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EXAM MATERIALS

















MATERIALS FOR THE MOST COMMON EXAMS

A) TENSES 1. Simple Present Tense 2. have have got/has got/has go gott 3. Present Present Continuous Tense Tense 4. Simple Simple Past Past Tense Tense 5. Past Past Continuous Tense 6. Present Present Perfec Perfectt Tense 7. Future Tense 8. Futur Futuree Continuo Continuous us Tense Tense 9. Future Future Perfe Perfect ct Tense Tense 10.. Future 10 Future Perf Perfec ectt Continuous Tense Perfec ectt Continuous Tense 11. Present Perf 12. Past Past Perfec Perfectt Tense 13.. Past 13 Past Perf Perfec ectt Continuous Tense B) THE USAG USAGE E OF TENSES TENSES C) SEVE SEVEN N WOND WONDER ERS S OF TH THE E WORL WORLD D D) VOCABU VOCABULAR LARY Y E) MY WORST WORST VACA VACATI TION ON F) UNEMPL UNEMPLOYM OYMENT ENT IN TURKEY TURKEY G) THE COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES H) PRONOU PRONOUNS NS I) ADJECTIVE ADJECTIVES S &ADVE &ADVERBS RBS J) CONJUNCT CONJUNCTIONS IONS K) COUNTABLES &UNCOUNTABLES I.) DIRE DIRECT CT &INDIREC &INDIRECT T SPEE SPEECH CH M) GE GENE NERA RAL L DIFFERE DIFFERENCES NCES N) PREPOSITIONS PREPOSITIONS.... .... O) GE GERU RUND ND VE VERBS RBS P) UPPER UPPER& & ADVANC ADVANCED ED STRUCTURES STRUCTURES R) DISTRIBU DISTRIBUTIVE TIVES S S) PREFIX PREFIXES& ES& SUFFIXES SUFFIXES T) SUBJUNCT SUBJUNCTIVE IVES S

1-14 1-14 1-2 3-4 3-4 4-5 5-6 5-6 6-7 6-7 7-9 7-9 10-1 10 -11 1 11 12 12 13 13-1 13 -14 4 14 15-17 15-17 18 19-20 21 22 23 24-26 26-27 28-35 36-39 40-41 40-44 45-53 54-57 54-5 7 58-64 58-6 4 65-66 67 68-69

















TENSES 1. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE TENSE

Usage:

• Gener General al events (routi (ro utine ne life) life) • Habitual actions • Scientific facts I get up at seven a.m. every morning. I smoke eight cigarettes a day. Water boils at 100 C.

( General eneral events) eve nts) ( Habitual actions) (Scientific facts)

Affirmative Affirmative ( Positive) Positive) Statements: Stat ements:

Subj+ V1 (-es/-s/-ies ) + Obj+ Time Expressions I work She works They work

hard hard hard hard

at weekends. at weekends. at weekends.

Time Time Expressions: Express ions:

every day/ month/ week/ year once a week twice a year on Sundays at weekends Negative Statements:

I You We You Thev

don't V 1

I don't look like my mother. We don't drive fast. He She She It

doesn't V 1

He doesn't work very hard. My mother doesn't like singing.

















Interrogative( Question ) Statements: you you they V 1+ Obj + Time Expressions Do we I

?

Do you like English? Do your parents get up early?

Does

he she she it

V 1+ Obj + Time Expressions ?

Does your mother go shopping? Does your father work at the weekend?

Frequency Adverbs:

always usually generally

%.100

often frequently sometimes occasionally rarely seldom never

%0

I always get up at seven o'clock in the morning. She She rarely goes theatre at the weekend. They sometimes sleep early in the evenings. After Subject: always usually generally often sometimes occasionally rarely

: I always get up at half past seven for my job. : I usually go to cinema. : My mother generally has breakfast in the morning. : I often prepare breakfast for for my boyfriend. : My father and my mother sometimes go out and enjoy. : My brother occasionally comes to Istanbul. : I rarely go to theatre.

















2. HAVE/HAVE GOT - HAS / HAS GOT AFFIRMATIVE

I WE WE YOU THEY

+ HAVE/HAV HAVE/HAVE E GOT a car.

HE SHE IT

+ HAS/HAS GOT a car. car.

