Constitutional Law - Case Briefs

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CHAPTER I. The Federal Judicial Power ½½cÀ À c

Àarbury v. Àadison Citation. &!@A#)@+1#A Brief Fact Summary. /"À @À A- <,< "(( , " @ " A= , ( ( ë ,"-0 0 " ,, ? @ ,, A , -" À - %0 , "" Synopsis of Rule of Law. ( " , ! @( " A ' 0 ( " " = - , ! @ A- " 0 0 Facts. 7 , 0, ,, -00 " "( , = 0 =0 ( ,0 " (( ,, " " - 80 , ë ,"@ ë A-,4 = , ( , ë - ," , ,, ? 0, , "" -0À ? - ,, %,, ( , " À , "" À 0"" ( " - >0" À "" Issue. À "" ," ( " E Held. 3 " ,,= F 0 À ? "" , ,"- ((" " -À 0 "" F2 "( ,, , ( À ? "" - ( " ( ' ' ,, , , ,"" ,, , 0 " G(0 ( , -G "" ((( " -, ( " F "" , 0- @ A " ,= "( ( " Discussion. "( ,À À ( 00 ,= 0 " , - ," ( " ,"0 >( ,, , 0 "

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^nited States v. Emerson Citation. 46(( &.+@3ë ' ...A Brief Fact Summary. ë , -" " @ë , A-" " " +!H. @0A@+A,( ,, " 0 0 ë , 0 0 " " , ! @ A Synopsis of Rule of Law. " " , , 0- " 0 ( Facts. ë0 ( 0- 0 ( ë , ë , ,( ,, " - ,+!H. @0A@+A ë , " - 0 0% ( " 0 " " , Issue. ë " " , , 0% ( " E Held. ; " F ' ( @G 0 À- 0 ,, GA ( @G 0, ( ( % ( " ,0 GA ë , 3 ë , ' 0 ( >, - - (( , ( F , 0<" , " ( - ,0 À ? " " , ( - .-"0 , " F 0 ( " , " " 7, 0 , (( F , 0 ( 0 "( , 0 , " 0 F7 +!H. @0A@+A ( ( ( 0, " " 0 ( ,,0 - Discussion. ! " " " , :0 " 0, ( 0 @A( '-@A -@A

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Silveira v. Lockyer Citation. # #1& @. 11 A-@ -&41!146@ 11#A Brief Fact Summary. ( > ( - 0 0 ,,, ( 0 0 ? G( - - , G, ( Synopsis of Rule of Law. " " , ! @ G GA 0 0( " Facts. ...- ,," ( , 0- , / ( @ GGA-(( 0 "<"G ( G 0 ? G( - - , G, ( ,, - ,G (G ( G (G@ G,, GA-0 00,? " " " " , Issue. ë ..." " ,, ? " " 0 E Held. 3 " " , 0 0( , " 0: ( , " " , 0( -G ? 0 ?" - " " , 0 ( : ," 0( , " , (( - = " 0 " 0G - G" 0 " G G " 0( , " , ( (" G - G 0 G ( G " " 0? " ?0 0, ( ( " ,, " - ( ( , 0( ( ! , " " - , 0 " , ( ( ,, " - = 0 (( - ( - >( - % G ( - G 0 G F " " G 0 À 0 , , - 0, ( ( % ( " - ,0 G "= ' ( , " " 0 - " , G"G , " , -( , ½c

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Ex parte ÀcCardle Citation. )4!&16@+6+A Brief Fact Summary. À - (( ,0 , -( ( " , ! @! A,, ( À 0 À @ A ( Synopsis of Rule of Law. 0 - ( 0 ! ( " ? @( " A (( , , ( - ,, %= À ? ," ( " Facts. , 0 , 0 , -, ,, À À ( 0 " , " ( ( , 7,0 - 0 -,-'" " , ! @ A 7 , ( " " -0 ( ( 0( " (( , , ( Issue. ë ,0 ( 0( " (( , " = À ? E Held. ; " ,,= F (( = , ( " , 0 - , = G ' ( 0 0 "% G Fë :- ( ,= Discussion. ( <0 -0 ( = ,, ( " , À - ( " G > " , 0 -G = '" ( "

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^nited States v. Klein Citation. +1! +@+)A Brief Fact Summary. ( -* @ ( A-0 ! ," - %0"( ,(( % 0 / ( 0 ,,,"(( Synopsis of Rule of Law. 00 ( " (( = , , -" ( ,, ( , , , Facts. ( " , ! @( " A ( ( ,, ,(, (( ( ( , ,(( "( ," , 0 " ( -0 ( 0( " ", : (( 0 , > ,,( '( " ,0@,0 A- ,0 = , ( ( =0" 00 ," ," ! (( -00 > " , ,,= Issue. > ' ,0 ' ( 0 , ! @ AE Held. 30" ,," F7 >0 "% ( ,,0,, = " 0 ? = , ,0-0 "0= - ( 0 , , F0 "( ( ( >0 "

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Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc. Citation. &4! @..&A Brief Fact Summary. ,,< -@ A- ë , < ( -( ,"@ ( A- H1, '0 ,.#4@ A " , 0, " , Synopsis of Rule of Law. 0 " > , ( , ,=0" Facts. ..- ( " , ! @( " A 0 H1@A 1@A@&A, " 0 , 0 , 0 , , ( -0 " , , 0,-, 0 ( 0 ( - " ( " ? 0 "( " ( , " Issue. À 0 > ( ( =0" E Held. 3(( 0,," F0 " ( 0 ,, ( 0(( - " " > " ( , =0" F=0" G G > ,, ( Discussion. @A0 0 (, = 0 ( - >0 ,=0" - ," , (

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Allen v. Wright Citation. 46+!)#)@.+4A Brief Fact Summary. ,%( 0 0 @GGA- 00 ,, ,'< ' "( " ( , ? ( Synopsis of Rule of Law. 0 > (,, 0 " ( , (, , Facts. ,%( - 00 0'< ' "( " ( - "0 - ,0 0, , 0 0 - 0 ( '( , , 0 0, ( Issue. ë " 0 ( ,, > " , 0E Held. 3 " F 0 , 0- ë 8?@8?A G 0 0 " G ,, 0= ' 0 ,0" - GIJ%( 0 0,' ' "( " À G " - ,,0 " ( F 0 ( "- ( ? 0 0 '( - ? , ," " 0'< ' "( ( > " 0 ( " Dissent. @ A- 0-( " 0'< ' "( ," ( -"% " '( ( - 0 " "( >0 "0 " ( "( Discussion. / ? 0" < " 0'< ' "( "" < "= ( 0 0 '"( - "% ( ,, ,0

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Singleton v. Wulff Citation. 4 +!16@.)6A Brief Fact Summary. À ( -00À ? (0À ( " , G" G , " ( 0 Synopsis of Rule of Law. (0<( 0 (( (, 0 0 0, " , ( 00 Facts. À ( - 0 ( À < 0 ( ( " , 0 ( ( ," ( ( " , Issue. ë ( 00 "" ,, 0 " %0 E Held. ; ,(( 0,," F 0> ( @A (,, = , @A (( 0 > , > - ( "( , "( F > - 0 ,(0<( 0 (( , ( 0 ( ,, 0 ,, (( , ,, ( , " "( " ,, ( 00 " , - 0 " ,, (( Discussion. ( " , ! @( " A " ,, ( 00 - " 0 "( " @ 0-( 0 ( , " ( 0 - "" " , "- A

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Elk Grove ^nified School Dist. v. Newdow Citation. 4 #1@ 114A Brief Fact Summary. , - - ? ,0 0 , 0 @ G 0 GA ? Synopsis of Rule of Law. GIJ "(( , , " (,, 0 , ," 0 ( ( , " ,, ( -I J , (,,? " 0G Facts. -%2 !, ë @ G GA- , 0 "0 ( -À 3 @ G ( GA- 0 (( , 0 ( 0 0 G 2G 0 , , " " , ! @ G GA F ( 0 ,, 0 G ', G 3,(( , (-, ( G 0? ( 0 ( , 0 0 , 0 ?G80 &- 11 - ( ? ? " , ", " "( ? " -À 70-G ' 0 G, G I J 0 ( I 0 ? J 0 "% I J G , 0 G 0 2 = 0 0 0 , 0 - , 2G ,( G =0I ( J,"0 0 " ( 0 ? ', ?G 3 ,( ? ,0 G3 0 " ( 0 - " ? 0, 0 70? ( 3 -? ( -, 0= 0 " ,, 0 ?G Issue. ë ( 00 E Held. 3 ,0 G ",3? """ (, G G 2G00 0 .&4, > 00 ( "0-, 0: 0 , > " = 0 0 " ,"((0

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^nited States v. Richardson Citation. 4+!66@.)4A Brief Fact Summary. - ,,< ( @,,A 0 0 ( (0 0 0 @GGA,.4. - .-)@ A, ! @ A- " Synopsis of Rule of Law. 0 G0 : 0 G Facts. ,, 0 -(0"( , ,0 ,,0 ,, 0 ! '( Issue. '( ,, 00 E Held. 3(( 0 " F ( " , ! @( " A(( <(0 ( -#. !+#@.6+A '( 0- (,," @A 0 " '0 ( 0 @ -H+, A@A" " ' ( , " '0 ( 0 F ( " 0 - ,, ( ,= ,, ",, '( - ( 0 0 , , ? Dissent. @ A0 ((( - ,, %0, ", 0 " Discussion. "= 0 ' ( 0 ( ( ( ,"00 0 0 " 00 0 '(

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Flast v. Cohen Citation. #. !+#@.6+A Brief Fact Summary. (( -0 @(( A-0 -"0 0 '( - %0 = '( ,, , 0 (( " '( " ' , " " , ! @ A Synopsis of Rule of Law. '( 0 ((( (,, 0 " '0 ( 0 , " ' ( , " '0 ( 0 Facts. 0 , - , " , .6&@ A-0-" - = 0 (( 0 - "0 '( " ' , " " , " 0( (( '( Issue. (( 00 E Held. ; " F ( " , ! @( " A 0 , (,,@ A 0G( % " G, '( '- ( " > " ( % F , > " '( " 0 , ' '0 ( 0 , '( 0 '( 0 '( 0 F > " " 0( " 0 0 ( ,( ( ,, 0 ( 0 ( 0 -H+, Dissent. À @A0 > " "= ( % " Discussion. ( " <(0 '( 0 ( 0 , 0 : 0

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alley Forge Christian College v. Americans ^nited for the Separation of Church and State, Inc., et al. Citation. 4&4!464@.+ A Brief Fact Summary. ( -" ! , (, - @ ( A-0 '( 0 ë (" , / , 0,! (( 0 0 " ' , " " , ! @ A Synopsis of Rule of Law. '( 0 ((( (,, 0 " '0 ( 0 " ' ( , " '0 ( 0 Facts. ! (( -5-H#- , -0 " ( , 0 (( 00 ! ! ( " ,.4.@ A- ë (" , --/ , ))< ( -5 0 0 @ A ( , , .1-111G'( " " -G 000 " 0,(( Issue. ë ( 0 '( 0 E Held. 3 " 7 ( " : (( , - , , (0, 0 ( -#. !+#@.6+A- >00 '0 ( 0 Dissent. /"7 @7 A , 0= ( " ( 0"(0 ,, ""0G 0 (,, , , " " G Discussion. 0 , ? ",( 0" - "= 0 0,((, ( -

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Poe v. ^llman Citation. #6)!4.)@.6A Brief Fact Summary. (( - ( ( @(( A-0 - %0 , (0 , ( 0 0," , Synopsis of Rule of Law. ( ( , 0 , 0 Facts. ( " , ( (0 , ( 0 0," (( ( ( 0 "(0 , - ( , '( "( 0 ( - , , " , ( 0 ( Issue. ( ?"( ,= E Held. 30" ,," "( , ( 7 , - (( ,, = ,," - ( ,0 , Dissent. /"ë0 @ë0 A0 " ,( = ,- G , : G > %( , 0 " Discussion. 0( - ( " , ! @( " A 0 ( 3 - ( " " ( , ( , =

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Abbott Laboratories v. Gardner Citation. #+)!#6@.6)A Brief Fact Summary. -$ @ A- 0 =0" .6 " " -ë0- " @ A > ( (0", ( G " G, 0 ( " , 0 Synopsis of Rule of Law. ë =0" ((( ,,= - ( ( , Facts. " > (" ", ( G " G @ , --/ , A ( , 0 , (( " 0, 0( " , 0 00(,#)0", @ ( 0" .1L, ? ( (0 (( A0 - 00 "" ' >0 , " " " ( " 0 0 Issue. (( 0( ,= E Held. ; " F ( " , ! @( " A, 0 ((( " - ( 0 ( 0 - "" (( >0 " " " E F ( " , ( ( ( (0 = "( ( 0 "," 00 ( , (0 " -0 ( , , "% 0 " "" (( , 0 Discussion. 0 0 ,$ (( ( 3 , > @ "" EA ,,=

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Friends of the Earth, Incorporated v. Laidlaw Environmental Services Citation. 16.#@ 111A Brief Fact Summary. ë , < ( -$ " @ë , A- , ( 0, "( ,, : / " Synopsis of Rule of Law. / , 0 , "- , ,( 0 0 0 '( Facts. ë , 3ë 0 " "( ",,< - ,-( @,,A- 0 ë , 0" 0 " , / -0: 0 ë , ë , 0 " "( ( " 0 0 .. , , , > Issue. ë , ? ,0," E Held. 3 " F "( 0"( > ,, "( , - ë , " , - ë , '( , F - ë , " "( , , Discussion. ( " , ! @( " A " ' (, , , "% " "( 0 "( , - , ( " ,@ A , "," ,0=

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^nited States Parole Commission v. Geraghty Citation. 44&!#++@.+1A Brief Fact Summary. 2 0 -, " ,,< ( @,,A-0 0 ë , < - ! "" @ë , A7 0 ,, ,,, ( " 0 ,( Synopsis of Rule of Law. " - , " ,,? " " , ,, Facts. ,, ( ,", ( ,,0 00 , "" ? 2 ,,? > , ,,G, ( " 0 , ( -G 0 "" =0" ,,, " ,, ,"( (( ,(( ( 0 Issue. À ? ," , (( " (,,? ( E Held. ; " (( , G( % G > " G ,"( ,= G 7%" 0 " ( ( % 0 , , > " À "( - - , " (,, ,", ( ((( ,= " Discussion. , ( % > " ( G ,"( ,= -G " , " " "3- > , , , ( " " ( " -, " (,,( % - G,"( ,= -G, ,, ((( - 0 , (,,? (

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Baker v. Carr Citation. #6.!+6@.6 A Brief Fact Summary. (( 0 - 00"((" , 0 > , " " Synopsis of Rule of Law. ((" " " " 0 - 0 0 ( ,"(> " Facts. ((" , 0 2 , 5-H4, ! @ A- ! 0 (,",0 " ( " , ! @( " A 0 0 ( (> - -(( 0 ((" , 0 > , " " Issue. ( 0"((" " 0= ( E Held. ; " F ( -((" 0 0 0 2 ,5-H4, " = ( , 0 " (,( F7% - " (( 0 >( , 0 ( 0 ( " >( 0 ( ," ( > Dissent. 0 - '%, @%, A0 (> ( ," >( " ( " ,, ,((" = ( (- 0 ( " ( ( 0= 0 Discussion. 7% , , (0 ( " ? G ( -

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ieth v. Jubelier Citation. &4! 6)@ 114A Brief Fact Summary. ,"( 2 " 0 , ," " , ! , ( @ G GA 0 Synopsis of Rule of Law. 0(0 " <= GI ( JK( = , " ( 0 " % 0KG Facts. ,,<(( " -5 -3" 5 @ G,,<(( GA- 0 "( 2 " 0 , ," " , ,,<(( 0 0 (0 " Issue. / ( " ( Ië -4)+!1.@.+6AJ- E F,- ((( E Held. ; @GGA0, "= , Ië J (0 " 0" = -0 = " ,(, ( " , ! ?@G( " GA0I J ( " I J G( = "0 (0 " G - = G= "0 ,=0(0 " 0" " 0 $%0 "- " (0 " 0" = I J 0 Gc 1c G G, : ? (( , ,"I J0 = "0 - : 0=0 (( G " , , " ( ,, << , ",, ," (( I J (( (( <<0 0 0 Gc c 0,c5

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Powell v. ÀcCormack Citation. #.&!4+6@.6.A Brief Fact Summary. , 0 , ( @ A- " " ( ,,< - @,,A,, , " ( Synopsis of Rule of Law. G '""" G ( ( = Facts. ë0 +.0 - ,,, 00 ( ( 0 0 ", "" $, .10 - % ( ( - % ," 2 ,3 ;% ,, - 00 " >, '( ,, ( , ! @ A Issue. ë '""" " >, , " " E Held. ; " F ë , < ( -" " ,0 0 ( % , /À"%@ë , A-0 ( -H&, " >, , " " ( ,,0 ( " , ! @( " A0 - , ', ," " >, , F ( " , ," ? > < , '( Discussion. ( ( -( , - ' ( """ E - ( ' """ ( ' ( """ ,= @ - ( " " ( , A8 - ( " " ( '" 0 - " > " ( , " 00>, , (

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Goldwater v. Carter Citation. 444!..6@.).A Brief Fact Summary. ë , -! "" @ë , A- (, 0:0 ( ? (, ,,-! 7 2 @,,A- - 00 " Synopsis of Rule of Law. D ,( ( = Facts. / 0:0 ( ? (,- ë , ! ,, -00 " , - ? (( > Issue. ( = E Held. 3 " , " "= ( Dissent. /"7 @7 A-0=0" - 0 ( - 0 -0 , - = (> , 7% -#6.!+6@.6 A Concurrence. /" > @ > A-0- (- , = (- 0, ,,, " " (( ,,, - " , ( F $ @ A-0- ( , ( , - % ,,- ( "( Discussion. ,"= (-2 ( ! ( " ? @( " A(> = ( (

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Nixon v. ^nited States Citation. &16!

