Chemistry Concept Maps Class VIII • Synthetic Fibres and Plastics • Metals and Non-Metals • Coal and Petroleum • Combustion and Flame
Magnetic recording tapes , video cassettes curtains
1. Absorbs less water 2. Strong , light,elastic and resists wrinkles
Uses
Light, elastic and high tensile strength
Properties
Properties
Cotswool, polycot, terrywool
Blended
Umbrellas, parachutes, socks Uses
Polyester (terylene or mylar or dacron) Nylon
Wool
FIBRES
Natural
Acrylic (Orlon or Acrilan)
Synthetic
A thread or filament from which a cloth is made
Silk
Uses
Cotton
Semi synthetic Properties
Formation
Air and water proof
Rayon (Artificial silk) Shirt, ties, lining etc.
Uses
Properties 1. Absorbs moisture 2. Lustrous and resembles silk
Uses
Warm, soft and light
Sweaters, socks
Spandex (Lycra)
Koroseal
Viscose process
Properties
Uses Rain coat, bathroom curtains
Properties High elasticity and stretchable
Swimming costumes caps, T-Shirts
(Hard and unbreakable) (decorative objects, dinner set) Uses Polythene polymer of ethene
PVC polymer of vinyl chloride
Properties
Monomer (Melamine & formaldehydae)
Melamine Monomers (Phenol & formaldehyde)
PS polymer of styrene
Thermosplastic
On the basis of their reaction to heat
Thermosetting plastic
Bakelite
Properties (Hard, stiff and insulator)
Uses PET (polymer of ethylene glycol & terphthalic acid)
(combs, switches, table top laminates phonograph recrods)
PP (polymer of propylene)
On the basis of arrangement of monomer unit
Types
Linear PVC,HDPE
Branched LDPE
Cross-linked Bakelite,Melamine
Solutions
Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Recover
PLASTICS
Problems
Polymeric material which can be easily moulded or set into any desired shape and size
• Soil and water pollution • On burning produces toxic gases • Death of animals
Properties
Poor conductor of heat and electricity, insoluble in water non-reactive, strong, durable, light
2NaBr (aq) + Cl2(g) P4 + NaOH + 3H2O no reaction Does not-metal displaces less reactive non-metal from its salt solution
More reactive non-metal displaces less reactive non-metal from its salt solution
Reaction with salt solution
2NaCl + Br2(g) NaH2PO2 + PH3
Acidic CO2, SO2
Oxides
reaction water & dilute acid
Chemical properties
Reaction with oxide
Reaction with oxygen Neutral NO, N2O, H2O Oxides
have 4 to 8 valence electrons
Reaction with base
Electronic configuration
Reaction P4 + 3NaOH + 3H2O
Low densities except I2, diamond Load conductor of heat & electricity except allotrope of carbon
Electro negative nature
NON-METAL
Uses
A not ductile
Brittile excpet (allotrope of carbon i.e. diamond)
Physical properties
Low m.p. & b.p except C,B,Si
Soft and have low tensile has strength except carbon
Not sonorous
not lustrous except graphite and iodine
Not malleable
State
(C,S,I2) etc. solid
O2,H2,N2 etc Gas
(Br2) liquid
3NaH2PO2 + PH3
2NaCl + H2
Na + 2HCl Al + 3H2SO4
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq)
Reaction with water
Reaction with dilute acid
Al2(SO4)3 + H2
ZnSO4(aq)
Hydroxide Na(s) + H2O
NaOH + 1/2H2
MgO + 2H2O
Mg(OH)2 + H2
Oxides Displacement reaction
Reaction with salt solution
4H2O
Fe(s) + 4H2O
Basic oxide Na2O, CaO Na
Li K Ba Na Ca Mg Al Zn Fe Sn Pb H Cu Hg Ag Pt Au
+
Na + e
–
Reducing agent
Chemical properties
Reaction with oxygen Amphoteric oxide ZnO, Al2O3
ReactivitySeries
METAL
Uses
Good conductor of heat & electricity except lead Cl
Electronic configuration i d 3 electrons invalence shell Hard & posses high tensile strength excpet Na,K
Chemical properties
Lustrous
High density Malleable Sonorous
Ductile
High melting & boiling point except CS, Ga, Fr
Properties
Manufacture of H2 required in fertilizers
Heating, cooking heat source
Thick, black liquid with unpleasant smell
Properties
All carbon fource carbon used as filler in manufacture of tyres
Domestic and industrial fuel
Chemical substance to repare dyes,explosives, pain perfumes
Gases and high calorific value
Uses
Coal tar
Coal gas
Cleam fuel Gases and high calorific value
Uses
Natural gas (55 kJ/g)
Properties
Uses Products obtained on destructive distillation
Coke
Ammonical liquor
Properties Leaver no residue no poisonon agases
Deposists
Uses
Tripura, Rajasthan, Maharastra& Krishna Godavari delt
Properties
Resisdual orl
Bitmunous Faraffin
Lignite Types
Petroleum
FOSSIL FUEL
Coal
Lubrating oil
Peat
Food oil
Anthracite
Deposists
Uses Fuel synthetic petrol and synthetic natural gas organic compounds obtained
Formation
Deposits
Disel oil Kuwat, sandi Arabia, Iraq china, USA Rusia Likya etc.
Jharkhand mp & wb
Concentration
Kerosene
Sand
Type
Petrol Petroleum gas
Nonrenewable
Renewable
Exhaustible Natural resources
Petrol
Diesel
2H2O + Heat
No resisdue H2 + O2
Low ignition temperature and costlier Liquid
Hydrogen
Highest calorific value (150 kJ/g)
Coal
Wood
CH4 + C2H6 + C3H8 Solid
Types
Gases
LPG
Colourless, odourless and inflammable gas Calorific value 50 kJ/g
CNG Slow
Low ignition temperature and cheaper
Fuel
Rapid
No resisdue and clean fuel CO2 + H2O + heat CH4 + O2
Calorific value 55 kJ/g Complete
Spontaneous Nonluminous zone (hottest)
Types Incomplete
Inner dark zone
Yellow Luminous zone (moderately hot)
More light
Luminous
COMBUSTION
Combustible substance Supporter O2 Attainment of ignition temperature
FLAME
Conditions required Unburnt carbon causes respiratory diseases CO causes suffocation, etc
Unsufficient oxygen
Products and their effects
SO2, NO2 causes acid rain
Non Luminous CO2 causes global warming
Excess of oxygen
Black soot
Blue
Less light No residue
