Kannada Class Notes

Kannada Class Notes

Table of Contents

1

KANNADA .......................................................................................... 3

1.1 1.2

Introduction .............................................................................................................3 Kannada language has got .......................................................................................3 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.2.5

Alphabets......................................................................................................................................3 Syllables........... .............................................................................................................................3 Parts of Speech ............................................................................................................................. 3 Genders (Linga) ............................................................................................................................ 3 Numbers (Vachana)........... ........................................................................................................... 3

1.2.6 1.2.7 1.2.8 1.2.9 1.2.10 1.2.11

Case - (Vibhakti-Pratyaya) ............................................................................................................ 4 Tenses...........................................................................................................................................4 Akshara / Pada / Vakya - Letters / Word / Sentence .................................................................... 4 VAKYA – Kartu, Kriya, Karmani ..................................................................................................... 4 Articles.......................................................................................................................................... 4 Sanskrit Influence ......................................................................................................................... 4

2

Pronouns – (I, You, We, He, She & It).................................................. 6

3

Verbs – Conjugation (Past, Present & Future Tense) ........................... 7

4

Quick Samadhan – English / Kannada / Hindi / Use .......................... 16

4.1 4.2 4.3

Verbs......................................................................................................................16 Pronouns ................................................................................................................25 Relations ................................................................................................................27

4.4

Questions ...............................................................................................................28

4.5

Location - Here, There & Everywhere ..................................................................29

5

Miscellaneous .................................................................................. 34

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14

Opposites ...............................................................................................................34 Location..... ............................................................................................................34 Courtesy words ......................................................................................................35 Relations ................................................................................................................35 Things ....................................................................................................................35 Questions ...............................................................................................................36 Persons...................................................................................................................36 Months.... ...............................................................................................................36 Seasons ..................................................................................................................37 Parts of the Day .....................................................................................................37 Days of the Week ..................................................................................................37 Time of the Day.....................................................................................................39 Day, Week, Month, Year.......................................................................................39 Here, There and Everywhere .................................................................................39

5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18

Relatives ................................................................................................................39 Colours – Banna ....................................................................................................40 Vegetables – Tharakaari ........................................................................................40 Fruits – Hannugalu ................................................................................................40

6

Cases - Vibhakti Pratyaya ................................................................. 42

7

Cases - Historical .............................................................................. 44

8

Cases - Latin 112/113: ...................................................................... 46

Page 1 of 71

Kannada Class Notes

8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7

The Nominative Case (Nom.)................................................................................46 The Accusative Case (Acc .) ..................................................................................47 The Genitive Case (Gen.) ......................................................................................48 The Dative Case (Dat.) ..........................................................................................49 The Ablative Case (Abl.).......................................................................................51 The Vocative Case (Vo c.) .....................................................................................52

9

Note on Prepositions........................................................................ 52

10

Kannada Alphabets (Vowels, Consonants, Ligatures, Secondary Forms, Marathi Varnmala ............................................................................ 53

11

Cardinal Numbers............................................................................. 64

12

Ordinal Numbers .............................................................................. 68

13

Fractions .......................................................................................... 69

Page 2 of 71

Kannada Class Notes

1 KANNADA 1.1

Introduction

We often talk of using a language in its correct form. In order to use a language in its correct form it’s very much essential that you know the grammar of that language. The grammar of a language can be derived on various theoretical principles and linguistic models that have already been accepted in that language. However we can obtain a proximate reality by historical reconstruction and the resulting comparison with cognate languages. For Kannada translation by native translator contact www.indianscripts.com

Since Kannada has been heavily under Sanskrit influence Kannada grammar too is more or less similar to Sanskrit grammar. Kavirajamarga of 850 AD can be considered as the first book on Kannada grammar, the name of the book literally means ‘the main road for a poet’. This has laid down many principles to be followed by a poet in creating his works. There is a reference of earlier Sanskrit works of Kalidasa, BanaBhatta and also a call for contemporary writers to emulate the high standards set by those works.Kavyavalokana and Karnatabhashabhushana by Nagavarma (12thcentury AD) is also a notable work on Kannada grammar. Kannada grammar is primarily based on Shabdamanidarpana (1260AD) by Keshiraja.

