DIET PENYAKIT GINJAL KRONIK DENGAN HEMODIALISIS
A. A. 2019
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DIET PENYAKIT GINJAL KRONIK DENGAN HEMODIALISIS
Hidup nyaman & produktif “Makanlah sesuai anjuran diet, olahraga & cukup istirahat”
PENDAHULUAN Diabetes mellitus Diabetes melitus atau kencing manis adalah penyakit gangguan metabolisme gula darah yang disebabkan oleh kekurangan hormone insulin sehingga terjadi peningkatan kadar gula darah dengan segala akibatnya. Tujuan diet pada penderita diabetes mellitus Memberikan makanan sesuai kebutuhan Mempertahankan kadar gula darah sampai normal/ mendekati Mempertahankan normal Mempertahankan berat badan menjadi normal Mencegah terjadinya kadar gula darah terlalu rendah yang dapat menyebabkan pingsan Mengurangi/ mencegah komplikasi Penyakit ginjal kronis (PGK) Penyakit ginjal kronis adalah penurunan progresif fungsi ginjal dalam beberapa bulan atau tahun. Pada penyakit ginjal kronis terjadi kerusakan ginjal dan/atau penurunan Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) kurang dari 60mL/min/1,73 m selama minimal 3 bulan. Tujuan diet penyakit ginjal kronis: Mencukupi kebutuhan zat gizi sesuai kebutuhan perorangan agar status gizi optimal. Menjaga keseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit. Menjaga agar penumpukan produk sisa metabolisme protein tidak berlebihan. Pasien mampu melakukan aktifitas normal sehari hari. Protein yang diberikan lebih rendah dari kebutuhan normal, hal ini berguna menurunkan akumulasi bahan buangan yang tidak dapat diekskresikan oleh ginjal sehingga mengurangi gejala uremia, menurunkan proteinuria.
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DIET PENYAKIT GINJAL KRONIK DENGAN HEMODIALISIS
Hidup nyaman & produktif “Makanlah sesuai anjuran diet, olahraga & cukup istirahat”
DIET PENYAKIT GINJAL KRONIK
(Kemenkes1,2 )
Syarat Diet Diet pada pasien PGK harus memenuhi syarat sebagai berikut: 1.
Kebutuhan Energi 30-35 kkal/kg BBI/hari 2. Kebutuhan protein • 0,6-0,75 gr/kgBBI/hari, penderita PGK pre hemodialisa • 1,1-1,2 gr /kgBB/ hari, penderita PGK dengan hemodialisa Masing-masing terdiri 50 % protein hewani dan 50 % protein nabati. 3. Kebutuhan lemak 30 % dari kebutuhan energi total ( <10% dari lemak jenuh, 20% dari lemak tidak jenuh). Kolesterol makanan dibatasi maksimal 300 mg/hari. 4. Kebutuhan Karbohidrat 60% dari kebutuhan energi total. 5. Jumlah asupan cairan = jumlah urin 24 24 jam + (500 ml ml – 750 750 ml). 6. Kebutuhan Kalsium 1400-1600 mg/hari 7. Batasi asupan garam (2,5-7,6 gr/hari ) terutama bila ada penimbunan air dalam jaringan tubuh (edema) dan tekanan darah tinggi. 8. Kalium dibatasi dibatasi terutama bila bila urin kurang dari dari 400 ml atau kadar kalium darah lebih dari 5,5 m Eq/L 9. Pada penderita PGK disertai diabetes mellitus penggunaan gula murni tidak diperbolehkan, bila kadar gula darah sudah terkendali diperbolehkan mengkonsumsi gula murni sampai 5 % dari kebutuhan energi total. 10. Konsumsi makanan berserat dianjurkan 25 gr / hari. Sumber Kebutuhan Energi (Kal) Protein Karbohidrat Lemak Kalsium Garam
