white tigers where they were irst sighted in Rewa. The lush greens of this wild paradise are spread across 437 sq. Kms of land. So there’s a lot the wildlife enthusiasts can look forward to. Nilgai, Chinkara and Wild boars are amongst those easily sighted. Spotting a fox could be tricky. The park boasts of a healthy population of tigers which translates into extremely favorable chances of a sighting. Tourists can meet all of them and the others at the woods of Bandhavgarh, where pristine nature embraces the wild. d)

Periyar National Park, Kerala

Perched high on the Western Ghats in God’s own country Kerala is the picturesque Periyar National Park and tiger reserve also called Thekkady. The park is widely known for the large herds of Indian elephants which thrive on the Periyar River nestled in the dense forests capping the Cardamom Hills. Once Tourists are here there are just too many things to do. Capture playful

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elephants in their camera or look for the rare lion tailed macaque and take the Periyar cruise for some gorgeous views of the park aboard a luxury boat. All they need is to leave leave hassles behind and let Periyar work its magic on them. e)

Kaziranga National Park, Assam

Habitat of the one horned rhinoceros, paradise for wild elephants and water buffalos, a prominent tiger reserve and a world heritage site in the state of Assam, the Kaziranga National Park is a haven for the wild. Hog deer, sloth bears, capped langoors and some of the largest pythons in the world can be spotted by Tourists, or stick close to its rivers and they can probably see the Gangatic Dolphins in full swing. f)

Sunderbans, West Bengal

Enshrined in the swamped mangroves at the tip of Bengal is the kingdom of Royal Bengal tigers known as Sunderbans National Park. A UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Sunderbans are spread over a massive land mass of 4264 sq Kms, disappearing towards the south into the sea. The swamps help Tourists to locate the striped beasts seen resting in the Estuarine mangroves, escaping the scorching heat. Tourists Tourists can also enjoy snakes, crocodiles and ishing cats and an d other marine species. g)

Kanha National Park, Madhya Pradesh

One of India’s best tiger reserves, the Kanha National Park is in the valleys of Banjar and Halon in Madhya Pradesh. Wildlife lovers from all corners of the world lock to Kanha to catch a glimpse of its tigers, spotted deers and wolves. The spectacular sunset at Bamni Dadar tops every itinerary along with a photographic moment with barasinghas or the swamp deer that are naturally endowed to give great poses. h)

Mudumalai National Park, Karnataka

The Mudumalai National Park is a passage to its neighbouring wildlife reserves situated at the crossroads of Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka in the northwest of the Nilgiris. It has a large variety of fauna and an interesting mix of lora with tropical green forests in one corner and dry deciduous in the other. Tourists can enjoy exciting safari at Mudumalai. Animals found here are Sambhar, Chiltals, wild boars, primates and elephants with the exclusive tigers. i)

Gir Wildlife Sanctuary Sanctuary,, Gujarat

The last preserve of the Asiatic Lion, Gir Wildlife Sanctuary sits at the brink of peninsular Gujarat in the South Western belt of dry deciduous forests. One of India’s prime wildlife attractions, Gir is 125


a lourishing hub for the big cats, which includes lions as well as leopards. In fact, Gir has the largest number of leopards in the country. The sanctuary’s waters are known to be infested with numerous crocodiles catering to the reptilian interests of Tourists. j)

Keoladeo National Park, Rajasthan

Keoladeo is in Rajasthan and ha many varieties of birds. Formerly a duck hunting reserve of the Maharajas, it has now become one of the largest areas for migratory birds. Tourists enjoy the famous Siberian Crane, Warblers, and Babblers, Red Kite, Cinereous vulture and Sociable Lapwing among others. With lush green lands and lovely lakes, this place is truly a treat for Tourists enjoyment. k)

Lok Tak National Park, Manipur

Lok Tak National Park which is also known by the name Keibul Lamjao National Park along Lok Tak Lake in Manipur .It is the last natural refuge of the endangered Sangai or Manipur browantlered deer. Considering the Ecological status and its Biodiversity values, it was initially designated as a Wetland of International importance under the Ramsar Convention on March 23, 1990. l)

Dachigam National Park, Jammu and Kashmir

Dachigam National Park is located 22 kilometers from Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir. It covers an area of 141 square kilometers. The name of the park literally stands for “Ten villages” in memory of the Ten villages those were relocated for its formation. The park has been a protected area since 1910, irst under the care of the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir and later under the observation of the concerned government authorities. It was initially created to ensure clean drinking water supply for the city of Srinagar. It was inally upgraded and declared a National Park in the year 1981. The main animal species that Dachigam is most famous for are the Hangul or the Kashmir Stag. The other species are Musk Deer, Leopard, Himalayan Grey Langur, Leopard Cat, Himalayan Black Bear, Hill Fox and Otter etc. Review Question

1. Write a short note on any two two of India’s famous wildlife wildlife sanctuary. 7.5 Tp 10 Fm B st f i

India is a home for many species of Birds local as well as migrant birds. Bird sanctuaries in India are therefore therefore a hot spot for personality lovers and birdwatchers. birdwatchers. Some of the beautiful local inhabitants 126


like The National Bird of India “Peacocks”, Great Indian bustard, Indian Horn-bill, Kingishers and Indian Eagle “Garuda”, a Sacred Bird of Hindus. The Great Indian Horn-bill is the largest amongst all the horn-bills found in the forests of India. There are over 1200 species of birds found in the India, so one can enjoy birding or bird watching in India. Kulik (Raiganj) Bird Sanctuary is one of the largest bird sanctuaries in Asia. Nawabganj is one of the luckiest sanctuaries that have such enormous range of wildlife creatures in India. is an ideal tourist destination for birding, twitching and Bird watching in India. Twitching is refer to those who travel long distances to see a rare bird that would called as twitcher. )

