CHAPTER 2 (Arts. 1318-1355)

K@CTVI\ < ‛ I{{imvbcj \isyb{bvi{ na Knmv|ckv{ (C|vbkji{ 3;30%3;99"

K@CTVI\ < I[[IMVBCJ \ISYB[BVI[ NA KNMV\CKV[ HIMI\CJ T\NQB[BNM[ C|v- 3;30- Vì|i b{ mn knmv|ckv ymji{{ vì anjjnxbmh |isyb{bvi{ knmky|? (3" Knm{imv na vì knmv|ckvbmh knmv|ckvbmh tc|vbi{7 tc|vbi{7 (<" Nloikv ki|vcbm x`bk` x`bk` b{ vì {yloikv ecvvi| na vì knmv|ckv7 knmv|ckv7 (;" Kcy{i na vì nljbhcvbnm x`bk` x`bk` b{ i{vcljb{ìfi{vcljb{ìf[ikvbnm 3 ‛ KNM[IMV (C|v{- 3;32%3;61" [VYFR HYBFI ?

3- @nx b{ knm{imv bm c knmv|ckv ecmbai{vif> (C|v- 3;32" ¦

Knm{imv b{ ecmbai{vif lr vì eiivbmh na vì naai| cmf ckkitvcmki ytnm vì v`bmh cmf vì kcy{i x`bk` c|i vn knm{vbvyvi vì knmv|ckvVì Vì NAAI NAAI\ \ ey{v ey{v li ki|v ki|vcb cbm m cmf cmf vì vì CKKI CKKITV TVCM CMKI KI ey{v ey{v li cl{n cl{njy jyvi vi cmf cmf ymsycjbabif- Cavi| ckkitvcmki* ckkitvcmki* vì knmv|ckv knmv|ckv b{ cj|icfr ti|aikvifti|aikvif¦

<- X`cv c|i vì kcy{i{ x`bk` |imfi| cm naai| bmiaaikvbqi> (c" (l" (k" (f"

Xbv`f|cxcj Xbv`f|cxcj na vì naai| lian|i ckkitvcmki- (C|v- 3;32" Sycjbabif ckkitvcmki ckkitvcmki na vì naai|- (C|v- 3;32" Ficv`* kbqbj bmvi|fbkvbnm* bm{cmbvr* n| bm{njqimkr na ibvì| tc|vr lian|i ckkitvcmki b{ knmqirif- (C|v- 3;<;" Iptb|cvbnm na vì ti|bnf abpif bm vì naai| an| ckkitvcmki- (C|v- 3;<6"

;- [yttn{i vì naai|n| `c{ cjjnxif vì naai|ii c ki|vcbm ti|bnf vn ckkitv* ecr vì naai| li

xbv`f|cxm iqim lian|i vì iptb|cvbnm na vì ti|bnf> (C|v- 3;<6" ¦

(c" (l"

RI[* t|nqbfif v`cv ?

Vì naai| `c{ MNV c{ riv liim ckkitvif7 ckkitvif7 n| Vì|i b{ mn ‚ntvbnm ‚ntvbnm knmv|ckv― knmv|ckv― livxiim vì tc|vbi{tc|vbi{-

6- Fn cfqi|vb{ieimv{ an| ly{bmi{{ cmf lbffi|{ knm{vbvyvi fiabmbvi naai|{>

Ly{bmi{{ cfqi|vb{ieimv{ c|i himi|cjjr ei|i bmqbvcvbnm{ vn ecgi cm naai|7 ìmki* vìb| ckkitvcmki xbjj mnv k|icvi c knmv|ckv- (C|v- 3;<9" (c"

Cfqi|vb{ieimv kcjjbmh an| lbffi|{ c|i ei|i bmqbvcvbnm{ vn ecgi t|ntn{cj{ cmf vì cfqi|vb{i| b{ mnv lnymf vn ckkitv vì `bhì{v n| jnxi{v lbffi|- (C|v- 3;<1" k`c|ckvi|b{vbk{ na knm{imv> 9- X`cv c|i vì k`c|ckvi|b{vbk{ (l"

(c"

Bv b{ BMVIJJBHIMVBMVIJJBHIMV- ‛ Vì|i ey{v li kctckbvr vn ckv- (C|v{- 3;<8%3;<2"

(l"