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^nited States v. E. C. Knight Co. Citation. &6!@+.&A Brief Fact Summary. " 0 ,0"( @" A( , , (- ,, "(:0 0 ,0 ! "( > , 0 " , 000" , Synopsis of Rule of Law. ' , "" " ( ( Facts. (( <ë , -*0-" 0 , @ë , A- ( , , (- 0" , 0", ! 0 " 0 0 - ë , " ( "" , 0"0 , 0 - ,0 ("0 -+.1 Issue. ë ,0 ( 0 "" E Held. ; (( =0" ,," "= ", ,0 , ( ( " , ! @( " A 0? "" ", - - ( ,0 "" Dissent. À @A- 0-0 ,0 0 "" -" " "" Discussion. " ", "" , , "" ( % ( " +.1 .#)

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Carter v. Carter Coal Co. Citation. .+! #+@.#6A Brief Fact Summary. ( 0 , 7" ,.#&@ A Synopsis of Rule of Law. G"" G > ,G , (( , G Facts. 0 : " "0 (" "" "0 ( - , 00"0 "( , -""""'""( - , , ( Issue. ë 0 "" E Held. ; 0" ,," F ( " , ! @( " A "" (-( - - '0 ,"" 7 ,- % G"" G F " - ,, "" 0 0 " 0 " "" ,, ( " Discussion. % ( ,3 ë 0 '"( , , "" , .#)

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Houston, East & West Railway Company v. ^nited States Citation. #4!#4 @.4A Brief Fact Summary. 0 " 0 0 "( ' - "0 ,, , (" ," (," "( ' Synopsis of Rule of Law. 0 " ,, "" - , "" ( , "" " " Facts. (-$ = , ' ' 00 "" , (" ,0 ' 00, (" ," ë "" "" 0 - 00 ,, 0 "( "" Issue. À , 0 " 0 00 "" " 00 "" E Held. ; ,(( 0,," F ( " , ! @( " A0 ,,- 0 " 0 "" 00 F ( " 0 0 " 0 "" , "" Discussion. 0 " " 0 - .+! #+@.#6A$ - .&!4.&@.#&A- 0 (:, "" 0 (

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A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corporation v. ^nited States Citation. .&!4.&@.#&A Brief Fact Summary. ë , -$ (@ë , A- 0 3 ;% - G$ -G 0 ( >0 00-41% %-"""0 - "0 ( Synopsis of Rule of Law. "" , "" ( Facts. 3 ;% 0 ( "% ! 3 < '( , ( 3 ;%" ," ( 0 ( À , , " 3 3 ;% ë , ? - 0 ( -0( ," 3 ;% ( 7% ( 3 ;% ë , ( Issue. ë "" 0 0 ( 0 ë , ? E Held. 30" " ! ( " @( " A ( (( - ë , ( ( ( , "(- ( "" , - "" 0 0 ( 0 ( Discussion. ( " "% 0 ,.6L, ( "03 ;% ,", , ë , (0 - " "( "" = ( , .#)

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Hammer v. Dagenhart Citation. 4)! &@.+A Brief Fact Summary. , 0 ,, " - %0 = , " ,,0 ( (" ,0 ( Synopsis of Rule of Law. 0 ?( "" " ( ( , " " , ! @ A Facts. 0 ( ( (,", 0 ( , - ( 0 4 % 0 ,46%," ( , % , , "( -" < 4- 46<0 ' , - %0 = , " , ' 00 ? "" Issue. 0 (" 0 "(0 ", ,0 E Held. 3 F ( " , ! @( " A, "" 0", À, 0 " " , (, 0 "" ( 0 0 0 ( ", F ( " 0 " " , ( 0 ' ( ", - ,, " " " 0 Dissent. 8 / " @" A 0 F 0 ( -, , "" ,, - > 0 ?( 0 "" F , ,, - , 0 ", ( - 0 (", 0 - = 0 " ,0 3 0, " -GIJ, ( ( , , (0 - -c""

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Champion v. Ames Citation. ++!# @.1#A Brief Fact Summary. (( '( 00 ,, 0 (0 0 , % Synopsis of Rule of Law. 0 0 (,0 "" 0 ,, ,, , Facts. ë , +.&":0 (" , % " " ë , 0 0 ? "" ( - " (, % "" Issue. À 0 0 (" , % ," E Held. ; (( =0" ,," 0 (0 , % - (" Discussion. ( " , ! ? "( " (( "= ("" ë0 - 4)! &@.+A3 ": (" , % - 0,( 0 "= "" 00 (0 ? "( 0 @"" - ( " (0 (,( , 00 "" ( A @ (A '( ,, 0 0 " ( " ( " ' 0 "" ( > 0"0 ' = ,0

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National Labor Relations Board v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. Citation. #1!@.#)A Brief Fact Summary. 3$ 7@G3$7GA0 0 ë , - 9$0@ë , A-, 000,( - ( , - 0 , "( ,, Synopsis of Rule of Law. 0 ?( 0 "" ( - ,, "" ( , "" ( Facts. ë , ,0 ( , ! 0" 0 --" (( - "0 - , - ( ( 0 3$7( 3 $ ,.#&@A- 00ë , " 0 " " 0 0 , 0 "( ? ,<0: Issue. À 0 0 ( 0 "" ( E Held. ; " F, G "" -G 0 '(( " , ,, "" (- ( " , ! @( " A ë , ? G,<,0G ( "" ,, "" Fë , ? , "( ?0 ,<0: "" , , - ,, "" -0 ( 0 "( ? ,<0: Dissent. " À @À A- 0-0 > ( ", ( ,0 0 "" Discussion. , 0 , ( 0 '(0"" ( , ! 0 ..1 0 "= -" ,, "" ( 0 0

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^nited States v. Darby Citation. # !11@.4A Brief Fact Summary. ë , < ( -ë @ë , A- $ @ A, 0"""0 "'"" " ( 0 ("0 ' , "" ( Synopsis of Rule of Law. 0 " 0 0 "" - " " G "G Facts. ë , 00 " 2 0 ë , " ( 0 ((," (( ë , ,

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Wickard v. Filburn Citation. #)!@.4 A Brief Fact Summary. (( -@(( A-( ,( "( ( : ,00 ' , " ë (" ,0 Synopsis of Rule of Law. 0 " 0 , (," "" -, ,, "" Facts. (( M( , ","8 "%-( - 00 0 "(, (( (, - " , ,( %- " "% ,," "(- % ( , ,0 0 0= " ,.#+@A- (( ? .4 " " , 1 ( ,.41- - ( # - #. ," ' 0 ( ",4. -N) Issue. À 0 0 ( "" E Held. ; (( 0 " F0 " ,( "(- "( , "" - %0 ", 0 00 - ", 0 / 00 0 @, 0 G,( "(GA- " 0, ,, "" F ( " , ! @( " A% 0 ,, , 0 ," " 00 "" - 00 0 ,," G " G" 0, ,,

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Heart of Atlanta Àotel, Inc. v. ^nited States Citation. #).! 4@.64A Brief Fact Summary. ( 0 , 0 ,.64@ A- (( - À -@(( A( " , "" % (( 0 0 ? ( Synopsis of Rule of Law. 0 " 0 ,"" , ( 0 "" Facts. ,À 6" 0 " 0 (( ," ,2 00 0 "0: " (('" )1L, 0 ," (( 0 "" 0 Issue. À 0 ( " 00 "" E Held. ; (( 0,," F0 " ,"" 0 ( % , 0 "" 0 ! / 0 " (( - 0 0,, " ! : F " 0 0" @ "" ë0 - 4)! &@.+A ( " , ! ?@( " A(ë -# !11@.4A/ ( " '"0 0 ?( 0 - "( Concurrence. /"ë0 @ë0 A =0" - 0 "" - H&, " " , ! @ A , " ((( 0 0 , - "("" Discussion. , , " 0 , ( " - , À - ( ( " "" ( '( ë0 "= -0 0 -1.!#@++#A- ( " H&, " " , 0 (

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Katzenbach v. ÀcClung, Sr. and ÀcClung, Jr. Citation. #).! .4@.64A Brief Fact Summary. 8 ? 7 -," < " % - , , 0 ,.64@ A Synopsis of Rule of Law. 0 > 0 0, "" Facts. 8 ? 7 " " " ( ," 7"0"-"7 , , ( 0 , - % ( < (('" &1L, , ( ," (( ( ,", 7 , , ( - (( -8 À0@(( A-0 0 (( ( "" Issue. À 0 0 " ( E Held. ; (( 0 " À , ,À -#).! 4@.64A 0 "0> (( ? " ,, , (, " "" 7 (( " > - ( " , ! @( " A 0 0 "" Discussion. *: À0 " ,À ( 0 0 ,, ( " 0- ( " 0 ? ' ," ""

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National League of Cities v. ^sery Citation. 4 6!+##@.)6A Brief Fact Summary. (( -3$ 0 , @(( A-0 00 , .)4" " $ @ A- ( , > " 0 " ( "( """0 " Synopsis of Rule of Law. " " , ! @ A ( ? 0 " 0 ?( "( Facts. .)4-0 " -"0 0 -(( ? ( ( "( (( 0 > " , " " 0 ,( 0 0 " ' 0 " > 0 " ( ( (( 0 0 (( , " 0 Issue. À 0 0 "( " ( , 0 " E Held. 3 " /" > @ > A > ( 0 ( , "( 0 ?

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Garcia v. San Antonio Àetropolitan Transit Authority Citation. 46.!& +@.+&A Brief Fact Summary. (( -2@(( A-0 0 "( À ( @(( A-00 , G<G,, 0 " - , $ @G$GA Synopsis of Rule of Law. 0 0 ( "" 0 , (-= Facts. À0 ( , 3$ 0 , ! -4 6!+## @.)6A " "( ( GG , $<, ( 0 ? 0 (( 0 "( - "( , 0 $ Issue. / ( , "" "" E Held. 3 " F ( " , ! @( " A " ,< , ((( , "0 0 " , $0 ( "( F ( " " 03$ 0 , 0 000 , ( ( Dissent. $ @ A% 0 @A < + 3$ 0 , @ A (( ,, ," , ,0 " F /" > @ > A= -G", I 0 "" ( J-" 0"" ((,"= , G F ë 8?@8?A 0G " , 0 " 0 ' ( G -c2 À

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^nited States v. Lopez Citation. &4!&4.@..&A Brief Fact Summary. ë , -$( :@ë , A-0 - , 2< B ,..1@ A ( %0( , , "( : Synopsis of Rule of Law. À ( ,, " 0, "" ((( "" ( Facts. ë , ' ,00#+ 0 ' - 0 (( -ë , ë , 0 ' , "" ( Issue. À 0 (" ( ,, " 0 ( "" E Held. 3(( 0,," F , /" > @ > A 0 , 0 " 0 "" ( @A , "" O@ A " , "" @( ( 0 "" A@#A 0 "" F 0 , 0 - " G ,, G "" 0 ?( "" ' 0 , ( 00 : ,, "" Dissent. @ A0 "( , "" "0 , 0 = , , "" ( " F ë @ A0 "( @A, ,"0 "" - => " ( ( @ A ? "" = ( 00, Concurrence. * @* A - % 0 "( ,"" = ( "

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^nited States v. Àorrison Citation. 1)41@ 111A Brief Fact Summary. ( -À @ ( A- (, 5 0 /" ,..4@A-( : " , " 0 3 ( 0 , ( ,0 ?( 0 "" Synopsis of Rule of Law. " " 00 0 0"" Facts. 7:% 50 ,,..4 , 0- 0 ( ' ,( -0 ( , 7:% ,, " (( " 0 0 ( (( , , 0 0 " -0 ( ë Issue. H#.+, ' ,0 ?"" ( E Held. 3(( 0,," F(( 0 <(0 ,"$( :-&4!&4.@..&A- ( " , ! @( " A " 0 " ,, "" F ( " , , 00 0 ,, @ /% - #)!@.4 AA 0 " 00 0 , " " Dissent. ë @ A- 0-0 00 0 ,, , ' " , , (( = , 0 "" ( Concurrence. " @" A - , ( " ( , ,"" Discussion. ! À "% $( : ( "( ( " ? "" = ( - 0 ( " " ( , 00 ""

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Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County v. ^.S. Army Corps of Engineers Citation. &#!&.@ 11A Brief Fact Summary. ", 0 0( G ( , : G0 " 0 "( ( "," 0 Synopsis of Rule of Law. G "0 ( ", = ( ", ,0 ?À0 7 ? 0,"(0 " , ?(" ( G Facts. ( , 414@A, / @ GGA (( , G I J" "-( -0 0 , 3? G GH414@A: ( 0 0 ,," ? 0 -?IJ , ? , ! -0 ?G "(, = H414@A- ( .+6("0 GÀ0 7 G-G H414@A ' / ( À0 7 O/ "0 O / , 0 ( O! 0 ( "" G F -/ 0 ,3 % @ G GA- ", # 0 0 - %0,G ( , : G ," 02 "( , " 0 ("0( 3- G , G ( ( - , , ( - ( " H414@A, ( -!" ( ,0 @ G ( GA- ," 3 "" @ G"" GA-"0 ( G ( , : G ( ( H414, G, , 0 ( ( ,"0 G0 - ( = ( (@A, GÀ0 7 G , > H414@A( " Issue. ë ( ,H414, ' ( 0,"0 E

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Pierce County Washington v. Guillen Citation. #) 1 Brief Fact Summary. $ 0 " ,"0 ," 0 " " 0 " , Synopsis of Rule of Law. GI7J 0H41. ..&" " 0 " "( 0 , ,"" 0( , " , "" G Facts. :"0"@ G0"GA 0"0 0 " ,0"( " 0 ( , 0 ,,0 0"- 0 " " G % 0 , ( G & @A@A( 0 " " G " " 0 0 ,( , : - - " -0 "% ( "% - " 0 " - -( - 0( , , - - " - "( " ,(= , "( " G!( ( 0 - = H& , ( , , "( " " 0 - 0 -, ,"( , 0 " ( ,, ( - ë (" , (@ Gë (" GA "" 0 ( 0,, , ,"0 > ("0 #!H41.-( ( (- ," ," , G " , (( ,"0 0," G F8 &-..6- ( -02 ? @ G ( GA, - % - / 0@ G GA(( ,- H& ,0"% "( " , 6-..6 ( ? 0 ,"( - , ( " -0 #!H41. Issue. ë G #!H41.-( ,"?"( ? , 0 , (0" ," 0 " , -IJ ' ,0 ? GE

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New York v. ^nited States Citation. &1&!-44@.. A Brief Fact Summary. $<$ / " " ,.+&@ A 0 ( , 8 ( , > % , ( ( Synopsis of Rule of Law. 0 " G"" IJ 0 ( , G "( Facts. $< "" (," " ( ë ( - " , , , , ( " , > 0 ( " ,, 0 " ,( 0 - ( > % , " , ( ,( ( Issue. À 0 "( '( 0 , ,0 , 0 " E Held. 3(( 0,," F ( - ! @ ( A-0 0 % ( , " - % ( ' , 0 ( F 0 , 0 " , , 0 " F >0 0 " % ( , > >0 ( , " -, >0 ' ,, ( Dissent. 7 / @/ A- 0-0 0 ' , ( " ," ," "( "= 0 ? ( > F @ A0 "(( G0 ( ? "( "" 0 " , 0 0 ?G Discussion. , 0, = ( , > -3 ;% ! , (( ,0 "" ? - ( ,

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Printz v. ^nited States Citation. & !+.+@..)A Brief Fact Summary. 5 , , " ,, @G$8 GA0 - 00 "( , 7 05 @ A > ' ,, (( , 0 (0" Synopsis of Rule of Law. G 2 " " "( " , 0 (0"G Facts. , " ,%0 % ",0 ( 3 " #1-..+ "- > , " %0 % , 0, "( " -: ,,@ A- 0 > " ( , 2 " Issue. À 0 > , " 0 " %0 % > E Held. 3(( 0 " F "( , , - >0 ' ,, " , 0 F ( , (,( - " 0 0,", (0"7 , - , ! 0 , , ! 7 (0 , " , "( , ,, -0 (( , ' , , , 0 Dissent. @ A ( ( " " ? ( Concurrence. " @" A -0 , 0 0 % > "( " " - % (, "" ( Discussion. : ' " " (,"( 0 " , (0" ," 0 3 ;% ! -&1&!44@.. A ' 0 3 ;% ,0 >0 0 ( , % - : , 0 " >0, '

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Reno v. Condon Citation. 1666@ 111A Brief Fact Summary. 0 0 ! 2 - 00 ë ? ,..4@GëGA " " ? " 2 " ? ( 0 Synopsis of Rule of Law. " " ( 2 " ," 00 , % , , (0" Facts. ë ( , ,( ," " ( (( 0 ( - ? 2 @ ( A-0 >0 , 0 -0 (( " , " " Issue. À 0 > "( ëE Held. ; (( 0 " ë > 0 : 3 > 0 , " ,, 00( : ë 0 " - "" 0 " , " " Discussion. " " " , ( ' "( 2 " "( 0 ' (, 0, : (," 0, (0" - ( " , ! ( @A ( " ,, @0 " ( ,, A@A 0 , @0 " ( > '( ,0, ( A

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^nited States v. Butler Citation. .)!@.#6A Brief Fact Summary. 7 - ( @ ( A- % =0" 0 = " ,.##@ A ( Synopsis of Rule of Law. 0 " '((, 0 , -0 " ' " ' ( Facts. : 0," (, ( "( ,' ( ( ' , " ( 0 ' 0,((- Issue. À 0 '(( ' ,( " E Held. 3(( 0 " F '0 ( 0( < -" " , -H+, ! @ A F - ' 0 (,( " ( 0 2 " ( , - 0,0 - ' "" - 0 Dissent. @ A0 ( " , ! @( " A (( = 0 Discussion. ! 7 ? 0 '0 ( 0( 0 - ( " ? , " " ? '0 ( 0( > 0 (-7 " " " 0 - 0 >

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Sabri v. ^nited States Citation. &4!611@ 114A Brief Fact Summary. ( ,, :0 ( " , " 0 (,, Synopsis of Rule of Law. ":0 G > (,, , " " , ,, G Facts. -7 "8"@ G GA- ( À ( % > (( :0 - ,, ( " - 11 )- 11 ,À ( ",, , 11 0 G+!H 666@A@ A-"( , "( ?( 0 -,, -0 0 0, ( - , 0 ,0: , -0 " - 0 ,- - - , , 0:-0 " -0 0 0, ,N&-111" ?G" , G 0:- 0 " -0 I J- ( - , ' ,N1-111 (0" 00-- --0 - - ,", G ,H666 - 0 G 0, , '( > " ( " 0 , ( 0 - 3 ( 0 = , 0 ( 0( G Issue. GI/J +!H666@A@ A-( 0 , --,, , N1-111, , - ' ,0 , GE Held. ; "= , >% ( , G " > (,, , " " , ,, G - "= G0 ( 0 ((( , " (" 0 , --H+-- (0 3 ( --H+-+- '( ((( ( , ( , 0 , -, 0,(= " , ( ,,((,, "0 , G F-G0 ( %,( "( G G %%%,, ( 0 ,0 " H666@A %"" ," ( , , ( " - ( 0 *Ac !