Bhtp B sty

The famous Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary also known as Keoladeo Ghana National Park is situated in Rajasthan. Bharatpur bird sanctuary is one of the best bird sanctuaries in India and one of the inest bird parks in the world. Apart from the Great Thar Desert, Big forts and beautiful lakes, Birds of Bharatpur sanctuary are one of the major tourist attractions in Rajasthan. Thousands of rare and highly endangered birds come here during the winter season. The Bharatpur bird sanctuary is paradise for the bird lovers’ to watch some of the most exotic birds in the world. b)

stp B sty

Sultanpur Bird sanctuary is home for several colorful winged migratory species, located at Gurgaon district of Haryana. Its small area comprising with shallow freshwater Sultanpur lake, where 100 of migratory bird species visit to feed every year. The Sultanpur National Park also known for its rich variety of wild animals and lying predators along with beautiful birds. )

sm a B sty

The Salim Ali bird sanctuary is home to many varieties of local and migratory birds, situated in Chorao Island along the river Mandovi in Goa. Salim Ali Bird sanctuary is one of the best known bird sanctuaries and very famous bird sanctuary in India. It is one of the smallest bird sanctuaries where lying Sparrows, Beautiful peafowl, Parrots, pelican, Indian giant squirrel and other rare species of fauna can be spotted. Beyond the Beaches of Goa, Salim Ali bird sanctuary is one of the major tourist attractions in Goa. )

kmm B sty

Kumarakom Bird sanctuary also known as Vembanad Bird sanctuary is situated at in land of attraction Kerala, near to the famous Vembanad lake. It offers a home to a large number of migratory birds like Flycatcher, Teal, Siberian Stork, Crane, Parrots and Wood Beetle. by riding 127


a houseboat will be the best way for bird watching in Kerala. It is a favorite spot for migratory birds and paradise for the bird lovers. Other bird sanctuaries in Kerala are Mangalavanam and Thattekkad bird sanctuary, situated on the banks of the Periyar River and famous for some of the rarest species of birds and other unique fauna. )

rgthtt rgthtt  B sty

Ranganathittu Bird sanctuary is situated near to the banks of the Kaveri river in Karnataka. The exotic migratory birds like light Ibis, Egret, Partridge, Heron, River Tern, Snake Bird, stone Plougher are the attraction for the tourist. This is an important tourist destination of Mysore and is located about 20 kilometers from the famous Brindavan garden lies adjoining the Krishnarajasagara dam. f)

vthg B sty

The Vedanthangal Bird sanctuary is the oldest bird sanctuary in India, situated in Tamil Nadu. The Vedanthangal lake region attracted a variety of birds such as pintail, garganey, grey wagtail, blue-winged teal, common sandpiper. One sixth of landmass of Tamil Nadu is covered with forests, which is paradise for animal lover and bird watchers. Kunthakulam bird sanctuary and Pulicat lake bird sanctuary are also famous for bird watching situated at border of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. g)

ky B sty

Kaundinya Bird sanctuary is one of the best Bird sanctuaries in India, situated near Chittor in Andhra Pradesh. The habitat is rugged with high hills and deep valleys and Kaigal and Kaundinya are two beautiful streams, which low through the sanctuary. Kaundinya sanctuary offers the best of wildlife and bird watching in India. Kolleru lake bird sanctuary also offers variety of migratory birds to its largest fresh water Kolleru Lake. h)

ch l B sty

Chilka Lake Bird sanctuary is very popular among Tourists, located near puri in Orissa. The Chilka lake is the most beautiful brackish water lake in Asia and famous for a rich variety of birds. Chilka Lake serves as a bird sanctuary and is the largest wintering ground for migratory birds in India. The pear-shaped Chilka lake is one of the best bird watching spots in India. )

My B sty

The Mayani Bird sanctuary is globally reckoned for its gigantic range of species for migratory birds situated in Satara district of Maharashtra. Many migratory birds pass through the area, such as 128


lamingos from Siberia come in large numbers. It is one of the most prominent and famous bird sanctuaries in India. j)

n s B sty

Nal Sarovar Bird Sanctuary comprising of a huge lake and ambient marshes, is situated in Ahmadabad, Gujarat. Nal Sarovar bird sanctuary is the largest wetland bird sanctuary in Gujarat, and one of the largest in India, spot birds like Flamingos, Pelicans, Spoonbills, Avocets, Coots, Pintails, small Cormorants, small Grebes and Shovellers. It is count as one of the busiest tourist attraction spot in India. Review Question 1) Match the Following :

cm a

cm B

a) b) c) d)

Orrisa Madhya Pradesh Ahmadabad, Gujarat Jammu and Kashmir

Nal Sarovar Bird Sanctuary Dachigam National Park Bandhavgarh National Park Chilka Lake Bird sanctuary

7.6 Bt G f i

A Botanical Garden is a place where plants, especially ferns, conifers and lowering plants, are grown and displayed for the purposes of research, education and recreation. This distinguishes them from parks and pleasure gardens where plants, usually with showy lowers, are grown for public amenity only. Botanical gardens that specialize in trees are sometimes referred to as Arboretums. India owing of richness in Flora has thousands of Botanical Gardens in it those are enjoyed by Tourists with great enthusiasm. It is not possible to describe each and every Botanical Garden of India therefore prominent one have been listed below: -

Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden, Shibpur, Shibpur, Kolkata Agri -Horticultural Society of India, Alipore, Kolkata Assam State Zoo-cum-Botanical Garden, Guwahati Botanical Garden, Near Sarangpur, Sarangpur, Chandigarh

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Map 7.2: Wild Life Sanctuaries In India

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-

Empress Garden, Pune Garden of Medicinal Plants, North Bengal University, University, West Bengal Government Botanical Gardens, Ootacamund, Nilgiris district, Tamil Nadu IFGTB Botanical Garden - The Institute of Forest Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding (IFGTB), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu Jammu and Kashmir Medicinal Plants Introduction Centre, Sonamarag, Kashmir Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute (TBGRI), Trivandrum, Trivandrum, Kerala (Biggest in India and conserves the largest number of plant species in Asia). Jhansi Botanical Garden, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh Lalbagh, Bangalore, Karnataka Lloyd’s Botanical Garden, Darjeeling, West Bengal Saharanpur Botanical Garden, Saharanpur, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh Semmozhi Poonga, Chennai, Tamil Nadu TNAU Botanical Garden, Agriculture University, University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu Vellayani Agricultural Agricul tural College, Colleg e, Trivandrum, Kerala Beside above mentioned Tourism Bio Geographical Resources, India has a large numbers of Zoos and Parks etc. Review Question

1. Deine Botanical Gardens. Name any Three Three India’s India’s famous Botanical Gardens. 7.7 ky Tm u  th ut 1.

B Ggph Ggph r

Bio Geographical Resources are the Resources which are the resulted resources of Bio Life and surrounding Physical Environment of respective Region or an Area. 2.

F

All Species of Plant Kingdom that are found in a particular region, period, or special environment is altogether termed as ‘Flora’ deriving the term from the Roman Goddess. 3.

F

All of the living beings that fall in Animal kingdom of any particular region or time is known as ‘Fauna’. 131


Flora

Nal Sarovar Bird Santuary, Ahamdabad

Flora and Fauna, India

Sunderbans National Park, West Bengal

Kaziranga Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam

Lalbagh Botanical Garden, Bangalore

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4.

Bm

Biomes are huge Geographic entities having Homogeneous characters of both Physical and Biological Traits. 5.

Bty

Biodiversity means variations in Biological components (Human, Flora and Fauna) including their Physical surroundings. Without Biodiversity there is no question of survival of Tourism because it is variations which motivate Human behavior to Travel. 6.

egy

Ecology is the science of study of relationship between living to living organisms and their interrelationship with their physical surroundings. 7.

e Tm

Environmentally responsible travel and visitation to relatively undisturbed natural areas to enjoy and appreciate nature (and any accompanying cultural features, both past and future). 8.

Wf sty

A Wildlife Sanctuary is an area specially designated where it is illegal to interfere in any way with the natural life there. Hunting, shooting and ishing would be prohibited. Sanctuary is a place where killing or capturing of any animal is prohibited except under orders of the authorities concerned. they provide protection and optimum living conditions to wild animals. 9.

Bt G

A Botanical Garden is a place where plants, especially ferns, conifers and lowering plants, are grown and displayed for the purposes of research, education and recreation.

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revieW QuesTion F  th b:

1. 2. 3.

………….. National Park is widely known for the large herds of Indian elephants. ……………. is the habitat of one horn rhinoceros. Enshrined in in the swamped mangroves mangroves at the tip of Bengal is is the the kingdom of …………………… …………………… known as Sunderbans National Park? 4. The ……………….. ……………….. National Park Park is is a passage to to its neighboring wildlife reserves situated at the crossroads of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Karnataka in the northwest of the Nilgiri. 5. …………. Wildlife Sanctuary is a lourishing hub for big cats, which which includes lions lions as well as leopards. 6. The name of Dachigam National park literally stands for ……………. 7. Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary also known as ……………… National park. 8. The ……………. ……………. Bird Sanctuary is is the oldest bird bird sanctuary in India, situated in Tamil Tamil Nadu. 9. The …………. …………. Lake Lake is the most beautiful brackish water lake in in Asia, famous for a rich variety of birds. 10. ………………. Bird Sanctuary is the largest wetland bird bird sanctuary in Gujarat. Gujarat. sht Qt aw:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Deine Bio-Diversity Bio-Diversi ty.. What is Ecology? What is Biome? What do you understand by Environment? Deine Eco tourism. What is mean by Botanical Garden?

134


lg Qt aw:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

What is Bio-Geography? Write a detail note on lora and fauna fauna of India with their signiicances in tourism. What are the characteristics of Ecotourism? Mark the places of Ecotourism on India’s map. Name and describe in brief any ten Wildlife Sanctuaries in India. Name and describe in brief any ten Bird Sanctuaries of India. Discuss any ten Botanical Gardens of India in brief.

7.8 Pt atty

1)

On the Political Map of India locate Bio Geographical Regions of India.

135


ut-8 Tm ct r  i ctt


Overview Skills and Knowledge Resource Material Learning Outcomes Assessment for Teachers 8.1 Introduction l l l l l

8.2 Built Up Tourism Cultural Resources 8.3 Religious Tourism Cultural Resources 8.4 Sport Resources 8.5 Conservatories Of India 8.6 Entertainment Resources 8.7 Indian Cuisines As Tourism Resources 8.8 Art, Artifacts And Handlooms 8.9 Transportation Network And Tourist Infrastructure 8.10 Key Terms Used In the Unit 8.11 Practical Activities 8.0 ut ow ow & dpt

This Chapter deals with the fundamentals of Tourism Cultural Resources in India. Th ut w mpt fwg s  kwg

-

136

The Concept of Tourism Cultural Resources The Characteristics of Tourism Cultural Resources


-

The Categories of Tourism Cultural Resources The signiicances of Tourism Cultural Resources The Spatial distributions and resulted Tourism products out of Tourism Cultural Resources

r Mt:

1. 2. 3. 4.