NEGATIVE

I WE WE YOU THEY

+ DON'T DON' T HAVE HAVE// HAVEN'T HAVEN' T GOT any money.

DOESN'T DOES N'T HAVE / HASN'T GOT any money. money.

HE SHE SHE

QUESTION

I we you they

Do

Does

Have have a house?

I we you they

Has

he she

he she

Short Answer

Do you have a camera? Have you got a camera?

Yes, I do./No do./No,, I don' d on't. t. Yes, I have./No I haven't

We can use contractions ( ve' and 's) with "have got", but not with "have". • I've got a brother. • I have a brother.

NOT

I've a brother. X

got a house?



















Note : Have/have got have the some meaning.

Especially, have got is used in informal and spoken English. But we prefer prefer using have have got in written English. In the past tense, we can use "had" as a past tense form of "have" . But we aren't able to use "had" as a past form of "have got".

Have present (V1)

Had past (V2)

Have got present (V1)

3. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE (PROGRESSIVE)

Subj + am/is/a am/is/are re + Ving + Obj+ T.E

I —• am He. She. it ---• is We. you. they —• are

+ Ving

Time Expressions:

now at the moment at present nowadays today tonight this week / month / year etc. •

Is she working here now? * Yes. she is working here now. / Yes, she is. * No, she is not working here now / No, she, is not.

•

Are the students listening to me? * Yes. they are listening to me. / Yes, they are. * No, they are not listening to me. / No, they are not. This week, I am going to the USA. (I have prepared everything, I have taken my visa.) (Near Future)



















• I will fly fly to London London one day. That That is my dream (%50) (%50) • I'm going to fly fly London London next week. I have arranged everything ( %80) • I"m I"m flying to London London one hour later. I*m I*m at the airport (%99) (%99) 4. SIMPLE PAST PAST TENSE Usage:

- An action starts and finishes in the past

Affirmative ( Positive) Statements:

Subj + V 2 + Obj + T.E

went to school yesterday. yesterda y.

I

I

invited him to lunch this noon. V 2 She went home at seven o'clock yesterday. V 2 Time Expressions

yesterday 2 days ago last week / year/ month etc. the day before yesterday # Auxilary verb " was / were" wer e" is generally used in the sentences which hasn' has n'tt got any any " Main Verb" in Simple Past Tense, such as: * I was was tired yesterday. ( no main verb) *

I went to Bodrum last summer. ( main verb) ( we cannot use " was" with it)

I was went to Bodrum last summer

X

( False)



















Question Statements:

you see him yesterday? she she he Did your mother invite your boyfriend to dinner? Yes, she did. / Yes, she invited my boyfriend to dinner. No, she didn't. / No, she didn't invite my boyfriend to dinner. Did Did

5. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

Subj+ was/ were Ving + Obj+ Time Expressions

Time expressions are used as same as the expressions that are used for Simple Past Tense. VERBS

Long Action

Short Action

walk cook listen wait explain read drink write eat work teach talk learn

taste notice smell arrive see hear come go say say

was were + Ving Ving WHILE

V 2 WHEN

* With " long action verbs" we generally use " continuous" tenses. While we are using long action verbs; we use " while" in past tenses. Such as:



















When I saw him. he was waiting for his friend. V 2 was/were Ving Short action long action If you learnt the difference between long action and short action verbs, you could easily understand the difference between tenses. 6. PRESENT PERFECT PERFEC T TENSE

Subj + have / has V 3 + Obj + T.E Time Expressions Expressions::

already recently so far just yet for for since ever/ never

I have have written wri tten an essay for an hour. have V 3 Usage:

1) The actions which have started in the past and is still going on. I have lived here

for 6 years. years . since 1994.

2) The actions which started in the past and finished in the present but there is a possibility to go on. I haven't met Zuhal Olcay . yet. ( But I can meet her now or in the future )



















1. Ever/Never * We use " ever " in questions and " never " in negative sentences.

Example: (?) Have you you ever ( at any time time in your y our life ) been to England? (?) Has your mother ever cooked Italian food for dinner? (-) (-) I have never (at any time) met a famous person. (-) (-) Duygu has never driven a car.

