DR. RAM MANOHAR LOHIYA NATIONAL NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY UNIVERSIT Y LUCKNOW
SEMESTER V (2015-16) LAW OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
UPHOLDING OF PRISONER RIGHTS Y POLICE PERSONNEL
(F OR THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE DEGREE OF B.A.LLB (H ON ))
SUMITTED Y ! !
S UMITTED TO
GARIMA P ARAKH GAUTAM
D R . P. K.
R OLL OLL NO . 5" PROFESSOR (L (L AW)
A SST .
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to extend ! "in#e$e t%&nk" to M! te&#%e$ &nd ! ento$ P$o'. P. . G&ut& 'o$ i*in e t%i" wonde$'ul o++o$tunit! to wo$k on t%i" +$o,e#t &nd 'o$ %i" &-le uid&n#e &nd &d*i#e /i#e 0%&n#ello$ D$. Gu$dee+ 1in% 1i$ &nd De&n (A#&dei#") P$o'. 0.M. 2&$iw&l& 'o$ t%ei$ en#ou$&eent &nd Ent%u"i&"3 M! "enio$" 'o$ "%&$in t%ei$ *&lu&-le ti+"3 And ! #l&""&te" 'o$ t%ei$ #on"t&nt "u++o$t.
2
TALE OF CONTENTS
INTRODU0TION........................................................................................................................4 PO5ER1 OF POLI0E UNDER THE 0RIMINAL PRO0EDURE 0ODE.............................6 GUARANTEE OF PRI1ONER17 RIGHT1 UNDER INDIAN 0ON1TITUTION.................8 TREATMENT OF PRI1ONER1 IN POLI0E 0U1TOD9.......................................................: RIGHT1 OF 5OMEN PRI1ONER1.......................................................................................4; 0ON0LU1ION...........................................................................................................................46 BIBLIOGRAPH9......................................................................................................................4<
3
TALE OF AUTHORITIES C#$%$
Abhinandan Jha v Dinesh Mishra AIR 4=:> 10 44?.......................................................................< Aseervadam, In re AIR 4=8: AP 4==................................................................................................@ Bhaktu Gorain v State 6;4; 0$i L2 @86@ (0&l).................................................................................< Charles Shobraj v Supdt Central Jail AIR 4=?> 10 484@................................................................8 Citizen for Demora! v State of Assam (4==8) < 100 ?@<.............................................................? "ranis Coralie v Administrator AIR 4=>4 10 ?@:....................................................................... ..> #ussainara $hatoon v State of Bihar AIR 4=?= 10 4<:=................................................................> $ashmeri Devi v Delhi Admin 4=>> 100 (0$i) >:@........................................................................ .< $hatri v State of Bihar AIR 4=>4 10 =6>.........................................................................................= Maneka Gandhi v %nion of India AIR 4=?> 10 8?=........................................................................8 Manu Sharma v State (6;4;) : 100 4..............................................................................................< &andini Satpath v '( Dani (4=?>) 6 100 @6@................................................................................. < ' Sirajuddin v State of Madras (4=?;) 4 100 8=8...........................................................................@ 'rem Shankar Shukla v Delhi Administration (4=>;) < 100 86:....................................................? )aj $umar $ar*al v %+I (4==;) 6 100 @;=...................................................................................@ )anhod v State of Gujarat AIR 4=?@ 10 44@<................................................................................= )udul Shah v State of Bihar AIR 4=>< 10 4;>:.............................................................................4; )ustom Co*asjee Cooper v %nion of India AIR 4=?; 10 4<4>...................................................... : Sheela Barse v State of Maharashtra (4=><) 6 100 =:..............................................................6 4; Sukh Das v %nion erritor! of Arunahal 'radesh AIR 4=>: 10 ==4.............................................= Sunil Batra v Delhi Administration AIR 4=?> 10 4:?8...............................................................8 : S&#&'&%$
0$iin&l P$o#edu$e 0ode 4=?< " 488(6) &nd (<).............................................................................6 0$iin&l P$o#edu$e 0ode 4=?< " 488(6) &nd " <(4)(&)....................................................................6 0$iin&l P$o#edu$e 0ode 4=?< " 4?<..............................................................................................8 0$iin&l P$o#edu$e 0ode 4=?< " <:................................................................................................6 $
R / elk&$ Criminal 'roedure (:t% edn EB0 6;48) 46@.............................................................<
4
W%* S'+,%$
1&ket 1in% Role o' 1u+$ee 0ou$t tow&$d" New P$i"on 2u$i"+$uden#e7 ( Student Advoate 4==@) *ol : + 8=............................................................................................................................4