1.2

Kannada language has got

1.2.1

Alphabets

50 letters in its alphabet 16vowels

Varnamale Swara)and

34consonants 1.2.2 Syllables

Vyanjana

Syllables (Kaagunita) are formed by combining vowel sounds with the consonants. 1.2.3

Parts of Speech

There are 8 parts of speech; (1) Noun (2)Pronoun (3)Adjective (4) Verb (5)Adverb (6)Preposition (7)Conjunction (8)Interjection 1.2.4

Naamapada Sarvanaama Naamavisheshana Kriyapada Kriyavisheshana Sambandhasuchaka Samuchhayasuchakaand Avadharanas uchaka.

Genders (Linga)

Shabdamanidarpana describes 9 different forms of genders (Linga) but in modern Kannada there are three genders namely, (1)M asculinegender Pullinga (2)Femininegender Strilingaand (3)Neutergender Napumsakalinga 1.2.5

Numbers (Vachana)

Numbers (Vachana) are 2,

Page 3 of 71

Kannada Class Notes

(1) Singular (Ekavachana) and (2) Plural (Bahuvachana). 1.2.6

Case - (Vibhakti-Pratyaya)

There are 8 different case endings (Vibhakti-Pratyaya) commonly in use. Cases

vibhakti-

First

Nominative

prathama

Second

Accusative

dviteeya

Third

Instrumental

triteeya

Fourth

Dative

chaturthi

fifth

Ablative

panchami

Sixth

Possesive/Genitive

shashti

Seventh

Locative

saptami

Eight

Vocative

Sambodhane

1.2.7

Tenses

Tenses are three, namely (1) Present Tense (2) Past Tense (3)Future Tense

Vartamanakala Bhutakala) and Bhavishyatkala

1.2.8 Akshara / Pada / Vakya - Letters / Word / Sentence The word (Pada) is a set of letters (Akshara) which has a meaning and in turn a sentence (Vakya) is a group of words arranged in a sequence to get a proper meaning or that make sense. 1.2.9

VAKYA – Kartu, Kriya, Karmani

The sentence has in turn Subject Kartru Predicate Kriya & Object Karmani 1.2.10 Articles

The articles are of two types (1) Definite and (2) Indefinite articles. 1.2.11 Sanskrit Influence

There is a general debate that due to Sanskrit influence and too much adherence to Sanskrit hegemony in its earlier days Kannada has blindly adapted some grammatical features that are not its own. Certain features are derived without any rationality. This intentional emulation from Sanskrit for sometime had led to a belief that Kannada must have been derived from

Page 4 of 71

Kannada Class Notes

Sanskrit. There is an argument to reconstruct the grammar of Kannada at various levels such as phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics on its Dravidian lineage. It is opined that reconstruction has to be based on modern models relinquishing the redundant patterns derived from Sanskrit. This is inevitably a question of political as well as social will! For Kannada translation by native translator contact www.indianscripts.com

Page 5 of 71

Kannada Class Not es – I, You, We, He, She & It

2 Pronouns – (I, You, We, He, She & It) MALE / FEMALE st

st

1 Per s on( Sin gul a r )

1 Per s on( Pl ur a l )

2

nd

2

Person (Singular)

nd

Person (Plural)