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South Dakota v. Dole Citation. 4+#! 1#@.+)A Brief Fact Summary. (( 0 , 0, "( 0 , 0 , 0(( ( , Synopsis of Rule of Law. 3< , 0 ' , '0 ( 0( Facts. #!H&+ , (( 0 ,, 0 , ( (( , ,0 ë% ( (# L > - ë (" , ( (('" &L, , 0 , "% , Issue. À 0 , ," " %00 E Held. ; (( 0,," 0, "",, " (( ' ,'0 ( 0( Dissent. /"7 ë 8? 0, <, " " - 0 0, Discussion. 0 " (G 0 G, - 0 '(

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^nited States v. Àorrison Citation. 1)41@ 111A Brief Fact Summary. ( -À @ ( A- (, 5 0 /" ,..4@A-( : " , " 0 3 ( 0 , ( ,0 ?( 0 "" Synopsis of Rule of Law. " " 00 0 0"" Facts. 7:% 50 ,,..4 , 0- 0 ( ' ,( -0 ( , 7:% ,, " (( " 0 0 ( (( , , 0 0 " -0 ( ë Issue. H#.+, ' ,0 ?"" ( E Held. 3(( 0,," F(( 0 <(0 ,"$( :-&4!&4.@..&A- ( " , ! @( " A " 0 " ,, "" F ( " , , 00 0 ,, @ /% - #)!@.4 AA 0 " 00 0 , " " Dissent. ë @ A- 0-0 00 0 ,, , ' " , , (( = , 0 "" ( Concurrence. " @" A - , ( " ( , ,"" Discussion. ! À "% $( : ( "( ( " ? "" = ( - 0 ( " " ( , 00 ""

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Katzenbach v. Àorgan and Àorgan Citation. #+4!64@.66A Brief Fact Summary. 3 ;% > 0 ( > 0 2 0 H4@ A, 500 ,.6&@ A , " 3 ;%? > " > , " " , ! @ A Synopsis of Rule of Law. 0 " H&, " " , @H&, " " A ,, , G( ( I J G G (, G Facts. ( 0 00 , "( '0 "" , - ,0 ,3 ;% 0 ,, , 3 ;% > " > , " " Issue. ë H&, " " 0 0 = " 0 " " E Held. ; (( 0,," F ( " , ! @( " A 0 " H&, " " , ( ( (, F -(0 , " ( , ( 0 00 , Dissent. À @A " 0 ( " , ! @( " A ( -0 0 " ( - 0 (( 00 0 Discussion. "= (( ? ,0 H&, " " '/ H&, " " ,0 0 E

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City of Boerne v. Flores Citation. & !&1)@..)A Brief Fact Summary. (, 0 ,7 0 " @GGA ( 0 ' ,0 ( H&, " " , ! @ A Synopsis of Rule of Law. 0 H&, " " , " " ( -" , 0 - 0 Facts. , ( " , ! @( " A ( , ' , "( " ë -ë (" ," , 8 0 "-4.4!+) @..1A-0 ( - %0 ( , ( "( , - ( 0 " ,"G 0G ' , 0- , ," ,0 (( - 0 " " @A"( 00 " @ A " , 0 Issue. 0 0 H&, " " , E Held. 3 " F 0 H&, ? ( " , 0 " 0 F ( " % 0 " " ( 0 - " 0 " (( " ( = Dissent. ë 8?@8?Aë @ 0A (-0 (( " - "= ( ( Discussion. 7 '( ,0 H&, " " , ( " 0 G , G ( 0 0 ,, 0 - " " ( " 0 " 0

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Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer Citation. 4 )!44&@.)6A Brief Fact Summary. .) -0 " 5, 0 ,.64@ A-:0( ," "0 0 -0 H&, " " @H&, " " A, ! @ A Synopsis of Rule of Law. 0 " : ( 0 H&, " " "( " ' Facts. .) -0 " :0( ," "0 -0 H&, " " (( 0 " " , 0, 0"" ( 0 ,":0 Issue. 0 0 0"" ' 0 H&, " " E Held. ; ,," ( " , ! @( " A H&, " " 0 ' ,0 0 7 , H&0, - ( " 0 0 0"" - Discussion. :(% 7: , > ? '(0 , " "

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Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida Citation. &)!44@..6A Brief Fact Summary. 0 2"0 0 - : 0 0 " , 0, 0 "(0 0"0 Synopsis of Rule of Law. "" 0 0 0"" Facts. ,- %0 , 0, 0 > 2" 0 ( 0 0 -0 "% (( , 00 0"" Issue. À 0 0 "" --H+-#E Held. 30,," F0 " 2"0 0 0 ? 0"" -% ( F &, " " 0 : ( 0 Dissent. F " " ( 0 : , F ë 0 "= 0 0"" = - ( ,, Discussion. " " = ( , ', " " - ( , = , 0"" - 0 00 0 ,

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Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan Citation. .#!#++@.#&A Brief Fact Summary. 0 0 , ! @ A ( ( , 0 (,( " Synopsis of Rule of Law. , (,( ,0 0 <"%0 "( 0 "0 Facts. 0 ( , 3 @3A0 ( ( (,( "( ' , "( " 7 ( - " ' 8 0 ( ,,-" ,0@,,A0 = ë , - 0 " ,, @ë , A-," ,0 ' 8 ë 0 ( " =0 , " - ,(( Issue. À 0 0 <"%0 E Held. 3-0 0,( ' " ( ," 3 ( 0 ,(0(0 ( ,( "( ' , 0 , 0 " "G ( G! ! @ A0 , 0 ( Discussion. 0 "( , " @ 0 " (,( "( ( A 0 , 0 0 0 , , ( " , ! @( " A 0 -0 , 0 - ,, -" 0, ,

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William Jefferson Clinton v. Paula Corbin Jones Citation. & 1!6+@..)A Brief Fact Summary. ë , - , ! /" @ë , A , ' 0 ,,- @,,A- 2 ,% ë , 0( ( ( 0, , ,,, Synopsis of Rule of Law. 0 = "( "" ," ,,, Facts. ..4- ,,, 0 ë , 00 ' @ A- ë , 2 ,% .. ë , ( % , ,, "( %0 ( % ,," "" ( ë , ? " ' = - ( 0 ( , = 0 ,,, %0 ( "0 Issue. ë "" ," 0 " ( ,, E Held. 3- 0 "" ," ,,, (,( > , ( 0 ( ,, ( " , ! @( " A 0 " ," (,, " ,,,% (,, 0 0 "" ë , ? (, 0" , = 0 % ( ," , "0 " ' - ( , ,,( , ' 7À - ( " 0 ,( 00 0( Discussion. 0 ë , " " ' ( - ! @ A,, "( "" ," "0 0 0, %( , %,, - ë , ? 0" (

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Florida Lime & Avocado Growers, Inc v. Paul, Director, Department of Agriculture of California Citation. #)#!# @.6#A Brief Fact Summary. , ,, ," $" " , ,( "," "% Synopsis of Rule of Law. / , ' ,, - 0 ' - ( " , ! @( " A ( "( Facts. ). ,,? 0 -00 " , -( ( ,, G +L, - 0 '0 % G - "% 0 (( ,0 00 " , 0 - 0, , -,"% 0" , ,? > " ,+L (( - $" 9 2 @(( A- 0 , ( " , ! @ A Issue. / ,, , - (( E Held. " < ' Discussion. %0 ,G"( , 0 ( "( , 00 "" G ( - " " , 0- ( " ,

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Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. State Energy Resources Conservation & Development Commission Citation. 46!.1@.+#A Brief Fact Summary. 0 0, , ( 0 ( ( -( "( - ,, ( "" , ( ( Synopsis of Rule of Law. ( "( , "( " , ,(( = ,0 - ( " , ! @( " A , ( " 0 , Facts. ,( "( "" ,, 0 (- " 0 " , ( ,0< ,,-,2 9 @,,A ë , -,? 0 9ë (" "" @ë , A ( "( " 0 ,.&4@ A- , ( " , ! @ A Issue. / ( "( , "( " , , (( = ,0 E Held. ; - (0"" , ( ( "( , ? = , (0 0 Discussion. ,, ""( ,,? ( "( 0 - 0 ( 0 ( , , , , 0 " -, 0 ( " 0 -, 0, (0 0 , 0 , 0-0 , 0 " 0 , 0 - ( , , 00 , "0 > , - , ( "( 0 , " 0- ,, 0 0 - " 0 , / 0 ,0- (" (( , (" ( - (( "( G G ( "(

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Hines, Secretary of Labor ad Industry of Pennsylvania v. Davidowitz Citation. # !& @.4A Brief Fact Summary. 0 0 0 , 0 ( , , ( "( Synopsis of Rule of Law. , , 0 " ' ( (, "( ", 0- ,M , M "( " - , - , ' 0 Facts. .#. ( 0 @ A- > 0 -( ," 0 ( - " ( ' - 0 @ A ( , 0 0 0 (( - ë : @(( A- 0 0 >( - 0 , = , " , Issue. , 0 " ' ( (, , , -"( " - , - , ' 0E Held. 3 ( " , ! @( " A 0 ,, 0 " ( , ,""0 0 Dissent. % @ A%0 " "( ' 0 ", , ( " % "" , , ( ( Discussion. , 0 " ( ""0-: ( / , 0 " ( "( , 0 , - , , - , 0 0 ," "

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H.P. Hood & Sons, Inc v. Du Àond, Commissioner of Agriculture and Àarkets of New York Citation. ##6!& .@.#.A Brief Fact Summary. ë , -ëÀ "" ,0 À% , 3 ;%@ë , A ,,-9 -@,,A-7 "% - "%, ,, 0 """ Synopsis of Rule of Law. " '(,( ( " Facts. ,, 7 ,"% "%," 3 ;%( ,, ,(3 ;%- ë , ,, , ( 0 , "( "% > À - ë , , ,("% (( ," ' 0( 0 ( ( "% , > (( ,"% ,, 0 0 ë""" Issue. À , (> ("% "" 0 " ( " E Held. 3-3 ;%? "0 ( """ - (( ,, ,0 " , "" " Discussion. ( " , ! @( " A " '(,( ( " " (" " 0 " 0, "" ( " 7 2 0 G8 " , "" - ," , ( 0 ( ,, "% -" "0 '( - " 0 - ' " , , O , 0 G

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Aaron B. Cooley v. Board of Wardens of the Port of Philadelphia Citation. &#!@ A ..@+&A Brief Fact Summary. > ( ( 0 "0 , (-( , Synopsis of Rule of Law. 0 ( 0 "" ' , ( 0 "" Facts. +1#- >0 ( 0 , (@ A (0 "0 ( , , ( ,,- 7,/ , , (@,,A ë , -7 @ë , A- 0 ? - 0 "" ? ( 0 0 "" 0 " ' = "" ë , 0 , ( ,( ( , ,, )+.,0 @ A- 0 ( - -( 0 0 Issue. 0 ( 0 "" ' , ( 0 "" E Held. 3- ( " , ! @( " A G ' G,= , 0,"" ( " ( 0 ,"" - > ," 0 0 ( 0 - 0 0: ( ,, "" ( " 0,( > ," -0 0 ( 0, "" ( 0 ( ," ' 0 ( "" - 0 ' "" ( ? ' , " ( ,, ( " " , , "( (" (" Discussion. ( " , ((( 8 " " 0 , ' , 0

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South Carolina State Highway Department v. Barnwell Brothers, Inc. Citation. #1#!))@.#+A Brief Fact Summary. ,,-7 7 -@,,A 0 (0 ( ,% 0 "" Synopsis of Rule of Law. (0 0" % ( 0 0 "( "" ! ? @ A"" Facts. ( ( % , 0 0 ( , -% ? 0 , ' .1 , 0 ' 1-111( ,, 0 "" - , ? "" = , " , 0 - "0 "( "%,,( 00 Issue. ë "( 0 0,%

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Southern Pacific Co. v. Arizona Citation. # &!)6@.4&A Brief Fact Summary. ,,- ,:@,,A- "0 " , ( , " ë , - , @ë , A ! ? @ A"" Synopsis of Rule of Law. 0 < , , " < ? "" - ( " , ! @( " A ,, 0 "( "" Facts. :$"$,. @ $A-( ( , ," 4( 0 )1, 0 : " ( ,

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City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey Citation. 4#)!6) Brief Fact Summary. ( " , ! @( " A ë , - ,3 @ë , A -( ," ( 0, > 3 - "" , ! @ A Synopsis of Rule of Law. - 0 "" -" , < <,< Facts. ë , ( (0 "(," G > 0 " , KG "" " "( 0 0 ( - , , ,,- , (@,,A 0 0

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Hunt, Governor of the State of North Carolina v. Washington State Apple Advertising Commission Citation. 4# !### Brief Fact Summary. 3 0 ,,- / 0 (( 0"" @,,A- 0 " "(- "" , ! @ A Synopsis of Rule of Law. , "" , " ,, "" Facts. ë , -3@ë , A- >0 (( G0 (( !0 -G ! ë (" ,0 @!ëA ,/ 0@0 (( <(0 A ,, 00 "- ( > !ë ,, 0 ? 0 "" 0 / 0(( 033 , 0 0( (( , 0 ,, Issue. , , "" , " ,, "" E Held. ; -, " "(- , , - "" Discussion. , 0(( 3- ' (,3 (( 0 / 0 " '( "( -" 3? 7 (0/ 0(( ,""% 0(( ? ? 0 - 0,, - , " 0 (( 0 37 / 00 %, 0 ( - ( " , ! @( " A 3 ( 0, , , ""

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Exxon Corporation v. Governor of Àaryland Citation. 4#)!)@.)+A Brief Fact Summary. À -(0( "( , ,"( 0 0 - "" Synopsis of Rule of Law. " ,," (( "( " "" Facts. ,, -''( , @,, A- ( " ( À ,À ( (0( , ,( "( ,"( 0 0 > (0 ( "( , À ,, , , "( " , À 0 À - ( , (À ,, ( " <,< ( ,, 0 - 00 " ,, "" "( " "" - ,, ( ( 0 - À ,(( -(0 0 ,, Issue. ëÀ ? "( " "" "" E Held. 3- (0"( ,"( 00 ( 0 ,, " , "( 0 ( - ( ,, 0 -( ( "- 0 < <,< "( "% "" = "( " "( 0 " ,," (( "" ( "% -( ," -,"( " 0 Dissent. 7%"@7%"A , "= , ""( " "0 "" 0 "% 0 , ,, ( 0 <,< = , 0" " < 0 , "" Discussion. 0 À 0 ,", , - " 0 , "" ( "% -( ," -,"( " 0 0 "0("

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State of Àinnesota v. Clover Lead Creamery Co. Citation. 44.!4&6 Brief Fact Summary. À 0 ,"%( - , 0 0 " (( Synopsis of Rule of Law. , ! ? @ A"" , "( "" ' ( , Facts. ë , -À @ë , A- 0 ,"% ( - , - ,"% (( '( (( ( ", "0 " ,,- $ , " @,,A, = -00 , (" " , 0" , (( " ( Issue. , ? "" , "( "" ' ( , E Held. ; - - 0( "% G ' G, ( " , ! @( " A " ( ," 0"% ( ( ( " ( " -" ( 0 " À - ( " " 0 , ' (<,< ( Discussion. , ((0(" " (( " , "( "- ( , (( - "( "" "- "%( " " , 0 (%00 0 (( À % , 0, ," '( ,< ,< ," 0 , <,< ( '00 G ' G 0, ("0 , 0 0 ( ( " - ', >(

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Dean Àilk Co. v. City of Àadison, Wisconsin Citation. #41!#4.@.&A Brief Fact Summary. ,,-ë À%@,,A-( 0 "% ë , - ,À -/ @ë , A ( :( " , " - 0 ë , ? "%( 0

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Àaine v. Taylor and ^nited States Citation. 4))!#@.+6A Brief Fact Summary. ë , - @ë , A- , ,"0 - 0 À ? (0 "(, , 0 "" , ! @ A Synopsis of Rule of Law. ,," " 0 "" ( 0 "( ( 0,"0 ? " < 0 Facts. À - ( ? , ,"( < ( - ( "(, , ë , ( À "( G0 G0 , , " " "(- ( "" , ( , ë , " " " 0À ? "" ë " ë , ? " ,(( FÀ , , Issue. ë ,," " 0 "" ( "( ( 0,"0 ? " 0E Held. ; - ( " , ! @( " A( ( " " 0 " , 0" ( 0 "" " ,, / " , - " 0" (( (( " " - ( " " À " " 0" = Dissent. @ A % ,À " 0 , , , À , 0 Discussion. À ? %0 (" , , - " 0" ,À "(0" À ? ,0 , , -À '( ( " "0 ,"" 0 - 0 " 0 - , >

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Loren J. Pike v. Bruce Church, Inc Citation. #.)!#) Brief Fact Summary. ,,-7 -@,,A 0 ë , - ,:@ë , A( (, ( ,, 00 "" , ! @ A Synopsis of Rule of Law. / 0 < ,, 0" ( ,, "" - ( "( "" ' ( , Facts. : > ( 0:,, , " (% (( 0 " ,, $ % - ë , ? ,,0 , ,0 - (0 ,,-( ,"0"( -," (0 ( ," : , (%0( (%0 ë , , ,, N)11-111 = F ,,, = 0 ? "" Issue. " """ E Held. ; - ( " , ! @( " A ( , "0 " """ / " ,, 0" ,, "" - ( "( "" ' ( , / 0" " " 0 "( Discussion. (( , > ( (, 0 - 0" - ? :( "( 0( 0 N 11-111(%0(

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Bibb, Director, Department of Public Safety of Illinois v. Navajo Freight Lines, Inc. Citation. #&.!& 1@.&.A Brief Fact Summary. ,,-3 = 0$ -@,,A-%0"( - 0 , ?"0 0 , "" Synopsis of Rule of Law. "0 ? " 0 ,

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Raymond Kassel v. Consolidated Freightways Corporation of Delaware Citation. 4&&!# . Brief Fact Summary. ,,- 0 (,ë @,,A 6&<, - 0% " 61, 0 ,, 0 "" , ! @ A Synopsis of Rule of Law. 0 0 00 , "(-, , , , "0 "" - 0 ! ? "" Facts. 0 , "0 : ,% 61, ,, 6&< ,% " ! , 6&<, ë , -0