5
INTRODUCTION
A" & ke! &en#! o' t%e #$iin&l ,u"ti#e &dini"t$&tion t%e +oli#e i" $e"+on"i-le 'o$ +e$'o$in ulti'&#eted 'un#tion" "u#% &" t%e +$e*ention o' #$ie &inten&n#e o' l&w &nd o$de$ #ondu#t o' in*e"ti&tion o' #$ie" +$odu#tion o' unde$t$i&l +e$"on" -e'o$e t%e #ou$t" &nd +o"t "enten#e "u$*eill&n#e o*e$ t%e #$iin&l" et#. In *iew o' t%e 'un#tion&l +e#uli&$itie" t%e +oli#e tend" to -e#oe t%e '$ont&l 'o$&l &en#! to #oe in #ont&#t wit% t%e $ound $e&litie" o' & #$ie in#ludin de&lin wit% t%e &##u"ed &nd *i#ti("). All t%i" &ke" t%e +oli#e not onl! &n &ll +e$*&"i*e #$iin&l ,u"ti#e &en#! -ut &l"o ex+o"e" it to '$eCuent "o#i&l #en"u$e" -ot% o' 'o$&l &" well &" in'o$&l n&tu$e &nd &ke" t%e t%e #ent$e o' lot o' #ont$o*e$"ie" $e&$din t%ei$ +$o'e""ion&l $ole". P$i"on o##u+ie" & uniCue +o"ition in "o#iet! &" it i" t%e 'in&l $e+o"ito$! 'o$ t%e "o#iet!" '&ilu$e" o' t%o"e +e$"on" w%o &$e l&-eled &" lo"e$" &nd te+o$&$il! o$ "ei+e$&nentl! o$ +e$&nentl! i$$edee&-le. One #&nnot i&ine t%i" "o#iet! wit%out t%i" in"titution. P$i"on" %&*e 'ou$ &,o$ +u$+o"e". T%e"e +u$+o"e" &$e $et$i-ution in#&+&#it&tion dete$$en#e &nd $e%&-ilit&tion. Ret$i-ution e&n" +uni"%ent 'o$ #$ie" &&in"t "o#iet!. De+$i*in #$iin&l" o' t%ei$ '$eedo i" & w&! o' &kin t%e +&! & de-t to "o#iet! 'o$ t%ei$ #$ie". In#&+&#it&tion $e'e$" to t%e $eo*&l o' #$iin&l" '$o "o#iet! "o t%&t t%e! #&n no lone$ %&$ inno#ent +eo+le. Dete$$en#e e&n" t%e +$e*ention o' 'utu$e #$ie. It i" %o+ed t%&t +$i"on" +$o*ide w&$nin" to +eo+le t%inkin &-out #oittin #$ie" &nd t%&t t%e +o""i-ilit! o' oin to +$i"on will di"#ou$&e +eo+le '$o -$e&kin t%e l&w. Re%&-ilit&tion $e'e$" to &#ti*itie" de"ined to #%&ne #$iin&l" into l&w &-idin #itien" &nd &! in#lude +$o*idin edu#&tion&l #ou$"e" in +$i"on et#. Howe*e$ +$&#ti#&l ex+e$ien#e "ue"t" t%&t +$i"on" &$e '&#to$ie" w%e$e #$iin&l" &$e &de owin to $eul&$ +e$+et$&tion o' 1t&te #$ie. P$i"one$7" $i%t" %&" &lw&!" -een & u#% di"+uted i""ue in t%e %i"to$! o' Indi& &nd wit% t%e $owin &w&$ene"" o' %u&n $i%t" t%e di"#u""ion o' t%e $i%t to li'e &nd +e$"on&l li-e$t! -ein &*&il&-le o +$i"one$" &" well %&" t&ken new %ei%t". Glo-&ll! t%e #%&ne in t%e t$end o' t$e&tin +$i"one$" &" out#&"t" to t$e&tin t%e &" %u&n -ein" "et in onl! in t%e l&"t 'o$t! !e&$" wit% t%e int$odu#tion o' t%e Uni*e$"&l De#l&$&tion o' Hu&n Ri%t" (UDHR). But in Indi& t%e #%&ne #&e onl! in t%e l&te "e*entie" t%$ou% t%e ,udent" o' &n &#ti*i"t 1u+$ee 0ou$t 4. 1 1&ket 1in% Role o' 1u+$ee 0ou$t tow&$d" New P$i"on 2u$i"+$uden#e7 ( Student Advoate 4==@) *ol
: + 8=. 1
T%e$e i" & lon &nd el&-o$&te li"t o' ,udent" in w%i#% t%e 1u+$ee 0ou$t %&" $e+e&tedl! l&id down t%&t +$i"one$" %&*e $i%t" &" well &nd 'o$ul&ted "e*e$&l uideline" in t%i" $e&$d. Sheela Barse v- State of Maharashtra. i" &n ex&+le o' t%i" &++$o&#% &nd t%e 1u+$ee 0ou$t" uideline" on t%e t$e&tent o' 'e&le +$i"one$"7 nu-e$ one &on &n! "u#% uideline" l&id down -! t%e 1u+$ee 0ou$t. T%e 'o#u" o' t%i" +$o,e#t "%&ll -e on t%e dutie" o' t%e +oli#e o''i#e$ tow&$d" +$i"one$" &" entioned unde$ 0$P0 &nd t%e inte$+$et&tion o' t%e $ele*&nt +$o*i"ion" -! t%e 1u+$ee 0ou$t. POWERS OF POLICE UNDER THE CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE
T%e 0$P0 #on'e$" "+e#i'i# +owe$" on t%e +oli#e 'o$ ex&+le t%e +owe$ to &ke &$$e"t "e&$#% et#. T%e 0ode +$e"u++o"e" t%e exi"ten#e o' t%e +oli#e 'o$#e &nd &$" t%e wit% #e$t&in +owe$" &nd di$e#t" t%e to di"#%&$e #e$t&in dutie". A" +e$ t%e Poli#e A#t 4>:4 t%e +oli#e 'o$#e i" &n in"t$uent 'o$ t%e +$e*ention &nd dete#tion o' #$ie. 5ide$ +owe$" %&*e -een i*en to +oli#e o''i#e$" w%o &$e in #%&$e o' +oli#e "t&tion" &nd t%e! &$e &l"o $eCui$ed to di"#%&$e #e$t&in dutie" "u#% &" dete#tion in*e"ti&tion &nd +$e*ention o' o''en#e". Poli#e o''i#e$" &-o*e t%e $&nk o' "t&tion%ou"e o''i#e$ &$e in*e"ted wit% t%e "&e +owe$" -ut o*e$ l&$e$ lo#&l liit". < A##o$din to 1. 6< o' t%e Poli#e A#t 4>:4 It shall be the dut! of ever! polie offier/to ollet and ommuniate intelli0ene affetin0 the publi peae1 to prevent the ommission of offenes and publi nuisane1 to detet and brin0 offenders to justie and to apprehend all persons *him he is le0all! authorized to apprehend, and for *hose apprehension suffiient 0rounds e2ist/ A" +e$ 1. 6 (#) &nd (l) o' t%e 0$P0 +oli#e o''i#e$" #&n &$$e"t wit%out w&$$&nt in #&"e o' #oni&-le o''en#e" &nd #&nnot do "o wit%out & w&$$&nt in #&"e o' non#oni&-le o''en#e" $e"+e#ti*el!. In #&"e o' non#oni&-le o''en#e" & +oli#e o''i#e$ %&" neit%e$ t%e dut! no$ t%e +owe$ to in*e"ti&te wit%out t%e &ut%o$it! o' & 2udi#i&l M&i"t$&te. @ Non#oni&-le o''en#e" &$e #on"ide$ed o$e in t%e n&tu$e o' +$i*&te w$on" &nd t%e$e'o$e t%e #olle#tion o' e*iden#e &nd +$o"e#ution o' &##u"ed &$e le't to t%e initi&ti*e &nd e''o$t" o' +$i*&te #itien". Howe*e$ i' & 2udi#i&l M&i"t$&te o$de$" t%e +oli#e to in*e"ti&te into & non#oni&-le #&"e t%en t%e! 2 Sheela Barse v State of Maharashtra 4=>< 10R (6) <
3 0$iin&l P$o#edu$e 0ode 4=?< " <:.
