GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY Chandkheda, Ahmedabad
Affiliated
K.J.I.T, Savali A Project Report On “ FOUR STROKE BIODIESEL ENGINE”
nder !"bject of #$SI%&
$&%I&$$RI&% ' II( (. $. Seme!ter ' )I ATO*O(I+$ $&%I&$$RI&%
S"bmitted b-
Sr. 4 0 3
&ame of !t"dent /a!h Praka aka!hbh hbhai Ambekar kar Jak"mar +alit #e!ai /a!h Arvindbhai Prajapati Rock Ja7di!hbhai /adav
$nrollment &o. 012 012311 114113 012311415 0123114136 0123114154
*r. Ronak S"thar 89ac"lt %"ide:
*r. Ka"!t"bh &atekar 8;O#:
Academic ear 8412<41=:
Contents 1. Intr Introd oduc ucttion ion Name of the team About team members About guide and mentor What is Design Thinking? 2. Empa Empath th !app !appin ing g "sers #takeho$ders Acti%ities #tor &. Ide Ideatio ation n Can% Can%as as 'eop$e Acti%ities
Sit"ation>conte?t Prop!>Po!!ible Sol"tion
(. 'rod 'roduc uctt De%e$ De%e$op opme ment nt Can%a Can%as s 'roduct E)perience 'roduct *unction Components 'eop$e Customer +e%a$idation +e%a$idation ,. AEI-" #h #heets Acti%ities En%ironment Interactions -bects "sers /. 0ear 0earnin ning g Need Need !atri) !atri) 0N! 0N! Theo Theor r 'urpose3'roect Concept App$icab$e #tandards and Design #peci4cations Component !ateria$s5 strength Criteria #oft6are3#imu$ation3#ki$$3!athe #oft6are3#imu$ation3#ki$$3!athematica$ matica$ +e7uirement +e7uirement Too$s3!ethods3Theories3app$ Too$s3!ethods3Theories3app$ication ication 'rocess 'rocess In%o$%ed 0iterature +e%ie63#econdar +esearch
8. Design Considerations for detai$ design part9 8.1 Design for 'erformance: 'erformance: #afet and +e$iabi$it +e$iabi$it 8.2 Design for Ergonomics and Aesthetics 8.& Design for !anufacturabi$it ; Assemb$ D*!A 8.( Design for Cost: En%ironment En%ironment <. Design Ca$cu$ation =. !easuring Instruments3 techni7ues > kno6$edge and use 1. Comparison of e)isting materia$s: methods: too$s and e7uipment for our proect and ustif our se$ection of materia$s: methods: too$s and e7uipment etc. 11. #imu$ation and Ana$sis #oft6are #oft6are mode$$ing: !athematica$ mode$ 12. Conc$usion3*uture scope 1&. 'rototpe
ACKNOWLEDGMENT To o T
innumerab$e 6ebsites in the internet: and to a$$ those
6ho ha%e up$oaded their kno6$edge: imaginations: ideas: graphic ski$$s etc.: on these 6ebsites. A$so: to a$$ those from pre>historic das to toda: 6ho ha%e
registered their kno6$edge: imaginations: thoughts etc.: through di@erent means and mediums. A$so Dr. Dr. !. . Baiana Baianapurkar purkar !. E. : 'h. D IIT harakpur harak pur and
!r. +onak #uthar for sho6ing the correct path and guiding !r. us. Not forgetting other facu$t of the co$$ege 6ho ga%e their contribution ti$$ their e)tent.
DECLARATION
@e hereb declare that the #$
YASH Y ASH
PRAKASHBHAI PRAKASHBH AI
JAYKUMA JA YKUMAR R YASH Y ASH ROCKY
Internal G!"e
AMBEKAR
LALITKUMAR LALITKU MAR
ARVINDBHAI ARVINDBH AI
DESAI
PRAJAPA PRAJAP ATI
JADISHBHAI
YADA ADAV V
(130640102004) (130640102 004) (130640102015) (1306401020 15) (130640102048) (13064010204 8) (130640102052) (13064010205 2)
Hea" #$ De%art&ent
CERTIFICATE
Thi! I! To To Certif That #$
Internal G!"e
Hea" #$ De%art&ent
Ya'( A&)e*ar /a!h /a!h P. Ambekar i! a !t"dent !t"den t of A"tomobile $n77. #epartment #epartme nt of K.J.I.T Savali. ;e ha! helped in 7atherin7 the information re7ardin7 the topic. ;e ha! 7ood knoBled7e abo"t mana7in7 the finance. ;e ha! al!o helped in completin7 co mpletin7 the Canva! Sheet! neatl. ;i! !incerit re7ardin7 the project i! appreciable. ;i! contrib"tion re7ardin7 the #$
Ja, De'a! Ja +. #e!ai i! a !t"dent of A"tomobile $n77. #epartment of K.J.I.T Savali. ;e ha! 7ot abilit to handle the !it"ation tactf"ll. tactf"ll. ;e doe! not 7et! panic in an of the !it"ation. ;e patientl Bork! Bith the 7ro"p mate! and li!ten to each and ever opinion of the team. ;e ha! 7ot the abilit to mana7e the team.;i! contrib"tion re7ardin7 the #$
Ya'( -ra.a%at! /a!h A. Prajapati i! a !t"dent of A"tomobile $n77. #epartment of K.J.I.T Savali. ;e ha! helped in collectin7 the ba!ic information abo"t the project. ;e ha! helped in preparin7 the final Report for the !ame. ;e ha! 7ood "alit of creatin7 the friendl environment amon7 the 7ro"p mate!. ;e Bork! Bith the team mate! Bitho"t an e?pectation!. ;i! !incerit re7ardin7 the project i! appreciable. ;i! contrib"tion re7ardin7 the #$
R#/*, Ya"a0 Rock J. /adav /adav i! a !t"dent of A"tomobile $n77. #epartment of K.J.I.T Savali. ;e ha! 7ot abilit of findin7 hand !ol"tion! at critical !ta7e!, Bhich are ver helpf"l. ;i! compatibilit Bith the %ro"p mate! i! 7ood and friendl. ;e create! h"mo"ro"! environment Bhile Borkin7. ;i! !incerit re7ardin7 the project i! appreciable. ;i! contrib"tion re7ardin7 the #$
Mr1 R#na* St(ar *r. Ronak S"thar 8*.$.: i! the A!!t. Profe!!or in *echanical #epartment at K.J.I.T.,Savali.;e K.J.I.T.,Savali.;e i! one of the devoted devo ted fac"lt of the department. ;e i! ver ver polite and ha! 7ood knoBled7e abo"t hi! field. ;i! happ to help nat"re i! reall appreciable. @itho"t hi! 7"idance thi! project Ba! not po!!ible. ;i! Contrib"tion at each level of thi! project i! BorthBhile.
