Energy efficiency in the cellular network is a growing concern for cellular operators and with the exponential increase in mobile internet traffic driven by a new generation of wireless devices, future cellular networks face a great challenge to meet
Contents Cont Conten ents ts 3 List List of tabl tables es 6 List List of figu figure res s
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Summa Summary ry of chan change ges s
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1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3
Cellular radio network management 11 Cell Cellul ular ar radi radio o netw etwork ork conc oncepts epts 12 GSM/UMTS radio networks 17 MSC/ MSC/MS MSS S cell cellul ular ar radi radio o netw networ ork k conf config igur urat atio ion n
2 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2
Location area handling 27 27 Logi Logica call grou groupi ping ng of own/ own/au auxi xili liar ary y loca locatio tion n area area para parame mete ters rs Logi Logica call grou groupi ping ng of netw networ ork k loca locati tion on area area para parame mete ters rs 31
3 3.1 3.1
BSC handling 33 Logi Logic cal grou groupi ping ng of BSC BSC par parame ameter ters
4 4.1 4.1
RNC handling in MSS 37 Logi Logica call grou groupi ping ng of RNC RNC para parame mete ters rs in MSS MSS conc concep eptt
5 5.1 5.1
BTS and service area handling 41 Logi Logica call grou groupi ping ng of BTS/ BTS/se serv rvic ice e area area para parame mete ters rs
6 6.1 6.1
NRI and pool area configuration handling 45 Logi Logica call grou groupi ping ng of NRI NRI and and pool pool area area para parame mete ters rs
7 7.1 7.1
General RNW Parameter Handling in MSS 49 Logi Logica call grou groupi ping ng of gene genera rall RNW RNW para parame mete ters rs 49
Creating a cellular radio network 51 Creating location areas 51 Cre Creatin ating g own loca locati tion on area area 51 Crea Creati ting ng auxi auxili liar ary y loca locati tion on area area 52 Addi Adding ng netw networ ork k loca locati tion on area area 52 Creating BSC 53 Defining routes for BSC 54 Defi Defini ning ng sign signal alli ling ng syst system em info inform rmat atio ion n for for BSC BSC 55 Defi Defini ning ng supp suppor orte ted d mode mode sets ets of BSCs BSCs 56 Creating RNCs 56 Creating own RNC 56 Cre Creatin ating g auxil uxilia iary ry RNC 58 Crea Creatin ting g BTS/s BTS/ser ervi vice ce area area and and defin definin ing g LA - BTS BTS - BSC BSC and and LA - serv servic ice e area - MGW relations 60 Sequ Sequen ence ce for for crea creati ting ng a cell cellul ular ar radi radio o netw networ ork k 63 Creatin ting SGSN connections 64
Optimizing a cellular radio network 67 Modifying location area parameters 67 Modifying own location area parameters 67 Modifying auxiliary location area parameters 68 Modifying network location area parameters 68 Deleting location areas 69 Deleting own location area 69 Deleting auxiliary location area 69 Deleting network location area 70 Modifying BSC parameters 70 Changing cell identification method 71 Changing paging method 72 Changing channel priority assignment function mode 72 Changing reverse circuit allocation function mode 73 Modifying BSSAP version, version name, version information, and output BSSAP version data 73 Deleting BSC/MGW R99 74 Modifying RNCs 75 Modifying own RNC 75 Modifying auxiliary RNC 76 Modifying RNC version data 77 Deleting RNCs 77 Deleting own RNC 77 Deleting auxiliary RNC 78 Handling AMR mode sets 78 Modifying mode sets for AMR codecs 78 Modifying BTS/service area 79 Modifying BTS/service area parameters 79 Modifying traffic reason handover 80 Modifying resource indication 80 Modifying BTS neighborhood 80 Deleting BTS/service area 81 Modifying NRI and pool area configuration 81 Modify pool area 82 Delete pool area 82 Add MSS in pool area 82 Modify MSS in pool area 82 Remove MSS from pool area 83 Modify neighbor pool area 83 Delete neighbor pool area 83 Modify MSS in neighbor pool area 83 Remove MSS from neighbor pool area 84 Sequence in deleting a radio network 84 Transferring BSCs between MSCs/MSSs 85 Creating LA, network LA, and BSC 86 Creating BTS and LA-BTS-BSC relation 87 Changing old MSC/MSS configuration 87 Changing BSC configuration 88 Making BSC and BTS operational 88
Removing duplicate configurations from old MSC/MSS Handling SGSN connections 89 Modifying SGSN parameters 89 Deleting SGSN connections 90 Handling zone codes 90 Modifying zone code 90 Deleting zone code 90
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List of tables
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Table 1.