Bv b{ A\II cmf QNJYMVC\RQNJYMVC\R- ‛ Vì|i b{ mn qbvbcvbnm qbvbcvbnm na knm{imv lr lr |ic{nm na qbnjimki n| bmvbebfcvbnm- (C|v{- 3;;4 ! 3;;9"

(k"

Bv b{ KNM[KBNY[ cmf [TNMVCMINY[[TNMVCMINY[- ‛ Vì|i b{ mn qbvbcvbnm na knm{imv knm{imv lr |ic{nm na eb{vcgi* ymfyi bmajyimki* n| a|cyf- (C|v{- 3;;4* 3;;8* 3;;0! 3;;2"

1;


MNVI? Knmv|ckv{ imvi|if bmvn lr ti|{nm{ x`n c|i bmkctckbvcvif n| x`n{i knm{imv b{ qbvbcvif c|i MNV QNBF lyv ei|ijr QNBFCLJI- (C|v- 3;;4 ! 3;24" 1- X`n c|i bmkctckbvcvif vn hbqi qcjbf knm{imv vn knmv|ckv{> (c" (l"

(k" (f"

Ebmn|{ WC|v- 3;<8(3"U Bm{cmi n| fieimvif ti|{nm{ WC|v- 3;<8(<"U % Vì knmv|ckv b{ qcjbf ba imvi|if bmvn fy|bmh c jykbf bmvi|qcj- (C|v- 3;<0" Fica%eyvi{ x`n fn mnv gmnx `nx vn x|bvi- WC|v- 3;<8(;"U Ti|{nm{ bm c {vcvi na f|ymgimmi{{ n| ymfi| c `rtmnvbk {tijj- (C|v- 3;<0"

8- Xìm fni{ eb{vcgi qbvbcvi knm{imv bm c knmv|ckv> (C|v- 3;;3" ¦

Vì eb{vcgi ey{v li c ‚{yl{vcmvbcj eb{vcgi na ackv―- Bv ey{v |iai| ibvì| vn ?

(c"

vì {yl{vcmki na vì v`bmh x`bk` b{ vì nloikv na vì knmv|ckv (tc|- 3"7 n|

(l"

v`n{i knmfbvbnm{ x`bk` `cqi t|bmkbtcjjr enqif nmi n| lnv` tc|vbi{ vn imvi| bmvn vì knmv|ckv (tc|- 3"7 n|

(k"

vì bfimvbvr n| sycjbabkcvbnm{ na nmi na vì tc|vbi{* t|nqbfif vì {cei xc{ vì t|bmkbtcj kcy{i na vì knmv|ckv (tc|- <"-

(f"

cm ipky{clji eb{vcgi* b-i-* nmi mnv kcy{if lr mihjbhimki- V`y{* vì|i b{ mn eb{vcgi ba vì tc|vr cjjihbmh bv gmix vì fnylv* knmvbmhimkr n| |b{g caaikvbmh vì nloikv na vì knmv|ckv- (C|v- 3;;;"

0- X`n `c{ vì ly|fim na t|nna bm kc{i na eb{vcgi n| a|cyf> ¦

Himi|cj |yji? vì tc|vr x`n cjjihi{ eb{vcgi n| a|cyf-

Ipkitvbnm? Xìm nmi na vì tc|vbi{ b{ ymclji vn |icf* n| ba vì knmv|ckv b{ bm c jcmhychi mnv ymfi|{vnnf lr `be* bv b{ vì tc|vr iman|kbmh vì knmv|ckv x`n b{ fyvr%lnymf vn {`nx v`cv vì|i `c{ liim mn a|cyf n| eb{vcgi* cmf v`cv vì vi|e{ na vì knmv|ckv `cqi liim ayjjr iptjcbmif vn vì an|ei|- (C|v- 3;;<" ¦

2- Xìm b{ vì|i qbnjimki c{ c qbki na knm{imv>

Xìm knm{imv b{ nlvcbmif lr vì ietjnreimv na {i|bny{ cmf b||i{b{vblji an|ki (C|v3;;9* tc|- 3"7 cmf (l" Bv b{ vì |ic{nm x`r vì nvì| tc|vr hcqi `b{ knm{imv 34- X`cv knm{vbvyvi{ bmvbebfcvbnm c{ c qbki na knm{imv> (c"