With Respect

Naanu

I

Naavu

We

Neenu

You

Neevu

Nanna

My

Namma

Our

Ninna

Your

Nimma

Nannage

Forme

Nammage

Forus

Ninnage

Nannadhu

Mine

Nammadhu

M A LE

Ours

Ninnadhu

Foryou

You

Nimmage

Yours

Nimmadhu

F E M A LE

Your Foryou Yours

FM EM /ALAELE rd

rd

3 Per son( Sin gu l ar )

3 Person (Singular)

Ivanu Avanu /

Heis

Ivalu Avalu /

Sheis

Ivana Avana /

His

Ivala Avala /

Her

Ivannage Avanage Ivanadhu Avanadhu

Page6 of71

3 Person (Plural)

rd

For him His (Belonging)

Ivalage Avalage Ivaldhu Avaldhu

With Respect

Ivaru Avaru /

They

Ivara Avara / For her Hers (Belonging)

Their

Ivarge Avarge Ivardhu Avardhu

For them Theirs

Kannada Class Notes – Verbs - Conjugation & Tenses

3 Verbs – Conjugation (Past, Present & Future Tense) No

Kriya

Verbs

T en s esI

Pa d a g a l u

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Maadu

Thinnu

Kudi

Helu

Kelu

Nodu

Baa

Page7 of71

Nan n u

ToDo

ToEat

To Drink

ToTell

To Ask To Listen

ToSee

To Come

y ou

He

She

Ne e n u

A v an u

A v al u

Maad dha

Maaddhlu

We Naa v u Maad dhvi

YO U

T hey

Ne e v u

It

A v ar u

Past

Maad dhe

Present

Maadthidini

Maadthidane

Furture

Maadthini

Maadthane

Past

Thindhe

Thindha

Present

Thin thidhini

Furture

Thin thini

Past

Kudi dhe

Present

Kudithidini

Kudithidane

Furture

Kudithini

Kudithane

Past

Heli dhe

Heli dha

Present

Helithidhini

Helithidane

Furture

Helithini

Helithane

Past

Keli dhe

Keli dha

Present

Kelithidhini

Kelithidane

Furture

Kelithini

Kelithane

Past

Nod dhe

Nod dha

Present

Nodthidihi

Nodthidane

Furture

Nodthini

Nodthane

Past

Baar dhe

Baar dhvi

Baar dhru

Present

Baarthidini

Baar thidane

Baar thidale

Baar thidivi

Baar thidare

Furture

Baarthini

Baar thane

Baarthale

Baarthivi

Maadthidhale Maadthale Thindhlu

Thindhvi

Maadthu

Maad thidhare

Maadthidhivi Maadthivi

A dh u

Maaddhru

Maad thidhu

Maadthare

Maadthhe

Thindhru

Thinthu

Kud dhru

Kudi thu

Thin thidhivi Thin dhivi Kudi dha

Baar dha

Kudi dhlu Kudithidhale Kudithale Heli dhlu Helithidale Helithale Keli dhla Kelithidale Kelithale Nod dhla Nodthidale Nodthale Baar dhla

Kudi dhvi Kudithidivi Kudithivi Heli dhvi Helithidivi Helithvi Keli dhvi Kelithidivi Kelithivi Nod dhvi Nodthidivi Nodthivi