#r. *./. )aijanap )aijanap"rkar "rkar 8*.$. Ph.#, IIT, Khara7p"r : Ba! the Principal of K.J.I.T., K.J.I.T., Savali . ;e i! one of the (e!t e?perienced fac"lt of the colle7e. ;e i! alBa! happ to help and 7"ide the !t"dent! re7ardin7 e?am!, project! ,etc. ;i! 7"idance i! ver helpf"l and Borth. ;i! polite and po!itive attit"de toBard! !t"dent! i! reall appreciable. ;i! Contrib"tion at each level of thi! project i! BorthBhile.
Design Thinking is human-centered Design thinking has come to be defined as combining empathy for the context of a problem, creativity in the generation of insights and solutions, and rationality in analyzing and fitting various solutions to the problem context. According to our team the goal of Design Thinking is "matching people’s needs ith hat is technologically feasible and viable as a business strategy". The premise of teaching Design Thinking is that by knoing about ho to successfully approach and solve difficult, multi!dimensional problems ! more specifically, effective effective methods to ideate, select and execute solutions ! individuals and businesses ill be able to improve their on problem solving processes and skills. There is also significant academic interest in understanding ho designers think and design cognition. Design thinking is a formal method for practical, creative resolution of problems and creation of solutions, ith the intent of an improved future result. n this regard it is a form of solution!based , or solution!focused thinking# starting ith a goal $a be tter future situation% instead of solving a specific problem. &y considering both present and future conditions and parameters of the problem, alternative solutions may be explored simultaneously. 'ross asserted that this type of thinking most often happens in the built, or artificial, environment $as in artifacts%.
(ocus on people ) customers and their needs and not on a specific technology or other conditions. *ethods therefore used are observations, intervies, brainstorming, prototyping+ nnovating at the intersection of business, technology and people leads to radical, ne experience innovation. The user is the one to decide if a product or a service should exist or be established
In !hort #e!i7n Thinkin7 i! a proce!! thro"7h Bhich Be can make or modif neB technolo7 for betterment of common people.
EM-ATHY MA--ING CANVAS USERS2 P(+IC 9AR*$RS #$SI%&$RS $&%I&$$RS #$)$+OP$RS
*A&9ACTR$RS
STAKEHOLDERS2 TRA&SPORT$RS $DPORT$RS ATO*OTI)$ ATO*OTI )$ I&#STRI$S +OCO*OTI)$ I&#STRI$S
ACTIVITIES2
PRO#CTIO& O9 (IO<#I$S$+ R$9I&I&% O9 S$$#S TRA&S$ST$RI9ICATIO& (+$&#I&% &$DT %$&. $&%I&$ R$9I&*$&T C;A&%$# PIPI&% &$@ I%&ITIO& S/ST$*
HA--Y
(iodie!el f"el i! a reneBable ener7 !o"rce "nlike petrole"m
At pre!ent, (iodie!el f"el i! bo"t one and a half time! more e?pen!ive than petrole"m die!el f"el.It re"ire! ener7 to prod"ce biodie!el f"el from !o crop!, pl"! there i! the ener7 of !oBin7, fertiliEin7 and harve!tin7. Another biodie!el f"el di!advanta7e i! that it can harm r"bber ho!e! in !ome en7ine!. A! (iodie!el clean! the dirt from the en7ine, thi! dirt can then 7et collected in the f"el filter, th"! clo77in7 it. So, filter! have to be chan7ed after the fir!t !everal ho"r! of biodie!el "!e. (iodie!el f"el di!trib"tion infra!tr"ct"re need! improvement, Bhich i! another of the biodie!el f"el di!advanta7e!.
CONCLUSION2 1) U!"#! $#" %&"$#&' %&"$#&' "*+,""*+,"- $- !*$."/,&-"#! !*$."/,&-"#! $#" -""- 2) A%*++*+"! #"$#-+ */" */" #,"%* *, " " %,-7%*"- !*" ' !*" 3) I !*,#' ,$#-+ ,$#-+ +* +! %&"$#&' %&"$#&' 7-"#!*,,7-"#!*,,- /+%/ $#* $' $' " -+9%7&* $- /+%/ +&& " *$%*:7&&' %,;7"#"-
IDEATION CANVAS2
-EO-LE2
P(+IC 9AR*$RS #$SI%&$RS $&%I&$$RS #$)$+OP$RS *A&9ACTR$RS
ACTIVITIES2
PRO#CTIO& O9 (IO<#I$S$+ R$9I&I&% O9 S$$#S TRA&S$ST$RI9ICATIO& (+$&#I&% &$DT %$&. $&%I&$ R$9I&*$&T C;A&%$# PIPI&% &$@ I%&ITIO& S/ST$*
SITUATION3CONTE4T2 '"0IC T+AN#'-+T '+IBATE BEIC0E# 0-C-!-TIBE# IND"#T+IE# '-WE+ '0ANT# AF+IC"0T"+E
FENE+AT-+#
-RO-S3-OSSIBLE SOLUTIONS2
I->DIE#E0 '+-D"CTI-N9
#EED C+"#E+# '"!'# 0ENDE+# *I0TE+# +E*INE+#
ENFINE DE#IFNINF9
T--0 -G -G 'I'E C"TTE+# !-"0D# D+I00 !ACINE -+INF !ACINE
Sho"ld be con!idered for "!e a! an alternative alternative and not a primar primar f"el. Short and lon7 term environmental benefit! Bill be Borth Bhile. Stora7e I!!"e! Bith Stabilit and Tran!portation i!!"e! Bith hi7h co!t of delivered f"el compared to fo!!il f"el!. 9"el
-RODUCT DEVELO-MENT DEV ELO-MENT CANV CAN VAS -UR-OSE2
A%RIC+TR$ TRA&SPORTATIO& PO@$R %$&$RATIO&
-RODUCT E4-ERIENCE2 #"#ID ABAI0A0 ABAI0A0E E IF INITIA0 C-#T N-T WIDE0 "#ED
-RODUCT FUNCTION2 +ENEWA0E #"#TAINA0E 0-WE+ E!I##I-N#
COM-ONENTS2
TITANI"! BA0 TITANI"! BA0BE# BE# EAT EGCANFE+ '-0!E+ '-0 !E+ 'I'E *I0TE+# *"E0 INHECT-+# EGA"#T ##TE!
-EO-LE2
P(+IC 9AR*$RS #$SI%&$RS $&%I&$$RS #$)$+OP$RS *A&9ACTR$RS $&)IRO&*$&TA+ISTS
CUSTOMER CUSTO MER REVA REVALIDATION LIDATION 0E## ABAI0A0E ENBI+-N!ENT *+IEND0 IF INITIA0 C-#T E"A00 '-WE+*"0 ENFINE A# C-!'A+ED T- '+E#ENT -NE#.