Vì|i b{ bmvbebfcvbnm xìm c ti|{nm b{ knetijjif vn hbqi `b{ knm{imv likcy{i na (c" c |ic{nmclji cmf xijj%h|nymfif aic| (l" na cm beebmimv cmf h|cqi iqbj (k" ytnm `b{ ti|{nm n| t|nti|vr* n|* ytnm vì ti|{nm n| t|nti|vr na `b{ {tny{i* fi{kimfcmv{* n| c{kimfcmv{- (C|v- 3;;9* tc|- <" ¦

¦

Vì bmvbebfcvbnm n| v`|icv ey{v li na cm ymoy{v ckv* cm ckvbnmclji x|nmh- @imki* c v`|icv vn iman|ki c oy{v n| jihcj kjcbe fni{ mnv qbvbcvi knm{imv(C|v- 3;;9* tc|- 6" 33- Xìm b{ vì|i ymfyi bmajyimki c{ c qbki na knm{imv>

16

K@CTVI\ < ‛ I{{imvbcj \isyb{bvi{ na Knmv|ckv{ (C|vbkji{ 3;30%3;99" ¦ Vì|i b{ ymfyi bmajyimki xìm c ti|{nm vcgi{ bet|nti| cfqcmvchi na `b{ tnxi| nqi| vì xbjj na cmnvì|* fit|bqbmh vì jcvvi| na c |ic{nmclji a|iifne na k`nbki- (C|v3;;8"

3<- Xìm b{ vì|i a|cyf c{ c qbki na knm{imv>

Vì|i b{ a|cyf xìm* v`|nyh` bm{bfbny{ xn|f{ n| eck`bmcvbnm{ na nmi na vì knmv|ckvbmh tc|vbi{* vì nvì| b{ bmfykif vn imvi| bmvn c knmv|ckv x`bk`* xbv`nyv vìe* ì xnyjf mnv `cqi ch|iif vn- (C|v- 3;;0" ¦

¦

(c"

Gbmf{ na a|cyf (fnjn" ?

A|cyf bm vì kijil|cvbnm na vì knmv|ckv-

Bmkbfimvcj a|cyf (fnjn bmkbfimvi" ‛ Vì knmv|ckv b{ qcjbf* lyv vì|i kcm li cm ckvbnm an| fcechi{- (C|v- 3;66* tc|- <" (3"

Kcy{cj a|cyf (fnjn kcy{cmvi" ‛ @i|i* xi|i bv mnv an| vì a|cyf* vì nvì| tc|vr xnyjf mnv `cqi knm{imvif- (C|v- 3;;0" Vì knmv|ckv b{ qnbfclji(<"

(l"

A|cyf bm vì ti|an|ecmki na vì nljbhcvbnm{ {vbtyjcvif bm vì knmv|ckv- ‛ V`b{ gbmf na a|cyf t|i{yttn{i{ vì ipb{vimki na cm cj|icfr ti|aikvif knmv|ckv- (C|v- 3384"

3;- X`cv c|i vì i{{imvbcj |isyb{bvi{ an| a|cyf vn qbvbcvi knm{imv> (c" Vì|i (l"

ey{v li eb{|it|i{imvcvbnm (C|v- 3;;0" n| knmkicjeimv (C|v- 3;;2"-

Bv ey{v li {i|bny{ (C|v- 3;66"-

Bv ey{v `cqi liim ietjnrif lr nmjr nmi na vì knmv|ckvbmh tc|vbi{ (C|v- 3;66"% @imki* a|cyf kneebvvif lr c v`b|f ti|{nm fni{ mnv qbvbcvi knm{imv ymji{{ bv xc{ t|ckvbkif xbv` vì gmnxjifhi na vì acqn|if knmv|ckvbmh tc|vr (C|v- 3;6<"(k"

(f"

Bv ey{v li ecfi xbv` bmvimv vn fikibqi- @imki*

Eb{|it|i{imvcvbnm ecfi bm hnnf acbv` b{ mnv a|cyfyjimv lyv ecr knm{vbvyvi i||n| n| eb{vcgi (C|v- 3;6;"(<" Vì y{ycj ipchhi|cvbnm{ bm v|cfi* xìm vì nvì| tc|vr `cf cm nttn|vymbvr vn gmnx vì ackv{* c|i mnv bm vìe{ijqi{ a|cyfyjimv (C|v- 3;64"(;" Vì ei|i ipt|i{{bnm na cm ntbmbnm fni{ mnv {bhmbar a|cyf* ymji{{ ecfi lr cm ipti|v* cmf vì nvì| tc|vr `c{ |ijbif nm vì an|ei|‒{ {tikbcj gmnxjifhi- (C|v- 3;63"(3"