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CTS Corp. v. Dynamics Corp. of America Citation. 4+!6.@.+)A Brief Fact Summary. ,( <( % ( 0 " ( ,,-ë "(," @,,A ( ë , -(@ë , A 0 "" Synopsis of Rule of Law. ? 00 " ,, , ,, "" @A > (( < <,< ,, O@A 0 "( @A(( " <( ( Facts. ,? ( % ( > GG (- >0( 00 , % (( "= , ( ' 0 ,, .6L, ë , ( ,, - ,,? % )&L - , ( ' 0 > ,, 0 " % , ( "" , ,(( ,," Issue. ë "" , ! @ A - 0 ( % E Held. 3- "0( % "" , "( """ - "00 "" ( " , ! @( " A " (( <( ( " ,? 0 0 ,, " - 0 ( ( , , ," 0 00 ( , " - " Discussion. 0( % F > (( < <,< ,, F 0 "( ½,½c( ë " (,"

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Western & Southern Life Insurance Co. v. State Board of Equalization of California Citation. 4&!64+@.+A Brief Fact Summary. ,,- / 9 $, "( @,,A- 0 ,"( ', ,,0 ! ? @ A"" Synopsis of Rule of Law. 0 -( -" 0 ( ,, "" Facts. ,-( ("0 0 - "( 0 '<,< '(( <,< ? ,( "( 0 ' , 0 , "( ? 0 , ,, 0 00 ? "" ,( ' - ,,(( Issue. 0 0 ( ,,"" E Held. ; - ' ( """ 0 " : G,0 " , 0 ( , "" - % ( ,0 : "" 0 G Discussion. 0 0 0 "" "0 , -0 " , ( ,,""

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Reeves, Inc v. William Stake Citation. 44)!4 .@.+1A Brief Fact Summary. ë% < " (-," ( - 0 ( , < ,,- -@,,A 0" ! ? @ A"" Synopsis of Rule of Law. G"% (( G 0 0,0 - (( G"% 0G- ? "" , < Facts. ë%( " (- <,< ,&1 $ -ë%"( " ( 0 ( , ,, 0" <,< ë%, ? "" Issue. À 0 ( , < E Held. ; - 0 G"% ((G" , < , (" , ,( , "% Dissent. $ @ A % ' ( , "( " ? "" ( Discussion. / " G"% ((G- 0 " - "" "" ? " , < ? "" (( ' 0 " "( ""

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South-Central Timber Development, Inc v. Commissioner, Department of Natural Resources of Alaska Citation. 46)!+ @.+4A Brief Fact Summary. , % > , %" ( % , '( Synopsis of Rule of Law. 0 < " , < ( - " ,( "" Facts. , %" ( 0- 0 ( (( , > " ( %" ( - ( "% 0 (, " F ,,-< " ë (" -@,,A, %0 =( > " ! ? @ A"" %" G"% ((G , ( ," F ,(( " 0 : %? ( 0 > " Issue. À -0 "% ((-"( > " G< "G"% (( 0 """ E Held. 3- "% (( ' ( " ("% ((, G"% ((G "( "" "% ((- 0, ( " , ! @( " A-,"" (( - , GÀ% G ( ? ' , 0 "% ((0 0 G "G"% - ( " , % (( " "% - ( 0"% - % 0" ( , ( 0"% " "% Dissent. /" > @ > A % (( 0 , , % ( 0 % ( "( " , -, ,, ( " ? "" ( Discussion. % " " G"% ((G "( 0 > " " , -G -

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Toomer v. Witsell Citation. ##4!#+& Brief Fact Summary. ,, -" <,< "" , " @,,A- 0 $"( 0 , <,< ,, 0 0 "" , " " , ! @ A Synopsis of Rule of Law. , " " ? 0 "" - ( " , ! @( " A" " " 0 : , , - , " " , : , Facts. "( , ,, "" "( 11" 0 "( ,, 0

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^nited Building and Construction Trade Council of Camden County v. Àayor and Council of the City of Camden Citation. 46&! 1+@.+4A Brief Fact Summary. "( >041L, "( %0 < , (= , - 0 " " , ! ? @ A 0 "" Synopsis of Rule of Law. 0 "" ( @ A," "00 < , " " - " G," G( 0 ," ( 0 "( " - G G, "0 " Facts. ë , - ," -3 @ë , A( (= 41L," ,,-! 70 ," @,,A 0 0 "" - 0 " 0 <" - ë , 0 "" @A(( @A ( " "( @A ( " 0 < <,< Issue. ë " " , ? 0 "" E Held. ; - 0 "" ( ," "0 0 < ,@A " G," G( 0 @ "( " A@ A G G, "0 " Discussion. <( "0 0 "" -" " " G," G( 0 @ "( " A -" " G G, "0 " F - ," 0 - , -(, 0 "" F - (( < " - - 0 0 ½,Xc!

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Lester Baldwin v. Fish and Game Commission of Àontana Citation. 4#6!#)@.)+A Brief Fact Summary. À > 0 , ,0,<,< ,, -$ 7 @,, A 0 ,, 0 0 0 "" , ! @ A Synopsis of Rule of Law. -"( 0 , ,<,< 0- G," 0G ( 0 "" , Facts. ,, À"( 0 0, <,< 0 " -(( %<0- )Q" '( , ,, À 0 "" , "( : ," , Issue. "( 0 , ( G," 0GE Held. 3- 0 ," 0 ( 0 "" , 8 ( G( 0 GG"" G 0( , 3 0 -" : - > Discussion. % 00" 00 0 " (( , " À 0 "" , À - > ,( ( 0" , 0, ! 3< ( ," "% ( 0 0 ,

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Supreme Court of New Hampshire v. Kathryn A. Piper Citation. 4)1! )4@.+&A Brief Fact Summary. (( -À * ( @(( A- ,3 "( - ( 3 "( - (( (( - ( " ,3 "( @(( A- 3 "( ( (( " 0 0 "" , " " , @ A Synopsis of Rule of Law. (( ( G," 0G , 0 " 3 "( " ( ? = Facts. (( ,5 " ( 3 "( - 3 "( ( 3 "( ( , - 4 , 3 "( ( " (" (( ( " ,3 "( 0 0 0 "" , " " , Issue. ( ,G," 0G , ( " " ? 0 "" E Held. ; - ( ,G," 0G , ( " " ? 0 "" Dissent. 0 /" > @ > A % ( , , ,, ," ( > , 0 , ( "0 ( 3 "( "% (, 3 "( , "0 " " ? 0 "" Discussion. ( , " , ( 0 ( " " ? 0 "" 8<,< , " % 0((" (( ( G," 0G ( "0 @A , ,, " @ A "0 < ( ? = ( " , ! @( " A (( 3 "( ? = ,, 3 "( G G , "0 (( - ½0½c( " ,3 "( * ( c

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Barron v. Àayor and City Council of Baltimore Citation. # !@)A 4#@+##A Brief Fact Summary. ,,-7@,,A-, ë , - , 7" @ë , A,%0 (( "( , , " " , ! @ A Synopsis of Rule of Law. 7,0 (( 0 " - 0 " Facts. ,, ë , , 0 " "%0 , ,," % (( = "( , %0 , ," " , Issue. ë ," " , (( 0 " E Held. 3 À @À A0, ( " , ! @( " A ," " " , ! @ A(( 0 " ," - " " (( " H1, ( ' , ( 0 " / ( , 0 " " , (( - ( " , 0: À - " " " % 0, ( (( - , ? ( " = Discussion. 0 , , 0 " ( " " 00 " , , 0 " - " " 00 0 ((

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Slaughter-House Cases (Butchers' Benevolent Association of New Orleans v. Crescent City Livestock Landing and Slaughter-House Company) Citation. +#!@6/A#6@+)#A Brief Fact Summary. 7 0 , 0 0"( ( 0 Synopsis of Rule of Law. " " , ! @ A(( ," " " ( ( 0 "" ,- : ( Facts. +6.-$ ( 0 0"( 3 8 0 $ %$00 "( 7 ? 7 ,3 8 0 " " , " ( - " >( 0 ( 0 "" Issue. ë " " , "% 7,0 (( E Held. 3 ( " , ! @( " A " " , ( ( 0 "" ,- - : (- > -ë - 0 "" , " " " , , ( 0 "" , : ( 0(( , ( < /" " " " , " " ,, - ,, ," 0 ,0 " " " ("0 ," ( ," ( , 0 " Dissent. ( @ A : , : , ! ( Discussion. " " , (( " " , 0 ( , ," " -0 @ , " " , 0 0 0 A " " 0 " 0 ,% - " " , 0 00 G3 "% , 0 ( 0 "" ,: , ! G, " ( : , 0 ? 0 - , 00 - ( ( ( 0 "" , : , ! - : ,

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Saenz v. Roe Citation. & 6!4+.@...A Brief Fact Summary. ,( , , ,, " ( Synopsis of Rule of Law. ! 0 "" , ! @ A- " ( " , Facts. , "0 , , ,: ,, " , ," ( " , ( -7 ë @ ( A " , 0 >( 0 ( " = "( " , ,(( ,," Issue. ë ( 0 , ," ,, " 0 "" , E Held. ; - ( " , ! @( " A(( ? " " 0 "" , , ( " " > " 0 0 < : " ( 0 "" = : " - , = ? 0" 0" ( = ,, " "0 > 0 : Dissent. /" > @ > A F > % , 0 "" , (( , , > , ,O 0, > " Dissent. " @" A F" % "= (( " 0 0 "" , ," 0 < - - 0 "" , " 0 " , " " 0 "" , 00 Discussion. " " , G( : ! - = = ,- : ,

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Twining v. New Jersey Citation. !)+@.1+A Brief Fact Summary. 3 ? ( 0= " , , ,"" , ? , , 0 " " ? ë Synopsis of Rule of Law. ( , 7,0 " (( 0 " " ? ë -, ( , ( , Facts. 3 ( = " " , ? , , " 0 0 3 , , ( 00 "( ,<" ë , -0@ë , A- 0 ë 0 "" , " " , ! @ A Issue. ë " " , "% 00 ,<" (( E Held. 3-( , 7,0 " (( , (, ë ,$ Discussion. ' "(,""( " 7,0 - , 0 ? 3 - 0 ë , "( " - ,<"- , ( , F0( , 7,0 (( , ( ( ë , " " , - 0, ,<" ½0cë $ c

Duncan v. Louisiana Citation. #.!4&@.6+A Brief Fact Summary. ë , -ë@ë , A 0 "( = ë , " ë ,$ Synopsis of Rule of Law. '" " , ! ? @ A 0 ," 0 (( ( " " , ? ë Facts. ë , 0 " " , "( - ( ( ( N#11, ë , > = $ ( ,( ( " , ë , " ,= " " ë Issue. ë " " ? ë "% '" " 0 = (( E Held. ; - '" " 0= (( ( " , ! @( " A ," 0= ' " ( ( ( (( ,= ( , 0 : (( "(- =0 - ( " 0 , - ( " ' (0 ( 0( " ,= , =( , % 0, "'""( =0 "( À - 0 ( " Concurrence. 07%@7%A /"ë0 @ë0 A " " "% 7,0 (( 0= % '( " ( ( 7,0 ((G (G % ( =0 G,""0 00( 7,0 " " , 7,0 (( G Discussion. ! " " , - " G ( ( ,, - -(( ( ,G7 = ," " ,= ( " " ? ë ( ((

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The Civil Rights Cases: ^nited States v. Stanley Citation. 1.!#@++#A Brief Fact Summary. 8 , ( , "00 ," Synopsis of Rule of Law. ! " " , ! @ A-0 ( ( (0 " ( : Facts. 3 -"" - 0 , 0( ( , - 0 , ( ( ë , , 0 ,+)&@ A- = ( , > = " , -( (- ( ," " "( Issue. ë " " , @ A( " ( : E Held. 3- " " , ( - : 0 " " , - (0 0- 0 ( : - 0 0 G0 , G ,, 0 " " ( Dissent. @A% 0 % , ,, " " (( Discussion. " " , ( F " " , 0 0 ( , " " 0((( 0 F " " , 0 0 ( 0 ( 0 ½-½cÀ "c

Àarsh v. Alabama Citation. # 6!&1@.46A Brief Fact Summary. À - ? / - , ( 0, "(0 0 ( " Synopsis of Rule of Law. ( % 0 " ( ," ( , = ! @ A Facts. ( % " , ( ' (, , 2,(0( ( ( À - ? / ( " , -À ( " , %À 0 0"? < ( 0 FÀ " (( 0 " " , Issue. (( ( E Held. ; -(( - % 0 " ( " , ! @( " A, 0: ,% "( < ( 0 ( " ( , ( " ( " À 0- ((( (( 0 '( % ( " Discussion. " ( ( (( (- " (( - % - ( , ( , (( @ A ( - = , 0," , -"? "( À

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Jackson v. Àetropolitan Edison Co Citation. 4.!#4&@.)4A Brief Fact Summary. -% @ A- " , ( - À ( "( @ ( A-" ( ( ," ( , , ,, 0( " " ? ë Synopsis of Rule of Law. ,( ,, ' 0 Facts. ( ( ( ' " 0 ? " -ë -( ( , ë , - ( " - " % "( , - (( ( 0 , - - ( ,, Issue. ë ( , ( ( E Held. 3- " ,, ' 0 , = " " , ! @ A = ' 0 ( ( ,"0(, "( , Dissent. 0À @À A ( "( - ' 0 (( " ( , F :(( 0"% F ' ( F - (( "( Discussion. ( "" ," " " , - 0 ( , 0 ( "( - 0 - 0 " (, %%, ,, ' 0 , ( " , , ,

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Terry v. Adams Citation. #4&!46@.&#A Brief Fact Summary. ë , - ë " @ë , A- ' " " ë , 000 ,(( , , " " , ! @ A ë , " " , Synopsis of Rule of Law. ( (( " , 000 - "%0 = , " " , Facts. ë , , ' (0:( % (( ë , ? " " ë , ( < (" ," ,, - ë , ? < " ë "(" ,, , ë , " (( , ( ' % ," 0 ( , " " ? "" - 0 , ë , 0 ( 0 : " , À - ë , 0 , " " 0 (( G ,<0 0 G ,, -0(,3 0 @,, A-0 " 0 , " " , Issue. ë ( - ,-( , , " " E Held. ; -( 0: (" (, Discussion. ë , , (( , , " " "" ë , , ë , ? (" (, " 0 - ( % , 0 , ,, , =

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Evans v. Newton Citation. #+ ! .6@.66A Brief Fact Summary. ( , , 0 7@ A (%À-2 0 ( 0 > , " " , ! @ A Synopsis of Rule of Law. 8( 0(% (, , - = " " , Facts. !( - À-2 0 (%, " -7,À0 " (% (% ( 3 0 0 , 0 0((% ë , - À0 ," 7,À0 @ë , A " ,, ? 0 (( ( ' ,3 0 ," (% ,, -0(,3 0 @,, A- 00 , " " , ? > ( Issue. ( 0(%(, , = " " , E Held. ; -%( ( ' ( 0(% (, Discussion. - (% ' ' "( , ((% 0 " ( ( ( "% < - " " / ,"( " ," - 0 ( " (%," (( F% ( "( "" À (" ½-*c"0"

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Amalgamated Food Employees ^nion Local 590 v. Logan alley Plaza, Inc Citation. #.!#1+@.6+A Brief Fact Summary. ((0 " " ,"( , (% 0 ((0 ( , 0(% ,, < 0 ' -"0 (, " " 0 ( Synopsis of Rule of Law. ((0 (, , - " " , ! @ A(( Facts. ,,-$05 :-@,,A (" ( / ( "% @/ A / "( "( ë , - "0" "( !$&.1@ë , A-(% ( (%( (% 0 - " ,0 ( (%( ,"" = (% 0 ((0 ,"" ,,? (( 0 ë , ? ,(% 0 "( "( ,/ = ( " ,," = (% 0 ( ,,? (( Issue. ( ((0 (- " " , (( E Held. ( " , ! @( " AÀ "-# 6!&1 @.46A- ( (( " " ((( , " " (( ( " 0: ( ((0 " - % À ( " " ((0 ( ( - , ( - " " , ( ' " " 0 ( , - ' " " 0 ,(( (( - "( 0 " " ( ( , " , (( Discussion. ,(% 0( (- ( , ( ((0 - ( " " , " ( (( ,( - " ? 0 " " 0 ,

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Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner Citation. 41)!&&@.) A Brief Fact Summary. ( - @ ( A, - , " (( 0 "" 0( 0 5 "/ , Synopsis of Rule of Law. " " , ! @ A" -( (( (( ((( = ( (( , (( Facts. -$ (-$@,,A- ' "" ((0" 00 ,, % " 0 ( - ( ( ,0 ,, @ A "( " 83 " 4-.6+- ( & " 0 0 " (( > , - " "( -" ( ( 0 , ( " ( > , ( " 0 0 ," ( % 0 " Issue. ( ((0"( ,, ? , ", ( 0 , "? ( E Held. ; F$05 , ," (% 0$05 G (( ((0 (( 0(G F ,0 " ,(( 0 , ( ? " " 0 G ,"" ' G Discussion. ( " ' , ", ( 0 0 ( , -( > ( ,", '

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Hudgens v. National Labor Relations Board Citation. 4 4!&1)@.)6A Brief Fact Summary. %0" " (% ,, ((0" 0 "0 , " (% , ( 0, Synopsis of Rule of Law. ( ((0" , > ,- , - = > " , " " , ! @ A Facts. 7 % % (% 8 , 3ë *((0 - -0 @ A, (% "0,, - 0 "0 , ((0 % , Issue. ( ((0"((% 0, " " , (E Held. ; 7 ((0" , > ,-" " " 0 , ( Discussion. "= 0,$05 0,$ "" %% , "- , , - ( < ( " "

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Shelley v. Kraemer Citation. ##4!@.4+A Brief Fact Summary. , 0 (0 < ,"0( 0 (, "8 (( - @(( A-,<" - , "0 , Synopsis of Rule of Law. , " ,( 0 " Facts. .-$ -#1 0 0&) ( "" F 0 0 " ( , '&1 , ( G ( ( , 3 0À0 G " ,< " ," & - ++ F80 -.4&- (( - , -( ( , ,":0 F (( -* " @(( A-0 % (( ( 0( " Issue. ë = , " ,( " 0 " " E Held. ; "" ,50 @++1A- ( " , ! @( " A " 0 ,, 0 0 = Discussion. ( " ë " "" " "- 0 , " , "" = 7- ," ( 000 " , ,0 " 0 " 0 ( "% " ( 0 " - ( " " ((