Kudithidhare

Kudithidhe

Kudithare

Kudithhe

Heli dhru

Heli thu

Helithidhare

Helithide

Helithare Keli dhru

Helithhe Keli thu

Kelithidare

Kelithide

Kelithare Nod dhru

Kelithhe Nod thu

Nodthidare Nodthare

Baarthare

Nodthide Nodthhe Baar thu Baarthide Baarthhe



Kriya

Verbs

T en s esI

Pa d a g a l u

Nan n u Past

8

Hogu

To Go

Present Furture Past

9

Kodu

ToGive


10

Oodhu

ToRead


11

Oodu

ToRun


12

Bari

ToWrite


13

Kali

ToLearn

Malagu

To Lie Down To Relax

Present Furture

14

Page8 of71

Past Present Furture

y ou

He

She

Ne e n u

A v an u

A v al u

We Naa v u

YO U Ne e v u

T hey A v ar u

It A dh u



Kriya

Verbs

T en s esI

Pa d a g a l u

Nan n u Past

15

Nidhre Maadu

To Sleep

Maathadu

ToTalk


16


17

Haaku

ToPut

Present Furture

18

Thago

ToTake

Past Present Furture Past

19

konduko

ToB uy


20

Bisaku

ToThrow


21

Haadu

To Sing Song

Present Furture

Page9 of71

y ou

He

She

Ne e n u

A v an u

A v al u

We Naa v u

YO U Ne e v u

T hey A v ar u

It A dh u



Kriya

Verbs

T en s esI

Pa d a g a l u

Nan n u Past

22

Thallu

ToPush


23

Hidi

ToCatch


24

Eli

ToPull


25

Aadu

ToPlay


26

Kalisu

ToTeach


27

Thodu

ToWear


28

KaluHisu

ToSend

Present Furture

Page10 of71

y ou

He

She

Ne e n u

A v an u

A v al u

We Naa v u

YO U Ne e v u

T hey A v ar u

It A dh u



Kriya

Verbs

T en s esI

Pa d a g a l u

Nan n u Past

29

Nadi

ToWalk


30

Hodi

ToBeat


31

Nillu

ToStand


32

Kari

ToCall

Present Furture Past Present Furture Past

Nodhu

To See


Odhu

ToRead

Present Furture

Page11 of71

y ou

He

She

Ne e n u

A v an u

A v al u

We Naa v u

YO U Ne e v u

T hey A v ar u

It A dh u



Kriya

Verbs

T en s esI

Pa d a g a l u

Nan n u Past

Kudi

ToDrink


Odu

ToRun


Kodi

ToGive


Niddhe

To Sleep


Nadi

To Walk


Haadu

To Sing / Song


Kini

ToDance

Present Furture

Page12 of71

y ou

He

She

Ne e n u

A v an u

A v al u

We Naa v u

YO U Ne e v u

T hey A v ar u

It A dh u



Kriya

Verbs

T en s esI

Pa d a g a l u

Nan n u Past

Ili

To Get down


Bari

ToWrite


Kollu

ToKill


Kollu

ToBuy


Hathu

To Climb


Nagu

ToLaugh


Ogi

ToWash

Present Furture

Page13 of71

y ou

He

She

Ne e n u

A v an u

A v al u

We Naa v u

YO U Ne e v u

T hey A v ar u

It A dh u



Kriya

Verbs

T en s esI

Pa d a g a l u

Nan n u Past

Helu

To Say


Kelu

To Ask / Listen


Muttu

To Touch


Odi

ToBreak


Odisu

To Drive


Shursu

To Start


Alu

ToCry

Present Furture

Page14 of71

y ou

He

She

Ne e n u

A v an u

A v al u

We Naa v u

YO U Ne e v u

T hey A v ar u

It A dh u



Kriya

Verbs

T en s esI

Pa d a g a l u

Nan n u Past

Maaru

To Sell


Solu

ToLose

Present Furture

Page15 of71

y ou

He

She

Ne e n u

A v an u

A v al u

We Naa v u

YO U Ne e v u

T hey A v ar u

It A dh u

Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous (Quic k Samadhan )

4 Quick Samadhan – English / Ka nnada / H indi / U se http://quicksamadhan.com/learn-english-to-kannada-verbs.aspx

4.1

Verbs

EN G L IS H

K AN N A D A

H IND I

U SE

Tocome

Baralu

Baa/

Banni

(respect)

Tofly

Haralu

Haaru/

Haari

(respect)

Toboil

Bisimadalu

Bisi maadu/

Bisi maadi

Todo

Maadalu

Maadu/

Maadi

(respect)

To say, to tell

Helalu

Helu/

Heli

(respect)

Totry

Prayathna padalu

Prayathna padi

(respect)

(respect)