(i"

Bv ey{v `cqi bmfykif vì knm{imv na vì nvì| knmv|ckvbmh tc|vr-

<- X`cv b{ eicmv lr {beyjcvbnm na c knmv|ckv>

[beyjcvbnm na c knmv|ckv b{ vì ckv na fijbli|cvijr fikibqbmh nvì|{ lr t|ivimfbmh lr ch|iieimv vì cttic|cmki na c knmv|ckv x`bk` b{ ibvì| mnm%ipb{vimv n| knmkicjif¦

¦

@imki* {beyjcvbnm ecr ibvì| li ? (C|v- 3;69"

Cl{njyvi ‛ xìm vì knmv|ckv fni{ mnv |icjjr ipb{v cmf vì tc|vbi{ fn mnv bmvimf vn li lnymf cv cjj- Vì knmv|ckv b{ qnbf (C|v- 3;69"(c"

19


\ijcvbqi ‛ xìm vì knmv|ckv imvi|if bmvn lr vì tc|vbi{ b{ fbaai|imv a|ne vìb| v|yi ch|iieimv- Vì tc|vbi{ c|i lnymf lr vìb| |icj ch|iieimv t|nqbfif bv fni{ mnv t|ioyfbki c v`b|f ti|{nm cmf b{ jcxayj (C|v- 3;69"(l"

TJIC[I EIEN\B_I ? C|vbkji{ 3;32 (tc|- 3"* 3;<8 cmf 3;;4C|vbkji{ 3;03* 3;24* 364; cmf 3642- ä {vc|v eien|bzbmh bm cfqcmki-

CTTJBKCVBNM.T\NLJIE[ ? [ naai|if vn {ijj L 04 kntbi{ na F|- [iy{{‒{ Lihbmmi| Lnng{ an| k`bjf|im an| vì t|bki na T<94-44 ick`- Vì lnng{ xi|i cqcbjclji an| beeifbcvi fijbqi|r ytnm ckkitvcmki na vì naai|- L ch|iif vn lyr vì {tikbabif lnng{ ba [ knyjf fijbqi| 3<4 kntbi{ vì anjjnxbmh fcr Vì anjjnxbmh fcr* [ fijbqi|if vn L vì 04 kntbi{ na vì lnng{ t|neb{if cmf {nyh`v vn knjjikv a|ne L vì vnvcj t|bki vì|ian| bm vì cenymv na T<4*444- L* `nxiqi|* knmvimf{ v`cv ì b{ mnv lnymf vn ckkitv vì fijbqi|r c{ mn knmv|ckv xc{ ti|aikvif livxiim `be (L" cmf [- Fn rny ch|ii xbv` L‒{ knmvimvbnm> ä C|v- 3;32 (3"

Nm Ocmyc|r 3* <43<* [ naai|if an| {cji vn L c LEX _6 xbv` tjcvi mn- _J\%14; an| T<-3E- Nm Ocmyc|r 6* L ckkitvif vì naai| cmf bman|eif [ bm c jivvi| ecbjif nm vì {cei fcvi- Vì jivvi| na ckkitvcmki xc{ |ikibqif lr [ nm Ocmyc|r 1- [* `nxiqi|* jcvi| kcei vn gmnx v`cv* nm vì mbh`v na Ocmyc|r 6* L‒{ kc| abhy|if bm cm ckkbfimv |i{yjvbmh bm vì bm{vcmvcminy{ ficv` na L- Vì xbai na L* x`n gmix `nx `b{ `y{lcmf xcmvif vì LEX kc| {n eyk`* mnx bman|e{ [ v`cv {ì cj|icfr `c{ bm ì| tn{{i{{bnm vì T<-3E tcreimv an| vì LEX* cmf fiecmf{ a|ne [ fijbqi|r na vì kc| {njf- Ecr [ li knetijjif vn ecgi fijbqi|r> ä C|v- 3;<; (<"