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Dolan v. City of Tigard Citation. & !#)4@..4A Brief Fact Summary. -ë@ A-(( ,( " '( : , "" 0 ( - ,0@ ( A-(( ( " 1L, ,% ( Synopsis of Rule of Law. 2 - > " %0 ( " ( , ( (( 7-%0 , 0 " > " 0 (( "(, (" "" Facts. ( , (" ( 0 (- > 7 &L, ( ( (0 ( " ,, 0 0 " , ( 0 %0(0 0 >0 (" , ( ( ( À ë0 , ,( % F ("0 (( 7 ë 11< ,( (( ,( " : , " ( (( ( "- ,)-111 > , -(('" 1L-, ? (( , " Issue. ë ( , > 0<,< " "%0E Fë G ' G ' G 0" G ( "E F, - > 0 , " (= "(, (( (" E Held. 3 F ( ,,0 0" ( ( , (%0 '( ","( , , ( " , ( 0" (( , 0,, F > " " G0 ((G "(, (" ½Acë ,0c

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Tahoe-Sierra Preservation Council, Inc. v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency Citation. &#&!#1 @ 11 A Brief Fact Summary. ,""( (00 (" $% Synopsis of Rule of Law. I J-G , , "(, " (( , 0 %0 "- ( , ( , - ? "(("( " ?G Facts. " ( ( - 00 0 @ G ( GA- >0 " , > 0 "(, (" % , ,, ,"0 4-.+-0 6-.+# ,, ,"0 )-.+#( &-.+4 , ( (" (( = ( ? = ,( ,# " (( , ( % ( ë (" - " ,, , % (" " ( ,-G0:G G " " B G@GBGA - @ G GA- 0 , -111 ,"( "( ( , 0 % , (( ,0G" , 0G 0 <," " G ( " - " G " , ( - G 0 : ( ? "( > " ,0?G Issue. GI/J "" (" "( 0 ( , 0 "( < ( %0,(( >0"( %0 , ! GE Held. @G GA-0, "= -, ( " : I J," % ( ? 0" I @ @J- (( 0 0 - (( 0 ( ,%0 0 ," " T ( %0 0 %0 ( %0 - 0 " G 0 "( ," G 0 , ( (, ( ,(( % , 8 - - %0 G 0%0G- 0 %0 - , > , G(( " ,, , 0 " G - GIJ 0 0 > ,(( ,( - - 0 (0( - -"%

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CHAPTER II. Equal Protection Romer v. Evans Citation. &)!6 1@..6A Brief Fact Summary. "( ( 0 "0 " ' 0 -" @ A- (" ( - @ ( A , ' À - ( 0 " ' ( Synopsis of Rule of Law. , ," 00 ( - 0 0 " 0" Facts. ( " " ( (( 0 " ' ( ,> (( F 0 , ' 0" 0 ( "( 7- ( , 0 Issue. 7 000( 0 " ( " " > , ! @ AE Held. ; 0 " ,,, 0(,: %," 0 " , >( " " " , " ' "% " > , (( 0 Dissent. "= 0 , , ,0" ' (, ( ( , 0 0( ,"( , " 0(? ( "% " ( ( Discussion. "= " " "0 0( 0 " "( , , 0 ' ( , > , ! @ A ((

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^nited States Railroad Retirement Board v. Fritz Citation. 44.!66@.+1A Brief Fact Summary. " ,, "( 0 ( ,, 0 , , 7-.)4-0 " " %( .+, ( , , - 0 "% (0", Synopsis of Rule of Law. 0 = , " 0 Facts. 0 " , % % , " ( ( -( -( ( ," "( ,( " % .)4-0 " " %(,( " " - " ,.)4 , % , " " , , ( " - " ", " , Issue. / ,,% 0 0

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Railway Express Agency, Inc v. New York Citation. ##6!16@.4.A Brief Fact Summary. (( - '( 0 @(( A- 0 ( , % (( -3 ;%@(( A- ( ,0 0 " , Synopsis of Rule of Law. (( "( , 0 , 0 Facts. (( ( -.11 % 3 ;% - (( , , % 0 (( ( ( , (0 0 ,

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New York City Transit Authority v. Beazer Citation. 441!&6+@.).A Brief Fact Summary. -3 ;% @ A- , "( " ( -7 : @ ( A-0 ,, " "0%, ( ( > , ! @ A Synopsis of Rule of Law. > , , " ,( 0((,, Facts. ( (( ,= 0 , 0" " ,, , - 0, - ' 0 &L Issue. ë ? 0( > , 0 "( " " E Held. 3 ( , ? 0 = , , ,, Dissent. "(( , " " 0 " 0 " ( "( - 0 " Discussion. "= = " < , 0 0" - 0" , , ( - 0 ( " , ( - "= "( ==0" , ?"0 "

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^nited States Department of Agriculture v. Àoreno Citation. 4#!& +@.)#A Brief Fact Summary. (( -À @(( A- 0, "( ," (( - ! ë (" ,0 @(( A.)- (( 0 ,, (( (0" Synopsis of Rule of Law. ë "0 ( ((0( ( " 0 " , Facts. .64 , "((0" ( " 0 , G0(, - , 0 G.)- (( 0 ,, 0( , ( 00 F (( &6< 0 " ,# " 0 - " , "( 7- , "( ," , (( " Issue. ë ,,G G > , ! @ AE Held. ; , "( ( ( ( , , "( "( (( Dissent. 0 ( ,, 0( (0 , "0 > "% 0 Discussion. "= 0: , " " " 0 (( "" 0 " ( 0 (( "( ((0( 0 , ' ( , (

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City of Cleburne, Texas v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc. Citation. 4)#!4# @.+&A Brief Fact Summary. - , @ A- ( ( " ( - $ 0 @ ( A-, " ,0(" , " "" ,(( , , " 0( G> < ( G > , ! @ A Synopsis of Rule of Law. $ 0 0 " " 0" 0 " (( Facts. ( 0(( ,"( , 00( " , " '( #( ,4 " > ( (( , ( ( " (( Issue. " (,G> < ( G = 0 > E F ( ( " > " E Held. 3 0( ( ,, ,"( = ( F3 , >0 (0(" ( " "0 " > ( " > " Discussion. " >, ( > < ( % , , " ( ( 0( ,"%

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Dred Scott v. Sandford Citation. 61!#.#@+&6A Brief Fact Summary. -ë @ A- % , / "( 0 , : , , , " Synopsis of Rule of Law. À "(" (( : Facts. À % / - "( ' , - ( ,@ ( A-, , ,: ( Issue. : , ! , , "E Held. 3 0," , ! @ A G" G " , "( (( 0 Discussion. ( " , ! @( " A "( 0: ( ( 0 "

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Korematsu v. ^nited States Citation. # #! 4@.44A Brief Fact Summary. -* " @ A-( <" - , " " , ( - ! @ ( A-" '( " , Synopsis of Rule of Law. $ 0 , 0 , 0 0( = 7-( 0( " " " = , ' , Facts. 8À .-.4 - ""02 , / "", ! " ( ,( ' ," " , $ -, 2 , , "( " ,, ( ," 0 , (0 0 , " , , 0 " " " Issue. / ( ,0 ' ' ,( ," / " E Held. 3/ ," - ( ( ! " "" 0 F ' ," , " , 0(- ( ,( , '( " -, 0( ' ," Dissent. %À( @À( A 0 '"( , " " "% - " - " " ? ( ((( , G ( 0 "" -"" "( 0G 0 F % @% A ," " ,,, Discussion. "= ' , 3" -,0( ( , ( ! @ A7- , , " - ,% % - 0 " "( 0, -(( 0 ( " 0 " 0 , /

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Loving v. irginia Citation. #++!@.6)A Brief Fact Summary. -ÀÀ $ 0@ A- " ( 50, " 0/ 0-ë ,

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Palmore v. Sidoti Citation. 466!4 .@.+4A Brief Fact Summary. 0 , ( ( -( ( (- " %" Synopsis of Rule of Law. G ,, ,( = - -= , , " 0,," , " , ((( ( G Facts. -$" @ G GA- ( - @ G ( GA- ( À .+1- , < < ( " .+- ( 0 , 00 - 0 03 0- " -@GÀ" GA- " ( " 0 , 0 " ,GIJ , ? " , " ? ,%( ,, ," " , " 0, - - " ,0" " ' (" 0" " ( 0,, , , ? , , , ( " 0 - À -, " ( 0 "

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Plessy v. Ferguson Citation. 6#!&#)@+.6A Brief Fact Summary. - @ A- , 0 <0( % Synopsis of Rule of Law. 0 0, Facts. )M+ M+% , "' F ,$ ( 0 ( G ( >G ,% ""00, " ( ( Issue. $ ( 0, ( E Held. ; $ 0 ( 4" " , ! @ A % > " , (0 , >- , , , - , Dissent. 0 > ,0 " , % (% , ( 7 >0 ( - 0 ( 0: , 0 Discussion. "= > ,, 7- " " 0 0 " , ( ( , - 0 G ( >G"" - ,>

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Brown v. Board of Education Citation. #4)!4+#@.&4A Brief Fact Summary. -7@ A- ( ,%- 0 ,"4,, ( " ( 0 0 0 G ( >G Synopsis of Rule of Law. " > Facts. * --ë 50 ( 0 0 , 0 % > " > Issue. ë 0 0, ( ( , " 0( > (( E Held. ; 0 0 , " >- (, 0 , 0,, ,, (( ,G ( >G ( ( ( > Discussion. ( " , ! @( " A = 0, (, ,, ( " , 0 ( , 0: , - ? 0 0 >

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Washington v. Davis Citation. 4 6!

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City of Àobile v. Bolden Citation. 446!&&@.+1A Brief Fact Summary. - ,À @ A- #<( " ( - "= 0 0 0 %((- %" Synopsis of Rule of Law. $ 0 ((" > -, (( "": 0( ," Facts. #<( " ,( "= ",, 0 0,0 " ( -7 @ ( A- 0 00 ,, " , - %, %( , " ,(( ,," Issue. ë <0 ","( 0 0 , % , E Held. 3 ,(( F ( ,0 " ( (( ( %( ," 0" ,

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Palmer v. Thompson Citation. 41#! )@.)A Brief Fact Summary. % -À ((( ( ""0( -% ( " 0 0 " Synopsis of Rule of Law. ,,0 " (, : > , ! @ A Facts. " 0 0 ""0( 0 0 :-(0, (% ( , 0 00 "" , %: , , ( ( 0 0 , Issue. 0, ""0( > %: "" E Held. 3 " ( , ( " , ! @ A , " , " , Dissent. " 0 "0, ( - (% ( " , , (( ,G( ( 0 0( G Discussion. ( ,, : > 0" " - 0( " 0

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Brown v. Board of Education Citation. #4.! .4@.&&A Brief Fact Summary. , 0 0 0 7 7, -#4)!4+#@.&4A@7A- 0=0 ((( " , 0 0 Synopsis of Rule of Law. " > , =0" , ( " , ! @( " A Facts. , 7- " , , " 00 / " ( ( 0 0 " - 0 0 ," ( " ((( " , 0 0 Issue. / ((( = " , "0 0 0E Held. " , , > F , / @/ A " "( 7 ( / ( "( ( 0 " (

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Swann v. Charlotte-Àecklenburg Board of Education Brief Fact Summary. 00 0 0 7 7, -#4)!4+#@.&4A@7A-7 7,-#4.! .4@.&&A @7A- 0,, ( ,, ?( I7MJ Synopsis of Rule of Law. ( ,ë - 0 " "( 7M Facts. % ,7-" 0" 0 , ( < 7 0 0 " ë , 0 - 00ë - " - 7 Issue. F/ ( ,ë 7E F/ ((( , % E Held. - ((( , 0 " "( 7 F " (=0 G" , G FÀ "> ' ,= - 0(, G ,G, ? F0 < ( G"%, " ( 0 0 G G : -G " ? "% ( ,( = 0 0 F " , 0 0 " - 0 0" F7 0 ((( " - - 0 " 0 % , 0, "(0 ( Discussion. ( " , ! @( " A" , " 0 00( 0 0 " - ' G ,G ,, 0 0

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Board of Education of Oklahoma City Public Schools v. Dowell Citation. 4.+! #)@..A Brief Fact Summary. -7,,8%" @ A- 0 , ë <"( 0 0( Synopsis of Rule of Law. ë ' > "( = 0 0 ( 0 0 Facts. .) - ë "( 0 0(, 8%" ".+&- 7,( (@GGA, 00 " , ( -ë - @ ( A- 00 ë = ,, ë 0 0 , ,(( - ( " , ! @( " A0 Issue. 0 0 , " E Held. " ,, F , /" > @ > A ,,G G "" , " 0 " 0 , 0 08 , " 0 0 0 0" ( ,- " " "

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Frontiero v. Richardson Citation. 4!6))@.)#A Brief Fact Summary. , " $ 0 , , ( - , " ?( , 0" " ( "( ( Synopsis of Rule of Law. 2 < , -% , -" ( Facts. 7 - "" " , ( ,(( ,>, 0, > -" , - (( - "" " ( , ( ," ,, (( - @ A- 0 ( > ( , ,, ," " , ! @ A Issue. ë ,, 0,, ( , , " ,0

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Craig v. Boren Citation. 4 .!.1@.)6A Brief Fact Summary. 8%" " ,, %00 " " , "(,# L (( -0@(( A- 0 ,, " " , ! @ A Synopsis of Rule of Law. 2 < , " , " > " ( " Facts. ,8%"( ,G'0G# L " 0 , " 0 ,+ 00 - 00 > , " " , Issue. ë 8%" > , " " , E Held. ; (( 0 " F /"7 @7 A0 ( " , (( :0 ( , - 0 < ," "(0 " = " , = F ë > , = ,, , 7 ( (( ?-0 @(( A- = - Dissent. /" > @ > A ((( , ,0 < , " - " (( ( " , ! @( " A G( G 0 =( = Discussion. 0 7 " ((( , , 0 < , " 0 ," = " "(0 " = @ " A "( 0 0 " = @ A @ " A @ A

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^nited States v. irginia Citation. &+!&&@..6A Brief Fact Summary. 50À @5ÀA 0 < ' 0 ,50 - ! @ A-" ( -50? @ ( A- ' ," ,"5À > ( 0 , " " , ! @ A Synopsis of Rule of Law. " ( 0 ,"((0 > " ,0 Facts. 5À 0,( 00 -" 0 '( 0 ,0+#.-5À ' " , 0 0 ,(( - ( "( ( " ? (0" - >, , , ( ," , 5À? Issue. Fë ", '0" , ,"5À

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Geduldig v. Aiello Citation. 4)!4+4@.)4A Brief Fact Summary. ,( "( , "( ,( "( % "( ( "( ,"%0 -" ( 0 ' ," 0 , '( (0" Synopsis of Rule of Law. ! 0 ((( > - 0 G (( G Facts. ,( " (( " % "( - ( ,( " , % "( , (, ,, ' "0 ( , ( 0 0 00 " 0 < , Issue. ë ' , ( 0 < " " ? > E Held. 3(( 0,," F , " ' " - ",, " " ' ,, " F 0 0 (0" ' , ," " - , ' " ,,0, Dissent. /"7 @7 A0 0( " ( 0 - " 0 " Discussion. "= 0 0 ( " , 0 - , , , 0 '

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Orr v. Orr Citation. 441! 6+@.).A Brief Fact Summary. $ , ," > " " ( " -" > ( " Synopsis of Rule of Law. /"( " - " , , ' Facts. ,( , " , ,( 0 ( 0 " " , ( 0 " >( Issue. À " ( " " " 'E Held. 3 F ( - ,"0 ' (' , ,, , ,( '" " " - ((", " F7 0 < , ? (( = 0 < ,- ( " , , ' Discussion. 8 8 0, 0 , (' ,, , " ( 0" " ,, 0 , 0 -

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Àississippi ^niversity for Women v. Hogan Citation. 4&+!)+@.+ A Brief Fact Summary. ( -0@ ( A- " À (( ! ,/" ? @À!/A 0(0" ,0 0 , >( Synopsis of Rule of Law. " ( 0 ,"((0 > " ,0 Facts. À!/ 0 < ' 0 " ,À (( ( >, ," ? 0(0"- " , 0" Issue. ë ( ,, " 0 > E Held. ; (( 0,," F(( 0 " - ë 8?@8?A ,À (( "( ,( 0 0 ' 0 (- " % (( À (( ( ,À!/ F8? 0 " 0 "(0 " = @0 , A - À!/ " 0 ," "- ( 0 0 < ' 0(0" Dissent. $ @ A0 ( ,, 0: = - <( 0(0" ( " 0 < ? " Discussion. "= , À ((" " 0 " " 0(0" - ( ,0" 0( , %,= 0" <= ( - " 0" > (( @ 0(0" (0" 0 "A- 0 (( "

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Àichael À. v. Superior Court of Sonoma County Citation. 4&1!464@.+A Brief Fact Summary. -À À@ A- 0 ( , 0 ? " 0 " Synopsis of Rule of Law. " ( ,( " ," >: 0 ( 0 Facts. - " , "(- )< <" ' 6< <, " 7 ,? ": " - , " 0 " 0 ( ( , > , " " , ! @ A Issue. ë , ( (( ,> E Held. 3(( 0,," F /" > @ > A ( , , ((, " - > 0 0 , , ? 0 = 0 ( 0 F "= " % = (0 ," 0 , " 0, ," -" ( 0 , ,, Dissent. F /"7 @7 A(( " (( ," "= 7 ( 0 0 ( 0 "(= F -7 0 , , " 0 0 < " ,, 0 0 ( 0 0 < À "( - 0 < ,, 0 < F @ A -00 ( > 0 , - ( (, ( 0 ( ,-cÀ

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Nguyen v. Immigration and Naturalization Service Citation. &##!&#@ 11A Brief Fact Summary. 0 0: (, ! " ( Synopsis of Rule of Law. , , 0 ( > -G" ? I 0 J , G"(0 " = " " "( G G " , = ?G Facts. -30 @ G GA- ( " -.6. 5 " ( - (7 @ G( GA-! : - " 5 " : ' ( .. - ( 0 , ' - ( - ! ""03: @ G3GA- 0 (( 0 0 ""00 , ( ( 0 0 5 " : (( 7, ""0(( @ G7GA/ (( , 7 ( 0- ( > ,( 0 ," " 0 7 = ? " ! : - , "( +!H41.@A- , , " G , %: , : " G: (