Tobite

Kacchalu

Kacchu

Tocut

Kattarisu

Kattarisu/

Kattharisi

(respect)

Tojump

Hegaralu

Hegaru/

Hegari

(respect)

To buy

Page16 of71

Kondu kollalu

Konduko


4.1

Verbs

EN G L IS H

K AN N A D A

H IND I

U SE

Toeat

Thinnalu

Thinnu/

To pull, to drag

Eleyalu

Eli

Toplay

Aadalu

Aataaadu

(playgame)

Tolose

Kaleduko

Kaleduhoyitu

(Ilost)

Toseek

Thilidukollalu

Thiliduko/

Toopen

Thereyalu

Thegi/thegeyiri

(respect)

Tosing

Haadalu

Haadu

(song/sing)

To count To climb, To ride To walk, To move Tolike To shout, To cry

Page17 of71

Enisalu

Duddu Enisu

thinni

(respect)

(count money)

Hatthalu, savari

Bettahatthu kuduresavari

(climbhill), (horseride)

Nadeyalu, Chalisalu

Nadi Illindachalisu

(walk), (movefromhere)

Ishtapadu Kiruchu, alu

Nana ishta(I like) Kiruchabeda Alabeda

(Don’t shout) (don’t cry)


4.1

Verbs

EN G L IS H

K AN N A D A

H IND I

U SE

To steal

Kalavu madalu/ Kadiyalu

Kallakadda

(Robberstole)

Tokiss

Mutthukodalu.

Mutthukodu

(Givekiss)

Toburn

Sudalu

Benkisuduttade

(Fireburns)

To reply, To answer

Prathyuttara/ Uttharisalu

NanageUttharisu

(Answerme)

Toawake

Elisalu

Avanannuelisu

(wakehim)

Neenuhogu

(Yougo)

Togo

Hogalu

Toknow

Thiliyalu

Adannuthiliduko

Towin

Gellalu

Naanugedde

(Iwon)

Serisalu, Sambanda

Idannuserisu Sambandairada

(Addit), (Notrelated)

To quarrel

Jagalaa dalu

Avanu jagala maadida

(He quarreled)

To tell a lie

Ondu sullu helalu.

Sullu helabaradu(shouldn’t lie)

Towalk

Nadeyalu

Avanu nadedu mane serida(He reached home b y walking)

To add, To relate

Page18 of71

(Knowit)


4.1

Verbs

EN G L IS H

K AN N A D A

Toswim

Eejadalu

To break, To pluck Totire To see, To look

Odeyalu/Keelalu Susthagu Nodalu, Nodu

H IND I

U SE

Avanu eejaduttane(He will swim) Avanu odedu haakida(He broke ), hoovannu keelu(pluck flower) Avarige susthayitu(He became tired) Nodu/Nodi

To show

Thorisalu

Togive

Kodalu

Avanigekodalu

Torun

Odalu

Odu

To push

Thollalu

Towash

Avanige Thorisu

Avanannu thollu

(respect) (show him) (togivehim) (run) (Push him)

Tholeyalu

Paathretholi

(washvessels)

To dance

Nruthya madalu

Nruthyamadu

(Dance)

To take bath

Snaana madalu

Snaanamadu

(takebath)

Tobreakfast

Thindige

Page19 of71

Naanuthindigehogthini

(Iwillgoforbreakfast)


4.1

Verbs

EN G L IS H

K AN N A D A

Tocatch

Hidiyalu

Kallanannuhidi

(catchthief)

Toread

Odalu

Pusthakaodu

(Readbook)

To take care

Aaraike madalu

Maguvina araike madu(take care of baby)

Toreach

Seralu

Bega seru(reach fast)

To get, To find, To receive

Padeyalu, kanduhidiyalu,

H IND I

U SE

Naanu modalane bahumana padede/sveekariside(I got/received first prize)

sveekarisalu

Tobeat

Hodeyalu

Naanu avanigehodede

(Ibethim)