Nm Ecr 3* <43<* [ naai|if vn {ijj `b{ <94 {syc|i%eivi| `ny{i cmf jnv bm Ecmbjc an| T0E vn L* x`n xc{ bmvi|i{vif bm lyrbmh vì {cei- Bm `b{ jivvi| vn L* [ {vcvif v`cv ì xc{ hbqbmh L c ti|bnf na 39 fcr{ lihbmmbmh Ecr <* <43< xbv`bm x`bk` vn ckkitv vì naai|- C{ knm{bfi|cvbnm an| vì ntvbnm* L tcbf [ vì cenymv na T34*444- Nm Ecr 34* <43<* L ximv vn [ vn ipi|kb{i `b{ ntvbnm cmf vn tcr vì ty|k`c{i t|bki bm vì cenymv na T0E- [* `nxiqi|* |iay{if vn {ijj vì `ny{i cmf jnv vn L likcy{i {neilnfr xcmvif vn lyr vì t|nti|vr an| T34E- L {yif [ vn knetij `be vn ckkitv vì tcreimv* cmf ipikyvi c fiif na {cji bm `b{ (L‒{" acqny|- Fikbfi nm vì |bh`v{ cmf nljbhcvbnm{ na vì tc|vbi{- ä C|v- 3;<6 (;"

[ {bhmif c ‚Fiif na [cji― v|cm{ai||bmh nxmi|{`bt na `b{ jcmf vn L- Jcvi|* [ {nyh`v vn `cqi vì fiif na {cji cmmyjjif nm vì h|nymf v`cv [ xc{ an|kif vn {bhm vì fiif na {cji chcbm{v `b{ xbjj lr L x`n v`|icvimif vn |itn|v `be ([" vn vì LB\ cyv`n|bvbi{ bm knmmikvbnm xbv` vcp iqc{bnm ckvbqbvbi{- Ecr vì knmv|ckv li cmmyjjif nm vì h|nymf na bmvbebfcvbnm> ä C|v- 3;;9 (6"

[ikvbnm < ‛ NLOIKV NA KNMV\CKV[ (C|v{- 3;68%3;62" [VYFR HYBFI ?

3- X`cv ecr li vì nloikv (n| {yloikv ecvvi|" na c knmv|ckv> (C|v- 3;68"

11


(c" v`bmh{7

(l" |bh`v{7 n|

(k" {i|qbki{-

<- X`cv c|i vì t|iknmfbvbnm{ bm n|fi| v`cv v`bmh{ ecr li vì nloikv na c knmv|ckv>

Bv ey{v li xbv`bm vì kneei|ki na eim ‛ v`cv b{* bv kcm jihcjjr li vì {yloikv na kneei|kbcj v|cm{ckvbnm{- (C|v- 3;68* tc|- 3" (l" Bv ey{v mnv li t`r{bkcjjr n| jihcjjr betn{{blji- (C|v- 3;60" (k" Bv ey{v li bm ipb{vimki n| kctclji na knebmh bmvn ipb{vimkiMNVI* `nxiqi|* v`cv ayvy|i bmì|bvcmki (mnv ì|ifbvc|r |bh`v{" kcmmnv li vì nloikv na c knmv|ckv ipkitv bm kc{i{ ipt|i{{jr cyv`n|bzif lr jcx- (C|v- 3;68* tc|- <" (c"

Bv ey{v li fivi|ebmcvi* n| fivi|ebmclji* xbv`nyv vì miki{{bvr na c mix knmv|ckv livxiim vì tc|vbi{(f"

;- X`cv {i|qbki{ ecr li vì nloikv na c knmv|ckv>

Cjj {i|qbki{ x`bk` c|i mnv knmv|c|r vn jcx* en|cj{* hnnf ky{vne{* tyljbk n|fi|* n| tyljbk tnjbkr ecr li vì nloikv na c knmv|ckv- (C|v- 3;68* tc|- ;" ¦