A.K. Bhatia - Tourism Development: Principles and Practices, Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd, Ltd, 2002 Krishna Lal Lal and M. Bhattacharyya Bhattacharyya – Cultural Tourism in India, India, D.K. D.K. Print World, 2002, Kapila Vatsyay Vatsyayan an - Arrested Movements: Sculpture and Paintings, Under the Incredible India Series, Wisdom Tree Publications, New Delhi, 2007 Pushpesh Pant - Cuisines, Under the Incredible India Series, Wisdom Tree Publications, New Delhi, 2007

lg otm: uniT-8

ouTcoMes

Tm Phy r- r


8.1

Introduction

Students will be able to understand different aspects of Tourism Cultural Resources in India.

8.2

Built Up Tourism Cultural Resources Students will be able to understand the about the Built Up Tourism Cultural Resources

8.3


Students will be able to understand about Cultural Resources as Tourism resource of India such as Fairs and Festivals

8.4

Sport Resources

Students will be able to understand about the Sports of India as Tourism Resources

8.5

Conservatories of India

Students will be able to understand about the Major Conservatories of India

8.6

Entertainment Resources

Students will be able to understand about the Entertainment resources of India such as Music, Cinema, Dances ect as Tourism Resources

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8.7

Indian Cuisines as Tourism Resources

Students will be able to understand about the various Indian Cuisines as Tourism Resources Entertainment

8.8 8.8

Art Art &Ar &Artif tifacts acts and and Handl andloo oom ms

Stud Studen ents ts will will be able able to und under erst stan and d abo about ut the the various Art &Artifacts &Artifacts And Handlooms Tourism Tourism Resources Entertainment

8.9

Transportation Transportation Network and Tourist Students will be able to understand about the Infrastructure Transportation Transportation Network Network as a support to Tourism Tourism Industry

amt P: (f th Th) ut-8

Tp

amt Mth

8. 1

Introduction

Questions & Answer

8. 2

Built Up Tourism Cultural Resources

Questions & Answer

8. 3


Questions & Answer

8. 4

Sport Resources

Questions & Answer

8. 5

Conservatories of India

Questions & Answer

8. 6

Entertainment Resources Indian Cuisines as Tourism Resources Art &Artifacts and Handlooms Transportation Network and Tourist Infrastructure

Questions & Answer

8. 7 8. 8 8. 9

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Questions & Answer Questions & Answer Questions & Answer

Tm P

rm


8.1 itt

India is rich in Cultural Tourism Resources. India’s Cultural Tourism Resources consist of Ancient Temples and Shrines sacred for the people of different faiths. There are numerous sites which were once abodes of the Saints. These are the Pilgrimage Centers visited every year by lakhs of devotees. Their number is the largest and these are most widely distributed as compared to all other Tourist centers. The Images, Symbols, Diverse Architecture and Legends resulted in the origin of Ancient Temples those have an appeal even for the curious Tourists. The style of Temple buildings, the Minerates and the Arches vary from one part of the country to other. The examples are the Gompa (Buddhist monasteries) of Ladakh and Sikkim, Gopurams with complex patterns of Hindu Temples of Tamil Nadu and other Southern states. Hindus have shown keen sense of direction in locating different Pilgrim centers in every major corner of the whole Country. There are four places of the highest order of pilgrimage called ‘Dhams’. Visiting them in one’s lifetime is considered as great act of devotion. These are Badrinath in the North, Rameswaram in the South and Dwarka in the West shrines. There is Puri in the East, Kanchipuram in the South, Varanasi (Kashi puri), Ujjain(Avantika puri) and Ayodhya (Ayodhya puri) in the Center and Dwarka Puri in the West. In mythological terms there are the twelve most sacred Shiva Temples spread all over the India. These are named as the “Fifty one places” recognised as ‘Shakti Peeths’ respected by the devotes worshipping various Goddesses, Symbolizing power. Mathura-Virndavan is another tract renowned for Hindu pilgrimage because of its association with the life of lord Krishna. Great lexibility in matters of belief has given rise to numerous sects and to such a large number of places of Hindu Pilgrimage. Ancient Temples occupy remarkable Sites, Hilltops, River conluences, River or Lake Sites, Island, Forest Groves or a nucleus around which the whole city has grown and expanded. Next in order are Historic Cities, Ruins of Ancient Cities and the Rock-cut Temples inside the Caves. These are the remants of the Great halls or the ‘Chaityas’, ‘Stupas’, ‘Tower’ and the Arches of Buddhist places of worship. There are the Temple sites partially or wholly submerged in Sea or lying in ruins. At some such sites new Temples sites, new Temples or shrines have been rebuilt. These are still visited for worship or prayers by the followers and Foreigner Tourist alike. The sites associated with life of Gautama Buddha are marked in Bihar and the adjoining areas and are the centers of International and Domestic Tourists attraction. The Jain shrines are scattered in Gujarat, Bihar, Rajasthan and Karnataka. Within them are the