2. Yet "Yet" means "until now" and it's used in negative and question sentences. Example : (-) I haven't finished my homework, yet. (?) Have you finished your homework, yet? (-) (-) Evren Evren hasn't hasn 't learnt German, yet. yet . (?) Has Evren learnt German, yet? 3. Just

"Just" means "short time before now" and it's used in only affirmative sentences. Example: (+) My brother has just come back from Ankara. (+) They've just left home 4. Already

"Already" "Alread y" means means "before it 's used used in affirmati affirmative ve sentences. "bef ore the given or the implied implied time" it's Examples: (+) She has already cleaned her room. ( Now her room is clean.) (+) Nilüfer has already prepared all the unit tests.(Now her unit tests are ready.) 5. Recently

"recently" means " nowadays". It is used in affirmative and negative sentences. Examples: (+) They have visited their grandmother so much recently. (+) She has started to computer recently.





















7. Difference between "have gone"/ "have been" :

My parents have been to Paris. ( They are in İstanbul now.) My parents have gone to Paris. ( They are still in Paris now.) for " : 8. The difference between "since" and " for

since for for

with definite time. the point of the action with indefinite time. duration of time

-

I have worked here for for 3 years, since 1997. Examples:

7.

• • • • •

since Christmas since the beginning of the semester since April since 1997 since 4 o'clock

• • • •

for 3 years for for 4 hours for for 2 minutes for for 2 months

PRESENT PRESENT PERFECT PERFECT TENSE and SIMPLE SIMPLE PAST PAST TENSE Difference:





















8. FUTURE TENSE * The actions, which wil willl happen in the future.

Simple Future Tense Subj + will+ V1 + Obj. + T.E.

I

will arrange a big party next week.

Near Future Subj.+ he going going to V1 + Obj+ T.E

I am going to sleep

Time Expressions:

tomorrow next week/ year/month a few days later 2 days later the day after tomorrow

I will help my mother. What will she do? She will call her brother. They will not manage a very good organization. won't

1)Prediction: will:

It expresses a future fact or prediction. It is also called the pure future.

early.





















"going to" is used to express a future plan, decision or intention, made before the moment of speaking.

He is going to repair this car. They are going to get engaged after graduation. She likes playing tennis so much. She is going to be a tennis player. 3) Arrangements:

The Present Continuous can be used to express a future arrangement between people. It is common with verbs: go, come, see. have... My grandfather is coming for dinner tonight. What are are you you doing tonight? I am going to be ballet. 9. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

will be Ving

- yor olacak

1) The action going on on in the future

Time Expressions: by the time by 2000 by this time tomorrow / next week at this time tomorrow I will be working over that project by this time tomorrow.





















10) FUTURE PERFECT TENSE will have V3

-mış olacak

Time expressions are the same as Future Future Cont. Tense.

• by the time

• by 2000 • by this this time tomorrow / next next year The difference between " will be Ving " and " will have V3 " ; 1) In Future Cont. Cont. Tense " will wi ll be Ving " ; the action is still going on. But in Future Perf. erf. Tense " will will have V3 V3 " ; the action action has already finished.

For example:

• I will be working by 6 o'clock.

• I will have finished my work work by 6 o'clock. o'clock . will be Ving will have V3

continuous tense finished finished actions action s

2) We generally use the time time expressions of perfect perfect tenses in Future Perfect Perfect Tense " will have V3 " I will have worked here for 3 years by 2003

T.E. of Perf Perf Tenses





















12. 12. PRESENT PRESENT PERFECT PERFECT CONTINUOUS CONTINUOUS TENSE :

Subj + have / has been Ving + Ob Objj + T.E

1) With long long actions verbs ; we prefer to use " have / has been Ving Ving "

I have been learning Spanish for 2 years. have been Ving She has been teaching English since 1992. have/has been Ving • Time Expressions Expressi ons are as same as the T.E used in Present Perfect Perfect Tense In addition to the time expressions used in Present Perfect there is also "all" in Present Perfect Continuous Tense.

2) The other usage is about about the action's action's signs.

The streets are wet. It has been raining all day. Sign Sig n

have/has have/has been Ving

My mother is tired now. She has been cleaning home all morning. Sign Sig n 13. PAST PERFECT TENSE

Subj + had V3 + Obj + T.E

have/has have/has been Ving























By the time time

Past Perf. Cont. Past Perf. Ten.

by the time

Simple Past Tense.

Eg : 1)I had finished this subject by the time you came. had V3 V2 2)By the time he arrived home, I had cooked the dinner. V2 had V3 14. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Subj+ had been Ving+Obj+ Time Expressions SIGN:

The streets were wet. wet. It had been raining all night.