=5 ear! of die!el vehicle!.(5 and (41 en7ine approval!. *o!t biodie!el application! G heav< and medi"m
AEIOU SHEETS AEIOU Fra&e5#r* A$IO i! a he"ri!tic to help interpret ob!ervation! 7athered b ethno7raphic practice in ind"!tr. It! tBo primar f"nction! are to code data, and to develop b"ildin7 block! of model! that Bill Bill "ltimatel addre!! the objective! and i!!"e! of of a client. Ta6#n#&!e'
A$IO !tand! for 5 element! to be coded- Activit, Activit, $nvironment, $nvironment, Interaction, Object, and !er.
t o6ards A%*++*+"! are goa$>directed sets of actionsJpaths to6ards things peop$e 6ant to accomp$ish. What are the modes peop$e 6ork in: and the speci4c acti%ities and processes the go through? E+#,"*! inc$ude the entire arena 6here acti%ities take p$ace. What is the character and function of the space o%era$$: of each indi%idua$Ks spaces: and of shared spaces?
I*"#$%*+,! are bet6een a person and someone or something e$seL the are the bui$ding b$ocks of acti%ities. What is the nature of routine and specia$ interactions bet6een peop$e: bet6een peop$e and obects in their en%ironment: and across distances?
O).e/t' are b"ildin7 block! of the environment, ke element! !ometime! p"t to comple? or "nintended "!e! 8th"! chan7in7 their f"nction, meanin7 and conte?t:. @hat are the object! and device! people have in their environment! and hoB do the relate to their activitie! . U'er' are the people Bho!e behavior!, preference!, and need! are bein7 ob!erved. @ho i! thereH @hat are their role! and relation!hip!H @hat are their val"e! and prej"dice!H
A/t!0!t!e'
En0!r#n&ent
Intera/t!#n'
O).e/t'
U'er'
+earnin7 &eed!*atri? 8+&*: Theor
D"!%#+*+, A trainin7>competenc trainin7>competenc matri? i! a tool "!ed to doc"ment and compare the re"ired competencie! for a po!ition Bith the c"rrent !kill level of the emploee! performin7 the role!. It i! "!ed in a 7ap anal!i! for determinin7 Bhere o" have critical trainin7 need! and a! a tool for mana7in7 people development. It can al!o be "!ed in !"cce!!ion plannin7 a! a mean! of identifin7 emploee! Bho have critical !kill! needed for promotion.
B""*! • •
•
•
Provide! a comprehen!ive vieB of all the !kill! and behavior! needed. Aid! in mana7in7 o"r trainin7 b"d7et beca"!e it identifie! !kill 7ap! acro!! o"r or7aniEation rather than j"!t one per!on at a time. A!!i!t! Bith plannin7 b helpin7 o" identif and tar7et neB !kill area! that o" mi7ht need for the lon7 term. ;elp! mana7er! Bith development plannin7 b providin7 a frameBork of common !kill! re"ired.
LNM S(eet
In this sheet 6e studied %arious topics such as 'erformance
parame para mete ters rs:: a asi sic c co cons nstr truc ucti tion on -f di dies ese$ e$ en engi gine ne an and d it it5s 5s assemb$: 'arts and materia$ speci4cations: 'roperties -f oi$ #oabean oi$: karana: !ahua :etc. A$so 6e are ab$e to ustif and decide 6hat !ateria$s: 'arts:
soft6are etc. 6i$$ be needed further. 0N! #heet he$ped us to decide %arious needs that 6i$$ be he$pfu$ and hand in further f urther stud. stud.
Ra%e'ee" an" Can#la
Rape!eed adapt! Bell to loB fertilit !oil!, b"t Bith hi7h !"lf"r content. @ith a hi7h oil ield 831' 51F:, it ma be 7roBn a! a Binter
S#,)ean
It i! a le7"me ori7inatin7 in $a!t A!ia. #ependin7 on environmental condition! and 7enetic varietie!, the plant! !hoB Bide variation! in hei7ht. +eadin7 !obean prod"cin7 co"ntrie! are the nited State!, (raEil, Ar7entina, China, and India. (iodie!el prod"ction form !obean ield! other val"able !"b
hectare. Since the !eed! are ver rich in protein, oil content i! aro"nd 6F. O!l -al&
Oil palm i! a tropical plant that reache! a hei7ht of 41'45 m Bith a life ccle of abo"t 45 ear!. 9"ll prod"ction i! reached 6 ear! after plantin7. TBo kind! of oil are obtained from the fr"it- palm oil proper, from the p"lp, and palm kernel oil, from the n"t of the fr"it 8after oil e?traction, palm kernel cake i! "!ed a! live!tock food:. Several hi7h oil<ield varietie! have been developed. Indone!ia and *ala!ia are the leadin7 prod"cer!. International demand for palm oil ha! increa!ed !teadil d"rin7 the pa!t ear!, the oil bein7 "!ed for cookin7, and a! a raB material for mar7arine prod"ction and a! an additive for b"tter and baker prod"ct!. It i! important important to remark remark that p"re palm oil i! !emi!olid !emi!olid at room temperat"re8 temperat"re841'44+C:, 41'44+C:, and and in man application! i! mi?ed Bith other ve7etable oil!, !ometime! partiall hdro7enated.
Sn$l#5er
S"noBer LL!eed!MM are reall a fr"it, the inedible Ball 8h"!k: !"rro"ndin7 the !eed that i! in the kernel. The 7reat importance of !"noBer lie! in the e?cellent "alit of the edible oil e?tracted from it! !eed!. It i! hi7hl re7arded from the point of vieB of n"tritional "alit, ta!te and avor. *oreover, after oil e?traction, the remainin7 cake i! "!ed a! a live!tock feed. It m"!t be noted that !"noBer oil ha! a ver loB content of linoleic acid, and therefore it ma be !tored for lon7 period!. S"noBer adapt! Bell to adver!e environmental condition! and doe! not re"ire !pecialiEed a7ric"lt"ral e"ipment and can be "!ed for crop rotation Bith !obean and corn. Oil ield of c"rrent hbrid! i! in the ran7e 36'54F.
-eant The "alit of pean"t i! !tron7l affected b Beather condition! d"rin7 the harve!t. Pean"t! are mainl "!ed for h"man con!"mption, in the man"fact"re of pean"t Fla6
9la? i! a plant of temperate climate!, Bith bl"e oBer!. +inen i! made Bith the thread! from the !tem of the plant and the oil from the !eed! i! called lin!eed oil, "!ed in paint man"fact"re. 9la? !eed! have n"tritional val"e for h"man con< !"mption !ince the are a !o"rce of pol"n!at"rated fatt acid! nece!!ar for h"man health. *oreover, the cake left over, folloBin7 oil e?traction, i! "!ed a! a live!tock feed. The plant adapt! Bell to a Bide ran7e of temperat"re and h"midit hoBever, hi7h temperat"re! and plentif"l rain do not favor hi7h ield! of !eed and ber. 9la? !eed! contain contain betBeen 01 and 36F of oil, and protein content i! betBeen 41 and 01F. It i! important to remark that lin!eed oil i! rich in pol"n!at"rated fatt acid!, linolenic acid bein7 from 31 to 26F of the total. Sa$7#5er
SafoBer adapt! Bell to dr environment!. Altho"7h the 7rain ield per hectare i! loB, the oil content of the !eed i! hi7h, from 01 to 31F. Therefore, it ha! economic potential for arid re7ion!. C"rrentl, !afoBer i! "!ed in oil and o"r prod"ction and a! bird feed. There are tBo varietie!, one rich in mono<"n!at"rated fatt acid! 8oleic acid: and the other Bith a hi7h percenta7e of pol"n!at"rated fatt acid! 8linoleic acid:. (oth varietie! have a loB content of !at"rated fatt acid!. The oil from !afoBer i! of hi7h "alit and loB in chole!terol content. Other than bein7 "!ed for h"man con!"mption, it i! "!ed in the man"fact"re of paint! and other coatin7 compo"nd!, lac"er! and !oap!.