Todrink

Kudiyalu

Neerukudi

(drinkwater)

Tocall

Kareyalu

Avanannukari

(Callhim)

Toask

Kelalu

Avanannukelu

(Askhim)

Devarapoojemaadu

(Worship God)

To worship Tolove

Poojisalu Preethisalu

To change, Shift, Badalayisalu,

Page20 of71

Ellarannupreethisu Ninna daariba dalayisu

(Loveeveryone) (Change your route)


4.1

Verbs

EN G L IS H

K AN N A D A

ToD ivert

Vargayisu, Dikku badalisu

Totalk

Mathadalu

Tobelieve

Nambu

H IND I

U SE

Ollemathadu Ninnannuneenunambu

(Talkgood) (Believeinyourself)

Tospeak

Mathadalu

Olle mathadu(speak good)

Toshut

Muchalu

Baagilu muchu(Shut the door)

Tosit

Kooralu

Kurchimele kulithuko(Sit on the chair)

Tosell

Maaralu

Bykemaaru

(Sellthebike)

Toforget

Marethu

Nanumarethe

(Iforgot)

Tosend

Kaluhisalu

Naanukaluhiside

(Isent)

Todie

Sayalu

NaayiSathittu

(Dogdied)

Tokill

Kollalu

Tomeet

Sandisalu

Page21 of71

Avanukonda NaanuavanannuSandiside

(Hekilled) (Imethim)


4.1

Verbs

EN G L IS H

K AN N A D A

To remember

Neneyalu

Naanu ninna nenesi konde

(I remembered you)

To put, k eep

Haakalu, ittukollalu

Naanu dustbin ge haakide

(I put it to dustbin)

To live, be To be Toweep

Jeevisalu, iru Iralu Alalu

H IND I

U SE

Gellalu jeevisi(live to win) Iralu thinni(Eat to live) Magu alutthide(baby is crying)

Tobring

Tharalu

Towrite

Bareyalu

Naanu tharakari tharalu hogidde(I went to bring vegetables)

Toloot

Kadiyalu

Kadiyuvudu kettadu(Looting is bad)

Totake

Tegedukollalu

Naanu bread thegedukonde(I took bread)

Naanuollekavanabarede(Iwroteagoodpoetry)

Tor eturn

Hindirugisalu

Naanu duddu hindirugiside(I returned the money)

To behave

Nadedukollalu

Naavu olle rethi nadedukollabeku(We should behave in a good manner)

To p romise

Pramanam adalu

Naanu olle kelasa maadalu pramana maduttene(I promise to do good deeds)

Page22 of71


4.1

Verbs

EN G L IS H

K AN N A D A

H IND I

U SE

To decorate

Alankaara maadu

Naanu hovinda alankara madide(I decorated with flowers)

To understand

Artha madikollalu

Naanu paatagalannu artha madikonde(I understood the lessons)

To clean

Svaccha maadalu

Naanu nanna kotadi svaccha maadide(I cleaned my room)

Tohelp

Sahayamadalu

Naanu sahaya maadide(I helped)

Tosleep

Malagalu

Naanu malagikonde(I slept)

Tobecome

Aagalu

cricketer aguttene(I will become a cricketer)

To laugh

Nagalu

Nanage nagu banthu(I got laugh)

http://quicksamadhan.com/learn-english-to-kannada-verbs.aspx

I

Naanu

He

Avanu

You

Neenu

Page23 of71


4.1

Verbs

EN G L IS H

K AN N A D A

You(All)

Neevu

You(Regards)

Neenu

They They(many) We You(All, Regards)

U SE

Avaru Avaru Naavu Neevu

My(M/F)

Nanna

Mine

Nannadu

Our(M/F)

Namma

Your(one) (M/F) Ninna

Page24 of71

H IND I

/

/ /


4.2

Pronouns

EN G L IS H

K AN N A D A

Your(many) (M/F)