Kebutuhan 30-35 Kal/kgBB x Berat Badan (kg) 0,6-0,75 g/kgBB 1,1-1,2 g/kgBB 60% dari Kebutuhan Energi (Kal) 30% dari Kebutuhan Energi (Kal) 1400-1600 mg/hari 2,5-7,6 gr/hari
Tabel : Kebutuhan Diet Per Per hari
Bahan Makanan Dianjurkan
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DIET PENYAKIT GINJAL KRONIK DENGAN HEMODIALISIS
Hidup nyaman & produktif “Makanlah sesuai anjuran diet, olahraga & cukup istirahat” Protein nabati: olahan kacang kedele yaitu tahu, tempe, susu kedele Bahan makanan sumber karbohidrat : Nasi, roti putih, mie, makaroni, spageti, sagu, lontong, bihun, jagung, makanan makanan yang dibuat dibuat dari tepung-tepungan tepung-tepungan,, gula, madu, sirup, jam, permen, dll. Bahan makanan Sumber lemak: Minyak kelapa, minyak jagung, minyak kedele, mentega. Bahan makanan Sumber vitamin dan mineral Buah-buahan : Nanas, pepaya, jambu biji, sawo, pear, strawberi, apel, anggur, jeruk manis, dll. dalam jumlah sesuai anjuran Sayur-sayuran : ketimun, terung,tauge, buncis, kangkung, kacang panjang, kol, kembang kol, slada, wortel, jamur, dll dalam jumlah sesuai anjuran Bahan Makanan Yang Dibatasi
Bahan makanan tinggi kalium bila hiperkalemia : Alpokat, pisang, belimbing, durian,nangka, kailan, daun singkong, paprika, bayam, daun pepaya, pepaya, jantung pisang, pisang, kelapa, kacang kacang tanah, tanah, kacang hijau, kacang kedelai, coklat, kentang, ubi, singkong, pengganti garam yang menggunakan kalium. Air minum dan kuah sayur yang berlebihan.
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DIET PENYAKIT GINJAL KRONIK DENGAN HEMODIALISIS
Hidup nyaman & produktif “Makanlah sesuai anjuran diet, olahraga & cukup istirahat”
JENIS SUMBER MAKANAN DARI BERBAGAI KELOMPOK Karbohidrat
Kandungan zat gizi per porsi nasi kurang lebih seberat 100 gram, yang setara dengan dengan ¾ gelas gelas adalah: 175 Kalori, 4 gram Protein Protein dan 40 gram gram karbohidrat. Daftar pangan sumber karbohidrat sebagai penukar 1 (satu)porsi nasi: Bahan Makanan Bihun Biskuit Havermut/quaqer Havermut/qu aqer Jagung Segar Segar Kentang Maizena Makaroni Mie Basah Mie Kering Nasi Beras Merah Nasi Beras Hitam Nasi Beras ½ Giling Nasi Ketan Putih
Ukuran RumahTangga (URT) ½ Gelas 4 Buah Besar 5 ½ Sendok Besar 3 Buah Sedang Sedang 2 Buah Sedang 10 Sendok Makan ½ Gelas 2 Gelas 1 Gelas ¾ Gelas ¾ Gelas ¾ Gelas ¾ Gelas
Berat (gram) 50 40 45 125 210 50 50 200 50 100 100 100 100
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DIET PENYAKIT GINJAL KRONIK DENGAN HEMODIALISIS
Hidup nyaman & produktif “Makanlah sesuai anjuran diet, olahraga & cukup istirahat” Sukun Talas Tape Beras Ketan Tape Singkong Singkong Tepung Tapioca Tapioca Tepung Beras Beras Tepung Sagu Sagu Tepung Singkong Singkong Tepung Terigu Terigu Ubi Jalar Kuning Kerupuk udang/ikan
3 Potong Sedang ½ Biji Sedang Sedang 5 Sendok Makan Makan 1 Potong Sedang Sedang 8 Sendok Makan Makan 8 Sendok Makan Makan 8 Sendok Makan Makan 5 Sendok Makan Makan 5 Sendok Makan Makan 1 Biji Sedang 3 Biji Sedang