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beautiful images of Jain Saints and Sculptures of their life stories. On Mt.Parasnath near Hazaribagh in Bihar is situated the most sacred center of pilgrimage for Jains. The Great Sikh shrines exist in Punjab like Har Mandir Sahib at Amritsar, in Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra and in parts of the Himalaya. India has the pride of retaining some old Churches especially in Goa and Kerala and centers of worship of the Jews and the Parsis. The Great Dargahs like Khwaja Moin-ud-din Chisti in Ajmer, Hazrat Nizam-ud-din Aulia in Delhi and numerous other prominent Dargahs elsewhere in India and Great Mosques and thousands of known and unknown Mosques with their minarets and big quadrangles are sprawling in India as Tourist Cultural Resources. Some of the prominent examples are Jama Masjid at Delhi, Mecca mosque at Hyderabad, Taj mosque at Bhopal, the Old Shah Hamadan and the Hazratbal mosques at Srinagar. The Two Great ruined cities continue to be number one Tourist attractions. One is Hampi in the state of Karnataka and the other is Fatehpur Sikri near Agra in Uttar Pradesh. Hampi’s ruins are impressive as a bed of the old rocks of Decean Plateau. These include remains of Palaces, Temples, Markets, Reservoirs of water close to the banks of Tungabhadra River. It remained capital of the Great Vijaynagar Empire for two centuries. The empire extended from the shores of Arabian Sea to those of the Bay of Bengal and included Goa in the kingdom. These Forts were built by the Rajputs, Mughals, Marathas and other powerful rulers of their times for needs of defense or for their own grandeur. Victory Tower like Qutub Minar at Mehrauli near Delhi and Kirti Stambh inside the massive Chittorgarh Chittorgarh fort in Rajasthan attract all types of Tourists. Tourists. A few forts of different styles were added by the British rulers such as Fort William at Kolkata, Fort St.George Chennai and a Portuguese fort at Kochchi. India’s Tourism Cultural Resources also includes places or sites known for the Heroism and the Indepenance of country’s Great sons. Haldighati near Udaipur, Jallianwala Bagh at Amritsar, Cellular jail at Port Blair, Vivekananda rock memorial at Kanya Kumari, Gandhi ji’s Ashram at Sabarmati in Ahmadabad and Sewagram in Maharashtra and the Aurobindo Ashram at Pudducherry are examples of these types. One cannot leave out the birth place of Adi Sankaracharya at Kaladi near Alwaye in Kerala. The Museums, Art Galleries and Archives are custodians of India’s Cultural signiicance. Review Question

1. India is rich in Cultural resources. Comment . 140


Fairs and festivals of India

Holi

Durga Puja

Pongal

Eid

Ganesh Chaturthi

Gurupurab

141


Fairs and festivals of India

Christmas

Goa Carnival

Marwar Festival, Jodhpur

Kumbh Mela

Museums of India

Hawa Mahal Museum, Jaipur

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State Museum of Tripura


Cusines of India

South Indian Cuisine

Mughlai Cusisine

Famous Cuisine of Kashmir Gushtaba

Handlooms and Handicrafts of India

143


Handlooms and Handicrafts Products of India

Bandhej

Famous Handloom Kanzivaram of Tamil Nadu

Terracotta works

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Miniatue Arts

A Typical Kerala Mural Paintings

Mural Art


8.2 Bt up Tm ct r

Built Up Tourism Cultural Resources are always visited by Tourists because they are the Speaking Stones of authentic Architectural and Historical details. Some of India’s Built Up Tourism Cultural Resources are Mohan- Jo-Daro, Kalibangan, Lothal, Hampi, the Epitome of endless love - Taj Mahal, Qutub Minar, Red Fort, Konark Sun Temple, Rameswaram and Meenakshi Temple (Tamilnadu), Forts and Palaces of Rajasthan, Agra Fort, Ajanta Caves & Ellora Caves, Humayun’s Tomb, Victoria Memorial and Palaces of Kolkata, Shershah Suri Tomb(Sasaram, Bihar), Khajraho, Gwalior Fort and the Walled city of Fatehpur Sikri, Gate Way of India(Mumbai) and architecture of Raisena Hills (Delhi) and Walled city of Delhi etc. are mentionable . Review Question

1. List any any 5 Built up Tourism Cultural Cultural resources in India. 8.3 rg Tm Tm ct r

India has strong roots of Spirituality and Religion. There are thousands of Religious and Spiritual places and sites in India. There are seven sacred cities in India namely Mathura, Kashi, Hardwar, Ujjain, Kanchipuram, Ayodhya and Dwarka. The other Holy cities of Religious signiicance are Ajmer, Rishikesh, Amritsar, Shirdi, Puri and Bodhgaya etc. Review Question

1) i

List seven sacred cities in India. F  Ft Tm ct r

Fairs and Festivals are the mirrors of Cultural identities therefore are Tourism Cultural Resources because Tourists Tourists want them to get knowledge k nowledge and to participate in the joy, joy, happiness, brotherhood and humanity. a)

Festivals in India for Tourists

Festivals of India are characterized by color, gaiety, enthusiasm, prayers and rituals. Foreign Tourists are struck by the scale and multiplicity of Indian Fairs and Festivals that have evolved in the society. Major Festivals Festivals of India are Makar Sankranti, Baisakhi, Ba isakhi, Diwali festival, festival, Durga Puja, Dussehra, Onam, Holi, Janmashtami, Karwa Chauth, Maha Shivaratri, Naag Panchami, Ganesh Chaturthi, Navratri,

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Pongal, Raksha Bandhan, Guru Nanak Jayanti, Lohri, Eid ul Fitr Fitr,, Muhorram, Ram Navami, Christmas, Good Friday, Onam, Baisakhi, Pongal, Mahavir Jayanti, Buddha Jayanti, Guru Purnima, Raksha Bandhan, Krishna Janmashtami, Gandhi Jayanti, Kumbh Mela, Children’s day, Ganesh Chaturthi, Jamshed Navroz, Buddha Purnima, Hems Gompa etc. and many more festivals. Gandhi Jayanti, Independence Day and Republic Day are National Festivals of India. B)