Maximum radio network configuration in the MSC/MSS
Table 2.
Administrative numbering for radio network objects
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List of figures
List of figures Figure 1.
Cells
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Figure 2.
Location area –service area relation
Figure 3.
Location areas
14
Figure 4.
MSC/VLR area
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Figure 5.
Pool area 1
16
Figure 6.
Pool area 2
16
Figure 7.
PLMNs
Figure 8.
GSM/3G radio network elements
Figure 9.
MOCN reference architecture
13
17 18
22
Figure 10. Gs interface between MSC and SGSN
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Figure 11. Transferring BSCs between MSCs/MSSs
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Summary of changes
Summary of changes
Changes between document issues are cumulative. Therefore, the latest document issue contains all changes made to previous issues.
Changes made between issues 8 –1 and 8 –0 Feature references have been corrected according to the approved feature names.
Changes made between issues 8 –0 and 7 –1 .
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The E9, General RNW Parameter Handling in MSS MML command group has been introduced. The E2P and E2O commands have been removed. Multi-Operator Core Network (MOCN) overview has been added to the Section GSM/UMTS radio networks . New Multipoint A/Iu related parameters for configuring enhanced redistribution functionality of UEs have been introduced. The E3P command for deleting pool area configuration has been introduced. The maximum number of BSCs in maximum radio network configuration has been increased. The following sections have been added to the document: .
General RNW parameter handling in MSS
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Handling AMR mode sets
The following subsections have been added to the document: .
Defining supported mode sets of BSCs
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Delete pool area
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The following subsection has been removed: .
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Modifying mode sets for AMR codecs
New parameters have been added to the following subsection: .
Logical grouping of own/auxiliary location area parameters
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Logical grouping of network location area parameters
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Logical grouping of BSC parameters
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Logical grouping of RNC parameters in MSS concept
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Logical grouping of NRI and pool area parameters
Changes made between issues 7 –1 and 7 –0 Information on Unlicensed Mobile Access (UMA) has been removed as it is no longer supported.
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Cellular radio network management
1
Cellular radio network management Cellular radio network management allows you to manage the network configuration in the Mobile Services Switching Centre/MSC Server (MSC/ MSS) using an MML interface. You can do the following: .
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Create and delete the following radio network configuration elements: location area (LA), Base Station Controller (BSC), Base Transceiver Station (BTS), Radio Network Controller (RNC), and the service area, Modify the parameters of the radio network configuration elements, Handle the administrative states for the BSC, BTS, RNC, and the service area, Define the relationships between the radio network configuration elements, Output the data of radio network configuration elements and the relationships of the radio network configuration elements, Initialize the interfaces between the MSC –BSC, and the MSC –RNC (Global Restart procedure).
The main functions of the cellular radio network management are: .
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Handling location areas under the MSC/MSS (GSM and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS)) with the EL Command Group, Handling network location areas (GSM and UMTS) with the EI Command Group, Handling BSCs with the ED Command Group, Handling the BTS cells (GSM), the service area (UMTS) and the auxiliary service area (UMTS) with the EP Command Group,
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Handling RNCs (UMTS) with the E2 Command Group,
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Handling general RNW parameters with the E9 Command Group,
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1.1
NRI and pool area configuration handling with the E3 Command Group, Handling roaming areas (zone codes) (GSM and UMTS) with the EK Command Group, Handling the Gs-interface (an interface between the MSC and the Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)) definitions (GSM) with the EJ Command Group.
Cellular radio network concepts The following are descriptions of some of the basic concepts related to the cellular radio networks. Cellular radio network A cellular radio network of an MSC/MSS is a geographical area where the MSC/MSS provides GSM or UMTS radio access. Cell Cells are the basic units in a GSM cellular radio network. A cell is a geographical area that is covered by a transceiver. A base transceiver station (BTS) network element generally controls several cells. In cellular radio network configuration management in the MSS, the term "BTS" is considered one cell.