Long action verbs in the past























THE THE USAGE OF THE TENSES

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Hareketsi Hareketsizlik, zlik, geniş zamanlıl zamanlılık ık ve "I " I " öznesi öznesi varsa "am" "a m" kullanılır. kullanılır. Hareketsizli Hareketsizlik, k, geniş geniş zaman zamanlılık lılık ve "he,she,it" öznesi öznesi varsa " is" is " kullanılır kullanılır.. Hareketsizli Hareketsizlik, k, geniş zamanlılık zamanlılık ve "we.you.they" öznesi öznesi varsa "are "a re"" kullanılır kullanılır.. Hareketsizlik, geniş zamanlılık,olumsuzluk ve " I " öznesi varsa varsa "am not" not " kullanılır. Hareketsizlik, geniş zamanlılık,olumsuzluk ve "he,she,i "he, she,it" t" öznesi öznesi varsa "is "i s not" no t" kullanılır. 6. Hareketsizlik, geniş geniş zamanlılık ve "we,you,they" öznesi öznesi varsa "are "ar e not" not" kullanılır. 7. Hareketlilik Hareketlilik,, geniş geniş zamanlılık,o zamanlılık,olumlu lumluluk luk ve "I " I " veya veya " çoğ çoğul ul özne" varsa " V 1" kullanılır. 8. Hareketlilik, geniş zamanlılık,olumluluk ve ve "he,she,it "he,she ,it"" özneleri özneleri varsa "Ves/ "Ves/ Vs/ Vies" Vies " kullanılır. 9. Hareketlili Hareketlilik, k, geniş geniş zaman zamanlılık,ol lılık,olumsu umsuzluk zluk ve " I " veya veya " çoğu çoğull özne" öz ne" varsa "don' "d on'tt V1" kullanılır. 10. Hareketlilik, geniş zamanlılık,olumsuzluk ve "he,she,it" özneleri varsa "doesn't V1" kullanılır. 11. Hareketlilik, geniş zamanlılık,soru "I" veya " çoğul özne" varsa "Do ....V1" kullanılır. 12. 12. Hareketlilik, geniş zamanlılık,soru " tekil te kil"" özne varsa "Does "Doe s V1" kullanılır. 13. Hareketsizli Hareketsizlik, k, geçmiş geçmiş zamanlılık zamanlılık,olum ,olumlu lu " I " veya " tekil tekil özne" ö zne" varsa "was" "was " kullanılır. kullanılır. 14. Hareketsizlik, geçmiş zamanlılık,olumlu " çoğul çoğul özne" özn e" varsa "were" "wer e" kullanılır. 15. Hareketsi Hareketsizlik, zlik, geçmiş geçmiş zamanlılık zamanlılık,olum ,olumsuz suz " I " veya veya " tekil tekil özne ö zne"" varsa "was not" no t"























33. Hareketlil Hareketlilik, ik, geçmişte geçmişten n bugüne, bugüne, soru soru " I " "çoğul özne" özn e" varsa varsa " Have V3? " kullanılır. 34. Hareketlilik, geçmişten bugüne, soru "he,she,it" varsa " Has.... V3? " kullanılır. 35. Hareketsizlik, Hareketsizlik, geçmişten bugüne, olumlu olumlu "I " I " "çoğul özne ö zne"" varsa " have been " kullanılır. 36. Hareketsizlik, geçmişten bugüne, olumlu "he,she,it" varsa " has been " kullanılır. 37. Hareketsizlik, Hareketsizlik, geçmişten geçmişten bugüne, bugüne, olumsuz olumsuz " I " "çoğul özne" varsa " have not been " kullanılır. 38. Hareketsizlik, geçmişten bugüne, olumsuz "he,she,it" varsa " has not been " kullanılır. 39. Hareketlilik, geçmişte süreklilik, olumlu "I",he,she,it varsa " was+ Ving" kullanılır. 40. Hareketlilik, geçmişte süreklilik, olumlu "çoğul özne" varsa " were+ Ving" kullanılır. 41. 41 . Harek Hareketlil etlilik, ik, geçmişte geçmişte süreklilik, süreklilik, olumsuz "I " I " " he,she,it" varsa " was not+ Ving" kullanılır. 42. Hareketlilik, geçmişte süreklilik, olumsuz "çoğul" varsa " were not+ Ving" kullanılır. 43. 43 . Hareketlilik, Hareketlilik, geçmişten geçmişten bugüne, olumlu,uzun olumlu,uzun eylem eylem "I " I " "çoğul özne öz ne"" varsa " have have been Ving " kullanılır. 44. Hareketlilik, geçmişten bugüne, olumlu,uzun eylem "he,she,it" varsa " has been Ving kullanılır. 45. Hareketlilik, geçmişten geçmişten bugüne, olumsuz,uzun eylem " I " "çoğul özne ö zne"" varsa " have have not been Ving " kullanılır. 46. Hareketlilik, geçmişten bugüne, olumsuz ,uzun eylem "he,she,it" varsa " has not been Ving " kullanılır. 47. Hareketlilik, geçmişten geçmişten bugüne, bugüne, eylem eylem "I " I " "çoğul öz " varsa "























