A defence mechanism is an unconscious psychological mechanism that reduces anxiety arising from unacceptable or potentially harmful stimuli. Sigmund Freud was one of the first proponents of this co...
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1. Acting Out Acting out refers to repeating certain actions act ions to ward off anxiety without weighing o the possible consequences of those action. o Example: A husband gets angry with his wife and starts staying at work later . Compensation Also called substitution. o o It involves trying to make up for feelings of inadequacy or frustration in one area by excelling or overindulging in another . Example: An adolescent takes up jogging because he failed to make the o swimming team. Denial A person in denial protects himself from reality ± especially the u npleasant o aspects of life ± by refusing to perceive, acknowledge, or face it. w ith end-stage-cancer says, ³I¶ll be okay, o Example: A woman newly diagnosed with it¶s not a big deal´. Displacement o In displacement, the person redirects his impulses (commonly anger) from the real target (because that target is too dangerous) to a safer but innocent person. Example: A patient yells at a nurse after a fter becoming angry at his mother for not o calling him. Fantasy Fantasy refers to creation of unrealistic or improbable images as a way of o escaping from daily pressures and responsibilities or to relieve boredom. o Example: A person may daydream excessively, watch TV for hours on end, or imagine being highly successful when he feels unsuccessful. Engaging in such activities makes him feel better for a brief period. Identification personality characteristics, o In identification, the person unconsciously adopt s the personality attitudes, values, and behavior of o f someone else (such as a hero he emulates and admires) as a way to allay anxiety. He may identify with a group to be more accepted by them. Example: An adolescent girl begins to dress and ac t like her favorite pop star . o Intellectualization Also called isolation. o Intellectualization refers to hiding one¶s emotional responses or problems under a o façade of big words and pretending there¶s no problem. o Example: After failing to obtain a job promotion, a worker explains that the position failed to meet his expectations for climbing the corporate ladder . Introjection A person introjects when he adopts someone else¶s values and standards without o exploring whether they fit him. Example: An individual begins to follow follow a strict vegetarian diet for no apparent o reason. Projection In projection, the person attributes to others his own unaccept able thoughts, o feelings, and impulses.
A student who fails a test blames his parents for having the television on too loud when he was trying to study. 10. R ationalization R ationalization occurs when a person substitutes acceptable reasons for the real or o actual reasons that are motivating his behavior . The rationalizing patient makes excuses for shortcomings and avoids selfo condemnation, displacements, and criticisms. o Example: An individual states that she didn¶t win the race because she hadn¶t gotten a good night¶s sleep. 11. R eacti on Formation o In reaction formation, the person behaves the opposite of the way he feels. o Example: Love turns to hate and hate into love. 12. R egression Under stress, a person may regress by returning to the behaviors he used in an o earlier, more comfortable time in his life . Example: A previously toilet-trained preschool child begins to wet his bed every o night after his baby brother is born. 13. R epression R epression refers to unconsciously blocking out painful or unacceptable thoughts o and feelings, leaving them to operate in the subconscious. o Example: A woman who was sexually abused as a young child can¶t remember the abuse but experiences uneasy feelings when she goes near the place where the abuse occurred. 14. Sublimation In sublimation, a person transforms unacceptable needs in accepta ble ambitions o and actions. o Example: He may channel his sex drive into his sports or hobbies. 15. Undoing In undoing, the person tries to undo the harm he feels he has done to others. o o Example: A patient who says something bad about a friend may try to undo the harm by saying nice things about her or by being nice to her and apologizing. o