150 125 100 100 50 50 50 50 50 135 30
Protein Protein Hewani
Kandungan zat gizi satu (1) porsi terdiri dari satu (1) potong sedang Ikan segar seberat 40 gram adalah “50 Kalori, 7 gram protein dan 2 gram lemak.” Daftar lauk pauk sumber Protein hewani sebagai penukar 1 porsi Ikan segar adalah: 1. Sumber protein hewani: Rendah Lemak/kolesterol Kandungan gizi 1 (satu) satuan penukar yang mengandung: “7 gram Protein, 2 gram Lemak dan 50 Kalori”
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DIET PENYAKIT GINJAL KRONIK DENGAN HEMODIALISIS
Hidup nyaman & produktif “Makanlah sesuai anjuran diet, olahraga & cukup istirahat” Hati Sapi
1 potong sedang
50
Ikan Asin
1 potong kecil
15
Ikan Teri Kering
1 sendok makan
20
Telur Ayam
1 butir
55
Udang Basah
5 ekor sedang
35
Bahan Makanan
Ukuran RumahTangga (URT)
Berat (gram)
Babat
1 potong sedang
40
Cumi-cumi
1 ekor kecil
45
Daging ayam
1 potong sedang
40
Daging kerbau
1 potong sedang
35
Dendeng sapi
1 potong sedang
15
Gabus kering
1 ekor kecil
10
Hati sapi
1 potong sedang
50
Ikan asin kering
1 potong sedang
15
Ikan kakap
1/3 ekor besar
35
Ikan lele
1/3 ekor sedang
40
Ikan mas
1/3 ekor sedang
45
Ikan mujair
1/3 ekor sedang
30
Ikan pindang
½ ekor sedang
25
Ikan teri kering
1 sendok makan
20
Kerang
½ gelas
90
Putih telur ayam
2 ½ butir
65
Sepat kering
1 potong sedang
20
Teri nasi
1/3 gelas
20
Udang segar
5 ekor sedang
35
Bahan makanan lain
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DIET PENYAKIT GINJAL KRONIK DENGAN HEMODIALISIS
Hidup nyaman & produktif “Makanlah sesuai anjuran diet, olahraga & cukup istirahat” Bahan makanan
Ukuran Rumah Tangga (URT)
Berat (gram)
Bakso
10 biji sedang
170
Daging kambing
1 potong sedang
40
Daging sapi
1 potong sedang
35
Hati ayam
1 buah sedang
30
Hati sapi
1 potong sedang
50
Telur ayam
1 butir
55
Telur bebek asin asin
1 butir
50
Usus sapi
1 potong besar
50
3. Sumber Protein hewani Golongan C: Tinggi Lemak (kolesterol) Tidak dianjurkan penderita penyakit ginjal kronis. Kandungan gizi 1 (satu) satuan penukar yang mengandung: “7 gram Protein, 13 gram Lemak dan 150 Kalori” Bahan makanan
Ukuran Rumah Tangga (URT)
Berat (gram)
Daging Bebek
1 potong sedang
45
Belut
3 ekor
45
Kornet daging sapi
3 sendok makan
45
Ayam dengan kulit
1 potong sedang
40
Sarden
½ potong
35
Sosis
½ potong
50
Kuning telur ayam Telur bebek
4 butir 1 butir
45 55
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DIET PENYAKIT GINJAL KRONIK DENGAN HEMODIALISIS
Hidup nyaman & produktif “Makanlah sesuai anjuran diet, olahraga & cukup istirahat” Protein Nabati
Kandungan zat gizi satu (1) porsi Tempe sebanyak 2 potong sedang atau 50 gram adalah: “80 Kalori, 6 gram Protein, 3 gram lemak dan 8 gram karbohidrat”
Daftar pangan sumber protein nabati sebagai penukar 1 porsi tempe adalah: Bahan makanan
Ukuran Rumah Tangga (URT)
Berat (gram)
Kacang Hijau
2 ½ Sendok Makan
25
Kacang Kedelai
2 ½ Sendok Makan
25
Kacang Merah
2 ½ Sendok Makan
25
Kacang Mete
1 ½ Sendok Makan
15
Kacang Tanah kupas Kacang Toto Keju Kacang Tanah