Nimma

His

Avana

Her

Avala

Its(M/F)

Adara

Him/her

Nanage

Them

Avarige

Us

Namage

You

Neenu

I have

Naanu hondiruve

You have

Neenu hondiruve

U SE

/

/

Avanu/Avalu

Me

Page25 of71

H IND I

/


He has

Page26 of71

Avanu hondiruva


4.3

Relations

EN G L IS H

K AN N A D A

Mother

Thaayi

Father

Thande

Brother

Sahodara

Sister

Sahodari

Grand mother

Ajji

Grand father

Taatha/Ajja

Uncle

Chikkappa/Doddappa

Aunt

Chikkamma/Doddam ma

Bua

Atthe

Fufa

Maava

Mausi

Chikkamma

Page27 of71

H IND I

U SE

/ /


Mausa

Chikkappa

Maternal uncle Maama Maternal aunt

Atthe

Brother in law

Bhaava/Bhamaida

Sister in law

Naadini/Voragitti

4.4

/ /

Questions

Where

Elli

Who

Yaaru

Why

Yaake

What

Enu

Whose

Yaradu

How

Hege

When

Yavaga

How much

Eshtu

Page28 of71

/

/


4.5

Location - Here, There & Everywhere

There

Alli

Here

Illi

Where(that place)

Elli

This much

Ishtu

That much

Ashtu

Here(This way) Heege There(That way)

Haage

Which way

Hege

From

Inda

In Lift

Liftnalli

In Bharat

Bharathadalli

Page29 of71


In Kolkata

Kolkatadalli

On Table

Mejinamele

At Home

Manenalli

Ram’s Home

Ramana mane

Iam Youare He/she is

Naanu Neenu Avanu/Avalu

We are

Naavu

Youare

Neenu

They are

Avaru

You are

Neenu

And

Matthu

Extremely

Vipareetha

Good

Utthama

Page30 of71

/


Again

Matte

Me too

Naanu kooda

Like this

Ee thara

Like that

Aa thara

So (this)

Idarinda

So (that)

Adarinda

How come(why)

Hege

For me

Nanage

Till here

Illi thanaka

Till there

Alli thanaka

Because

Ekendare

Small

Sanna

Big

Dodda

Much

Page31 of71

Thumba


Less

Kadime

New

Hosa

Old

Haleya

Proverb

Gaade/Naannudi

Try

Prayathna

Dirty

Kolaku

Friend(M/F)

Snehitha/Snehithe

Enemy

Vairi(Yri)