It i! important to note that !afoBer oil i! e?tracted b mean! of hdra"lic pre!!e!, Bitho"t the "!e of !olvent!, and rened b b conventional method!, Bitho"t anti
The ca!tor oil plant 7roB! in tropical tropical climate!, Bith temperat"re! temperat"re! in the ran7e41'01+C ran7e41'01+C it cannot end"re fro!t. It i! important to note that once the !eed! !tart 7erminatin7, the temperat"re m"!t not
fall beloB 4+C. The plant need! a Barm and h"mid period in it! ve7etative pha!e and a dr !ea!on for ripenin7 and har< ve!tin7. It re"ire! plent of !"nli7ht and adapt! Bell to !everal varietie! of !oil!. The total rainfall d"rin7 the 7roBth ccle m"!t be in the ran7e =11',311 mm altho"7h it i! re!i!tant to dro"7ht, the ca!tor oil plant need! at lea!t 5 month! of rain d"rin7 the ear. Ca!tor oil i! a tri7lceride, ricinolenic acid bein7 the main con!tit"ent 8abo"t N1F:. The oil i! non
T"n7 i! a tree that adapt! Bell to tropical and !"b
Amon7 non
J#.#)a
Altho"7h jojoba can !"rvive e?treme dro"7ht, it re"ire! irri7ation to achieve an economicall viable ield. Jojoba need! a Barm climate, b"t a cold !pell i! nece!!ar for the oBer! to mat"re. Rainfall m"!t be ver loB d"rin7 the harve!t !ea!on 8!"mmer:. The plant reache! it! f"ll prod"ctivit 1 ear! after plantin7. The oil from jojoba i! mainl "!ed in the co!metic! ind"!tr therefore, it! market i! "ickl !at"rated.
Jatr#%(a
Jatropha i! a !hr"b that adapt! Bell to arid environment!. Jatropha c"rca! i! the mo!t knoBn variet it re"ire! little Bater or additional care therefore, it i! ade"ate for Barm re7ion! Bith little little fertil fertilit it.. Prod"c Prod"ctiv tivit it ma be red"ce red"ced d b irre7"l irre7"lar ar rainfa rainfall ll or !tron7 !tron7 Bind! Bind! d"rin7 d"rin7 the oBeri oBerin7 n7 !ea!on !ea!on.. /ield ield depend! depend! on climat climate, e, !oil, !oil, rainfal rainfalll and treat treatment ment d"rin7 d"rin7 !oBin7 !oBin7 and harve!tin7. Jatropha plant! become prod"ctive after 0 or 3 ear!, and their life!pan i! abo"t 51 ear!. Oil ield depend! on the method of e?traction it i! 46'04F "!in7 pre!!e! and "p to 54F b !olvent !olvent e?traction. e?traction. Since the !eed! are to?ic, jatropha jatropha oil i! non< edible. edible. The to?icit to?icit i! d"e to the pre!ence of c"rca!in 8a 7lob"lin: and jatrophic acid 8a! to?ic a! ricin:. A0#/a"#
Avocado i! a tree betBeen 5 and 5 m in hei7ht. The Bei7ht of the fr"it i! betBeen 41 and 4.5 k7 and the harve!tin7 period varie! from 5 to 5 month!. The avocado fr"it mat"re! after pickin7 and not on the tree. Oil ma be obtained obtained from the fr"it fr"it p"lp and pit. It ha! a hi7h n"tritional n"tritional val"e, !ince it contain! e!!ential fatt acid!, mineral!, protein and vitamin! A, (2, C, #, and $. The content of !at"rated fatt acid! in the p"lp of the fr"it and in the oil i! loB on the contrar, it i! ver hi7h in mono< "n!at"rated fatt acid! 8abo"t N2F bein7 oleic acid:. The oil content of the fr"it i! in the ran7e 4' 01F.
M!/r#al8ae
*icroal7ae *icroal7ae have 7reat potential potential for biodie!el prod"ction, prod"ction, !ince the oil ield 8in liter! per hectare: hectare: co"ld be one to tBo order! of ma7nit"de hi7her than that of other raB material!. Oil content i! "!"all from 41 to 51F, altho"7h in !ome !pecie! it can be hi7her than =1F . ;oBever, it i! important to note that not all mic< roal7ae are ade"ate for biodie!el prod"ction. ;i7h level! of CO4, Bater, li7ht, n"trient! and mineral !alt! are nece!!ar for the 7roBth of microal7ae. Prod"ction proce!!e! take place in raceBa pond! and photobiolo7ical reactor!. reactor!. C(e&!/al $#r&la' #$ t(e &a!n $att, a/!"' !n 0e8eta)le #!l'
Fatt, a/!"
C(e&!/al $#r&la
+a"ric 8 84-1: Palmitic 82 82-1: $!tearic 8 86-1: Oleic 86-: +inoleic 86-4: +inolenic 8 86-0: $r"cic 844-: Rici Ricino nolleic eic 8686-: :
C;08C;4:1COO; C;08C;4:3COO; C;08C;4:2COO; C; G C; C;0 8C;4:=8C;4:= COO; C; G C; C;4 C; G C;08C 08C;4:3 C; 8C;4:= COO; C;4 8C; G C; C;0 C;4:0 8C;4:2 COO; C; G C; C;0 8C 8C;4:= 8C;4: COO; C;O; C;4 C; G C;08C C;08C;4 ;4::5 C; 8C;4:= COO;
A%%r#6!&ate /#ntent 9!n 5e!8(t: #$ 'atrate" an" n#n;'atrate" $att, a/!"' !n '#&e 0e8eta)le #!l' an" an!&al $at'
O!l3$at
SFA 9< = 535:
NSFA 9< = 535:
Cocon"t
N1
1
Corn
0
6=
Cotton!eed
42
=3
Olive
3
62
Palm
3N
5
Pean"t
=
60
Rape!eed
2
N3
Sobean
3
62
S"noBer
6N
SafoBer
N
N
Ca!tor
4
N6
/elloB 7rea!e
00
2=
+ard
3
5N
(eef talloB
36
54
Injection Experiments
The process of inecting diesel, biodiesel, or a blend into the cylinder through orifices ithin the body of the inector leads to a naturally leads to a particular distribution of e-uivalence e-uivalence ratio. Diesel fuel being expelled from an inector . The type and -uantity of harmful emissions thus depends on the cylinder conditions at the /, the physical properties of the fuel, the inector geometry, and the combustion chamber geometry. The inector, nozzle, and fuel properties directly affect the fuel droplet diameter distribution. Typically inection studies have been done at atmospheric pressure so that surface ave phenomenon, caused by drag, can be observed occurring on droplets as they travel aay from the fuel nozzle. The effect of inection pressure on velocity and its subse-uent affect on droplet size as studied extensively by 0oo and *artin .