2 Sendok Makan 2 Sendok Makan 1 Sendok Makan
20 20 15
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DIET PENYAKIT GINJAL KRONIK DENGAN HEMODIALISIS
Hidup nyaman & produktif “Makanlah sesuai anjuran diet, olahraga & cukup istirahat” Sumber Lemak Sumber utama lemak terdapat pada minyak. Menurut kandungan asam lemaknya, minyak dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok yaitu lemak tak jenuh dan lemak jenuh. Makanan yang mengandung lemak tak jenuh, umumnya berasal dari pangan nabati, kecuali minyak kelapa. Sedangkan makanan yang mengandung mengandung asam lemak jenuh, umumnya berasal dari pangan hewani. Dalam memproduksi hormon, tubuh membutuhkan kolesterol yang merupakan substansi yang terdapat dalamtubuh. Tubuh membuat kolesterol dari zat gizi yang dikonsumsi dari makanan yang mengandung lemak jenuh, seperti kuning telur, lemak daging dan keju. Kadar kolesterol darah yang melebihi ambang normal (160-200 mg/dl) dapat mengakibatkan penyakit jantung bahkan serangan jantung. Hal ini dapat dicegah jika penduduk menerapkan pola konsumsi makanan rendah lemak. 1. Lemak Tak Jenuh Satu satuan penukar mengandung 50 Kal dan 5 gram lemak Daftar pangan penukar satu (1) porsi minyak : Bahan makanan
Ukuran Rumah Tangga (URT)
Berat (gram)
Alpokat
½ buah besar
60
Margarin jagung
¼ sendok teh
5
Mayonaise
2 sendok makan
25
Minyak biji kapas
1 sendok teh
5
Minyak matahari
1 sendok teh
5
Minyak jagung
1 sendok teh
5
Minyak kedelai
1 sendok teh
5
Minyak kacang tanah
1 sendok teh
5
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DIET PENYAKIT GINJAL KRONIK DENGAN HEMODIALISIS
Hidup nyaman & produktif “Makanlah sesuai anjuran diet, olahraga & cukup istirahat” 2. Lemak Jenuh Satu satuan penukar mengandung 50 Kkal dan 5 gram lemak Daftar pangan penukar yang mengandung asam lemak 5 gram dan 50 Kalori: Bahan makanan
Ukuran Rumah Tangga (URT)
Berat (gram)
Mentega
1sendok makan
15
Santan (peras)
1/3 gelas
40
Kelapa
1potong kecil
15
Keju krim
1 potong kecil
15
Minyak kelapa
1 sendok teh
5
Minyak sawit
1 sendok teh
5
Sayur Golongan A Rendah kalori (Kalori < 25 gram) Ketimun
Jamur kuping
Selada
Tomat
Lobak
Labu air
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DIET PENYAKIT GINJAL KRONIK DENGAN HEMODIALISIS
Hidup nyaman & produktif “Makanlah sesuai anjuran diet, olahraga & cukup istirahat” Golongan B Kandungan zat gizi per porsi (100 gram) adalah: 25 Kal, 5 gram karbohidrat, dan1 gram protein. Satu (1) porsi sayuran adalah kurang lebih 1 (satu) gelas sayuran setelah dimasak dan ditiriskan. Bayam
Brokoli
Kembang Kol
Sawi
Toge
Buncis
Genjer
Wortel
Kacang panjang
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DIET PENYAKIT GINJAL KRONIK DENGAN HEMODIALISIS
Hidup nyaman & produktif “Makanlah sesuai anjuran diet, olahraga & cukup istirahat” Golongan C Kandungan zat gizi per porsi (100 gram) adalah : 50 Kal, 10 gram karbohidrat, dan 3 gram protein. Satu (1) porsi sayuran adalah kurang lebih 1 (satu) gelas sayuran setelah dimasak dan ditiriskan.