Fairs in India for Tourists

Raasmela (Bilasipara, Assam), Brahamotsavam (Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh), Sonepur Mela (Sonepur, Bihar), Somnath Fair (Patan, Gujarat) Gangor Mela (Sirsa, Haryana), Surajkund Mela (Surajkund, Haryana), Kisan Mela (Karnal, Haryana), Dehati Mela (Ladana, Haryana), Minjar Fair (Chamba, Himachal Pradesh), Dussehra (Kullu, Himachal Pradesh), Jhiri Mela (Jhiri, Jammu & Kashmir), Kunda Fair (Pratappur, Jharkhand), Dassara (Mysore, Karnataka), Godachi Fair (Godachi, Karnataka), Hampi Festival (Hampi, Karnataka), Karna taka), Pooram Festival (Trichur, (Trichur, Kerala), Makara Ma kara Vilakku (Malappuram, Kerala), Chirappu (Kottayyam, Kerala), Omallor Fair (Omallor, Kerala), Magara Jyoti (Sabarimala, Kerala), Sri Sundareswar (Kannur, Kerala), Utsavam (Malappuram, Kerala), Aranmula Vallamkali (Aranmula, Kerala), Kerala Village Fair (Kovalam, Kerala), Kartik Mela (Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh), Kadam Mela (Kharagpur, Madhya Pradesh), Gwalior Trade Fair (Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh), Makar Sankranti (Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh), Nimar Utsav (Maheshwar, Madhya Pradesh), Kumbh Mela (Nashik, Maharashtra), Sharda Utsav (Nagpur, Maharashtra), Ganesh Festival (Sangli, Maharashtra), Rath Yatra (Puri, Odisha), Joranda Mela (Joranda, Odisha), Dhanu Jatra, (Bargarh, Odisha), Bali Yatra (Cuttack, Odisha), Odisha ), Chatar Yatra (Kalahandi, (Kalahandi , Odisha), Rural Olympics (Quila (Quila Raipur Raipur, Punjab), Punjab), Hollah Mohllah (Anand Pur Sahib, Punjab), Baisakhi (Talvandi Sahib, Punjab), Mag Mela (Muktsar, Punjab), Ramteerth Mela (Kaler, Punjab), Sahidi Jod Mela (Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab), Sodal Mela (Jalandhar, Punjab), Chappar Mela (Chappar, Punjab), Khatu Shyam ji (Sikar, Rajasthan), Urs Ajmer (Ajmer, Rajasthan), Pushkar Fair (Pushkar, Rajasthan), Ramdevra (Ramdevra, Rajasthan), Dussehra Mela (Kota, Rajasthan), Beneshwar Fair, (Dungerpur, Rajasthan), Chanderbhaga Fair (Jhalawar, Rajasthan), Khetlaji Fair (Bundi, Rajasthan), Ranisati Mela (Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan), Kaila Devi Fair (Karauli, Rajasthan), Kallaji Ka Mela (Banswara, Rajasthan), Marwar Festival (Jodhpur, Rajasthan), Peria Kirthigal (Trupparankundram, (Trupparankundram, Tamil Nadu), Panimaya Panimaya Matha Festival Festival (Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu), Eallazhagar Bannaral (Bannaral, Tamil Nadu), Kundam (Chikkaram, Tamil Nadu), Bemoli Katra Mela (Bemoli Katra, Uttar Pradesh), Kailash Mela (Agra, Uttar Pradesh), Makar Sankranti (Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh), Kumbh Mela (Haridwar, (Haridwar, Uttar Pradesh),Barabanki Pradesh),Barabanki Mela(Deva 146


Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh),Ramnavami Mela (Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh), Sharvan Jhoola (Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh), Nauchandi Mela (Meerut, Uttar Pradesh), Chitrakoot Ramlila (Chitrakoot, Uttar Pradesh), Rambarat (Agra, Uttar Pradesh), Cattle Fair (Dadri, Uttar Pradesh), Gokulanand Mela (Gokulpur, West Bengal), Sankranti Mela (Ganganagar, West Bengal), Phool Walon ki Sair, Books & Trade fairs etc (Delhi) and Goa Carnival etc. Review Questions:

1)

List any 4 Fairs in India for Tourist

2)

List any 4 festivals in India for tourists.

8.4 spt r )

itt itt  spt

Cricket, Football, Basketball, Tennis, Chess, Motorsports, Badminton, Golf, Korf Ball, Volley Ball, Floor Ball, Hand Ball, Throw Ball, Boxing, Cycling, Table Tennis, Kayaking, Biking, Rock Climbing, Archery, Athletics, Weightlifting, Wrestling, Gymnastics, Billiards, Snookers and their respective playing Spots which includes Play Grounds and Stadiums. b)

Tt  rg spt

It is obvious that Tourists specially foreign Tourists have special appeal towards Desi (Traditional and Regional) sports which include Gilli-Danda, Kanchae, Kite Flying, Kho-Kho, Kabbadi, Kabutar Baji, Fowl Fighting etc. Review Question

1) List any 3 Traditional Traditional and regional regional sport of India. 8.5 ct ct  f i

Conservatories include Museums, Archives and Art Galleries. India has number of conservatories for Tourist. It is tough task to describe each of them. The Top Ten Conservatories of India are: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Hawa Mahal Museum Indian Museum Jaigarh Fort Museum Karnataka Museum

147


5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Maharajah Sawai Singh Museum National Archives Archives Nehru Memorial Museum Prince of Wales Museum State Museum Of Tripura Tripura Stock Palace Museum