6- X`cv |bh`v{ ecr li vì nloikv na c knmv|ckv> ¦

Cjj |bh`v{ ecr li vì nloikv na c knmv|ckv ipkitv v`n{i x`bk` c|i bm{v|cm{eb{{blji- (C|v- 3;68* tc|- ;7 [ii cj{n C|v- 3;33* tc|- 3" CTTJBKCVBNM.T\NLJIE[ ? Jinm nxm{ c <%ìkvc|i ac|ejcmf bm Qbjjc|icj* [cec|* x`bk` xc{ tjcmvif xbv` ecmhn v|ii{- Bm nmi na vìb| jib{y|ijr xcjg{* Jinm t|neb{if `b{ {nm* Jrfbn* v`cv cavi| ì (Jinm" b{ hnmi* Jrfbn xbjj bmì|bv vì tc|vbkyjc| ac|ejcmf- Vxn enmv`{ vì|icavi|* Jrfbn ipikyvif c fiif na {cji knqi|bmh vì <%ìkvc|i ac|ejcmf bm acqny| na Ecmyij- Vxn ric|{ cavi| vì {cji* Jrfbn fbif- Xc{ vì {cji na vì ac|ejcmf vn Ecmyij qcjbf> 3-

[ikvbnm ; ‛ KCY[I NA KNMV\CKV[ (C|v{- 3;94%3;99" [VYFR HYBFI ? X`cv b{ vì eicmbmh na kcy{i> ¦ Vì kcy{i na c knmv|ckv b{ vì ‚x`r― na vì knmv|ckv* vì i{{imvbcj |ic{nm x`bk` betij{ vì knmv|ckvbmh tc|vbi{ vn imvi| bmvn vì knmv|ckv3-

<-

X`cv b{ vì kcy{i na c knmv|ckv> (C|v- 3;94" (c" (l" (k"

;-

Bm nmi|ny{ knmv|ckv{ ‛ vì t|i{vcvbnm na vì nvì| tc|vrBm |ieymi|cvn|r knmv|ckv{ ‛ vì {i|qbki n| limiabv |ieymi|cvifBm h|cvybvny{ knmv|ckv{ ‛ vì ei|i jbli|cjbvr na vì limiackvn|-

X`cv b{ vì fb{vbmkvbnm livxiim kcy{i cmf nloikv>

Vì fbaai|imki b{ nmjr c ecvvi| na qbixtnbmv- V`y{* bm |ikbt|nkcj knmv|ckv{* vì nloikv n| {yloikv ecvvi| an| nmi b{ vì kcy{i an| vì nvì|* cmf qbki qi|{c¦

6-

X`cv b{ vì fb{vbmkvbnm livxiim kcy{i cmf envbqi> KCY[I 3- Vì beeifbcvi n| fb|ikv |ic{nm-

ENVBQI 3- Vì |ienvi n| bmfb|ikv |ic{nm-

18


<- Bv b{ cjxcr{ gmnxm vn vì nvì| tc|vr;- Bv b{ cm i{{imvbcj ijieimv na c knmv|ckv6- Bv{ bjjihcjbvr caaikv{ vì knmv|ckv‒{ qcjbfbvr9-

<- Ecr li ymgmnxm vn vì nvì| tc|vr;- Mnv cm i{{imvbcj ijieimv na c knmv|ckv6- Bjjihcjbvr fni{ mnv qnbf vì knmv|ckv-

X`cv c|i vì |isyb{bvi{ an| kcy{i bm c knmv|ckv> (c"

Bv ey{v li t|i{imv (ipb{vbmh cv vì vbei na ti|aikvbnm na vì knmv|ckv"- @imki* cl{imki na kcy{i (c{ fb{vbmhyb{ìf a|ne bmcfisyckr cmf acbjy|i na kcy{i" qnbf{ c knmv|ckv- (C|v- 3;9<"

(l"

Bv ey{v li jcxayj- (C|v- 3;9<"

(k"

Bv ey{v li v|yi n| |icj- Ba vì kcy{i {vcvif b{ acj{i* vì knmv|ckv b{ QNBF* ymji{{ {nei nvì| kcy{i x`bk` b{ jcxayj |icjjr ipb{v{- (C|v- 3;9;"

B{ vì knmv|ckv qcjbf cjv`nyh` vì kcy{i b{ mnv {vcvif> ¦ Ri{* likcy{i bv b{ t|i{yeif v`cv vì kcy{i ipb{v{ cmf b{ jcxayj* ymji{{ vì filvn| t|nqi{ vì knmv|c|r- (C|v- 3;96" 1-

8-

X`cv b{ vì |yji nm ji{bnm n| bmcfisyckr na kcy{i bm c knmv|ckv> (C|v- 3;99" Himi|cj \yji ‛ Ji{bnm ti| {i fni{ mnv bmqcjbfcvi c knmv|ckvIpkitvbnm{ ? (l" (c-3-" Xìm vì ji{bnm b{ cvvimfif xbv` a|cyf* eb{vcgi* n| ymfyi bmajyimki(c-<-" Xìm {tikbabif lr jcx- (i-h-* C|v- 3;03* tc|{- 3 ! <-" (c"