61. 61 . Hareketli Hareketlilik,ge lik,gelece lecekte kte bitmişlik bitmişlik.soru,u .soru,uzun zun eyle eylem m " I" " he,s he ,she he,i ,it" t"," ," çoğul" çoğul " vars va rsa" a" Will have been Ving" kullanılır. 62. Hareke Hareketlili tlilikk - ebilm ebilmek, ek, geniş zaman,olu zaman,olumlu mlu " I " , "he,she,it".çoğul "he,she,it".çoğul varsa" "can "c an+V +Vl" l" kullanılır. 63. Harek Hareketlil etlilik ik - ebilmek, ebilmek, geniş geniş zaman,olum zaman,olumsuz suz " 1 " , "he,she,it",çoğ "he,she,it",çoğul ul varsa" "can "c an'' t+Vl t+ Vl"" kullanılır. 64. Hareke Hareketlili tlilikk - ebilmek, ebilmek, geniş geniş zaman,so zaman,soru ru "I " , "he,she,it",çoğu "he,she,it",çoğull varsa" varsa " "Can. "Ca n... ...+V .+Vl?" l?" kullanılır. 65. Hareketlilik - ebilmek, geçmiş zaman,olumlu "I", "he,she,it",çoğul varsa" "could+Vl" kullanılır. 66. Hareketlilik - ebilmek, geçmiş zaman,olumsuz "I", "he,she.it",çoğul varsa" "couldn't+Vl" kullanılır. 67. Hareketlilik - ebilmek, geçmiş zaman,soru "I", "he,she,it",çoğul varsa" "Could....+Vl?" kullanılır. 68. Hareketlilik - meli,.- malı geniş zaman,olumlu "I", "he,she,it",çoğul varsa" "must+Vl" kullanılır. 69. Hareketli Hareketlilik lik - meli meli,, - malı. geniş zaman,olum zaman,olumsuz suz "1 " , "he,she,it",çoğul "he,she,it",çoğul varsa" "must not+Vl" kullanılır. 70. Hareketlilik Hareketlilik - meli,meli,- malı( malı( dış baskı) geniş zaman,olumlu zaman,olumlu "I " I " , "çoğul varsa" vars a" "have to+Vl" kullanılır. 71. Hareketlilik - meli, - malı( dış baskı), geniş zaman,olumlu "he,she,it""has to+Vl" kullanılır. PRESENT TENSES























Seven Wonders of the World

(ADVANCED)

There are seven wonders in the world. It is expected to be more in the future. 1. The Pyramids of Egypt

These pyramids still stand and are situated on the Nile's west bank in Egypt. They were constructed to be the tombs of Egyptian monarchs in the period 2650- 1800 BC. The largest of all is at Giza and it was built for Pharaohs of the old Kingdom. The first built pyramid is called Great Pyramid on account of the fact that it is the largest and the hugest. 2. The Mausoleum at Halicarnass Halicarnassus us

Mausolus, King of Caria, died in 353 BC. His queen Artemisia decided to have Greek architects build a majestic memorial memorial for him. Its shape shape is rectangular and and it has an Ionic colonnade supporting a roof-like pyramid. It became so famous that monumental tombs have been called "Mausoleum" since that term. However it was harmed by the earthquake which occured before before 1400 1400 A.D. Some of the relics are still exhibited in the British Museum. 3. The Hanging Hanging Gardens Gardens of Babylon

They were said that they were built by the Chaldean kings. The walls of Babylon were ornamented by the Hanging Gardens and some authors described in their novels glamourously. The gardens included various flowers, plants, trees and they were watered by the fountains. According to convention, the Chaldean King Nebuchadnezzar built the Hanging Gardens to satisy his wife but Greeks believed that they were built for Semiramis who was the daughter of the goddess Derceto.

























