Process of Communication The
linear Concept ² earliest form Involves 5 basic questions ² Who? Says What? On which Channel? To whom? With What effect? Communication was considered a one ± way process marked by the flow of information from a sender to a receiver
The Sender
linear Concept Message
Receiver
Media
Message
Receiver
Action
passively receives the message o Acts as directed and desired by sender o Communication intended intended to control / manipulate the receiver o Assumed that message while passing through medium chosen by sender, reaches the receiver without any distortion or change
Shannon-Weaver model
C E Shannon & W Weaver ² first pointed out that in actual practice, messages can be changed or blocked Basic problem is ² message received
message sent
He attributed loss to noise Though feed back was introduced as a corrective to noise Feedback was not considered to be an integral component because the model conceived the communication process process as a linear act and feedback another new act of communication
Shannon-Weaver model
Noise Information
source
Encoding process
Channel
Feedback
Decoding process
Destination
Shannon-Weaver Shannon-Weaver model (How Communication Takes Place) 1. Source
creates messages
Feedback
2. Selects channel
3. Sends message
Noise
6. Interprets Messages
5. FiltersExperience Knowledge Feelings
4. Receiver gets message
Information Information source ² source of message o Sender has raw information. information. o His intention intention changes that information into a message to be communicated
Shannon-Weaver model
Encoding ² message thought ² put into words ( verbal symbols or any other symbolic form of expression «) Channel (transmission)² oral, written, electronic, coded, signaling system -appropriate medium / channel chosen Decoding ² receiver gets message by -receiving, understanding understanding and interpreting interpreting the message Acting ² communication process ends with receiver putting the interpreted message into into action ² as intended by the sender and gives feedback to sender
Shannon-Weaver model Thus
Communication completes full circle. Both sender and receiver become 2 aspects of a single purpose
Noise
Process open to ´noiseµ Prevents / distorts communication Noise ² distortion or hindrance, preventing transmission of message from (mind of) sender to (mind of) receiver For some noise stands only for external disturbances ² physical environment, machine ² telephone, poor printout or bad handwriting
Filters -Communication distortions caused by subjective factors such as mind sets of sender and receiver
in nature - Caused by mindset of sender and receiver Include attitudes, beliefs, experiences, consciousness of personal status, ability to think clearly etc Misunderstanding & other problems may arise as sender·s message passes through the filters of the receiver, which comprise ²the sender·s filters + low interest / involvement + distraction / fatigue causing loss of concentration
Mental
2-way communication process
More contemporary in nature
also acts as the sender of feedback to sender Both sender and receiver play reciprocal and reversible roles 2 way concept considers communication to be a reciprocal process and a mutual exchange of messages No distinction between roles of sender and receiver because same person plays both roles
Receiver
2-way communication process
The two way concept involves receiver as an active agent a gent in the construction of meaning of the message. 2 way communication also known as ´transactional communicationµ communicationµ
Example2-way communication process Ideation
Encoder
An organization¶s policy to be circulated among all employees through news bulletin
Editor
/ person who writes the policy
Message
The content (policy details) & the words/pictures used to convey the policy to the employees
Channel
The medium ± the news bulletin
Decoder / Receiver
Feedback
The audience of the message ± for whom the policy is intended & who read the bulletin Employee¶s mployee¶s
reaction to the policy communicated
Elements of Communication
Elements of Communication 1. Message
Information - written or spoken
To be sent from one ´personµ to another ´Personµ - represents the 2 ends of a system ² could be an individual / a group / electronic machines Most impor ta tan t elemen t ² it is organized, structured, shaped and selective ² product of pre-wr or pre-speak iti iting ing Exists in the m of the sender ind
2. Sender
Transmits / spreads / communicates ² message or operates the electronic device Conceives and initiates the message with purpose of informing/ persuading / influencing / changing the attitude / opinion or behaviour of the receiver Decides the symbols, channel, time of sending the message after carefully considering the total situation in which communication takes place
3.
Encoding
message from mental form to symbols ² putting ideas, facts, feelings, opinions into words, actions, signs, pictures & audio-visuals
Changing
Communication
symbols selected keeping in mind the receiver·s ability to understand & interpret correctly
4.
Channel
or medium which facilitates the sender to convey the message to the receiver Medium ² written, oral, audio-visual Written medium ² letters, memos, reports, manuals, notices, circulars, questionnaires, minutes etc. Oral medium ² dialogue, face-to-face interview, telephone conversation, conference recording etc. Visuals - Hoardings, posters, slides, documentary films, TV programs & advertisements
Vehicle
5. Receiver Targeted Receives,
audience
understands, interprets and tries to perceives total meaning of the message as transmitted by sender
6.
Decoding
Act
of translating symbols into their ordinary meanings
Total
meaning ² meaning of words (symbols) with tone, attitude of sender reflected by the structure of message & choice of words used by sender
7. Acting Message
manipulates receiver to act in a desired manner
Response
action shows that he has understood the message
Receiver
completes chain of communication by responding to the message
8.
Feedback
Loop
that connects the receiver in the communication process with the sender
Sender
acts as the feedback receiver and gets to know that communication has been accomplished Feedback plays an important role