Spray emitted from a high-pressure diesel fuel injector.
nection studies tend to be done in high pressure spray boxes or in '(D. 1ith advents in high!speed signal processing e-uipment, researchers are no able to study combusting dynamic sprays in high pressure environments. nectors ith various geometries and orifice diameters ere tested to observe the effect on spray penetration lengths. conducted an extensive study effects orifice diameter and inection pressure on '2 after mixture and /2 formation after ignition around the et. A spray penetration model as introduced by Abani and 3eitz. using et theory f or the incorporation of time varying inection into '(D models.
Engine Experiments
4ngine experiments mostly test inection strategies on engines of particular displacements displacements or piston geometries. geometries. investigated ho the the depth of omega piston geometry affects emissions and efficiency of diesel engines. *uch like the inection experiments, either physical experimentation or numerical investigations are conducted. There have been -uite a number of studies here researchers have measured the emissions of biodiesel combustion at various operating conditions and loads. demonstrate percentage decreases in oxides of carbon and nitrogen $5/ 6% as ell as particulate matter and unburned unburned hydrocarbons using using soybean &78 fuel. both used a 'aterpillar '/34 similar to investigate the increase in oxides of nitrogen using *4 fuel and attributed its cause to factors other than the start of combustion crank angle indo. ncreased ncreased 5/x emissions can be attributed to a difference in flame lift!off length $9/9% and the higher elapsed time of combustion
4xperiments have been conducted using methyl esters made f rom several oils. produced several batches of cotton seed oil methyl ester $'/*4% and the trend of reduced emissions and increased 5/x. used blends of diesel, biodiesel, and bio! ethanol and identified a decrease in engine thermal efficiency.
Properties of Biodiesel i!uid Properties and Sprays
The li-uid properties of biodiesel can negatively influence the -uality of its movement throughout the fuel system of the engine as shon by Tefsa . &iodiesel of various types is knon to dissolve fuel lines and clog filtration devices due to its chemical composition and other physical differences. immersed several types of elastomers into palm methyl ester $:*4% and recorded reduction in material strength. 4lectrochemical reactivity is not a typical focus of numerical flo studies hoever, some material properties are measured hich are of concern. The fluid properties are needed in '(D studies to adust the spray and breakup models. studied the effect of li-uid fuel properties of five fuels on li-uid penetration distance length in diesel engines and found that it is proportional to viscosity. *ost literature, involving biodiesel, cites common proprieties at room temperature. (or the best precision, it is necessary to have property curves as functions of temperature. utilized a capacitance densitometer densitometer to measure the density of soy, canola, and fish oil methyl ester up to ;<=0. measured and curve fit the specific heat and enthalpy of *4 and several other biofuels.
"apor Properties and #om$ustion
The characteristics characteristics of biodiesel fuels must be knon at temperatures in the vapor phase in order to model droplet atomization, evaporation, and combustion ithin the cylinder. There is not a sizable volume of literature ith the vapor properties of plant oils or methyl esters verified using specialized experiments.
&y dividing sprays into separate areas, separate discrete and empirical models can then be interected to simplify complex aspect of sprays. A -uiescent chamber '(D model as used to calibrate the overall inection and breakup models against the li-uid and vapor penetration distances provided in the experimental data of ingh >??@. The stand! alone high pressure chamber alloed the parameters of the spray model to be studied and augmented independently of the overall engine model. (igure ?; is a labeled depiction of a mini!sac inector.
%ini-sac diesel injector tip
A phenomenological phenomenological plain orifice orifice atomization atomization model as utilized utilized to empirically empirically incorporate internal nozzle conditions and their physical effects on the spray angle, droplet geometry, and droplet velocity. 2igh pressure flos through cylindrical nozzles is very complex. n the plain orifice model, the nozzle flo velocity,coefficient of
discharge, the spray angle, and the cavitation number, for separate nozzle operation regimes, are calculated using the inection pressure, cylinder pressure near the nozzle orifice, 3eynolds number, nozzle geometry, area coefficient, and the fuel properties such as li-uid density, and vapor pressure . (uel kinematic viscosity,mass flo rate,and a proportionality constant,are also used to calculate inection parameters. As the needle closes the fuel supply to the mini!sac, the the flo transitions transitions back through the modes of flo in reverse. t is the transitional flo phenomenon in concert ith fluid properties hich leads to the complexity of high pressure orifice sprays. There is a lot of interplay beteen the cylinder pressure and the spray velocity implied by &ernoullis e-uation. t is the increase in cylinder pressure that overcomes li-uid fuel viscosity and leads to cavitation and atomization. Droplet breakup, collision, and secondary breakup are simulated using the 0elvin!2elmholtz $02% aerodynamic drag model, /3ourkes collision probability algorithm, and the 3aleigh!Taylor 3aleigh!Taylor $3T% instability breakup model. A 9agrangian discrete phase model $D:*% is used to simulate turbulent droplet dispersion. The 02!3T model assumes that fuel droplets are emitted from a column of li-uid blobs because of shear forces imparted by the continuous phase.
Those droplets may collide and form larger droplets or travel on being guided by the continuous phase. The smallest discrete droplets, hich ill no longer collide or breakup, are in the domain after the secondary breakup process, the continuous gas phase interacts ith them. The mass and velocity of the droplets is reduced via thermal and momentum energy transfer. The droplets vaporize and deposit their fuel mass into the cells along their path of travel through the combustion chamber and become part of the continuous gas phase. The aggregate continuous gas phase properties go into the finite!rate or eddy dissipation chemistry model and energy e-uation calculations. calculations.
The -uiescent spray chamber model consists of one nozzle centered at the top ith its spray axis in the donard vertical direction. The initial pressure ithin the chamber is held at the motored TD' pressure. The entire spray formation is simulated across all degrees of crankshaft angle movement for the D/ at ?788 revolutions per minute. The elapsed time of the spray is approximately ?=BC microseconds, at high temperature engine operating conditions, ith a C? microsecond short ignition delay. The shape of the e-uivalence ratio field, li-uid penetration length, and vapor penetration field ith petroleum diesel ere compared to the experimental data from. The use of a phenomenological spray model, that predicts initial spray distribution based on the inector specifications and fuel fluid properties, allos direct substitution of li-uid fuels f uels ith slightly different physical properties properties ith adustments to the breakup model. The breakup model coefficient adustments ere arrived at using trial and error. The mesh used for the -uiescent spray chamber is depicted.