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Foley v. Connelie Citation. 4#&! .@.)+A Brief Fact Summary. 3 ;% ( <: ," 0(( ( " (( -" @(( A- , (( , ( '" , Synopsis of Rule of Law. / ( 0 - , 0 = Facts. 3 ;%( <: ," "0 ( ,, / (( (( , ( '" , - - 00 , >( Issue. À " : "( 0 ( , E Held. ; - 0 , (( 0,," F , / 70 @70 A , "= G : G70 " 0 -, ,, - = <: - G ,( G ( ( - - ' , (, , "" F " <: : - 0<: ( ,: <: ' ( ,( ,, 0 : Dissent. 0À @À A0 0, , ( ((( 0 ( ,( ,, > ( < "%0 - "( 0 , (( Discussion. "= 0 , -" 0 0 G ( 0 G 0 ((( -

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Ambach v. Norwick Citation. 44!6+@.).A Brief Fact Summary. ( -3%ë0 - 0 , ,3 ;% 0 , %,! : ( Synopsis of Rule of Law. -% ( ( - ( G," 0, I J0 " -G 0 Facts. 3 ;% , ,, ( ( 0 ,! : (- , %: ( , 0 : 0 %: , , %: > " , , " 0 - 00 > " " >( , Issue. À 0 , , 0 0 " " ? > E Held. ; (( 0 " F $ @ A0 > : ( "% 0 0, (( , ' 0 0 " , "( ( ( -4#&! .@.)+A F(- G (( , , 0 " - (( -: ? ( G, 0 - , - , : ( , Dissent. 7%"@7%"A0 3 ;% > (- % (( ," Discussion. 3% ' " 0 ,0 " , ! "= ? 03%- : ? " 0 0 0 " "( ( " , ! @( " A0 0 (( ,, 0" " "= : , ( - 0 ( - 0 (

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Plyler v. Doe Citation. 4&)! 1 @.+ A Brief Fact Summary. ' , 0""0 , ( $ 0 ( , 0 - 00 ' ? > , " " , ! @ A Synopsis of Rule of Law. " , ( , " ""0 Facts. ' 0," ( , ! : 0 Issue. À ' " ( 0 " " , E Held. 3(( 0,," F /"7 @7 A 00 , , 0 ", " ( " " , - , 7 0 ( 0 ( ? 0 0 , G"( ," ( ,= G F "= 0 " , ( , , 7 " ( @ ,A ," 0- ((( - (( "( G, 0 (-G "= 0 0 " , , 0 "= - 0 " Dissent. , / 70 @70 A G , "( % ' (( 0 ( ,( -G ( " , ! @( " A,(0 < (( - 0 0 '( , ( , ," 0 Discussion. - "= 0 0 (( > , ( @ ,, , 0 , ( EA- 0 0 ,0,"

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Àassachusetts Board of Retirement v. Àurgia Citation. 4 )!#1)@.)6A Brief Fact Summary. À > ( ,, (0&1 ( -À0@ ( A-0 "( " " > ( Synopsis of Rule of Law. 0 , = Facts. ( ,, ," , À !( &1 - ( > "( -0 ( '"= ," ( " ( ( , =, ( 0 ! ë - 00 "( " ,À ", >( Issue. À À 0 , " "( " , ( ,, E Held. ; (( 0 F ( " , ! ? @( " A"= 0 0 " ( ( - ( " ( ,G(( , > " G , 0 - ( " (( , F % ( ,, " ( , ' 0 , ,( , 0 - 0 ( 1? #1? 0 À > ( ,,, 0 ,41- > " " , ( , 0 0 (' - - ( " , >( Dissent. 0À @À A -00 0% ," 0 (( , 0 , - "0 " ( " "( " Discussion. 0,À0 0 , = 2 "0" ( @,, ((0&1 ( '" - A- "00 "= %0 0 ( ,0 , @, '"( - ? 0-%00 - 00 - ( - A

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ùablocki v. Redhail Brief Fact Summary. ( - @ ( A- "0 , / >0 ("0 ,/ < " " , (( Synopsis of Rule of Law. À0 ," 0- > "( 0 ,, " , " ,0 ( Facts. ( <,< %"0 -," ( " (( ( "( ,0( ," " , N#-)11 ((( " ( ? "0 , ( " )-.)4 0 ( 00 '(( " , "0 ( ( , " 0 (( Issue. / ? , 0" , " " ? > E Held. ; ,(( 0,," F 0À @À A , "= ( "0 ," 0 , 0, , ' , 07 , - " "( 0 , " ,, F 0 0 0 - >0 (( 0 ,"( ( , 0 "0 ( ( 0 ((0 0 " ( " , "0 - " F (( , (( , " > " -" 0 (( - 0 " ," - 7 , ,0 " , - " ,, 0 " c Dissent. /" > @ > A0 "0 ," 0 00 0 , > 0 ( Concurrence. @ A =0" - 0 > 0 - ( " , ! @( " A "( " 0,"0 ( , ( ë , " " , ! @ A Discussion. ( 0 0 " ,, "= (, / 0 < - ( " / ((0 ? , " , - , ( " ,: > 0 "0 ," 0 / (0 " 0( ,*cÀ 2 ëc

Àichael H. v. Gerald D. Citation. 4.!1@.+.A Brief Fact Summary. À "( 0 ë " 2 ë- , ,? ( " 0 ( , 0 - 2 ë " 0 Synopsis of Rule of Law. 0" ( 0 ( 0 ," ( 0 ' , ( 0 ,0, Facts. -À "( 0 ë " 02 ë ," -5ë- 2 ë , , 2 ," "" 0 ? - 5 ( ,, (0 -ë3 À .+L 5? 0, / ë2 ë ( -À ë 0 5ë ( ë2 ë ë " *À ,( 0 5ë,? ( ( " @A,, 0 <"( , "0 ( "(" 0 , , ,"0 Issue. ë,? ( ( À ,," 0 ( E Held. 30,," F @A , À ? 0, ' 0( < ( "( ( ,5ë( , - ,0 ," ( = Dissent. /"7 @7 A - 0 "= ? 0 , ( ," 0 0 " ," ( ë-2 ë-À 7 , ,,, " "" "= " Discussion. "=,, "= ! @ A ,( , - (( -000" ? , ( 0 ," 00 @, ( ( ,, (0-"( 0 " " " ( A/ 7 ? (( , @, ," " ë- ( , ," 0" ,0 EA ,0" 7 ? > ë À ?

Àoore v. City of East Cleveland, Ohio Citation. 4#!4.4@.))A Brief Fact Summary. -À :À À @ A- ,",, 0 , 0 , 0 0 Synopsis of Rule of Law. " "( 0 ,0 ( , , 0 ,% ( 0 Facts. ? 0 ( , 0 0 ," > - - 0: , 0 , G 0 ," G " , "( - , 0 - - 0 " , , , 0 ," 0 ( N &, ( & = Issue. À ,, 0 ," " " " , " ," ,E Held. 3(( 0 " F $ @ A "( 0 , 0 <," 0 0 0( , 00 -(-"0 F - , 0," " " ' ," 0 ( , 0 - " ' ," " ' ," ," " 0 ," 0 0 "( 0 0 ,, 0 ," " ' " , Dissent. @ A0 , 0 , , 0 ," , " - " " " (( ,, ? 0 , Discussion. "= ,, 0 (, ," 0 "= ," 0 ," " " ,"" 0 - ( " < 0 ,*XcÀ 3 %c

Àeyer v. Nebraska Citation. 6 !#.1@. #A Brief Fact Summary. -À @ A- , 0 02 " 1< < , 00 0,, 000 Synopsis of Rule of Law. 0,( ' ( , Facts. ( - ,3 %@ ( A-" 0 <0 00 - <0 00 ((( 0 , =" , 0 Issue. À ,3 %, 0<00 E Held. 3 " À @À A G" % 0 , 2 "00 0 ",G - ,, ( , (( , , , ( , '( Discussion. À = ,, " % <2 " " ,0 // 00 " " - ? , 0"0 ((G" -G ,0 0( " À ,= ( ( (" , ," 0M"( 0 M , ( " , ! @( " A ,*c' 2 c

Troxel v. Granville Citation. 1 1&4@ 111A Brief Fact Summary. - 0( , ' 3 ' @ A- " - ( -"" 2 @ ( A-, 0 - / 0 , 0 Synopsis of Rule of Law. ,( G - -, G ," 0 " 0 "( 0 Facts. ( 7' @À' A ( " ( 0 - ( " , ( -À' "" " ( -À' , 0 ' 3 ' ( ? , À' ? - ( ( 00 - ( ? (,((( " ,, ," 0( ?- / 0 :0 , 0 ( - 0( % ,= " , Issue. ë / 0 , ( 0, E Held. ; ( " ,/ 00,," F ë 8?@8?A 0, , " ," ,( 7 , - " ( ' , "( 0 , F8?( "( @A > ,, ( 0 ( ? 00 @ A " ( ,0 ( " "(- ( "(, ( , 7 , - 0 ( ( ? (, , Dissent. F @ A - / 0( " % ,c 1c @A0 0> ,," - 0 F * @* A , > ( ( ( ? 0 Concurrence. F ë @ A0 , , 0 " F " @" A ,," 0 / 0 "( 0 <0 0,( ? ,( Discussion. ( , , - (( , ( 0 ,, ( , ,A½c% 8%"c

Skinner v. Oklahoma Citation. #6!&#&@.4 A Brief Fact Summary. -% @ A- : 8%"? " :@ A 0 ( ", > ( Synopsis of Rule of Law. 0 ,, (0 ," 0- >0"( 0 , Facts. 8%" , G"G ( -G 0 " " , " ?"0, 0"( ? 8%" - , , , 8%" ","( " 8%"( G " = , : , ,,, , 0 , ," ë0 - ( ( 0 0 " Issue. À : 0 , 0 , , 0" ( E Held. 3( " ,8%"0 F /"ë0 @ë0 A :,,, 0 ,, " - 0 ,, (,, " Fë0 = , @ 0"( A " :: " @ 0"( A , "ë0 ? " ,, "( " " 8 " : " ,, - >(

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Griswold v. Connecticut Citation. #+!4).@.6&A Brief Fact Summary. (( -2 @(( A- ,( 0,"- -" " ( " ( ( Synopsis of Rule of Law. " " : ,( 0 " " Facts. ": , "" (- 0 0 , ( ' ë , $ 0 , , ( 0," " " ( ( Issue. À 0 " , ( E Held. 3(( 0 F /"ë0 @ë0 A G( " IJ," " ," ( ,0 , 7,0 G(- , G ( ", % 0 G " " , ! @ A 0 G( ( G 00 " , " " 7,0 Fë0 00 " ( , : ,( ( , ( - ", - " , " ( 0 ( ' , Dissent. 07%@7%A @ A " , ,, - ( , ( - " , 0 0 ( - = Concurrence. F À @À A0 ë 0 - " G ?"( (, ?Gc 1c 7 / @/ A ( 0 - 0 (( , , ( , 0 ' 0" ( 0 ( 0 ( F 2 0@2 0A 3" " , ! @ A0 " 0 ( ( - - 0 ( Discussion. (, 2 , 0 " - ,, 0 ( " ? ( " G G 0 ( ,,

Eisenstadt v. Baird Citation. 41&!4#+@.) A Brief Fact Summary. (( -7@(( A- , 0 (0(, ! 0 ( ," , Synopsis of Rule of Law. " " " " (0 , ( Facts. À ,( ( 0 ( 0 @A" ( ( ( ( 0 - ," 00 ( (O@ A 0 ( ( " ( ," ( ( 0 @#A " ( ," ( ( , Issue. À " " " ( (0" E Held. 3(( 0,," F /"7 @7 A G, 0( " 0-" 0, -" 0 - , ," 0 " " ," ,, 0( 0 G Dissent. , /"70 @7 0 A0 0 " " , ! @ A 00 " " ( "% Discussion. 0( 0 0: - 0 ( ' " - ,Ac / c

Roe v. Wade Citation. 41!#@.)#A Brief Fact Summary. - @ A- ( 0 0 ' (0 ,">0 Synopsis of Rule of Law. " ,, "? ( Facts. ( 0 ( 0 0 0 , ' , (0" (, ,"( ,"0 Issue. ' " 0 "? ( E Held. - ( 0 " 0 ( "? , % F /"7 @7 A( " 0 0 - ' ( ,"" 0 " ? , F , , " - ( 0" ( " "% 00 ",( 0 Fë0 " - " 0 " " Fë0 " - " (( - ' ( , , " % Dissent. /" > @ > A -0 00 <" ((,, "= ( % " ,= 0 Discussion. 0( ' , 0 0"? 0 " ( 0 ? <" (( 0 , :0 0 - " ,(( -&1&!+##@.. A ,A*c c

Planned Parenthood v. Casey Citation. &1&!+##@.. A Brief Fact Summary. " @ A.++<+.-0 0

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Stenberg v. Carhart Citation. 1 &.)@ 111A Brief Fact Summary. ( -@ ( A- % ,=,0 , " , 3 %? 0 < G( G Synopsis of Rule of Law. ( 0 ' ( , " ? Facts. ( 3 %( ( ," 0ë0 " ,( 0 - , " , " , " , 0 ( " - " " " -( ,, , ," 3 %": ( ," , G(G( Issue. ë 3 % "? ( 0 E Held. ; (( 0,," F 7 @7 A " (" - 0 "? 0 " , ' ( 3 % , " ? (( , " , F3 % ,( 0(( , ,"0, %0 " 0 Dissent. F @A , ( " , ! ? @( " A= ( = 0 F * @* A 00 <( ( 0 > , F " @" A ,= ( / - 41!#@.)#A- " 0 = " Concurrence. c 1c ë 8?@8?A , @A " ' (-@ A , " "" " > "( "? 0 F 7 2 0@2 0A> ,(( ,0 0 , > ( - 0 ,, - Discussion. 0 ( " " " ' ( 0,"? 0 0- " % 00"( , ( " " (, "0 ,X.cÀ c

Àaher v. Roe Citation. 4# !464@.))A Brief Fact Summary. / , ë (" " À , ,, " " Synopsis of Rule of Law. ( " , ! @( " A 0 ( Facts. / , ë (" " ,0,, " G" G0 " 0 -"0 " 0 Issue. À 0 ,0, " " 0 0 < ( E Held. ; (( 0,," F $ @ A G 0G 0 0 " , "? F " "% " (, 0 ( 0,( 0 % "- ( ,0 "(0 ( " ( ? ( Dissent. /"7 @7 A ,0" " "%0 ( , " Discussion. ! 0 "= (- " 0 " ,0, ,0 - (0 ,0 " 0 ,X½c c

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Cruzan v. Director, Àissouri Dept. of Health Citation. 4.)! 6@..1A Brief Fact Summary. 3 :? @À :A( 0" " ,"

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Washington v. Glucksberg Citation. & !)1 @..)A Brief Fact Summary. ( -2% 0 ( " ( @ ( A % / 0(0 Synopsis of Rule of Law. ( ! @ A Facts. 0 " ( %0 " / 0 (0 Issue. 0( 0 E Held. 3(( 0 F , /" > @ > A ": " / " , ( % , , 0 F ( " , ! @( " A 0 " " - , (( - " , - 0 ,0 ( 0 ", -( 0 , " ( 2 ,/ 0 "( 0 ( 0 - " Concurrence. F ë 8?@8?A - > , " "( ( " %, %0 , , 0 F @ A 00 / 0 , - , ( " (( , "0 F 7 @7 A - ,", 0 G 0"" ? -G," " G 0 0 G Discussion. ( " ,( "0 ' O ( (0 - 0 ,XAc$ ' c

Lawrence v. Texas Citation. &.&!&&+- # 4) -&6$ &1+@ 11#A Brief Fact Summary. -2 $ @GÀ$ GA 2 @GÀ2 GA @ , G GA- ( ' , 000 ' Synopsis of Rule of Law. ":0 0 , " ', 000 " - , " " , ! @ G GA Facts. ( À$ ? " ( ( , ( / ( " - , - - 000 ' 0 0 ' H 16@A-( GIJ( "" ,, , 00 ' , " 'G , GIJ ' G , G@A (, 0 , ( " , ( OG@7A ( , 0 , ( = GH 1@A Issue. F "% 0,( , " ' 00 "

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Whalen v. Roe Citation. 4 .!&+.@.))A Brief Fact Summary. ,3 ;%" : "( , " ,( - ( (-0, 0 0 "% Synopsis of Rule of Law. 0 " " " ,( ,"," Facts. ,3 ;% 0( ," 00 ( 0 , 0 0"% ": : , ," Issue. À 0 " " ,( ," 0: ,( E Held. ; (( 0 F @ A0 ,, "( : ,( , 0 0( " 0 ( "%0 F ( 0 ( " 0 , ( (0 " ( , 0 Discussion. ( " , ! @( " A 0 ,( - "( " ,( % 0 , , - % 0 ( ,: ,½c : c

Saenz v. Roe Citation. & 6!4+.@...A Brief Fact Summary. , > ," ,, " , "0 0 ,, , , "- " "( , ," ? ( Synopsis of Rule of Law. " " 0 < " " ( 0 "" = : , Facts. , > ," ,, " , "0 0 ,, , , "- " "( , ," ? ( '"( -," ," 0,": 0 , N )&M"- , 0 ,N4&6M" Issue. À " 0 <: 0 E Held. 3,(( 0,," F @ A 0 "" , ! @ A0 : , " " : , 0 " 0 F, " - " N" 0 "( - " " ((( Dissent. , /" > @ > A (( , , 0 "" , 0 (,G G > : - 0 Discussion. 0" > ( , 0 ( 0 "" 0- " : , 0 ,,c( 50 7, c

Harper v. irginia State Board of Elections Citation. #+#!66#@.66A Brief Fact Summary. 50 0 0 7, - 00 ('

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Kramer v. ^nion Free School District Citation. #.&!6 @.#.A Brief Fact Summary. -*" @ A- , 0 - 3 ;% >0(( ( 0 Synopsis of Rule of Law. "0 0 " "( 0 Facts. 3 ;%$ > (, (( , 0 0 0 " , 00 %, (( ( , 0 - %0 " " , ! @ Issue. 3 ;% "( 00 " E Held. 3(( 0 , / @/ A ? 0" " 0 " G ,, G/ " , ' ' " " " @ 0 A " @ = (( A - Dissent. @ A0 , - G( " 0 ,,0 " ' G , ( , ( - 0 , Discussion. 0 ," 03 / " 0 - "" "( 0 0 ,-c7 " c

Ball v. James Citation. 4&!#&&@.+A Brief Fact Summary. = 0"( " ë @ ë A- : , ë , < - < ",((" Synopsis of Rule of Law. 0 " ," (( - " 0 " , < Facts. ë "( #6-111 : ë ? (" (( ( 0 #6-111 - 0 , ë , , ë ? ( , Issue. ë 0 " , ë > E Held. 3 @ A ( ,, ë = , ( ," ((< > " ( 0 " 0 " = Dissent. 7 / @/ A0 ,, ë "= / ë ( ( : <( < (( (( Discussion. "= ,, :, ,, ë 0 , , 0- 0 " ( -, , - <( - < (( ,c " c