Review Question

1) Name any 4 conservatories of India. 8.6 ettmt r r 

Each and every mode of Entertainment in India comes with its own sets of elegance and sophistication. The number of programs that the people over here draw pleasure from is innumerable. There are several other ideas of entertainment in the recent times that has been imported from the western countries. Generally Indian entertainment prefers to stick to their roots and draw immense pleasure from their own culture. Some of the prominent modes of entertainment for Tourists in India are: )

M

India is being accepted world wide as the originator of this form of art. The Music Industry in India is divided between the Modern day music and the Classical. Both of the forms of the music have their own grounds as a commercial prospect. The biggest music house in the India is the Hindi and several other Film Industries. Music is an integral part of the Indian panorama and has fascinated everyone with its distinctive styles. Sarangi, Veena, Shahnai, Bansuri, Tabla, Sarod, Ragas, Bhajans, Qawwali, Gazal, Thumri etc. are Indian Traditional Sources of Music enjoyed by Tourists. b)

cm/ Tht

Cinema captures the biggest share in the Entertainment in India. The Indian Film Industry is touted to be the biggest in the whole World. The Hindi ilm industry along with the several other Regional ilm industries are estimated to provide the maximum number of ilms in a calendar year than any other country. The Hindi ilm industry is operated from the Mumbai (Bollywood). The other prominent Regional ilm industries are Bhojpuri, Punjabi, Rajasthani, Haryanvi, the Southern ilm industries and the Bengali ilm industry.

148


)

d

In India Tourists apart from modern dances like Cabaret and Discos can also enjoy the Original, Traditional and Regional Dances namely Bharatanatyam (Tamil Nadu), Kathak (Rajasthan, Punjab, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh), Kathakali (Kerala), Kuchipudi (Andhra Pradesh), Manipuri (Manipur), Mohiniyattam (Kerala), Odissi (Odisha), Sattriya (Assam), Garba & Dandia (Gujarat) and Bhangra (Punjab) etc. Review Question

1) What are are the prominent modes modes of entertainment for for tourists tourists in India? 8.7 i c  Tm r r )

c

To the Tourists unforgettable smell of India is the fragrance of Spices in cooking and preparing Indian Foods. The Indian cook has about twenty-ive spices (freshly ground as required) with which to mix the recognized combinations or “Masalas”. They, like the basic ingredient vary from region to region. Tourists probably eat more Non-vegetable dishes. Meat dishes are more common in the North, notably Rogan Josh (Curried lamb), Gushtaba (Spicey meat balls in yoghurt), and the delicious Biriyani (chicken or lamb in orange lavoured rice, sprinkled with sugar and rose water) will take Tourists salvia out of their mouths. Mughlai Cuisine is rich, creamy, deliciously spiced and liberally sprinkled with nuts and saffron. The ever popular Tandoori cooking (chicken, meat or ish marinated in herbs and baked in a clay oven) and kebabs are also Northern cuisine. In the South, curries are mainly vegetable and inclined to be hotter. Tourists in these areas may enjoy Bhujia (vegetable curry), Dosa, Idli and Sambar (Rice pancakes, dumplings with Pickles and Vegetable and Lentil curry), and Raitas (yoghurt with grated cucumber and mint). Coconut is a major ingredient of South Indian cooking. On the West coast there is a wide choice of ish, Bombay duck (curried or fried Bomnloe ish) and Pomfret (Indian salmon). Another specialty is the Parsi Dhan Sak (lamb or chicken cooked with curried lentils) and Vindaloo vinegar marinade. Fish is also a feature of Bengali cooking as in Dahi Maach (curried ish in yoghurt lavoured with turmeric and ginger) and Malai (curried prawn with coconut). One Regional distinction is that whereas in the South Rice is the staple food, in the North this is

149


supplemented and sometimes substituted by a wide range of lat breads, such as Pooris, Chappatis, Makki, Bajra Roti-Sarson Saag and Nan etc. Common throughout India is Dals (crushed lentil soup with various additional vegetables), and Dhai, the curd or yoghurt which accompanies the curry. Besides being tasty, it is a good “cooler”; more effective than liquids when things get too hot. Sweets are principally milk based puddings, pastries and pancakes. Available throughout India is Kuli, the Indian ice cream, Rasgullas (cream cheese balls lavoured with rose water), Gulab Jamuns (lour, yoghurt and ground almonds), and Jalebi (pancakes in syrup). Besides a splendid choice of sweets and sweetmeats, there is an abundance of fruit, both Tropical – mangoes, pomegranates and melons – and Temperate apricots, apples and strawberries. Western confectionery is available in major centres. It is common to inish the meal by chewing Pan as a digestive. Pan is a betel leaf in which are wrapped spices such as aniseed and cardamon. Besides the main dishes, there are also countless irresistible snacks available on every street corner, such as Samosa, Fritters, Dosa and Vada. For the Tourists Western cooking can always be found. Indeed, the best styles of cooking from throughout the world can be experienced in the major centres in India. b)

dt

Some common Indian Sweets and Desserts include: 1. 2. 3. 4.

B: A sweet made of dried milk with ground cashews or pistachios, often served with a

thin layer of edible silver foil as decoration. ch: A sweet made out of peanuts and molasses. Gb Jm: A dessert consisting of fried milk balls soaked in sweet syrup, such as rose syrup or honey. Jb: Dough fried in a coil shape dipped in sugar syrup, often taken with milk, tea, yogurt, or Lassi.

5.

k: An Indian ice cream in a variety of lavors such as mango, saffron, or cardamom.