Figure 1.
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Cells
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Service area Service areas are the basic units of a UMTS cellular radio network. A service area is a geographical area covering one or more UMTS cells. UMTS cells are not defined in the cellular radio network configuration of the MSS. Service areas connected to an MSS through MGW Rel-4 have an LA-service area relation.
LA 2
SA SA77 LA 1
SA 2 SA 1
SA 3
LA 3
SA 5 SA 4 SA 6
Figure 2.
Location area –service area relation
Location area A location area (LA) consists of one or more adjacent cells in a GSM network, or one or more service areas in a UMTS network. User equipment/mobile stations can roam inside an LA without having to perform location updates. LAs in GSM and UMTS networks have the same parameters.
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Note If either one of Features 1449 or 1564 is activated, then the Location Areas for UMTS/GSM must be defined separately. If both Features 1449 and 1564 are activated, this is not needed. You can check the LA's UMTS/GSM access with the ELL command.
LA9 LA6
LA5 LA2
LA1
LA4
LA8 LA7 LA3
Figure 3.
Location areas
A network can include its own LAs, network LAs (addresses of LAs controlled by other MSC/MSSs), and auxiliary LAs (in UMTS networks only). UMTS/GSM access In the multipoint Iu/A concept, you need to be able to determine whether your system has UMTS/GSM access. Even though a Location Area can include both GSM cells and UMTS service areas, it is recommended that Location Areas would be defined and used separately for the UMTS and the GSM, so that a single LA would only have either UMTS service areas or GSM cells connected to it. MSC/VLR area The network's own LAs, belonging to the same MSC, form an MSC/VLR area. An MSC/VLR area can consist of one or more LAs, the size of which is decided in network planning. The trade-off in the LA size is that small LAs require more location updates from user equipment/mobile stations, which means an increased signalling load. Large LAs require more paging procedures, which means an increased load on the BSS/RNS air interface.
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LA9 LA7
LA3 LA5
LA4 LA2
MSC/VLR
LA1
LA8 LA6
Figure 4.
MSC/VLR area
Pool area A pool area corresponds closely to an MSC/MSS service area. The main difference is that a pool area is served by multiple MSCs/MSSs simultaneously. The radio network configuration concerning the pool area must be identical in every MSS controlling the pool area. The traffic is shared between the MSSs within the pool area and a mobile station can roam within the pool area without having to change the serving MSS. Another difference between a pool area and a service area is that pool areas may overlap, whereas service areas cannot.
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LA12 LA3
LA6 LA9
LA1
MSC/VLR 1 LA4
LA8
MSC/VLR LA52 MSC/VLR 3
LA10
LA2
LA11
LA7
Figure 5.
Pool area 1
Pool area 2 LAn
Overlap
LAn
LAn LA1
LAn LAn
Pool area 1
LAn LAn
LA1
LAn
LAn LAn
Overlap
LAn LAn
LAn
LAn LAn
LAn LA1
Overlap
LAn
LAn LAn
Pool area 3
Figure 6.
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Pool area 2
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PLMN The MSC/VLR areas in the GSM/UMTS networks form a Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN). One PLMN can be defined for each LA. An LA can belong to only one PLMN.
PLMN1
LA1
PLMN2
LA3
LA2
PLMN3
LA4
Figure 7.
PLMNs
For further details, see Cellular radio network management overview .
1.2
GSM/UMTS radio networks The MSS concept supports separate handling of the control plane (CP) and the user plane (UP) traffic with the MGW Rel-4. (For more information, see User plane routing, Operating Instructions .) With system level M13, the multipoint Iu/A concept is introduced. In earlier radio network concepts a BSS/RAN (Radio Access Network) is connected to one MSS, but with multipoint Iu/A concept, a RAN/BSS node can be connected to several MSSs. For more information on this concept, see Sections Pool area and Multipoint network . GSM/UMTS 3G radio network elements A GSM radio network consists of a Network Subsystem (NSS) and a Base Station Subsystem (BSS), while a 3G radio network consists of an NSS and a Radio Network Subsystem (RNS).
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BSS and RNS GSM BS
NSS MSC/MSS
BSC
HLR
A Navigator
GSM mobile A
lu
PSTN/ ISDN/ IP
A
Navigator
GSM mobile
GSM BS
MGW R4
BSC
IN Service Control Point
lu
UMTS mobile
Figure 8.