4 0$iin&l P$o#edu$e 0ode 4=?< " 488(6) &nd " <(4)(&).
2
will %&*e &ll t%e +owe$" in $e"+e#t o' "u#% in*e"ti&tion &" %e would %&*e exe$#i"ed %&d t%e #&"e -een & #oni&-le one ex#e+t t%e +owe$ to &$$e"t wit%out & w&$$&nt. 8 In #&"e" unde$ TADA &nd POTA t%e +oli#e %&*e wide $&nin +owe$" w%i#% o'ten in $e"ult in *iol&tion o' %u&n $i%t". T%e"e l&w" t%$ou% &n! o' it" +$o*i"ion" di"$e&$d %u&n $i%t" ene$&tin & lot o' #ont$o*e$"!. P%+$ & /%$&#&%
T%e +owe$" o' t%e +oli#e to in*e"ti&te &$e el&-o$&tel! l&id down '$o 1. 48@ to 1. 4?: &nd u"t -e #&$$ied wit%out #&u"in &n! %&$&""ent to t%e &##u"ed (o$ +$i"one$) o$ &n! undue del&!. T%e "&e %&" -een o-"e$*ed in Abhinandan Jha v- Dinesh Mishra 3 &nd $i%t to '&i$ in*e"ti&tion o' t%e &##u"ed %&" -een $e#onied in $ashmeri Devi v- Delhi Admin 4 &nd Manu Sharma v- State 5. Unde$ 1. 4:4 t%e +oli#e %&*e t%e +owe$ to ex&ine witne""e" &nd $e#o$d t%ei$ "t&teent". T%i" +owe$ i" un'ette$ed &nd t%e di"#$etion i" o' t%e +oli#e w%et%e$ to $e#o$d o$ not $e#o$d t%ei$ "t&teent". = Howe*e$ t%e +owe$" o' "e&$#% "eiu$e &nd &$$e"t &$e "u-,e#t to $e&"on&-le $e"t$i#tion" &nd #ont$ol.4; In #&"e o' & #&"e #on"i"tin o' -ot% #oni&-le &nd non#oni&-le o''en#e" 1. 488(@) dee" it to -e in*e"ti&ted &" i' it i" & #oni&-le o''en#e. P%+ & %#3/% &/%$$%$ #/4 #,,'$%4
T%e #&"e o' &andini Satpath! v- '-(- Dani 66 i" & l&nd&$k ,udent o' t%e 1u+$ee 0ou$t in dete$inin t%e "#o+e &nd &-it o' A. 6;(<) &nd +&$&ete$" o' 1. 4:4(6) o' t%e 0$P0. T%e 0ou$t o-"e$*ed
5 0$iin&l P$o#edu$e 0ode 4=?< " 488(6) &nd (<).
6 Abhinandan Jha v Dinesh Mishra AIR 4=:> 10 44?.
7 $ashmeri Devi v Delhi Admin 4=>> 100 (0$i) >:@.
8 Manu Sharma v State (6;4;) : 100 4.
9 Bhaktu Gorain v State 6;4; 0$i L2 @86@ (0&l).
10 R / elk&$ Criminal 'roedure (:t% edn EB0 6;48) 46@.
11 &andini Satpath v '( Dani (4=?>) 6 100 @6@.
3
he aused annot be fored to ans*er 7uestions merel! beause the ans*ers thereto are not impliative *hen vie*ed in isolation and onfined to that partiular ase- #e is entitled to keep his mouth shut if the ans*er sou0ht has a reasonable prospet of e2posin0 him to 0uilt in some other ausation atual or imminent, even thou0h the investi0ation is not *ith referene to that- #o*ever, faniful laims, unreasonable apprehensions and va0ue possibilities annot be the hidin0 0round for an aused person- #e is bound to ans*er *hen there is no lear tenden! to riminate- Fu$t%e$ t%$e&t o' & le&l +en<! &! &ount to du$e"" i' t%e &nne$ o' entionin it to t%e *i#ti o' inte$$o&tion in #&"e it int$odu#e" &n eleent o' ten"ion &nd tone o' #o&nd +e$ilou"l! %o*e$in ne&$ #o+ul"ion. 46 In t%i" $e&$d t%e 1u+$ee 0ou$t "t$onl! "ue"ted &do+tion o' t%e 'ollowin uideline" 4. I' &n &##u"ed ex+$e""e" t%e wi"% to %&*e %i" l&w!e$ -! %i" "ide w%en t%e +oli#e inte$$o&te %i it "%&ll not -e denied to %i. Howe*e$ t%e +oli#e need not w&it -e!ond & $e&"on&-le tie 'o$ t%e &$$i*&l o' t%e l&w!e$ o' t%e &##u"ed. 6. T%e +oli#e u"t in*&$i&-l! w&$n &nd $e#o$d t%&t '&#t &-out t%e $i%t to "ilen#e &&in"t "el' in#$iin&tion3 &nd w%e$e t%e &##u"ed i" lite$&te t&ke %i" w$itten &#knowledeent. <. A'te$ &n ex&in&tion o' t%e &##u"ed t%e +oli#e o''i#i&l u"t t&ke %i to & M&i"t$&te do#to$ o$ ot%e$ willin non+&$ti"&n o''i#i&lJnono''i#i&l "o t%&t t%e "&id &##u"ed #&n un-u$den %i"el' -e!ond t%e *iew o' t%e +oli#e &nd tell w%et%e$ %e %&" "u''e$ed du$e"" +$o*ided w%e$e t%e l&w!e$ o' %i" #%oi#e i" not &*&il&-le. T%e #ollo#uto$ &! -$ie'l! $e#o$d t%e #on*e$"&tion &nd #ouni#&te it to t%e ne&$e"t M&i"t$&te. Unde$ 1. 4:4(<) t%e in*e"ti&tin o''i#e$ i" $eCui$ed to &ke & "e+&$&te &nd t$ue $e#o$d o' t%e "t&teent o' e&#% +e$"on w%o"e "t&teent %e $e#o$d". Oi""ion to do "o would &ount to #i$#u*entin t%e l&w. I' t%e in*e"ti&tin o''i#e$ $e#o$d" onl! one ,oint "t&teent o' "e*e$&l witne""e" du$in t%e in*e"ti&tion "u#% "t&teent i" in #le&$ #ont$&*ention o' 1. 4:4(<) -ut #&n onl &''e#t t%e wei%t o' t%e e*iden#e &nd not #o+eten#! o' t%e witne"". Unle"" "u#% #ont$&*ention o$ non#o+li&n#e %&" #&u"ed +$e,udi#e to t%e &##u"ed in %i" de'en#e &nd %&" $e"ulted in '&ilu$e o' ,u"ti#e it would not in*&lid&te t%e t$i&l. 4< 1. 4:< o' t%e 0$P0 e-odie" t%e +$in#i+le o' '&i$ in*e"ti&tion. Re&din it wit% 1. 6@ o' t%e Indi&n E*iden#e A#t 4>?6 it #&n -e "&id t%&t 1. 4:< l&!" down &n e-&$o on t%e