& 'uiescent spray cham$er mesh
The specifications of the inector are listed Sandia(#ummin Injector Specification Sandia(#ummins Sandia(#ummins )*+ ) *+ Injector Specifications Type 'ommon 3ail, pilot valve 3ail pressure ?78*:a or ?8*:a 'up type *ini sac 5umber of orifices B ! ?)E;F 8.?CD /rifice diameter $mm% ; /rifice 9ength)Diameter ?;7F ncluded spray angle 8.D< Discharge coefficient 8.C= Area coefficient 8.<7 Gelocity coefficient
#om$ustion #ham$er %esh ,rid
The key geometry that must be reproduced is the piston and the proximity of its cron geometry to the head surface, ithin the combustion chamber during crankshaft angle change. The overall number of computations is directly related to mesh density, the number of steps during compression, the number of steps during combustion, and the complexity of the solver configuration. The mesh grid geometry of the combustion chamber volume, are pre!generated outside of A5H (luentI ith A5H '4*J. The mesh grids used for this thesis ork are shon in (igure . The mesh grids are sector meshes that represent one eighth of the cylinder. /nly one inection orifice is considered. The crevice measured measured from the top most surface of the piston don to the first ring as omitted.
igure #ylinder com$ustion mesh grids
Dynamic %eshing
The volume and shape of the combustion chamber are augmented along the cylinder axis. t is assumed that the crankshafts angular velocity is constant hich allos the time step size to be constant during the various phases of combustion. The (luent solver re-uires that the user provides the number of desired steps. All of the
engine sector mesh grids, used in this thesis, that are read into (luent, start at TD' and must be manipulated to expand them to the appropriate volume associated ith the G' crankshaft angular position. position. (rom that time point forard, the number of time steps re-uired to reach the period ust before the exhaust valve opens is defined by the folloing e-uationK
Diagram depicting all terms in piston position calculation
The cells are gron from and collapsed into the head boundary during the solution. The result is a separate mesh for each individual timestep. (igure ?C is a depiction of the mesh groth.
%esh grid cell augmentation during the solution process
#D Soler #onfiguration Initial and Boundary #onditions
The typical steps for ' simulation, hen the intake, valve, manifold port geometry, and velocity profiles are knon, is to setup and solve a cold flo case ith no combustion. n a cold flo f lo case, the introduction of charge air through the intake port and valve is considered. The cold flo solution can be applied as the initial conditions of the compression and combustion simulation so that the initial field values at G' can be made as realistic as possible. f the head port and valve geometry are not knon, kno n, the initial conditions of sirl and tumble after G' can be approximated. approximated. &ecause the
detailed cylinder head geometry of the 5?E engine is unknon, at this time, all of the simulation in this ork omits valve motion by simulating the time period from G' G' to 4G/. Also, cylinder air sirl and tumble are assumed to occur about cylinder axis. A user defined function, ritten ritten in ', as used to define define the initial initial velocity field field at G'. Trial and error methods ere used to set the sirl ratio number at G' such that the TD' sirl ratio ratio as about 8.;7 as stated stated by ingh. (igure is a depiction of the sirl phenomenon.
igure Intake s/irl flo/ diagram
The initial air component mass fractions, gauge pressure, and temperature ere set according to the specifications given. The inection
settings ere configured for each case by calculating the effective mass flo rate for one nozzle. Pollutant ormation %odeling
To pollutants of main concern are 5/ x and soot. They are both formed at opposite ends of the combustion operating range. 5/ x is typically formed hen the combustion e-uivalence e-uivalence ratio is less than unity and flame temperatures are high. oot is formed mostly as the result of pyrolysis ithin fuel rich regions at medium and loer temperatures. &ecause &ecause diesel engines operate at maximum volumetric fre-uency and rely on turbulent diffusion for reactant mixing, these to maor pollutants are f ormed simultaneously. (igure is a depiction of the soot and 5/ x formation zones as functions of e-uivalence ratio, combustion temperature, and air oxygen volume percentage.
igure Soot and )0x production 1ones typical of diesel engines 2Sandia *3345
t as assumed that the maor component of 5/ x emissions as nitric oxide $5/%. everal models are used to predict 5/ formation. 5/ that is promptly formed in the regions of high e-uivalence ratio and lo temperature can predicted using the (enimore model. The (enimore model as not used because the residence time of all species is 8.878seconds, hich is particularly long. 1 ithout activating a return model, overproduction of 5/ ould be a trend. Thermal 5/ is modeled using the Leldovich mechanism correlations correlations for the oxidation of nitrogen ithin the in take air.
The Tenser model as utilized for soot emission prediction hich involves carbon forming on nucleating particles. oot formation properties ere set according to default values The stoichiometric of soot and fuel combustion ere set respectively respectively for each fuel based on carbon number.
everal (luent custom field functions are used to calculate ending pollutant -uantities at 4G/ and other points in the cylinder and are shon as a contiguous file in appendix A.
Solution Process
Along ith the momentum e-uations, e-uations, the pressure pressure based (luent (luent solver is is configured to solve the energy, viscous model, species transport, and reaction e-uations. :ressure and velocity is coupled using the pressure implicit ith splitting of
operators $:/% scheme. The overall solution process that results from the configuration configur ation of A5H (luent is depicted in figure.
igure 6)S7S luent8 transient solution process after configuration
Post-processing and 6nalysis
The as solver configured to output several parameters hich allo generation of heat release curves. The apparent heat release rate $A233%,
, as
numerically estimated using the calculated average cylinder pressure as a function of crank angle. The heat release e-uation in $2eyood ?CBB% as numerically represented as is the
typical practice to produce an A233 curve from an experimental pressure trace. The 4ichelberg empirical relation for convective heat transfer, out of the continuous phase, into the cylinder all, as added. The average cylinder all temperature, temperature,
, the cylinder all area,
, the bulk continuous phase
, and the combustion chamber volume, ,
are obtained at the end of each converged time step. The values of pollutant -uantities are only considered considered at 4G/ as it is assumed that combustion has concluded prior to that event.
#ylinder Pressure
The mean cylinder pressure is a measure of volume averaged cylinder pressure from G' to 4G/ during the simulation. (or case one, three diesel and one biodiesel simulations ere conducted. The ignition delay is over predicted for case one. The 35M k!e turbulence model as utilized for the first diesel case in conunction ith a laminar finite!rate combustion model and had the longest ignition delay. The first of the diesel simulations also over predicted the peak average combustion pressure. The effect on
combustion because of fuel property, inection rate, and spray formation differences beteen fuels can be visualized ith the pressure curve. :ressure curves for all cases are shon in figures.