UMTS BS
RNC
GSM/3G radio network elements
Network Subsystem The NSS contains the MSS, which serves the BSS and the RNS under them. According to the 3GPP standardized Bearer Independent Circuit Switched Core Network concept (Rel-4), the control plane (CP) and the user plane (UP) were separated with the introduction of MGW Rel-4 at system level M12. At this stage, the MSC functionality was split into two distinct logical entities. The MSS handles the CP (call control, mobility control, and MGW control) and the MGW Rel-4 handles the UP connections. The Home Location Register (HLR) supports 2G, 3G and dual-mode subscribers. The Visitor Location Register (VLR) stores the mobile subscriber information of those currently using the network controlled by the MSS. Base Station Subsystem (GSM) The BSS consists of a BSC, a transcoder (TC), and BTSs.
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The Base Station Controllers (BSCs) are defined to the radio network configuration of the MSC/MSS. Normally one BSC controls several Base Transceiver Stations (BTSs). A BTS realises the radio interface towards the mobile stations. One BTS network element can have several cells. In the MSC/MSS radio network configuration management, the term "BTS" is considered one cell. Therefore, all the cells of a BTS network element have to be defined in the MSC/MSS, but not in the physical BTS network element. The TC converts coded speech to 64 kbit/s PCM format and vice versa. The TC is a logical part of the BSC. Radio Network Subsystem (UMTS) The Radio Network Substystem (RNS) consists of an RNC and of WCDMA base stations. In the MSS concept, the RNCs are defined in the radio network configuration (with an RNC-specific MML) as network elements. The MSS concept can have two kinds of RNCs in the radio network configuration: RNCs that belong to the MSS's own radio network; and RNCs that belong to an auxiliary radio network of the MSS. The base stations, or cells, of the RNS are not defined in the radio network configuration of the MSC/MSS. Multipoint network In the earlier radio network concept, a RAN/BSS is normally connected to one MSS, but the introduction of the multipoint concept now enables a RAN/BSS node to be connected to several MSSs simultaneously. The serving area of MSSs is called a pool area and the group of MSSs is called an MSS pool. At the beginning of the transaction, the RAN/BSS node selects the MSS to which the signalling messages are routed. The selection is based on the Network Resource Identifier (NRI), which is allocated in an MSS/VLR. If no MSSs are configured for the NRI indicated by the mobile, the RAN/BSS mode selects one of the MSSs in the MSS pool, while at the same time taking into account the load balancing between the MSSs in the pool. The MSSs within one pool area and in the overlapping neighboring pool areas must have unique NRIs.
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Using multiple MSSs/MSCs within a pool area increases service availability as other MSSs/MSCs are still able to provide services even if one MSS/MSC within a pool area fails. It also enlarges the served area compared to the service area of a single MSS/MSC. This results in reduced inter-MSC/MSS location updates and handovers while also reducing the HLR update traffic. Furthermore, overlapping pool areas allow the separation of the overall traffic into different mobile station moving patterns. For example, each pool area can cover a separate residential area while all overlapping pool areas can cover the city centre. Another significant advantage of the multiple MSS/MSCs in a pool area is the possibility of capacity upgrades by additional MSSs/MSCs in the pool area. A multipoint network can consist of up to 10 parallel MSSs/MSCs and of up to 20 neighboring pool areas. For more information, see CS Core Multipoint Configuration Guidelines, CS Core System Documentation . Auxiliary networks An auxiliary network is part of a UMTS radio network that belongs to a neighboring MSC/MSS. The auxiliary radio network definitions contain auxiliary location areas, auxiliary service areas and auxiliary RNCs. Auxiliary radio network definitions may be needed for the "Flexible Iu interface for handover/relocation" concept or for the "Iur- interface between RNCs of different MSC" concept. The use of auxiliary network requires Feature 1260: Inter-System Handover and UMTS Changes and/or Feature 1325: RANAP and BSSAP in MSC Server. An auxiliary location area and auxiliary RNC definitions are required for the "Flexible Iu interface for handover/relocation" concept. The purpose of this concept is to avoid inter-MSS relocations and thereby to reduce the interMSS signalling load. The MSS controls relocations from its own radio network to an auxiliary radio network and also inside an auxiliary network. In the "Flexible Iu interface for handover/relocation" concept, the RNC is defined in two MSSs: as its own RNC in one MSS, and as an auxiliary RNC in the other MSS, in which also the location areas are defined correspondingly. An RNC can be connected to both MSSs through an Iuinterface. If a user equipment starts a transaction from an area controlled by an RNC connected to two MSSs, the transaction is always directed towards the own MSS. From the MSS point of view, a transaction can not be started from an auxiliary network, nor paging performed towards an auxiliary network either.