12 I-id.
13 Aseervadam, In re AIR 4=8: AP 4==.
4
in*e"ti&tin &ut%o$itie" u"in &n! indu#eent t%$e&t o$ +$oi"e to t%e &ke$ o' t%e "t&teent. Alt%ou% t%e"e uideline" we$e %eld to -e &++li#&-le not onl! in $e"+e#t o' +oli#e o''i#e$" -ut &l"o in $e"+e#t o' &n! +e$"on in &ut%o$it! 4@ in t%e #&"e o' )aj $umar $ar*al v%+I 68 t%e 1u+$ee 0ou$t %eld t%&t & #on'e""ion&l "t&teent $e#o$ded -! &n o''i#e$ o' t%e De+&$tent o' Inte$n&l Re*enue w%o %&*e -een #on'e$$ed wit% t%e +owe$" o' &n o''i#e$ o' & +oli#e "t&tion unde$ 0%&+te$ KII o' t%e 0ode i" &di""i-le 'o$ ex&inin t%e +$i& '&#ie exi"ten#e o' t%i" #&"e. T%e $e&"onin -e%ind t%i" w&" t%&t "in#e t%e %&ll&$k o' t%e +oli#e i.e. $eCui$eent to "u-it & #%&$e"%eet 4: w&" not &++li#&-le to t%e O''i#e$" o' t%e De+&$tent o' Inte$n&l Re*enue t%e! &$e not +oli#e o''i#e$" &nd &$e not %it -! 1. 68 o' t%e E*iden#e A#t. GUARANTEE OF PRISONERS RIGHTS UNDER INDIAN CONSTITUTION
It i" no o$e o+en to de-&te t%&t #on*i#t" &$e not w%oll! denuded o' t%ei$ 'und&ent&l $i%t". Howe*e$ +$i"one$7" li-e$t! i" in t%e *e$! n&tu$e o' t%in" #i$#u"#$i-ed -! t%e *e$! '&#t o' %i" #on'ineent.
Hi" inte$e"t in t%e liited li-e$t! le't to %i i" t%en &ll t%e o$e "u-"t&nti&l
#on*i#tion 'o$ & #$ie doe" not $edu#e t%e +e$"on into & non+e$"on w%o"e $i%t" &$e "u-,e#t to t%e w%i" o' t%e +$i"on &dini"t$&tion &nd t%e$e'o$e t%e i+o"ition o' &n! &,o$ +uni"%ent wit%in t%e +$i"on "!"te i" #ondition u+on t%e o-"e$*&n#e o' +$o#edu$&l "&'eu&$d" 4?. In Sunil Batra v- Delhi Administration65 2u"ti#e D. A. De"&i "+e&kin 'o$ %i"el' t%e Hon7-le 0%ie' 2u"ti#e o' Indi& &nd two Hon7-le 2ude" o-"e$*ed t%&t & #on*i#t i" in +$i"on unde$ t%e o$de$ &nd di$e#tion o' t%e 0ou$t &nd t%e 0ou$t %&" t%e$e'o$e to "t$ike & ,u"t -&l&n#e -etween t%e de%u&niin +$i"on &to"+%e$e &nd t%e +$e"e$*&tion o' inte$*&l o$de$ &nd di"#i+line t%e &inten&n#e o' in"titution&l "e#u$it! &&in"t e"#&+e &nd $e%&-ilit&tion o' t%e +$i"one$". A$ti#le 64 u&$&ntee" +$ote#tion o' li'e &nd +e$"on&l li-e$t!. T%ou% #ou#%ed in t%e ne&ti*e it #on'e$" t%e 'und&ent&l $i%t to li'e &nd +e$"on&l li-e$t!. In Maneka Gandhi v- %nion of India 69 2u"ti#e B%&w&ti o-"e$*ed t%&t i' & l&w de+$i*in & +e$"on o' +e$"on&l li-e$t! &nd +$e"#$i-in & 14 ' Sirajuddin v State of Madras (4=?;) 4 100 8=8.
15 )aj $umar $ar*al v %+I (4==;) 6 100 @;=.
16 0$iin&l P$o#edu$e 0ode 4=?< " 4?<.