C
Sandia #ummins )*+ %ean Pressure - #ase* 9:T-SID;
5 a P % 2 e r u s sB e r P r e d< n i l y # n a e %
;
ingh788 :ressure? c?!D?!:ressure $*:a% c?!D7!:ressure $*:a% c?!D=!:ressure $*:a% c?!*D7!:ressure $*:a%
E = 7 <8;
<7; <=; #rank 6ngle 2#6D5
<;;
igure #ase *< :igh Temperature< Temperature< short ignition delay pressure cures
5 a P % 2 e r u s s e r P r e d n i l y # n a e %
Sandia(#ummins )*+ - %ean Pressure 9:T-ID;
B
<
;
E ingh788 :ressure7 c7!D?!:ressure $*:a% c7!D7!:ressure $*:a% c7!*D!:ressure $*:a%
=
7 <8;
<7;
<=;
<;;
igure #ase =< :igh-temperature< long ignition delay pressure cures
(or case to, the ignition delay as predicted ell using the 35M k!e turbulence model for the first f irst diesel simulation. The second diesel and methyl decanoate simulations have shorter ignition delays. hort ignition delay and high peak pressure indicate maladustme maladustment nt of the autoignition model.
Sandia #ummins )*+ - %ean Pressure 9T-EI;
5?8 a P % 2 e r u s C s e r P r e d n B i l y # n a e % <
ingh788 :ressure= c=!D?!:ressure $*:a% c=!*D?!:ressure $*:a%
;
E C8
<88
<78 <=8 #rank 6ngle 2#6D5
<;8
<8
igure #ase 4< o/-temperature< o/-temperat ure< early injection pressure cures
'ase three ignition delays and peak combustion pressure seem to sho the effects of differing physical properties of fuels. The combustion rate of the fuels seems to be higher than the experimental data in all cases leading up to case three.
The pressure level in cases four and five match the experimental pressure curves very ell. The ignition delay is smaller than that of the experimental data but, combustion rate rate seems to match in case five.
5 a P % 2 e r u s s e r P r e d n i l y # n a e %
Sandia(#ummins )*+ - %ean Pressure 9T-I;
B
<
;
ingh788 :ressureE cE!D?!:ressure $*:a%
E
=
7 <8;
<7;
<=;
<;;
igure #ase +< o/-temperature< o/-temperature < late injection pressure cures
B
5 a P % 2 e r u s s e r P r e < d n i l y # n a e % ;
Sandia(#ummins )*+ - %ean Pressure 9T-DI;
ingh788 :ressure;
E
c;!D?!:ressure $*:a%
= 7 <8;
<7; <=; #rank 6ngle 2#6D5
<;;
igure #ase >< o/-temperature< o/-temperature < dou$le dou$le injection pressure cures
All results could be improved improved by determining determining a method to match the experimental inection mass flo rate curves, more tuning of the t he droplet collision breakup model, and having accurate information about the kinematic viscosity of biodiesel. The spray model is very dependent on accurate fuel properties to determine hich modes the inector nozzle is operating in. The autoignition energy of the fuels also need to be knon more accurately so that the detonation and high a burn rate of the fuel does not occur. harp spikes in simulated pressure mean that the inector nozzle may spend more time in the flipped mode than the cavitating mode during the D/. The accurate simulation li-uid spray impingement and subse-uent modes of evaporation re-uire very fine all mesh grids because of interaction ith turbulence modeling.
#om$ustion Temperature
The temperature result of the simulations is compared ith experimental data. The adiabatic temperatures in the experimental data are calculated using TA5NA5 code ith optical data during the soot formation and soot combustion as input. ince the experimental data is actually a theoretical calculation of maximum adiabatic flame temperature, simulation results are only provided so that general temperature temperature trends correlations can be identified. Additional Temperature plots are in appendix & Sandia #ummins )-*+ #om$ustion Temperature 9:T-SID;
7;E8 7EE8
5 ? 2 e7=E8 r u t a r e p77E8 m e T
7?E8 78E8 ingh788 Temperature? c?!D?!Temperature $0% c?!D7!Temperature $0% c?!D=!Temperature $0% c?!*D7!Temperature $0%
?CE8 ?BE8 ?
<77
<7E
<7 <7B #rank 6ngle 2#6D5
<=8
igure #ase *< :igh :igh Temperature< Temperature< short ignition delay temperature cures
<=7
6pparent :eat @elease @ate
The A233 curves are modeled using a single zone zero!dimensional thermodynamic model. &ecause of error in the temperature and pressure curves in section , the calculated maximum A233 overshoot the experimental data significantly hoever, trends such as a negative A233 at the / before autoignition are reproduced. Tuning of the autoignition model alone could have positive effects for the increase of accuracy. The A233 curves for cases to, three, four, and five are in appendix &. 5 B ( A 2 e;8 t a @ e s a;;8 e l e @ t aE;8 e : t n e=;8 r a p p 6
S#0@E #ummins )*+ - 6pparent :eat @elease @ate @esults 9:T-SID;
ingh!c?!A223$N)deg% c?!D?!A223$N)deg% c?!D7!A223$N)deg% c?!D=!A223$N)deg% c?!*D7!A223$N)deg%
7;8
?;8
;8
!;8
<7=
<==
<;=
igure #ase *< :igh :igh Temperature< Temperature< short ignition ignition delay heat release cures
#om$ustion Emissions
Miven most of the published data at the time, the 4:A 4:A characterized characterize d the overall average trend in reduction of regulated emissions hen using soy methyl ester biodiesel in heavy!duty highay engines. is the 4:As published emission impacts of *4 on heavy duty highay engines. s n o i s 78 s i m?8 e 8 n i 8 e g!?8 n a h c!78 C
C #hange in SEP6 @egulated Emission /ith S%E Biodiesel
78
E8
8
B8
?88 5/x :* '/ 2'
!=8 !E8
!;8 !8 !<8
"olumetric C S%E $iodiesel in fuel
igure Percent change in regulated emissions /ith S%E $iodiesel $iodiesel
Table is a comparison of 5/ x emissions at 4G/ beteen biodiesel and diesel fuel. The high temperature case ith long ignition delay is the only case that is somehat in agreement ith the emissions trends. Ta$le Ta$le Percent increase in )0x $et/een simulated fuels Simulated )0 x at E"0 :T-SID :T-ID 7C. ?.B DieselG= ;.E 78.C %D !E;7O ?C.BO
2+>deg5 9g(2hpFhr5; or 9ppm; T-EI T-I 2ppm5 T-DI 2ppm5 ? = B<.< 8.E< !! !! !?7O !! !!
nconsumed uel
Pnconsumed fuel is a regulated pollutant in most urisdictions. n the P.., the 4:A specifies that an on!road heavy truck or combination tractor poered by a heavy! duty compression ignition engine, such as the 'ummins 5?E, can only emit up to ?.=g hp hr of unburned fuel from the exhaust. f an engine produces ?88 brake horse poer at speed, it could only output up to ?=8 grams of unconsumed fuel over the course of an hour of operation. Table depict the estimated average levels of fuel pollutants. uel emissions at end of simulation n$urnt :ydrocar$ons at E"0 2+>deg5 9g(2hpFhr5; :T-SID E.==4!8; DieselG= ; 5 r %D .?B4!8; h F
:T-ID ;.<;4!8= .B<4!8;
T-EI ?.84!8E 7.;4!87
T-I ?.;4!8E !!