Daun papaya
Daun Melinjo
Daun singkong
Bayam merah
Mlinjo
Kacang Kapri
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DIET PENYAKIT GINJAL KRONIK DENGAN HEMODIALISIS
Hidup nyaman & produktif “Makanlah sesuai anjuran diet, olahraga & cukup istirahat” Alpokat Anggur Apel merah Apel malang Belimbing Blewah Duku Durian Jambu air Jambu biji Jambu bol Jeruk bali Jeruk garut Jeruk manis Jeruk nipis Kedondong Kesemek Kurma Leci Mangga Manggis Markisa Melon
½ buah besar 20 buah sedang 1 buah kecil 1 buah sedang 1 buah besar 1 potong sedang 10-16 buah sedang 2 biji besar 2 buah sedang sedang 1 buah besar 1 buah kecil 1 potong 1 buah sedang sedang 2 buah sedang sedang 1 ¼ gelas 2 buah sedang/besar ½ buah 3 buah 10 buah ¾ buah besar 2 buah sedang ¾ buah sedang 1 potong
50 165 85 75 125-140 70 80 35 100 100 90 105 115 100 135 100/120 65 15 75 90 80 35 90
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DIET PENYAKIT GINJAL KRONIK DENGAN HEMODIALISIS
Hidup nyaman & produktif “Makanlah sesuai anjuran diet, olahraga & cukup istirahat”
Contoh Diet Harian Pada Penderita Penyakit Ginjal Kronis dengan Hemodialisa Profil Nama Usia Berat Badan Tinggi badan badan Index masaa tubuh Diagnosa
: Ny. T : 56 tahun : 65 kg ::: PKG dengan hemodialisa
Kebuhtuhan gizi perhari Sumber Kebutuhan Kebutuhan Energi (Kal) 30-35 Kal/kgBB x Berat Badan (kg) Protein 0,6-0,75 g/kgBB 1,1-1,2 g/kgBB Karbohidrat 60% dari Kebutuhan Energi (Kal) Lemak 30% dari Kebutuhan Energi (Kal) Kalsium 1400-1600 mg/hari Garam 2,5-7,6 gr/hari
Kebutuhan Energi
= 30 Kal/kgBB x 65 kg
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DIET PENYAKIT GINJAL KRONIK DENGAN HEMODIALISIS
Hidup nyaman & produktif “Makanlah sesuai anjuran diet, olahraga & cukup istirahat” Perencanaan Diet Bahan Makanan
Nilai
Kebutuhan Kalori = 2000 Kal
Porsi
Gram
Kalori
Pagi
Selingan
Siang
Selingan
Malam
Nasi
7p
700
1225
1,5
1
2
1
1,5
Sayuran
3p
300
75
1
-
1
-
1
Buah
2p
100
100
-
1
-
1
-
Tempe
2p
150
160
1
-
1
-
-
Daging
3p
105
150
1
-
1
-
1
Susu
2p
400
100
1
-
-
-
1
Minyak
3p
15
150
1
-
1
-
1
Gula
2p
40
100
1
-
-
-
1
2060
567,5
225
555
225
487,5
Jumlah
Ket : 1. Nasi 1 porsi = ¾ gelas = 100 gr = 175 kkal 2. Sayuran 1 porsi = 1 gelas = 100 gr = 25 kkal 3. Buah 1 porsi = 1 buah pisang ambon = 50 gr = 50 kkal 4. Tempe 4. Tempe 1 porsi porsi = 2 potong sedang sedang = 50 gr = 80 kkal 5. Daging 1 porsi = 1 potong sedang = 35 gr = 50 kkal 6. Ikan segar 1 porsi = 1/3 ekor = 45 gr = 50 kkal 7. Susu sapi cair 1 porsi = 1 gelas = 200 gr = 50 kkal 9. Minyak 1 porsi = 1 sdt = 5 gr = 50 kkal 10. Gula = 1 sdm = 20 gr = 50 kkal
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DIET PENYAKIT GINJAL KRONIK DENGAN HEMODIALISIS
Hidup nyaman & produktif “Makanlah sesuai anjuran diet, olahraga & cukup istirahat” Contoh Menu Menu Pagi (06.00-08.00) Bahan Makanan