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The auxiliary location area and the auxiliary service area definitions are required for the "Iur- interface between RNCs of different MSC" concept as well. It is possible that the mobile station starts the transaction from the radio network of the neighboring MSC/MSS and the signalling is routed to the MSC/MSS because of the Iur- interface between the RNCs. The location area and the service area are defined to the MSC/MSS, otherwise transaction is rejected. Normally, when serving an RNC relocation procedure is supported, it is enough to define the border areas of the neighboring MSC/MSS as auxiliary network. It is possible to reduce the amount of auxiliary networks by defining the auxiliary location area related to "default service area", which can be used instead of the real service area received from Iu/A'- interface. Using an auxiliary location area related to the default service area requires that the auxiliary location area is defined in the MSC/MSS. Note that in this concept, auxiliary RNCs do not need to be configured. Another possibility to reduce the amount of auxiliary radio networks is to use the MSC/MSS-related default location area and service area pair. The location area code (LAC) value 65533 and the service area code (SAC) value 65534 are reserved for this special use. If the MSC/MSS receives an unknown service area identification (SAI), and the MSC/MSS-related default location area and service area are defined in the own radio network definitions, then they are used (instead of the SAI received from Iu/A'interface) in further call processing. The MSC/MSS-related default LAC and default SAC values are not recommended to be used in normal radio network configuration. When the auxiliary location area or the MSC-related default definitions are used, the accuracy of the mobile station's real location (in service area level) is lost. Multi-Operator Core Networks (MOCN) Network sharing architectures allow different core network operators to connect to a shared radio access network. The operators do not only share the radio network elements, but may also share the radio resources themselves. In addition to this shared radio access network, the operators may have additional dedicated radio access networks, for example, 2G radio access networks. The MOCN architecture for network sharing is defined in 3GPP TS 23.251 Network sharing; Architecture and functional description .
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In the figure below, a MOCN reference architecture is illustrated. In the figure, CN operators A, B and C together share the radio access network for 3G. Each operator may also have their dedicated radio access networks, for example, for 2G. This does not obsolete the fact that each operator may have the Multipoint Iu feature activated in their own networks simultaneously.
..........
CN Operator A
CN Operator B
CN Operator C
..........
Iu
RNC
Radio Access Netvork Operator x
Figure 9.
MOCN reference architecture
In a shared network, a core network operator is identified by a PLMN-id (MCC+MNC). Each cell in the shared radio access network shall include information concerning the available core network operators into the broadcast system information. The available core network operators have to be the same for all the cells of a Location Area in the shared network. The MOCN as such does not require any support from the UE, however, it is possible that the UE supports the core network operator selection process. The functionality for the MOCN is specified separately for network sharing supporting UEs and non-supporting UEs. The majority of UEs, that is, the pre Rel-6 UEs do not support the network sharing currently, thus the network support for non-supporting UEs is necessary. The Nokia Siemens Networks MOCN implementation targets to support both supporting and non-supporting UEs for network sharing. The MOCN configuration requires Feature 1325: RANAP and BSSAP in MSC Server with the optional Multiple PLMN Support for RNC Node in MSS functionality and Feature 1847: Multi-Operator Core Network Support in MSS to be activated in the MSS.
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1.3
MSC/MSS cellular radio network configuration The radio network configuration in the MSC/MSS allows you to: .
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Control (block and unblock) traffic from/to BSCs, RNCs, BTSs (cells), and service areas. Handle location updating. The location of a user equipment/mobile station is given in the LAI stored in the MSC/VLR. Handle paging. In a mobile terminated call, the user equipment/ mobile station is paged from a particular location area. To page the user equipment/mobile station through the correct BSC and RNC, the MSC/MSS has to know the location area relation of these network elements. Handle Control Network Resource Identifier (NRI) and pool area configuration. The NRI and the Pool Area Configuration Handling are used for managing NRI information in MSS or for exporting/ importing network pool area configuration in MSS.