6.

kh: A sweet rice pudding usually made with rice and milk.

7.

Mp: A type of pancake made of wheat or rice lour, deep fried and dipped in sugar

syrup. 8.

rg: A popular sweetmeat, produced by boiling small balls of casein in sugar syrup.

9.

sh: A sweet made from cheese, kneaded with ine ground sugar and molasses.

10. shh: A creamy dessert made out of strained yogurt, often served with dried fruits

150


such as mangoes. 11. kj kt: Similar to Bari, mainly comprises cashew powder along with ghee, cardamom

powder and sugar. 12. rb: Rabri is a sweet, condensed milk based dish made by boiling the milk on low heat

for a long time until it becomes dense and changes its color to pinkish. Sugar, spices and nuts are added for lavor. It is chilled and served as dessert. )

Bg

1.

Non-Alcoholic Beverages

While Masala Tea is a Staple Beverage across majority of India, Indian Filter Coffee is especially popular in Southern India. Lassi and Tea is a Staple Beverage throughout India. The Coffee is another popular Beverage, mostly in South India. Sharbat and Nimbu Pani (Lemonade), Chaas, Badam Doodh (Almond milk with nuts and cardamom), and Coconut water, Cold drinks and in Southern India Beverages include “Panner Soda” or “Gholi Soda”, which mixtures of Carbonated water, Rose water, and Sugar and Rose milk. 2.

Alcoholic Beverages

All types of Alcoholic Beverages are available in India for the consumption of Tourists. Review Question

1) Name any any two two famous famous Cuisines Cuisines and Desserts of India. 8.8 at & atft  Hm Hm

In India, Tourists have lot of Art & Artifacts and Handlooms works. Indian Art & Artifacts products allurable to Tourists are Miniature Arts, Mural and Paintings, Terracotta works, Sculptures works, Shell works, Silver, Gold and Copper made works etc. As far as Handlooms are concerned in India, Tourists have keen interest in Bandhej, Zari, Shahtoosh, Pashmina, Kanzivaram, Silk and Khadi works. Review Question

1) Name any 3 types of Handlooms of the tourist’s interest in India.

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8.9 Tptt ntw  Tt iftt

For Tourist in India, accommodations are easily available from low slab rate to Five Star Hotels. They can also found Motels along the major Highways. Indian Tourist places are well connected by Airways, Waterways, Roadways and Railways. Indian Tourism Sector has launched number of Tourist Trains among which prominent are Palace on Wheels, Maharaja, Royal Orient, Mahaparinirvan Express etc. with many Toy Trains in Mountain ranges. From above discussion, it may be concluded that India have plethora of Tourism Cultural Resources to support Indian Tourism Industry. Review Question

1) Name any 3 prominent prominent of Tourist Trains Trains in India. 8.10 ky Tm u  th ut 1.

ct

Culture is considered to be group-speciic behavior that is acquired, at least in part, from social inluences. 2.

Mmt

Monument is a type of structure either explicitly created to commemorate a person or important event or which has become important to a social group as a part of their remembrance of historic times or cultural heritage 3.

ahtt

Architecture is both the process and product product of planning, designing and construction of Architectural Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. 4.

c

Cuisine is a characteristic style of cooking practices and traditions. 5.

Bg

Beverage, is a liquid which is speciically prepared for human consumption. In addition to fulilling a basic need, drinks form part of the culture. 152


6.

cty

Conservatory is a place entirely devoted to cultivating and displaying objects. 7.

Mm

A museum is an institution that cares for a collection of artifacts and other objects of scientiic, artistic, cultural, or historical importance and makes them available for display. 8.

ah

An archive is a collection of historical records, or the physical place they are located. Archives contain primary source documents that have accumulated over the time. 9.

Mt at

A miniature is a picture in an ancient or medieval illuminated manuscript. 10. M Ptg

A mural is any piece of artwork painted or applied directly on a wall, ceiling or other large permanent surface. 11. Ht

A commercial establishment providing lodging, meals, and other guest services. 12. Mt

An establishment that provides lodging for motorists in rooms usually having direct access to an open parking area. Also called motor court, motor lodge.

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

The Hindus pilgrimage pilgrimage centers or Dhams Dhams are located is ………… in the East, in the South, South, and …………… in the centre and …………….. in the West. The Great Dargah of Khwaja Moin-ud-din Chisti is situated in…………….. …………….. is a regional festival festival of Tamil Nadu. ………………… is a regional dance of Kerala. Tandoori cooking (chicken, meat or ish marinated in herbs herbs and baked in a clay oven) is a ……………… Cuisine.

sht Qt aw:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Name the traditional and regional regional sports in India? How they serve as tourist attractions? Name any ten most popular Conservatories in India with their signiicances in tourism. Name the entertainment resources in India available as means of tourist attractions. What types of art and artifacts and handlooms work India offers for tourists? Write few lines about the transportation network and tourist infrastructure in India?

lg Qt aw:

1. 2. 3. 4.

“India is a country of multivariate multivariate religion, region, culture and traditions. traditions.”” Proof Proof this statement with appropriate examples. How fairs and festival of India are diverse in characteristics? characteris tics? Discuss how this diversiication is being utilized in Indian tourism sector for generating tourist attractions. How entertainment resources in India can be encashed for tourism? The Indian cuisines, cuisines, dessert and beverages beverages are rich sources for tourism. Discuss with examples.

8.11 Pt att

1) 2)

Role play play : Explain to a international Tourist about Famous Built up Tourism Cultural Cultural Resources to visit in India Visit any nearby tourist site write a report prepare a scrape scrape book.

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CBSE Class XI Travel Resources in India

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