Reynolds v. Sims Citation. #).!+)1@.64A Brief Fact Summary. ,, 0 ((" , " 0 .11, ((0 0 ' " ( " 0 , <00(( Synopsis of Rule of Law. " - (( - Facts. ," > , 0 - ,, 0 ((" 0 ' ! ((" - > , (( ( "= , , ( Issue. ",((" 0" >( , E Held. ; F ( " , ! @( " A GIJ 0 ( ( ( - G, 0 (, "" 0 , 0 - 0 , ( ( , F0 , 0 ( ((" , - -((" , 0 , <( - <

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Bush v. Gore Citation. &4! 6)@ 111A Brief Fact Summary. ( 0 111( ,? ( " G , ," G Synopsis of Rule of Law. G " " "( " ( , ( " , """ > " ,< " , ," 0G-GIJ( , ,, , (- "( > " , >( ( %G Facts. 0 111 G 0 ( , - 0 " ( , ,, ( ," "G -G( , TT 00- G G (-= G ( " G , ," G ( ,,, ,, " 0 Issue. ë ( " ? > , ! @G GAE Held. ; ( " , ! @G( " GA," , GIJ > , - ' , '( -" (,, " ,"( " 0 - ( ( ," ""( , 0 G ( " GIJ " " "( " ( , ( " , """ > " ,< " , ," 0G ( " GIJ( , ,, , (- "( > " , >( ( %G ( " GIJ = (( 0(( ( " , ( , >(( ,",," " 0" ( - - GG ( - , - """( ( ," 0, ( , , 0 =,, 8 " ( " -, ( " , >( ( 0 ( " "( ' G Dissent. @G GA- 7 2 0@G2 0GA- /" 7 @G7 GA, 0( GIJ 0 (" ( , "0 " , 0 / > " 0, -0 - ( ( ( , 0 , ( 0 , G = , > G G = " G ,,, 0 , "0 ,, "( 0 " 0 " " <<, " << , 0 "("0 " = = 0," ( G - = : ( "( " G " ,( "= , " (( , %,=0 0 , " " " = " % , ," , , ? 8 0- - 0 " %"( , , ? - , ( , 3? , =0 "(0, ,G

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Boddie v. Connecticut Citation. 41!#)@.)A Brief Fact Summary. -7 @ A-0 0 ( - ? @ ( A ( - 0 N61( 0 ( " 0 ,, Synopsis of Rule of Law. ,"0 ," 0 : - " : Facts. 0 , N61( 0 -, ,, , - , , 0 0 >( Issue. ë "00 0 (( 0, > , " " , ! @ AE Held. ; (( 0 F À @A "0 ," 0 0 " " "( 0 " ((, -,"0 ," 0 - " " 0 F >0( " ,, (( , , ( , ,, "( 0 " - > " Dissent. 07%@7%A0 , < ,"0 - ( , (0 - , " ( Discussion. "= ," 0 ( ( , ( 0 - " ( , ( ( " , ! @( " A 0 0..c! * c

^nited States v. Kras Citation. 41.!4#4@.)#A Brief Fact Summary. ( -* @ ( A- "( , ,, %( ( - ,, ,0, ( 0 , 0"%( ( , ( , Synopsis of Rule of Law. 7%( ,0 ," 0 Facts. ( "(" , - - " ( ( ""," " , ( ,, (,, ,, %( ,0, Issue. 0 , , %( ,0E Held. 3 " 7%"@7%"A %( ," 0 ," 0 - > , , Dissent. F @ A 0: G 0: - ,, G ( /%( ( - ( " " , , , F 0À @À A ( " "= , 0 G, "( ( ( G Discussion. "= ,, 0" ," 0- ( , ,, ,0 0" %( 0.½cÀ$7 $c

À.L.B. v. S.L.J. Citation. &.!1 @..6A Brief Fact Summary. -À$7@ A- , ,,(( 0 ," 0 > ( , , (( Synopsis of Rule of Law. ,( 0 ,," 0 Facts. , " (" - ( -$ @ ( A- ,( 0 ( ( (, , N -111 (( =0" Issue. À ( ,(( ,0 ? , E Held. ; " 7 2 0@2 0A0 ( "" ,, (( = - " 0 ( " ,, > " '" , ," 0 Dissent. " @" A 0 ( 0 ,, " 0(( Discussion. / ," 0 0 - 0 ë , , >( "(- "= 0 '( 0 0 - ,," 0.,c$ c

Lewis v. Casey Citation. &+!#4#@..6A Brief Fact Summary. ,:- 00 ( ,0 , Synopsis of Rule of Law. ( > ( - " 0 '( Facts. ( - " @ ( A- 0 -$ ë (" , @ A- ( "(<< 0" - 0 (( 0 -"0 ( 0 " Issue. ë( 0 (- ( ," ! @ AE Held. 3 @A( ( " 0 ( ,= - 0 : 0 7 , - ( 00 Dissent. @ A0 ( " , ! ? 0 ( 00 Concurrence. " @" A0 =0" - ( 0,, 0 << ,, ,( Discussion. "= , , "(- " " 0 ,, 0 - "= , ( %0, "- 0 : "( 0.0c ( ë 0 :c

San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez Citation. 4!@.)#A Brief Fact Summary. ( 0 ,,( 0( ' - 00 ? ",,0 (( ' > ( ( Synopsis of Rule of Law. G," 0G,(( ,> Facts. , ' ( ,, (" , , ( ",,0, " , "% ( ,, ( 0 '( , ,"(( ' (( ' 0 ( ( ( 0 (( (( ( ( 0 ( > , , " " Issue. ," 0,(( , " " E Held. 3 " F, ," 0- , ,, 0 = F " , - '( 0 > , "( ," 0 ( 0 " >", ," 03 0 ( ( ' F/ '("( ( - , , , ' , - % %0 , F - (( > ' 0" 0 " Dissent. F /"7 00" @A ,0 ", , ' % 0 -@ A '("( 0 0 ? ( c 1c 0À 0 0? G," G ( "( , 0 ,, 0 0 À 0 "( ' ,0 ( " " (( (( 0, ' 0 -"%0 ," G ' ( , 0 < -G " ((( 0 " - À (( " 0 Discussion. ," 00 0 , 0 0 " ( - "= 0 ( , ( " " ( , 0 = "( , 0, ,, , >( 0.cë /" c

Daniels v. Williams Citation. 4)4!# )@.+6A Brief Fact Summary. ë @ A % "0 ,= " = Synopsis of Rule of Law. 3 00 0 " ( , -

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County of Sacramento v. Lewis Citation. & #!+##@..+A Brief Fact Summary. $ @ ( A ( 0 " ( / " (( - ( ( % Synopsis of Rule of Law. 2 " G % G G , : G " " " 0 - 0 " ,, 0 Facts. ( ,, (0,0 ( , ( " ( , ((0- " ( ( ,, ,, ( ( 0 0 ( ,(11"(/ 0"% ( ,- " ( 0 0 - ( ")1, ( Issue. ë ,, ( , ( 00< ( E Held. 3 ( ,, " (0, ( Discussion. ( ,, 0 = 0 =0" " , ( % ( "" , - G %0G

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DeShaney v. Winnebago County Dept. of Social Services Citation. 4+.!+.@.+.A Brief Fact Summary. -ë @ A- " , - , , " , = ë0 " 0 - ( -/ 0 ë (, @ ( A- "0 " ( 0 0 Synopsis of Rule of Law. ë ( ,," 00 " " ( ," Facts. .). ( .+1 , 0 ," , " / " , ," , 0 ( , .+ ( ( ? ( = ( ( 0"0 0 ? " % (( ,, 0," - ( , , , - .+# " (, " , "0 "= , 0( ," , , Issue. 7 ,0 ( ," , , ( ( E Held. 3 ? , ( " ," , ë 0 " ,( ? - > ( ( ( , " , Dissent. F /"7 @7 A ( (0" ( , ( % 7 , 0 , - ,," F 7%"@7%"A "= , , , 0 ,, Discussion. / ( ( % - 0 ( ( ( - , , - ,," " "," " 0.c2 0 * c

Goldberg v. Kelly Citation. #.)! &4@.)1A Brief Fact Summary. 3 ;% 0, (0" " , ( 0 ( Synopsis of Rule of Law. 2 ->, ( ,( 0" (( , , Facts. 3 ;% 0 " ë ( " ,0" " (( ," " > " , ( 0, % Issue. ë ë , " " " ( " ( 0 0E Held. ; 0( 0" (( 0 , - " 0 " 0 , "( Dissent. / , , 0 , , ! @ A/ , (0" , 0 , Discussion. 7 ( , - "= 0 (( 0 " 0 G G"( ( ? , ,", 0½.c7, 0 c

Board of Regents v. Roth Citation. 41+!&64@.) A Brief Fact Summary. ( -@ ( A- 0 (, ( '(, Synopsis of Rule of Law. ( ,(( 0 , > , " 0" " , Facts. - 7, 0 @ A- 0 (, > , , , "( " - , , "( " , , , ( 0/ ! , .6+<.6. " ë0 00 , ,0 0 "0 "( ë 0 Issue. ë ( ë 0 E Held. 37 0 ( - ,0 ( , , " Dissent. ( '(, 0" (( % , 0 " ," Discussion. ( (( 0 = < ( , 0 "( , 3(( 0 ' ? '( - , ( '( 0 8 - "0 (-( ",",0 = , - 0

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Goss v. Lopez Citation. 4.!&6&@.)&A Brief Fact Summary. , ( " ( ," 0 , , ( Synopsis of Rule of Law. ? 0" (( 0 - ( ë 0 % ((( ( 0 Facts. 8 (( ( ((,(1 '( ", " , '( 0 " -, = ( - ( , 0 , ( (( - $( : @(( A ( ," " ",(1 - 0 Issue. ë " " (( ? ( 0 ( 0 0E Held. ; 8" 0 0 ," ,( " , " Dissent. "= 0, 0 ( 0 " , "," " "( = , Discussion. "= ( " ,( 0 0 "%0 " " " ( ( ? ( (- " , 0 > 0 ( 0 - 0 " , " ( " 0½,c ë c

Paul v. Davis Citation. 4 4!6.#@.)6A Brief Fact Summary. -@ A- ( ,- 0,( % (, ( -ë @ ( A- " ( = Synopsis of Rule of Law. ( -(," " " 0 "( " (( ,ë (( Facts. ( ,$ -* % " ,( (, - " "0 "0 , 0 00 " ( (0 , " " 0 0 ( 0 " " " ( - ( ? 0 - 0 " Issue. ë ( ( , 00" G (, GE Held. 3* % ' ( 00 ( = " , ( , ? ( ( , (( ( ë Dissent. , " % ( - , ( = , (( ( Discussion. ( 0,"0 " ( , , 0 ( - " " ,," , , , "( - ( "0 ( "" 0½0cÀ 0 c

Àathews v. Eldridge Citation. 4 4!#.@.)6A Brief Fact Summary. ( -0 @ ( A- % 0 , , 0 ( ,"0 " - ( ? , " 0 Synopsis of Rule of Law. ((( ( ,( 0 " 0 #, @A ( ,, O@ A %," % ( 0 , @#A , 0 , 0 Facts. ( 0, 0 , 0 " , 0 " 0( - 0 " ( 0 0 ( - '(0 ,0 ( 0(( , ( > " ( ,"( 7-, ( , ( ,"- 0 " , "- ( " ", , Issue. , ë ( ? , 0 0E Held. 3 0 > ( ", , ( " ( , "( > " , ë Dissent. "0 , -0 " 0 " ,, 0 Discussion. ,, , -2 0- , " 0 0 , '( " ( ( , - ,

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Boos v. Berry Citation. 4+&!# @.++A Brief Fact Summary. -7 @ A- ( 0 ,, " / 0-ë ( ( , 0 Synopsis of Rule of Law. < ( ( (," = - 0" "( 0 Facts. / 0-ë ( ( ( ," ( 0 0 &11, , , 0 " , 0 0 , 00 " G("GG( ( G ( 0,, " - G$*885G Issue. ë " " 0, ( E Held. ; ( 0 ( ( "(( ( ( < 0, 00 ," "( 0 0 " ((, < 0 Discussion. 0, (% " ( , ( (% 0 00 "( " ( (( 0 (

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Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc. Citation. 4) !)4.@.+&A Brief Fact Summary. (00 ( %( ,"( Synopsis of Rule of Law. " -( " "0 " ,( , ( , " 00 " Facts. ë97 --@ A (00 (, 0 02 " 7 --@ ( A, ,%( / ( , - > " , , ( , (7 , 0 ," 0 ( " = ( N&1-11111"0 -( N#11-11111( "0 Issue. / (" ,( E Held. 3 - ( "0 0

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Police Department of the City of Chicago v. Àosley Citation. 41+!. @.) A Brief Fact Summary. (0(% 0 ' Synopsis of Rule of Law. 8 ," " ( 0 " ( ( Facts. À @ ( A ( % (% 0 0, " ë0 (% " , 0 0 , " 0> ( ( ,- -> ,0( (0(% 0 ' Issue. ' ,(% 0,"(( E Held. 3 < ((( " -( -" Discussion. , " , (% ( , ( ( '(

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Hill et al. v. Colorado Citation. 1 4+1@ 111A Brief Fact Summary. 0( (% 011, , , Synopsis of Rule of Law. " -( -" , ( = , < ( " 0 ,"" Facts. 0 (% 0 11, , , , % " 0, , ( ("( @ A ( G % 0G " , ( ," Issue. 0, ( % ,( , G GE Held. ; 0" ( 0: ," , Dissent. F "= 0 0 " (<, ( < : F * < = ( , " ( ,, , Discussion. 0( ( , ( ( (( > ( 0 , " 0 ( 0 ( , ( ( " ( , ( 0 0

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Ward v. Rock Against Racism Citation. 4.!)+@.+.A Brief Fact Summary. %0 "@ ( A ( ,% 0 3 ;% ? " ,( ," % Synopsis of Rule of Law. 2 " 0,(," Facts. % "( ' %/ > ' , (%- (À ,," > , - "( ( ," ( , "(, >(" ,,( Issue. ? ,"(, >(" E Held. ; (( " -( -" " Dissent. 0 "= > " 0 " , 0 0,> Discussion. 0" % (0 ,"( " 0 0 > < " ,"( 007-" ( 5" (

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Adderley v. Florida Citation. #+&!#.@.66A Brief Fact Summary. @ A , " 0 0 , = Synopsis of Rule of Law. ( ( (( , , , Facts. , ( " (( 0 < 0 " =( , " ( '( 0 , 0 0, = Issue. / 0 , ? " " 0 , ( E Held. 3 ,, 0 " ( ,"=(( ( , ( , , Dissent. 0=, ,","" " " , " (( (( , - 0 ,", (, ""( ( Discussion. = <(," 0 " ( - ( ,(( " - = ( (, (( ,""0 ,, % " (0 =- 0 " 0 , (

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Greer v. Spock Citation. 4 4!+ +@.)6A Brief Fact Summary. ( -(% ( " "(0 Synopsis of Rule of Law. À " 0 ( <(," Facts. ë' " ( 3 2 - ( - 0( ( " ,( ( ( " , 0" 2 0 , 0 "(0 0 2 > , 0 0 Issue. 0, ( " E Held. ; 0 " (( 0, O ( ," Dissent. "(( , ( ," 0 " , " " Discussion. "= ( ,(( , " , ( (,(( (" 0 ,

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Lehman v. City of Shaker Heights Citation. 4+! .+@.)4A Brief Fact Summary. $ "@ A 0,(,, ( " Synopsis of Rule of Law. ( 0 ( (,"" 0 0 Facts. ,% 0 @ ( A( " ( " , ( , > ( "" 7 , ( ,"(0(" Issue. ë ( " (( " ,"( E Held. 3 ( " " 0 ( (( , , " %,"( 0(( Dissent. " (," " "0 ( % Concurrence. ( "% (," Discussion. "= 0 (, "" , 7- ( ( : ," 0 = ( ( (( " - , " ( ( ("(0 " "0 , (

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^nited States v. Kokinda Citation. 4.)!) 1@..1A Brief Fact Summary. ! @ A( , ( (( Synopsis of Rule of Law. ( ,", ( = " "( (,,(( ( % ? Facts. *%@ ( A , 3ë " "" ( % ( ,, % , 0: Issue. 0 " 0 ,",( ( E Held. ; ( , ( ( , ( ,, Dissent. (," 0 (( " -( -" Concurrence. 0 ((( " -( -" % " 0(," % Discussion. % - (," % = ," (%0 ( ,, (( , % ( 0 ," 0

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International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc. v. Lee Citation. &1&!6) @.. A Brief Fact Summary. ,* --@ A ( ," 0 0 (( Synopsis of Rule of Law. ( (," O , Facts. (( G %G 0 , , 0$ @ ( A "" , ( 0 ,"( " 0 ,0 0(0 (( Issue. ((," 0(0 ! E Held. 3 ( ," 0 , Discussion. ( 0 (," "(( , ( ( ( ( ( "%( (% - % , " , ,0 " ( 0, , 0 " > 0 ,"0

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Arkansas Educational Television Commission v. Forbes Citation. & #!666@..+A Brief Fact Summary. @ A 0,(,, (( (( Synopsis of Rule of Law. " " "( ( ( (0""0,( Facts. % "" @ ( A ( "0 (0 8 , > ," ( > 0 0 , ( > (( - , Issue. 7 0 " 0 ( E Held. 30 ( = ,<(,"- 0 ' = =0" " (( Dissent. ( ," "= 0 ( " (( (( = , Discussion. "= 0 , = (0""0 ( ," , - %,( ((, 0

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Parker v. Levy Citation. 4)!)##@.)4A Brief Fact Summary. $ @ ( A " ( 0<" , "%0 (00 " ! ? " 5 " Synopsis of Rule of Law. ," , - > ,"( , ( " 0 ( " ( ! Facts. ( ,,ë "0 ! " ( % / '"0 ," , '( 0 " 5 " - % ,0= " = " 0 , % 5 " " - " ( " Issue. " 0, ( E Held. ; "" ,, , " ( (( ,, , " " , Dissent. F ë0 " " " ( ( ," 0 "( (," , ( = ( F " 0 0 ( Discussion. " " ( (, (7 00 - ( ( ,, = , "