VOCABULARY

There are ten words. w ords. You should memorize memorize these words. Admire

:

To approve of and respect someone or something We all admire admire her for the way of studying.

Approve

:

To believe that something or someone someone is good. / don't approve of smoking.

Respect

:

Admiration of someone's someone 's position or personal personal qualities. Of course I feel respect for my father.

























EXERCISES

1. We must find find a

2. Everyone Everyone

solution solution to this problem. proble m. her success.

3. It is so important for for him to win win this 4. I don' do n'tt 5. After After I learned the 6. There is always

in you because you are always lying. , I've I' ve decided how I will go there. between reason and result.

























MY WORST VACATION

(PRE-INTERMEDIATE)

1 went to Miami with my friends last summer. Firstly it was great but then it started to go wrong. We stayed at a hotel. It wasn't a luxurious hotel but it had everything in it. There was an old old man next door. He was very very strange. strange. He never never left left his room and and watched mysterious programmes. Everything was very weird. We started our holiday and we went to beach, in the evening we had dinner at the hotel's restaurant and at night we went to the disco to enjoy together. However one of my friends turned to our room to get his wallet that he had forgot before. He heard some strange noise coming from the next door. He became curious and started to listen and and he decided decided to walk along the man' man'ss room. He found found the door door half opened. He saw the man while he was killing his dog with his own knife. The dog was dead but he was still going on snabbing it. It was the worst scene that he had ever seen. Suddenly the man looked back and my friend saw his bloody face. He got frightened and the old man started to run towards him. My friend escaped immediately and he decided to get to the lift

























UNEMPLOYMENT IN TURKEY

(INTERMEDIATE)

Turkish youths can not find a job after they finish their universities. Why? Because there are a lot of people who want to have a well-paid well-paid job. jo b. But the working areas area s are too limited. So the government, private sector can not afford their demand. The companies have to choose the best one among them. They have some conditions to employ workers. These conditions are usually fluency in English and computer skills.The youths have to have some qualifications after they graduate from uni unfortunately a few of these young people are aware of the importance of these qualifications. Firstly, the young people who are studying at the university should improve themselves in every field. They should talk over every subject and they should have a constant idea of life. However in Turkey the youths spend their time in pubs or in cafes chatting and dating. They don't really think their future and they just live the day " Carpe Diem*'. After they graduate from uni, they finally understand that something is wrong with their social and professional lives to get a job. But it is too late.

























THE COMPARATIVE AND SUPERL SUPERLATIVE ATIVE FORMS FORMS

ADJECTIVE

COMPARATIVE

SUPERLATIVE

Ending in one vowel (+) one consonant

short young small big fat slim

shorter younger smaller bigger fatter slimmer

the shortest the youngest the smallest the biggest the fattest the slimmest

Ending in - e :

wise

wiser

the wisest

Ending in - y :

dry dry

Drier

the driest

Short adjectives ( One syllable)



























3. PRONOUNS

Pronouns are used instead of nouns ( names of people and things) Subject Pronouns Pronouns

I He

Object pronoun

me You him

Possessive adjectives adjectives

my you his



























2. Reflexive Reflexive pronouns:

myself yourself himself, herself, itself ourselves yourselves



























Irregular Plurals

man woman

wife leaf

men women

wives leaves



























• The pattern "adverb + participle + noun'" is common common known policeman. policeman. He is a well known

That policeman is men known. She is a fully qualified teacher.



























CONJUNCTIONS

A conjunction is a word that links words, phrases, or clauses. There are six types of conjunctions:





























































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































It is necessary that he join the lessons. It is natural that they arrive so late. It is advisable that you memorize the new words and make up senteces. It was not reasonable that mv fiance want to go abroad.

NOUNS

law law requirement regulation suggestion stipulation imperative importance significance necessity

that + Subj + ( should) + VI

It is a law that guilty person be punished. It is a necessity that you (should) work hard to be successful.

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