Berat Porsi
Menu
Nasi Sayuran Buah Tempe Daging Susu Minyak Gula
1,5 1 1 1 1 1 1
Nasi putih Sayur bayam Tahu Ikan mujair bakar Susu sapi Minyak kelapa Gula putih
URT
Gram
2 1 gelas 2 potong 1/3 ekor 1 gelas 1 sdt 1 sdm
150 100 100 30 200 5 20
Menu selingan pagi (10.00)
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DIET PENYAKIT GINJAL KRONIK DENGAN HEMODIALISIS
Hidup nyaman & produktif “Makanlah sesuai anjuran diet, olahraga & cukup istirahat” Menu Malam (18.00-19.00) Bahan Makanan Nasi Sayuran Buah Tempe Daging Susu Minyak Gula
Porsi
Menu
1,5 1
Nasi putih Tumis kacang panjang Telur ceplok Susu sapi Minyak kelapa Gula putih
1 1 1 1
Berat URT 1,2 gelas 1 gelas
Gram 150 100
1 butir 1 gelas 1 sdt 1 sdm
55 200 5 20
Selingan Malam (21.00) Bila ada diet yang kurang sebelumnya, dapat penuhi sebelum tidur.
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DIET PENYAKIT GINJAL KRONIK DENGAN HEMODIALISIS
Hidup nyaman & produktif “Makanlah sesuai anjuran diet, olahraga & cukup istirahat” Hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan: Makanlah secara teratur,porsi kecil sering Diet Hemodialisis ini harus direncanakan perorangan, karena nafsu makan pasien umumnya rendah sehingga perlu diperhatikan makanan kesukaan pasien. Untuk membatasi banyaknya jumlah cairan, masakan lebih baik dibuat dalam bentuk tidak berkuah misalnya: misalnya : ditumis, dikukus, dipanggang, dibakar, digoreng. Bila ada edema (bengkak di kaki), tekanan darah tinggi, perlu mengurangi garam dan menghindari bahan makanan sumber natrium lainnya, seperti minuman bersoda, kaldu instan, ikan asin, telur asin, makanan yang diawetkan, vetsin, bumbu instan. Hidangkan makanan dalam bentuk yang menarik sehingga menimbulkan selera. Makanan tinggi kalori seperti sirup, madu, permen, dianjurkan sebagai penambah kalori, tetapi hendaknya tidak diberikan dekat waktu makan, karena mengurangi nafsu makan.
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DIET PENYAKIT GINJAL KRONIK DENGAN HEMODIALISIS
Hidup nyaman & produktif “Makanlah sesuai anjuran diet, olahraga & cukup istirahat”
SUMBER PUSTAKA Kresnawan Triyani.penatalaksanaan dietetik terkini pada penyakit ginjal. Diakses dari: https://slideplayer.info/slide/11842673/ pada 12 Januari 2019 Kementerian Kesehatan RI, Diet Diabetes Melitus, Melitus, Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan RI, 2011. Kementerian Kesehatan RI, Diet Penyakit Ginjal Kronik Dengan Hemodialisis, Hemodialisis, Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan Kesehatan RI. 2011. Kementerian Kesehatan RI, Pedoman Gizi Seimbang (Pedoman Teknis Bagi Petugas Dalammemberikan Penyuluhan Gizi Seimbang, Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan RI. 2014.