17 Sunil Batra v Delhi Administration AIR 4=?> 10 4:?8.
18 I-id.
5
+$o#edu$e 'o$ t%&t +u$+o"e wit%in t%e e&nin o' A$ti#le 64 %&" to "t&nd t%e te"t o' one o$ o$e o' t%e 'und&ent&l $i%t" #on'e$$ed unde$ A$ti#le 4= w%i#% &! -e &++li#&-le in & i*en "itu&tion it u"t &l"o -e li&-le to -e te"ted wit% $e'e$en#e to A$ti#le 4@. 2u"ti#e /.R. $i"%n& I!e$ in Charles Shobraj Supdt v- Central Jail .: o-"e$*ed t%&t i+$i"onent doe" not "+ell '&$ewell to 'und&ent&l $i%t" <%ou% -! & $e&li"ti# $e&++$&i"&l 0ou$t" will $e'u"e to $e#onie t%e 'ull +&no+l! o' +&$t III en,o!ed -! '$ee #itien". Fu$t%e$ o-"e$*ed t%&t t%e &xio o' +$i"on ,u"ti#e i" t%e 0ou$t7" #ontinuin dut! &nd &ut%o$it! to en"u$e t%&t t%e ,udi#i&l w&$$&nt w%i#% de+$i*e" & +e$"on o' %i" li'e o$ li-e$t! i" not ex#eeded "u-*e$ted o$ "tulti'ied. It i" & "o$t o' "olen #o*en&nt $unnin wit% t%e +owe$ to "enten#e. Re'e$$in to t%e de#i"ion o' 1u+$ee 0ou$t in )ustom Co*asjee Cooper v- %nion of India .6 &nd M&nek& G&nd%i it w&" o-"e$*ed t%&t P$i"one$7" $et&in &ll $i%t" en,o!ed -! '$ee liti&nt" ex#e+t t%o"e lo"t ne#e""&$! &" &n in#ident o' #on'ineent t%e $i%t" en,o!ed -! +$i"one$7" unde$ A$ti#le 4@ 4= &nd 64 t%ou% liited &$e not "t&ti# &nd will $i"e to %u&n %ei%t" w%en #%&llenin "itu&tion &$i"e. T%e 1u+$ee 0ou$t in Sunil Batra v Delhi Administration .. o-"e$*ed 'risons are built *ith stones of la*. T%u" it -e%o*e" t%e 0ou$t to in"i"t t%&t in t%e e!e o' l&w +$i"one$" &$e +e$"on" not &ni&l" &nd +uni"% t%e de*i&nt u&$di&n" o' t%e +$i"on "!"te w%e$e t%e! o -e$"e$k &nd de'ile t%e dinit! o' t%e %u&n in&te. P$i"on %ou"e" &$e +&$t o' Indi&n e&$t% &nd t%e Indi&n 0on"titution #&nnot -e %eld &t -&! -! ,&il o''i#i&l". Fo$ w%en & +$i"one$ i" t$&u&tied t%e #on"titution "u''e$" & "%o#k. T%e 1u+$ee 0ou$t 'u$t%e$ %eld t%&t t%e 0ou$t %&" +owe$ &nd $e"+on"i-ilit! to inte$*ene &nd +$ote#t t%e +$i"one$ &&in"t &! %ow #$ude -e%&*iou$. TREATMENT OF PRISONERS IN POLICE CUSTODY
19 Maneka Gandhi v %nion of India AIR 4=?> 10 8?=.
20 Charles Shobraj v Supdt Central Jail AIR 4=?> 10 484@.
21 )ustom Co*asjee Cooper v %nion of India AIR 4=?; 10 4<4>.
22 Sunil Batra v Delhi Administration AIR 4=?> 10 4:?8.
6
A +e$"on w%o i" &$$e"ted &nd not $ele&"ed on -&il "%&ll -e det&ined in & "e#u$e &$e& o' t%e Poli#e 1t&tion e&$&$ked 'o$ "u#% +u$+o"e" unde$ #on"t&nt w&t#%. A +$i"one$ w%o t%e 1HO #on"ide$" -ein d&ne$ou" &nd i" likel! to e"#&+e "%ould -e ke+t in t%e lo#ku+ unde$ #ontinuou" &nd e''e#ti*e w&t#%. T%i" "%ould -e done onl! &kin & t%o$ou% "e&$#% &nd ne#e""&$! ent$ie" "%ould -e &de in t%e +$i"one$" "e&$#% $ei"te$ &nd u&$d o$ w&t#% "ent$! $elie' -ook. T%e 'i$"t $eCui$eent i" +%!"i#&l "&'et! o' t%e +e$"on in #u"tod!. T%i" in#lude" "&'et! '$o in,u$! &nd de&t% w%et%e$ "el'in'li#ted o$ ot%e$wi"e. A" t%e +"!#%oloi#&l "t&te o' e&#% indi*idu&l #&nnot -e &##u$&tel! &ued it i" ne#e""&$! to $e&lie t%&t t%e ene$&l ent&l "t&te o' & +e$"on &$$e"ted &nd -$ou%t to +oli#e "t&tion would -e 'e&$ "%o#k t$&u& "en"e o' uilt &nd "%&e et#. 1ui#id&l tenden#ie" t%e$e'o$e de*elo+. Hen#e t%e +l&#e w%e$e %e i" loded "%ould not #ont&in &n!t%in in#ludin %i" &++&$el o$ -elonin" t%&t &''o$d %i &n! o++o$tunit! to &tte +t o$ #oit "ui#ide No +oli#e o''i#e$ o$ IO "%&ll u"e &n! 'o$#e o$ #&u"e &n ! +%!"i#&l in,u$! du$in inte$$o&tion o' t%e +e$"on in #u"tod!. I' "u#% in,u$ie" &$e #&u"ed &nd $e"ult in de&t% o' t%e +e$"on t%e +oli#e o''i#e$" #on#e$ned will -e li&-le 'o$ +$o"e#ution 'o$ %oi#ide &nd t%e -u$den o' +$oo' o' t%ei$ inno#en#e lie" on t%e. Two -l&nket" &nd two d%u$$ie" 'o$ $u$&l "t&tion" &nd 'ou$ -l&nket" &nd 'ou$ d%u$$ie" 'o$ town +oli#e "t&tion" %&*in lo#ku+" "%ould -e "u++lied 'o$ t%e u"e o' +e$"on" in +oli#e #u"tod! 'o$ e&#% lo#ku+. T%e"e "%ould -e &lw&!" ke+t #le&n w&"%ed &nd d$ied. T%e"e &$ti#le" will -e t$e&ted &" "t&tion +$o+e$t! &nd t%e o''i#e$ in#%&$e o' t%e "t&tion o$ out+o"t will -e $e"+on"i-le 'o$ t%ei$ i""ue to "u#% o' t%e +$i"one$" w%o do not +$o*ide t%e"el*e" wit% t%ei$ own -eddin .6< P$i"one$" &$e not to -e "u-,e#ted to needle"" indinit! o$ %&$"% t$e&tent. At Di"t$i#t He&dCu&$te$" o$ &t +l&#e" w%e$e +oli#e *e%i#le" &$e &*&il&-le +$i"one$" "%ould -e #on*e!ed '$o ,&il to #ou$t &nd -&#k in t%e +oli#e *e%i#le". P$i"one$" w%o"e #on'e""ion" &$e to -e $e#o$ded "%ould -e t&ken to t%e 0ou$t '$o t%e ,&il in & +oli#e *&n w%en &*&il&-le e"#o$ted -! w&$de$" &" & "+e#i&l #&"e. T%e u"e o' %&nd#u''" o$ le #%&in" "%ould -e &*oided &nd i' &t &ll it "%ould -e $e"o$ted to "t$i#tl! in &##o$d&n#e wit% t%e l&w &nd&ted in ,udent o' t%e 1u+$ee 0ou$t in 'rem Shankar Shukla v- Delhi Administration .; &nd Citizen for Demora! v- State of Assam .8. 5%en &n &##u"ed i" in 0ou$t du$in t%e t$i&l %e u"t -e %eld to -e in t%e #u"tod! o' t%e 0ou$t. I' &n &##u"ed i" "o 23 %tt+JJ-+$d.ni#.inJw$ite$e&dd&t&Jlinki&e"J:?=>6;<6@</olue6;6.+d'
24 'rem Shankar Shukla v Delhi Administration (4=>;) < 100 86:.