CTTJBKCVBNM.T\NLJIE[ ? Vnmr xcmvif vn gbjj Cjqbm cmf `b|if Lbjjr* vì `bvecm* vn fn vì onl- Lbjjr fiecmfif T344*444 bm kc{` an| `b{ {i|qbki{- [bmki Vnmr xc{ nyv na kc{`* ì {njf `b{ Mbgnm kcei|c vn A|if an| T344*444 {n v`cv vì tjcmmif ipikyvbnm xbjj li kc||bif nyv- Xìm vì envì| na Vnmr anymf nyv clnyv vì {cji cmf vì |ic{nm x`r Vnmr `cf {njf `b{ kcei|c* Vnmr‒{ envì| {nyh`v vn `cqi vì {cji cqnbfif nm vì h|nymf na bjjihcjbvr na kcy{i- Xbjj vì ckvbnm na Vnmr‒{ envì| t|n{ti|> 3-

Nm Ocmyc|r 39* <43<* [ebv` {njf vn Kcjnr `b{ LEX lbh lbgi an| T<94*444- Bv xc{ {vbtyjcvif bm vìb| knmv|ckv v`cv fijbqi|r cmf tcreimv xc{ vn li {beyjvcminy{jr ecfi nm Ocmyc|r ;4* <442- Nm vì ch|iif fcvi* [ebv` fijbqi|if vì lbgi vn Kcjnr x`n t|neb{if vn tcr vì T<94*444 vì anjjnxbmh fcr c{ ì xc{ {`n|v na kc{`- Kcjnr* `nxiqi|* acbjif vn ecgi tcreimv{ fi{tbvi fiecmf{ a|ne [ebv`- @imki* [ebv` abjif cm ckvbnm vn `cqi vì {cji fikjc|if myjj cmf qnbf lr vì kny|v nm vì h|nymf na cl{imki na kcy{i {bmki vì knm{bfi|cvbnm `cf mnv liim tcbf- B{ vì |ieifr vcgim lr [ebv` t|nti|> <-

Nm Fikieli| 39* <433* [y{bi {bhmif c t|neb{{n|r mnvi bm acqn| na Ebjkc`- Vì t|neb{{n|r mnvi b{ xn|fif c{ anjjnx{? ‚B t|neb{i vn tcr Ebjkc` vì cenymv na T94*444 nm n| lian|i Ec|k` ;3* <43<-― Vì t|neb{{n|r mnvi* `nxiqi|* fni{ mnv {vcvi x`cv [y{bi |ikibqif a|ne Ebjkc` bm ipk`cmhi an| vì T94*444 t|neb{if vn li tcbf- B{ vì t|neb{{n|r mnvi qcjbf iqim ba bv fbf mnv {vcvi vì kcy{i |ikibqif lr [y{bi a|ne Ebjkc`> ;-

Nm Oymi 1* <43<* E|{- \iri{ naai|if vn {ijj ì| lick` |i{n|v bm Lcvcmhc{ vn E|Kcrkn an| T6E- Knm{bfi|bmh vì t|iqcbjbmh t|bki na {bebjc|jr {bvycvif |i{n|v{ bm vì c|ic* E|- Kcrkn aijv ì anymf `be{ija c hnnf ficj- @imki* E|- Kcrkn |icfbjr ckkitvif vì naai| 6-

10


cmf beeifbcvijr lnyh`v vì |i{n|v a|ne E|{- \iri{- V`|ii xiig{ cavi| vì tc|vbi{ kjn{if vì {cji* E|{- \iri{ kcei vn gmnx a|ne c a|bimf v`cv vì |i{n|v {ì `cf {njf vn E|- Kcrkn `cf c qcjycvbnm na T1E- E|{- \iri{ vìm abjif cm ckvbnm vn `cqi vì knmv|ckv na {cji kcmkijjif- Ecr vì knmv|ckv na {cji livxiim E|{- \iri{ cmf E|- Kcrkn li kcmkijjif nm vì h|nymf na ji{bnm n| bmcfisyckr na kcy{i>

12

CHAPTER 2 (Arts. 1318-1355)

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