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Thornburg v. Abbott Citation. 4.1!41@.+.A Brief Fact Summary. ( ( ," 0 , 0 Synopsis of Rule of Law. 0 " " ( ,( 0 0" ( 0 Facts. 7 , = "0( "0 ( , ( 0 " " = " "( , '-(- 0 - (0 '( Issue. "0( 0" < 0 " = E Held. ; 0 , Dissent. (( " ,"""0 ,0 ( " " 0 Discussion. 0 " ( " (

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Tinker v. Des Àoines Independent Community School District Citation. #.#!&1#@.6.A Brief Fact Summary. % @ A ( ," , 0 ((, <" " Synopsis of Rule of Law. ( " 0 ( " , ( ( , Facts. 0 = ( ( 0 5 "/ ,",( %",( , % 0 / " " ( % ( , ( ( -3 ; ? .6& Issue. " ( ( ( " " E Held. ; ( , ( , Dissent. 0 (( = , " ? =0" Discussion. 0, " 0 , " ( 00 - 0 (( ( 0" (( 0, " (, ,

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Bethel School District No. 403 v. Fraser Citation. 4)+!6)&@.+6A Brief Fact Summary. 0 "0 ( 0 " 0 '" ( Synopsis of Rule of Law. " " " , '( ((( = ( Facts. @ ( A0 ( "0 , , ,, " , ? 0 ' '(" ( 0 ( - ( % 0 0 0 ( - ( , ( - "( ( 0 '( , ( ( > ( ," , Issue. 0 ? ( ( " " E Held. 3 GIJ , " (( " " 0 ? 0 0 , ((( G - ? " " 0 0 ? 00 0 ( ? ( (- - Dissent. "% ( ( ? ( Concurrence. ( - ( ' ( " " , - " Discussion. 7 ( '( > " '(0 0 - ( ? " - "= " , ((( ( ? ( (

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Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier Citation. 4+4! 61@.++A Brief Fact Summary. (( (( " 0 " , (( Synopsis of Rule of Law. " ' 0 < ( ( " " , "" "0 ( "(", Facts. = " ( ,0 (( ! 4-&11 ( " " , "" (( (0 (, ((08 - = , , ( (( 8 ( 0 , ( , ' "(, ( , Issue. ë ,, ? " " 0 0(0 , (( E Held. 3 " 0 , ( ? '( Dissent. 0 ? "0 0" , "0 ( ( ( , Discussion. ( 0 "0 , , - , (" '( , "( ( " " "" , 0 (( ," , (

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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. State of Alabama, ex rel. Patterson Citation. #&)!44.@.&+A Brief Fact Summary. 3 , " , ( @3M A ( " " ( Synopsis of Rule of Law. ", (" , " " ( , 0 , Facts. ( ," " ( -0" 0 0 ( , ,, ( ,," " - ( " ( ( , , " " - " , ," " = , "( 0 Issue. "( , " " ( , 3E Held. 3ë , = " " > 0 "- ( ," ,( - " ? " " ? , - ,"=0 0:,, , Discussion. " 0 , " " ( 0 , " " 0 ,

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Board of Regents of the ^niversity of Wisconsin System v. Southworth Citation. 1#46@ 111A Brief Fact Summary. 0 00 ," , (( 0: (( Synopsis of Rule of Law. " " ( " ( 0 , , ( ,(0", ' ( Facts. @ ( A ! ,/ ! , / @ A N##&1( ," 0( , " (( - -" ( (( 0 0: -0 00 ( 0 ( ( = ( , " , 0( , " Issue. "( " " , E Held. ; " "( " , ( " " (( " , " , -, '0 , - ,0, (0( " ( -(( , ((,0( "= , ,, ! % (( ," 0 " "=

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Roberts v. ^nited States Jaycees Citation. 46+!61.@.+4A Brief Fact Summary. $ '( ," 0( " ,<" " " ( Synopsis of Rule of Law. 2 " " ,0 ( 0 0 "( 0 (( , 0 " Facts. ! ?@ ( A= (" 0, 0: , 0" À " " 0 ,+#& " " ( " " - -,, - (( (0 .)4- À ( ( 0"0" 0" " 7 0( , % 0 " " ( .)+- 0( % ( ? " " ( , , 0: < À ( 0 < À "0 ( " Issue. ë , ", 0 , ( E Held. 3 ( 0 0: , (( , ( , 0: , = , "( 0 "0 " ( " " " - ( " 0 Discussion. ( , " ," "0 - , -0 ( 0( "0 <"%070 % 0: " ( ,( " , , "0 "" ," " 0 : -(( -( - - 0 , 0(

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Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Group of Boston Citation. &&!&&)@..&A Brief Fact Summary. 0 0 0( > ( " - 0" ? %? ë ( Synopsis of Rule of Law. 0 " " "( ( ( % " 0 0 ( Facts. .4)- 7 /5 -( 0:- ( " %? ë ( !.. - ( " 0( -( (0 - ,0 .. - <" 2 -$ 7 '2(,7 @ ( A ," > " ( @ A > ( , ..#- ( 0 , > , Issue. >0 ,0 0 " ( 0: ( E Held. 3 ( "( ( 0: , '( 0 " ( ( ,( 0: 0: 0 " 0 Discussion. ,", '( " " 0 = " " ,( ( ," ( ( 0: - 0 ( ? " 0 (( ' , %, " ,, , ( , (

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Boy Scouts of America v. Dale Citation. 1 446@ 111A Brief Fact Summary. ë @ ( A ( % 0 Synopsis of Rule of Law. ", '( 0 0, ,, 0: ( 2 , 0 0: "0 0,0 ( '( Facts. ( 0 ( " " ( % 7 ," @ A 0 ( 0 0 / , "0 ! - ( " ( 0 <( , 0 0 0("( , (( , " 0 $ " ," %0 " " (0 , ," ' " " Issue. ë 3 ,0 "" ' " " " " 0,, ", E Held. ; , (( " 0 0 0 , ,G G, (( Dissent. ? < "% ( ," , 0:? " ' ,- 0 , ' > "= 0 ,( = Discussion. '( ( ,", " " ( '( 0:" 00 " ,", '( % 0 "%0 (( '( "% '( (( " ' G" 0GG G, 7 (0 ( - 0" 0 (( "(0 , ", '(

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Àinneapolis Star and Tribune Company v. Àinnesota Commissioner of Revenue Citation. 461!&)&@.+#A Brief Fact Summary. "( ( ' (( Synopsis of Rule of Law. ë,, ', ( ( "( 0= Facts. À ( @ A( "0 0(( ".6).) ' "(," 0 '.)- 0 "( ( ' ,(( % ' ' "( .)4- ' " , N11-11111,%(( ( ' "( N4-11111' , (( ( < , " Issue. ',%(( ,, ( E Held. ; À ? ' " " 0 ( 0 (( ' ' "( ( , , , 0 (( /(( = ,, ('((- , ( Dissent. ' " ' , ", ( ,- 0 0 0, ( 0 " (( = " "% Discussion. ! ' , " , ( 7 0 - 0 ( , ( ' " " 0 '( 0 '( ,, ( " - '( 0 , ' "( " , (( 0 0 '

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Cohen v. Cowles Àedia Company Citation. &1!66#@..A Brief Fact Summary. @ A( " " (" , , ," Synopsis of Rule of Law. 2 (( , (( ( ! 0 ,, 0 0 (0 Facts. (0 "(0% .+ ,, " ( 0"( 0 " = 0 , " ,( , '0 , " - ( " À "( @ ( A0 " , 0 " ( ? " , / ( - , ," = Issue. ( ' "(," , ,(" ,, E Held. 3" (( 0 (( : ,À 0 ( Dissent. (" ,, "( '( ( , ( 0 ((, ( ' "(," 0 Discussion. 3 ( > ( 0 " 00 " '( "" , "0,0 " , , ", ( $% - = 0 , (( ( (( (

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Branzburg v. Hayes Citation. 41+!66&@.) A Brief Fact Summary. ,, ( , 0= > - > ,, , Synopsis of Rule of Law. 3 ( ' "(,"(( 0 , 0= 0> Facts. 7:0@ A ,, ( , $ (( 0 (,"= (( ( , ( 0 (" ( ( , 0= , (( @ A ( 0 7% ," > 0 , '0 ,0 0 0 ( " (( ( ( , , Issue. > ( , , 0= E Held. 3 ( ( 0 , , ( " ' ( 0 " Dissent. ( 0, ( (( ( "% ( ,," 0, " 0: ," > 0 - , ( - , ( , ( (, ," Concurrence. 3 ( " , 0 ((( ,( "> ( Discussion. , , ( ," % ( % % '( 7- ( ( , ( ! (( , " , % " 0- 0 =

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Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. Federal Communications Commission Citation. #.&!#6)@.6.A Brief Fact Summary. , ( , " % % Synopsis of Rule of Law. >0 ( " ,( % Facts. "" "" @M ( A > ( ( , - "( " ë $7 0@ A( G G ë0 ( % "" ,%7 2 , ,"=,"%0, " - % , "" ( , ( % " , " ( , ( " "" ( % " 0 " Issue. 0 " > ( ( > " " ,( % " 0( ( E Held. ; 0 ? ( " " , ( ë "( , 0 "" 0 ," ( ,(( Discussion. 7 , > " "" > 0 " 0 7 , " ( - > , - 0 0 " ( > (( " "( 0, ," '( G"% ( , G

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Àiami Herald v. Tornillo Citation. 4+! 4@.)4A Brief Fact Summary. @ ( A > ( (( ( ( % Synopsis of Rule of Law. ,00( , ,(( 0 " " "( > (" ,,( Facts. ( , , ( .) À" @ A % , ( ( " ( ( 0 ,G0 , ( G0 ( ( (( ( % ,,, (( Issue. > (( 0( " ( ( E Held. ; "( , ",( 0 " " ,, -0 (( 0" ( , "" Discussion. À (( "( - 0 "(:, 0 ( - ( ( 0 " ! , ,( ,( 0" , ( (,, ,,

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Richmond Newspapers v. irginia Citation. 44+!&&&@.+1A Brief Fact Summary. " ( 0" Synopsis of Rule of Law. " " ( ( ( - 0 " Facts. " ( ," " 00, ,- , , % ( " ," " (

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Pell v. Procunier Citation. 4)!+)@.)#A Brief Fact Summary. À " , ( ( " , <<, ," Synopsis of Rule of Law. " " 0 ( ( ( 0 ( ( ( 0, ( " 0 ( Facts. @ A 0 , , (0( ( " > " ,( Issue. ( " ( ( " E Held. 3 ," 0 > " ,"" , - , ",( Dissent. 0"(( ( ," (00 " Discussion. 0 ( 0"" 0 0 " " , ( -" "" " ( 0" " (, , " "0 , , 0 0 ( % ( ( " ,""

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Houchins v. KQED Citation. 4#+!@.)+A Brief Fact Summary. = " "" Synopsis of Rule of Law. ( 0 0 ( , " " , 0 ( Facts. @ A ,,," = *Dë@ ( A( ( ( = ( "" ( " ( = ( , ( ( > ( " ( (0( , " ,"( 00( = 7 , , ( (3 0 ( " Issue. ë ( 0, = 0 ( E Held. 3 ! , 0 0, ," ( " > " " , 0 ( Dissent. ' , 0 > ( ( > =(( , " , ( , , " " Concurrence. 0 =0" - ( = , , "= , (- ( " >(" = Discussion. 0 ( G , (G = " ,"$"0 ,0 ( , ", ( "" ( , "0 , ( , " - ",( = ( 0

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^nited States v. Seeger Citation. #+1!6#@.6&A Brief Fact Summary. ( , ( G( " 7 0G = Synopsis of Rule of Law. GIJ , ,? ( " 7 0? 0 , " 0,( ( , , ( ( , ' ,2, >, , ' "(G Facts. -ë 0 @ G GA- , ë ,3 ;%, , 0 " , , " = .&) 6@=A, ! À 0 @ GGA-G ' "( ,""0 " , , ! ( , 0 0 , (( (( ,"G "G 0 0 ,G , G ? , ( " 7 0 0 ( 0," " -@0A (- 0-( ( " ( " G G (( (( ," , ? 0 ? ,O ( , > ,( " 7 0( -? ? ??GO ? % ( " , ' ,2?? " %,, 0 ?O ? , 0 , % - 0 ,( ? ( 0 - (:, ((, , " 0 ? ,2- ' ( " ?G ? ", = ( G , ( " 7 0G Issue. / ,,G 0 0 ,G 6@=A, E Held. , 0 ? 0 ( G( " 7 0G- 0 " ,, 0 00 " ,, G (( , , "0 , ( ", 0 ( 0 ' "(,"" "( : 0 : , 0, ' "( % (0 0< ( ,(%0 0"0 0 , G G0 - 0 '( ?( " 7 0? 0?2-? " , 0 " 0, 0 0 , " 0 ' (- 0-( ( G -G , ,? ( " 7 0? 0 ,

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^nited States v. Ballard Citation. #

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Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith Citation. 4.4!+) @..1A Brief Fact Summary. "@ ( A "( " , ( (, 0 Synopsis of Rule of Law. ' , 0 ( - " 0 Facts. 8 0( ( , ( ( , ( -" " , 3 " , ," =, 0( (, 0 " ( , , "( " , , G" G Issue. " ( 0 ,( ' E Held. ; (( : > 0 , 0 , 0 "( ( 0 ( , 3 " Dissent. "= , , ' , ( ? 0 " 0( 0 Concurrence. 0" -"( 0 "0 0 0 " ,, 0 0 0 " ,( Discussion. ' , 0 0 0 " ( "( " ( 08 - 0 , ' "( " ( 0 , 0 , 0 , (" , " , ' (

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Sherbert v. erner Citation. #)4!#.+@.6#A Brief Fact Summary. @ A "( " , , % Synopsis of Rule of Law. " "( " , : 0 > , , Facts. , , , 0% - , 0 , , "( " ,= > % ( " 0 , , , Issue. "( " , E Held. 3 0( : ,(0 0 , ,, , , , 0 0 Dissent. "= 0" 0 ( , ((-( ' ( 0 " " 0 " 0 Discussion. 2 - " 0 '( ( ( , - ( - ", 0 , - > ( , 0 >,, , , ' , 0 , 0 0(0 0

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Church of the Lukumi Babala Aye v. City of Haileah Citation. &1+!& 1@..#A Brief Fact Summary. ( 0" , , 0 (( Synopsis of Rule of Law. ' , ( ," (( ,( 0 , Facts. , $%"7 @ A( 0 ((,", " , " % 0 %$ - " % .+)- ," , @ ( A , ( "" = - ( (0" , , 0 " 00 ( - , - , , "" Issue. (0" , E Held. 3 ( ( "" 0 ( , ( 0 " 0 " "( 0 Discussion. 0 (( = , "( 0 7 0 , 0 "( 00 " , '( , , 0 0, ( ( ,

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Locke v. Davey Citation. PP!PP- 4#1)-&+$ @ 114A Brief Fact Summary. ((0"- -, ( 0 0 0 ," , Synopsis of Rule of Law. ' , " " , ! @ G GA- ((0"- ( 0G 0 0 G " ," (0" Facts. ( " " ( ( 0 "( " ( ,/ 0- - G ( ( 0 0 0 G ,(( , / 0"(( G 0 0,, " G - I ! J -/ 0? G ' , 0 "= " "( 0 G Issue. Fë %, , ," ,/ 0? " ( 0" ( 0 0 0 - ' , " " , E Held. F3 /" > @G > GA0, "= G ' ," (0" ' , " " G > ,/ 0 G, 0 , G"( G" ( , 0 G > 0 0 ? @GGA 0(,= 0, G (, G , - G ,0, 0 (, G!% I ! J - 0 ", - > G , " (0" 0 0 0 0 , G "= GIJ ? ,0 ( , 0 ' , ,0( " " G Dissent.

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County of Allegheny v. American Civil Liberties ^nion Greater Pittsburgh Chapter Citation. 4. !&)#@.+.A Brief Fact Summary. 0 ( " , ? "= 0 " 0 Synopsis of Rule of Law. 2 " " ( 0 " " ', , 0 " Facts. W ( , 0 -% " ( 0 , < 70 ' " Issue. 0 " ( , 0 " E Held. W 0 ," 0 " 0 - " ? ( ' " ( " = ( , Dissent. F 7 ( " 0 " 0 ! ? > " , (, F " ( ( , 0 " ((( Concurrence. ( , 0 ( % 0 ( , 0 Discussion. ,, , ( " 0: ( ( " , 0 (( , 7 ( " 0 0

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Larson v. alente Citation. 4&6!

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Lemon v. Kurtzman Citation. 41#!61 @.)A Brief Fact Summary. " ( , '( , Synopsis of Rule of Law. - " 0 (( -" 0-" ' 0 Facts. " 0 , - '% - " " ( ( &L (( " Issue. , ( , 0 , , 0 = E Held. 3 ' 0 " 0 " 0 ' 0 " " (( , , - , 0 - 0 ( 0 " Discussion. ," , ! ( , (( , ( " , , ( " " 0 G ( (-, ((- " , 0 0 G

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Rosenberger v. Rector and isitors of the ^niversity of irginia Citation. &&!+.@..&A Brief Fact Summary. 0( 0 ! ? (( 0 (0 0( '( 0 Synopsis of Rule of Law. " ' ( " " (," Facts. 0 0(" " ! ,50@ ( A, ( " 0 0: , 0 (0( "

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Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe Citation. 1

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Engel v. itale Citation. #)1!4 @.6 A Brief Fact Summary. 0 "( ( "0, ( - " " Synopsis of Rule of Law. G 3 ;%? ( (0",, 0 , " 0 ?( G Facts. ( - 7,,! ë 3.-3 %-3 ;%@ G ( GA- > ë ? (( 0 ( "0 ( G"0 2- % 0 ( ( - 0 0 ( -( - G, ( " " ( "" 7, 0 @ G7GA" (, G " À(0 G 7 G ( - ' - 0 ( ? ( "G Issue. ë ( ? (, 0 ? ( " , ! E Held. ; 07%@G7%GA, 0: ( ? (, 7? ( ( 0 -7%, 3 ;% 0, ( G IJ , ( G "= G (0 ( 0 " , 0" " (, ,0 " "( ,,( , 0(, " ( ( (, 0 (0" 0 " G7%, ((, 0 '( 7 "(0 G7%,"" G ,( -" ( ( ,2 7" ! ( 0- 0 " ( 0-, 7% , (( ( " " - ( " -GIJ 0 0 ( 0 " , ,0 0,,( ( 0 , ( ( " ( ( %, 0 0 G Dissent. @G GA, 0(00 , "( ! @ G GA G?,, 0?I 0J

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