7
d&ne$ou" t%&t it i" ne#e""&$! to %&nd#u'' %i $e+$e"ent&tion "%ould -e &de to t%e 0ou$t &nd t%e 0ou$t will i""ue &++$o+$i&te in"t$u#tion" in t%e &tte$. A##u"ed +e$"on" w%ile in 0ou$t du$in t$i&l "%ould not -e %&nd#u''ed ex#e+t wit% t%e +e$i""ion o' t%e 0ou$t. Unde$t$i&l +$i"one$" &nd ot%e$ &##u"ed +e$"on" "%&ll not -e %&nd#u''ed &nd #%&ined wit%out "+e#i'i# +e$i""ion o' t%e #ou$t &nd onl! i' t%e$e i" & $e&"on&-le &++$e%en"ion eit%e$ due to %einou" n&tu$e o' t%e #$ie" wit% w%i#% t%e! &$e #%&$ed o$ '$o t%ei$ #%&$&#te$ o$ -e%&*iou$ t%&t "u#% +e$"on" will u"e *iolen#e o$ will &tte+t to e"#&+e o$ t%&t &n &tte+t will -e &de to $e"#ue t%e. T%e "&e +$in#i+le "%&ll -e &++lied to #on*i#t" +$o#eedin in +u-li# w%ile in +oli#e #u"tod!. 5%en & +$i"one$ w%o &$$i*e" &t & +oli#e "t&tion i" "e$iou"l! ill edi#&l &id "%ould -e +$o*ided. 5%en not &*&il&-le t%e +$i"one$ "%ould -e "ent -! t%e Cui#ke"t #on*e!&n#e &*&il&-le i' %i" #ondition &dit" o' it to t%e ne&$e"t "t&tion w%e$e edi#&l &""i"t&n#e #&n -e +$o#u$ed. In #&"e o' de&t% o' & +$i"one$ &ditted to t%e %o"+it&l t%e o''i#e$ in#%&$e o' t%e +oli#e "t&tion in w%o"e ,u$i"di#tion t%e %o"+it&l i" "itu&ted "%&ll $ei"te$ & #&"e unde$ 1e#tion 4?@ 0$P0 &nd in'o$ t%e Exe#uti*e M&i"t$&te to %old inCue"t &nd &ke "u#% ot%e$ enCui$ie". R&$ 7 &% P+$/%+$
T%e$e i" no "+e#i'i# +$o*i"ion in t%e 0on"titution w%i#% de&l" wit% +$i"one$"7 $i%t". Hen#e t%e 1u+$ee 0ou$t &do+ted &n &#ti*i"t $ole &nd inte$+$eted A$ti#le" 4@ 4= &nd 64 in P&$t III &lon wit% A$ti#le" <> <= <=A &nd @6 in P&$t I/ to "+ell out t%e *&$iou" 'und&ent&l $i%t" &*&il&-le to t%e +$i"one$". T%e "tud! o' t%e *&$iou" $i%t" o' t%e +$i"one$" enun#i&ted in t%e #&ten& o' ,udent" in t%e +o"t M&nek& G&nd%i +e$iod #&n -e done unde$ 'ou$ "u- %e&din" (&) To$tu$e T%e 1u+$ee 0ou$t w%ile ex+loitin t%e 0%&$te$ o' Unenue$&ted Ri%t" i.e. A$ti#le 64 %eld in "ranis Coralie v- Administrator .3 Del%i t%&t t%e$e i" i+li#it in A$ti#le 64 t%e $i%t" to +$ote#tion &&in"t to$tu$e &nd %u&n de$&din t$e&tent. In ot%e$ wo$d" & #on*i#ted &n i" not $edu#ed '$o & +e$"on to & non+e$"on "o &" to -e "u-,e#t to t%e w%i o' t%e +$i"on &dini"t$&tion.
25 Citizen for Demora! v State of Assam (4==8) < 100 ?@<.
26 "ranis Coralie v Administrator AIR 4=>4 10 ?@:.