T-DI ;.7?4!8E !!
p h 2 ( g 9
nconsumed uel at E"0 2+>deg5 0 " E =.884!87 t a l e 7.;84!87 u t n 7.884!87 r u $ ?.;84!87 DieselQ7 n D
*D
?.884!87
;.884!8= 8.884R88
2T!D 2T!9D
9T!4
9T!9
9T!D
igure nconsumed fuel in domain at E"0
Particulates
oot luminosity and processing techni-ues ere used by ingh to determine soot volume from optical experiments. The simulation results for all cases match the
; m trend of the experimental results ell. Table depict the volume of soot particulates in m 9 the fuel et. e m u l Particulates 9mm 4; o " e8. t a l u c i 8.; t r a P t8.E o o8.= ingh 788 S 4
DieselQ7
8.7
*D
8.? 8 2T!D
2T!9D
9T!4
9T!9
9T!D
igure Particulates in domain at E"0 Ta$le Ta$le Particulate emissions at specified crankshaft angles
#6D Singh =HH DieselG= %D
:T-SID <7; 8.;;< 8.8?7?= B.E?4!8E
Particulates :T-ID <7B 8.8B=;< 8.8?8E ?.?B4!8;
4
9mm ; T-EI
T-I
T-DI <;; 8.8<< ?.?<4!8C !!
Fel'%ra, /(ara/ter!'t!'
Injection !pra i! the proce!! that f"el i! injected from noEEle, and it i! a!!ociated Bith folloBin7 f"el atomi!ation, interaction Bith !"rro"ndin7 7a!, mi?t"re formation and com ‐ b"!tion. Re7ardin7 to a neB f"el applied into the die!el en7ine, the !pra proce!! i! differ ‐en entt d" d"ee to th thee di diff ffer eren entt propertie! from die!el, and the control !trate7 !ho"ld be chan7ed accordin7l in order to achieve the optim"m performan performance. ce. )i!co!it, )i!co!it, !"rface !"rface ten!ion and den!it are the three main parameter!, Bhich infl"ence f"el !pra characteri!tic!. ;i7her vi!co!it and !"rface ten!ion Bill prohibit the atomi!ation and in!tabilit of f"el droplet!. #"e to the different biodie!el! propertie! from die!el, !t"die! on the !pra characteri!tic! are nece!!ar. Near;$!el"'%ra, /(ara/ter!'t!/'
In the near
Se>en/e #$ '%ra, !&a8e' !n a '!n8le t!&e;re'#l0e"
ULSD '%ra,
9-!n.?@ M-a+
Macroscopic spray characteristics
&ormall, biodie!el !hoB! a lon7er penetration and narroBer !pra an7le &ormall, than fo!!il f"el d"e to the hi7her vi!co!it, !"rface ten!ion and den!it. The penetration len7th of biodie!el increa!e! Bith the blend ratio, hi7her biodie!el content re"ire! lon7er break"p time . The differenc differencee betBeen the tBo tpe f"el! f"el! can be be varied at different different condition!. condition!. e?perimentall !t"died biodie!el !pra characteri!tic! at different ambient pre!!"re!. The a"thor! !hoBed that little difference can be ob!erved at the ambient pre!!"re of .4 *Pa Bhile the penetration len7th !i7nificantl increa!ed in contra!t to die!el !pra at the ambient pre!!"re of 5.1 *Pa. In addition, biodie!el ma have a loBer penetration velocit d"e to the ne7ative effect of f"el den!it on !pra velocit . Sate Sa terr (SMD)
Mean
"!a !a&e &ete terr
S*# i! one of the parameter! to eval"ate f"el atomi!ation "alit and repre!ent! the ratio of total droplet vol"me to !"rface area. Smaller S*# indica ind icate! te! mo more re !ma !mall ll f" f"el el dr dropl oplet! et! and the lar7e lar7err con contac tactt are areaa Bit Bith h !"rro"ndin7 7a!. #"e to the hi7h vi!co!it and !"rface ten!ion, S*# of biodie!el i! hi7her than fo!!il die!el. cond"cted the comparative anal‐!i! on 5 biodie!el! and a lar7er S*#, betBeen 5F<31F, can be ob!erved and concl"ded an empirical e"ation to e!timate S*#SMD ? 1@ 1
Bhere i! f"el dnamic vi!co!it 8Pa.!: and i! f"el !"rface ten!ion 8&>m:. compared die!el Bith neat R*$ and %T+ at different injection pre!!"re alon7 the !pra a?i! in term! of S*#. It can be !een that the injection pre!!"re ha! a !i7nificant impact on droplet !iEe. The S*# decrea!e! dramaticall Bhen the injection pre!!"re increa!e! from 61*Pa to 41*Pa.
E6(a't %art!/late n&)er /#n/entrat!#n 9t#tal:
Particle morpholo7, 8capt"red "nder en7ine mode of 611 rpm, 01 &m:- 8a: #ie!el ma7nification of .1111J 8b: #ie!el ma7nification of 25111J 8c: R*$ 1 ma7nification of .1111J 8d: R*$ ma7nification of 25111J 8e: %T+.1 ma7nification of .1111J 8f: %T+.1 ma7nification of 25111
En8!ne e&!''!#n #%t!&!'at!#n
TBo pop"lar method! have been "!ed to red"ce the en7ine o"t emi!!ion for biodie!el
C#n/l'!#n'
(iodie!el i! the mo!t promi!in7 f"el in the near f"t"re a! an alternative to fo!!il die!el. #e ‐ !pit !p itee of it it!! ad adva vant nta7e a7e!, !, it !t !til illl ha ha!! !o !ome me di di!a !adv dvant anta7 a7e! e! !" !"ch ch a! !o !o"r "rce ce fo forr ma ma!! !!iv ivee feed!tock, relativel poor loB
REFERENCE
666.ideo.com [email protected] 666.6ikipedia.com 666.biodiese$.org Mhang: G.: Wang: .: .: et a$. 2<. 2<. Characteristics of -utput 'erformances and Emissions of Diese$ Engine Emp$oed Common +ai$ *ue$ed 6ith iodiese$ $ends $en ds from Wasted Cooking -i$. SAE Technical Paper 2008-011833. 1833. #hashikant:B.F. and ifur +aheman: 2,. iodiese$ production *rom *rom !ahua oi$ ha%ing high free fatt acids:Hourna$ -f iomass and ioenerg: 2<9/1>/,. +amadhas: A.#.: A.#.: #.Haara and C. !ura$eedharan:2( "se of Begetab$e oi$s as I.C. engine fue$>a re%ie6:+ene6ab$e re%ie6:+ene6ab$e energ: 2=,9821>8(2. !achine Design b +.#. hurmi and H.. Fupta Design of !achine E$ements E$emen ts b B.' B.'.. #ingh Automoti%e !echanics b Crouse and Ang$in. Interna$ Combustion engines B.Fanesan. IC Engines b !athur ; #harma. Automobi$e Engineering Dr. Dr. irpa$ #ingh. A$ternati%e *ue$s Dr. irpa$ #ingh. A$so di@erent books: papers and other 6ebsites.