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Create pool areas in your switching centre.
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Control various types of handovers/relocations: .
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In an inter-BSC handover, the target BSC is derived from cell information in the target cell list. In an inter-MSC handover, the relocation target MSC is derived from location area information in the target cell list. In an inter-system handover (GSM to UMTS), the target RNC identification is derived from the source BSC. In an UMTS to UMTS handover, the target RNC identification is derived from the source RNC.
The following lists what needs to be defined in the radio network configuration of the MSC/MSS for GSM access: .
Location areas under its own control (own location areas),
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BSCs under its own control,
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BTSs (cells) under its own control,
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LA –BTS –BSC relation,
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BTS (cell) relation between the location area and the BSC, and
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Location areas controlled by other MSC/MSSs in the network (network location areas).
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The following lists what needs to be defined in the radio network configuration for multipoint concept (optional): .
If you are using the multipoint concept (optional), these definitions are mandatory: .
NRIs and pool areas to be used
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Parameters needed within the pool area
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All neighboring MSSs outside the pool area The location areas which will be included in the pool concept The network location areas which will be included in the pool concept
For redistribution of UEs in A/Iu-multipoint configuration from a MSS in a controlled way, the MSS can be put into maintenance mode. For this you have to define following: .
Maintenance NRI (Null NRI)
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Non-broadcast location area identity (LAI)
For enhanced redistribution functionality of UEs the following optional parameters can be defined: .
Parallel MSS maintenance NRI list (PNRI).
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NRI validity check (NRIVALC).
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VLR stop level for redistribution (STOPLEV).
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Redistribution of active call timer (TIMER).
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Parallel MSS maintenance NRI list (PNRI).
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NRI weight factor (WF).
Note Before you start creating your multipoint solution, make sure you have planned the work carefully beforehand. Using the IMPORT/EXPORT/ ACTIVATE commands below is worth considering especially if you are dealing with a large configuration in your network. The issues to consider beforehand include, for example, planning on how to implement the following in the whole configuration: .
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Exporting of LA's (with the E3X command) from a Radio Network,
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Importing of LA's (with the E3Y command) to a Radio Network,
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Marking the LA's to be copied (with the ELT command for the own LA's and the EIT command for the network LA's).
Activating of LA's in the Radio Network (with the E3V command).
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You need to remember that the information must be absolutely identical in your pool area configuration within a multipoint concept. You should be aware that using these commands will not make the procedure completely automatic (manual work is still needed), but it will nonetheless decrease the amount of the manual work needed, as well as make the manual work more easy to perform.
Any combination of the above radio access types are simultaneously possible in an MSC/MSS. Maximum radio network configuration in the MSC/MSS The following table shows the maximum configuration in the MSC/MSS for each radio network object.
Table 1.
Maximum radio network configuration in the MSC/MSS
Object
Limit
Own LA
1000/5000*
Network LA
2000/20000*
BSC
150/500*
BTS (cell)/service area/auxiliary service areas
5000/ 8000/ 10000/ 50000*
Own RNC
150/1500* Auxiliary RNC
150
Auxiliary LA
2000
MSCs/MSSs in a pool
10
neighboring pools in a network
20
* = depending on switch type and optionalities Administrative numbering of network objects The following table shows the permissible number range for each radio network object.
Table 2.
Administrative numbering for radio network objects
Object
Number range
BSC
1
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Table 2.
Administrative numbering for radio network objects (cont.)
Object
Number range
RNC ID
1
–
4095
LA
1
–
65533
BTS (cell)/ service area
1
–
65535
Note Please note, that the location area code 65533 and the service area code 65534 should not be used as normally in own radio network configuration, because they have special role in the auxiliary radio network concept.
For further details see Section Cellular Radio Network Management Overview .
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Location area handling
2
Location area handling Managing location areas involves creating and deleting location areas, and modifying location area parameters in the MSC/MSS cellular radio network configuration files. You can create and update own and auxiliary location area-specific data of the MSC/MSS with the EL Command Group. For more information on the EL commands, see Location Area Handling, EL Command Group . Own location areas are used in GSM and UMTS. You can handle own location area-specific data with the following commands: .