8
T%i" t$end i" #le&$l! $e'le#ted in Sunil Batra v- Delhi Administration .4 w%e$e it w&" %eld t%&t kee+in & &n unde$ "enten#e o' de&t% in "olit&$! #on'ineent i" *iol&ti*e o' A$ti#le 64 &nd t%&t t%e -&$'ette$" "%ould not -e +ut 'o$ &n unu"u&ll! lon +e$iod wit%out ,u"ti'i#&tion. In Sunil Batra v- Delhi Administration .5 t%e 1u+$ee 0ou$t l&id down 'i*e +$in#i+le". Fi$"t unde$t$i&l +$i"one$" "%ould -e "e+&$&ted '$o #on*i#ted +$i"one$". 1e#ondl! %&$d l&-ou$ i" not %&$"% l&-ou$. H&$d l&-ou$ unde$ 1e#tion 8< o' t%e Indi&n Pen&l 0ode u"t -e i*en & %u&ne e&nin. T%i$dl! !oun +$i"one$" "%ould not -e ex+o"ed to "exu&ll! '$u"t$&ted &dult +$i"one$". Fou$t%l! t%e *i"it" o' t%e '&il! e-e$" o' t%e +$i"one$ to %i "%ould -e '&i$l! in#$e&"ed. And l&"tl! #on'ineent in i$on" "%ould -e &llowed onl! w%e$e "&'e #u"tod! i" i+o""i-le. (-) Ri%t to 1+eed! T$i&l In t%e le&din #&"e o' #ussainara $hatoon v- State of Bihar .9 it w&" %eld t%&t w%e$e unde$t$i&l +$i"one$" %&*e -een in ,&il 'o$ +e$iod" lone$ t%&n t%e &xiu te$ to w%i#% t%e! #ould %&*e -een "enten#ed i' #on*i#ted t%en t%ei$ detention in ,&il i" un,u"ti'ied &nd *iol&ti*e o' A$ti#le 64. De*elo+in t%i" it 'u$t%e$ %eld t%&t t%e $i%t to "+eed! t$i&l i" &n inte$&l &nd e""enti&l +&$t o$ tile 'und&ent&l $i%t to li'e &nd li-e$t! en"%$ined in A$ti#le 64 &nd t%e #ou$t" %&*e wide +owe$" to di$e#t t%e "t&te to t&ke +$o+e$ e&"u$e" like "ellin u+ new #ou$t" &++ointin o$e ,ude" et#. (#) Ri%t to Le&l Aid It w&" %eld in #ussainara $hatoon A *as impliit in Artile.6 beause a proedure *hih does not make available le0al servies to an aused person, *ho o*in0 to hispovert! annot afford a la*!er and *ho *ould, therefore, have to 0o throu0h the trial *ithout le0al assistane annot possibl! be treated as just, fair and reasonable proedure and is thus violative of Artile .6-
27 Sunil Batra v Delhi Administration AIR 4=?> 10 4:?8.
28 I-id.
29 #ussainara $hatoon v State of Bihar AIR 4=?= 10 4<:=.
30 I-id.
9
T%e 0ou$t 'u$t%e$ l&id e+%&"i" on t%e'&#t t%&t t%e 1t&te #&nnot t&ke t%e ex#u"e o' in&deCu&te in'$&"t$u#tu$&l '&#ilitie" 'o$ it" in&-ilit! to +$o*ide '$ee le&l &id &" it i" it" dut! to do "o. T%e +$in#i+le l&id down in #ussainara $hatoon
nature of
ompensation that *ould be one of the effetive *a!s b! *hih the Supreme Court ould prevent 0ross violation of the "undamental )i0hts b! the administrators-
31 )anhod v State of Gujarat AIR 4=?@ 10 44@<.
32 $hatri v State of Bihar AIR 4=>4 10 =6>.
33 Sukh Das v %nion erritor! of Arunahal 'radesh AIR 4=>: 10 ==4.
34I-id &t n 4>.
35 )udul Shah v State of Bihar AIR 4=>< 10 4;>:.
10
RIGHTS OF WOMEN PRISONERS
T%e 1u+$ee 0ou$t in Sheela Barse v- State of Maharashtra =3 de*i"ed nu-e$ o' uideline" to en"u$e +$ote#tion o' wo&n +$i"one$" (i) T%e #ou$t di$e#ted t%&t 'ou$ o$ 'i*e +oli#e lo#ku+" "%ould -e "ele#ted in $e&"on&-l! ood lo#&litie" w%e$e onl! 'e&le "u"+e#t" "%ould -e ke+t &nd t%e! "%ould -e u&$ded -! 'e&le #on"t&-le". Fe&le "u"+e#t" "%ould not -e ke+t in & +oli#e lo#ku+ in w%i#% &le "u"+e#t" &$e det&ined. T%e 1t&te o' M&%&$&"%t$& %&" inti&ted to u" t%&t t%e$e &$e &l$e&d! t%$ee #ell" w%e$e 'e&le "u"+e#t" &$e ke+t &nd &$e u&$ded -! 'e&le #on"t&-le" &nd %&" &""u$ed t%e 0ou$t t%&t two o$e #ell" wit% "iil&$ &$$&neent" will -e +$o*ided ex#lu"i*el! 'o$ 'e&le "u"+e#t". (ii) T%e! 'u$t%e$ di$e#ted t%&t inte$$o&tion o' 'e&le" "%ould -e #&$$ied out onl! in t%e +$e"en#e o' 'e&le +oli#e o''i#e$"J#on"t&-le". (iii) 5%ene*e$ & +e$"on i" &$$e"ted -! t%e +oli#e wit%out w&$$&nt %e u"t -e iedi&tel! in'o$ed o' t%e $ound" o' %i" &$$e"t &nd in #&"e o' e*e$! &$$e"t it u"t iedi&tel! -e &de known to t%e &$$e"ted +e$"on t%&t %e i" entitled to &++l! 'o$ -&il. T%e M&%&$&"%t$& 1t&te Bo&$d o' Le&l Aid &nd Ad*i#e will 'o$t%wit% et & +&+%let +$e+&$ed "ettin out t%e le&l $i%t" o' &n &$$e"ted +e$"on &nd t%e 1t&te o' M&%&$&"%t$& will -$in out "u''i#ient nu-e$ o' +$inted #o+ie" o' t%e +&+%let in M&$&t%i w%i#% i" t%e l&nu&e o' t%e +eo+le in t%e 1t&te o' M&%&$&"%t$& &" &l"o in Hindi &nd Enli"% &nd +$inted #o+ie" o' t%e +&+%let in &ll t%e t%$ee l&nu&e" "%&ll -e &''ixed in e&#% #ell in e*e$! +oli#e lo#ku+ &nd "%&ll -e $e&d out to t%e &$$e"ted +e$"on in &n! o' t%e t%$ee l&nu&e" w%i#% %e unde$"t&nd" &" "oon &" %e i" -$ou%t to t%e +oli#e "t&tion. (i*) T%e #ou$t &l"o di$e#ted t%&t w%ene*e$ & +e$"on i" &$$e"ted -! t%e +oli#e &nd t&ken to t%e +oli#e lo#ku+ t%e +oli#e will iedi&tel! i*e inti&tion o' t%e '&#t o' "u#% &$$e"t to t%e ne&$e"t Le&l Aid 0oittee &nd "u#% Le&l Aid 0oittee will t&ke i edi&te "te+" 'o$ t%e +u$+o"e o' +$o*idin le&l &""i"t&n#e to t%e &$$e"ted +e$"on &t 1t&te #o"t +$o*ided %e i" willin to &##e+t "u#% le&l &""i"t&n#e. (*) T%e! di$e#ted t%&t t%e M&i"t$&te -e'o$e w%o &n &$$e"ted +e$"on i" +$odu#ed "%&ll enCui$e '$o t%e &$$e"ted +e$"on w%et%e$ %e %&" &n! #o+l&int o' to$tu$e o$ <$e&tent in +oli#e #u"tod! &nd in'o$ %i t%&t %e %&" $i%t unde$ 1e#tion 8@ o' t%e 0ode o' 0$iin&l P$o#edu$e 4=?< to -e edi#&ll! ex&ined. 5e &$e &w&$e t%&t 1e#tion 8@ o' t%e 0ode o' 0$iin&l P$o#edu$e 36 Sheela Barse v State of Maharashtra (4=><) 6 100 =:.
11
4=?< undou-tedl! +$o*ide" 'o$ ex&in&tion o' &n &$$e"ted +e$"on -! & edi#&l +$&#titione$ &t t%e $eCue"t o' t%e &$$e"ted +e$"on &nd it i" & $i%t #on'e$$ed on t%e &$$e"ted +e$"on. But *e$! o'ten t%e &$$e"ted +e$"on i" not &w&$e o' t%i" $i%t &nd on &##ount o' %i" ino$&n#e %e i" un&-le to exe$#i"e t%i" $i%t e*en t%ou% %e &! %&*e -een to$tu$ed o$ <$e&ted -! t%e +oli#e in +oli#e lo#ku+. It i" 'o$ t%i" $e&"on t%&t we &$e i*in & "+e#i'i# di$e#tion $eCui$in t%e M&i"t$&te to in'o$ t%e &$$e"ted +e$"on &-out t%i" $i%t o' edi#&l ex&in&tion in #&"e %e %&" &n! #o+l&int o' to$tu$e o$ <$e&tent in +oli#e #u"tod!.
CONCLUSION
It i" e*ident '$o t%e &-o*e di"#u""ion t%&t t%$ou% *&$iou" *e$di#t" t%e 1u+$ee 0ou$t %&" #ontinuou"l! #ondened t%e %&$"% t$e&tent o' +$i"one$" -! t%e 1t&te &nd &de +$o*i"ion" "o t%&t t%ei$ Hu&n Ri%t" &$e not #o+$oi"ed. Indi& i" & +&$t! to t%e Inte$n&tion&l 0o*en&nt on 0i*il &nd Politi#&l Ri%t" (I00PR) &nd t%e Inte$n&tion&l 0o*en&nt on E#onoi# 1o#i&l &nd 0ultu$&l 12
Ri%t" (I0E10R) w%i#% we$e &do+ted -! t%e Gene$&l A""e-l! o' t%e United N&tion on 4: De#e-e$ 4=::. T%ou% t%e Hu&n Ri%t" e-odied in t%e #o*en&nt" we$e "u-"t&nti&ll! +$ote#ted -! t%e 0on"titution t%e$e w&" $owin #on#e$n in t%e #ount$! &nd &-$o&d &-out i""ue" $el&tin to %u&n $i%t". T%e$e'o$e t%e Go*e$nent $e*iewed t%e exi"tin l&w" +$o#edu$e" "!"te o' &dini"t$&tion et#. &nd en&#ted t%e P$ote#tion o' Hu&n Ri%t" A#t 4==< &" &n &#t to +$o*ide 'o$ t%e 0on"titution o' & N&tion&l Hu&n Ri%t" 0oi""ion 1t&te Hu&n Ri%t" 0oi""ion" in 1t&te" &nd Hu&n Ri%t" 0ou$t" 'o$ -ette$ +$ote#tion o' Hu&n Ri%t" &nd 'o$ &tte$" #onne#ted t%e$ewit% &nd in#ident&l t%e$eto. Unde$ 1e#tion <; o' t%e A#t t%e Hu&n Ri%t" 0ou$t" &$e e"t&-li"%ed 'o$ +$o*idin "+eed! t$i&l o' o''en#e" &$i"in out o' *iol&tion o' %u&n $i%t". 1e#tion 6(d) de'ine" Hu&n Ri%t" to e&n t%e $i%t" $el&tin to li'e li-e$t! eCu&lit! &nd dinit! o' t%e indi*idu&l u&$&nteed -! t%e 0on"titution o$ e-odied in t%e Inte$n&tion&l 0o*en&nt" &nd en'o$#e&-le -! 0ou$t in Indi&. T%e Gene$&l A""e-l! o' t%e United N&tion" +$o#l&ied t%e uni*e$"&l de#l&$&tion o' Hu&n Ri%t" &" & #oon "t&nd&$d o' &#%ie*eent 'o$ &ll +eo+le &nd &ll n&tion" to +$oote t%e $i%t" &nd '$eedo" &nd -! +$o$e""i*e e&"u$e". T%e #ou$t %&" done it" uto"t to u+%old t%e"e no$" due to w%i#% Indi& #&n now -o&"t o' & de*elo+ed #$iin&l ,u$i"+$uden#e. Alt%ou% t%e$e &$e l&#un&e in t%e #$iin&l ,u"ti#e "!"te w%e$e i+leent&tion i" #on#e$ned t%e! #&n -e o*e$#oe t%$ou% exten"i*e t$&inin &nd "en"iti&tion o' +oli#e o''i#i&l".
ILIOGRAPHY
• • • • •
B&"u D D Criminal 'roedure Code, 694= (@t% Edition Lexi" Nexi" N&+u$ 6;4;) B&"u D D Constitutional (a* of India (>t%edn Lexi" Nexi" Butte$wo$t%" 5&d%w& 6;;>) 2&in M P Indian Constitutional (a* (:t%edn Lexi" Nexi" Butte$wo$t%" 5&d%w& 6;44) Go+&l R Sohoni?s Criminal 'roedure Code (6;t% Edition Lexi" Nexi" 6;;6) R&t&nl&l &nd D%i$&,l&l Code of Criminal 'roedure (4:t% Edition 5&d%w& 0o 6;;6)
13