Salty

Uppuppu

In

Olage

Out

Horage

After

Amele

Before

Munche

Ahead

Munde

Behind

Hindgade

Page32 of71


Hurry

Athyathura/Bega

Slow

Nidaana

Specific place

Nischita sthala

Morning

Belagge

Evening

Sayankaala

Some

Kelavu

Just like that

Aa thara

Rain

male

Duplicate things Nakali vasthugalu

Approx

Andaaju

My Own

Nanna svantha

Food/Meal

O ota

With me

Nanna jothe

Papers

Kagadagalu

Page33 of71

/

/

Kannada Clas s Notes – Miscellaneous

5 Miscellaneous 5.1

Opposites

Mele

Up

Olage

In

Kashta

Difficult

Kelage

Down

Horage

Out

Sulabha

Easy

Baa

Come

Dappa

Fat

Dodda

Hogu

Go

Sanna

Lean

Chikka

Small

Mucchu

Close

Hindhe

Behind

Bisi

Hot

Kutuko

Sit

Gidda

Short

Mundhe

F ront

Tampu

Cold

Nuntuko

Big

Stand

H ecchu

More

Kadime

Thegi

Less

Open

Ethara

Tall

Nagu

Laugh

Sihi

Sweet

Gatti

Hard

Labha

Profit

Alu

Cry

Kahi

Bitter

Mrudhu

Soft

Nasat

Loss

Doora

Far

Bega

Fast

Raathri

Night

Belaku

Hathira

Near

Nidhana

S low

Hagalu

Day

Kathalu

Bright Dark

Sari

Right

Bhara

Heavy

Santosha Happy

Preethi

Love

Thappu

Wrong

Hagura

Light

Dukha

Dwesha

Hate

Hosa

New

Mitra

Friend

Bigi

Haleya

Old

Shatru

Enemy

Sadila

Saku

Enough

Beku

Want

5.2

E lli

Sad

Tight Loose

Prarambha

Start

Mukthaya

End

Pull

Thalli

Push

Location

Illi Olage Dooradalli

Here Inside Overthere

EllaKade

Everywhere

Ellivu Illa

Nowhere

Page 34 of 71

Alli Horage Ella Dharu Mane

There Outside Anywhere Home


Dhoora

5.3

Away

Courtesy words

Namaskaara - Hello Shubhadina - Good morning Shubharaatri - Good night Hogi barutheeni- Good bye Dayavittu- Please Dhanyavada - Thankyou Thumba Dhanyavadagalu - Thank you very much Hege Iddira ?- How do you do? Neevu Hegidheera ? - How are you? Chennagi Iddini - Very well Chennagidhene dhanyavadagalu- Very well,thank you Susvaagatha - Welcome ShubhashayagaLu- Congratulations Hrudhayapurvaka shubhashayagalu - Heartly congratulations Kshamisi ,thada ayitu - Sorry,I am late

5.4

Relations

Amma-

-Mother

Appa-

-Father

Maga-

-Son

Magalu-

-Daughter

ANNa-

-Elder brother

Akka-

- Elder sister

Tamma-

-Younger b rother

Tangi-

-Younger sister

Ajja-

-Grandfather

Ajji-

-Grandmother

Ganda -

-Husband

HendathiMaavaAtte-

-Wife -Uncle/father in law

-Aunt/mother in law

ALiya-

-Son in law

Sose Chikkappa

Daughterinlaw Father's younger brother /Mother's younger sister's husband

Chikkamma

Father's younger brother's wife / Mother's younger sister

Doddappa

Father's elder brother / Mother's elder sister's husband

Doddamma

Father's elder brother's wife / Mother's elder sister

5. 5

Things

Ooru

Page 35 of 71

Hometown/Place


Mane Hesaru aagilu Kitak Kurchi Meju Pustaka Pennu Pencil MaLe Kathe

5.6

House Name Door Window Chair Table Book Pen Pencil Rain Story

Questions

Yaaru Yaavaga Yelli Yaake Yenu Hege

5. 7

Who When Where Why What How

Persons

Naanu Naanage Nanna Neenu Neevu Namma Nimma Avaru Ivaru Avanu Avalu Idu Adu

5.8

Me/I am ,To I Me My You You( withrespect) Ours Yours He/She ( with respect) ,They / Those people He/She, ThisThese / He She This/It That

Months

Month

Kannada

Kannada

English Months

1

caitra

March April -

2

vaiśākha

April May -

3

,

jēṣṭha

May-June

4

āṣāḍha

June July -

5

śrāvaṇa

July August -

6

bhādrapada,

Page 36 of 71

August-September


Month

Kannada

Kannada

English Months

7

āśvīja

September-October

8

kārtīka

October-November

9

mārgaśira

November-December

10

puṣya

DecemberJanuary -

11

māgha

JanuaryFebruary -

12

phālguṇa

February-March

5.9

Seasons

348. The year is divided into six seasons.

Seasons

Kannada

Kannada

English Months

spring

vasaṃta ṛtu

caitra and

vaiśākha

hot season

grīṣma ṛtu

jēṣṭha and

āṣāḍha

rainy season

varṣa ṛtu

autumn

śaradṛtu

winter

himaṃta ṛtu

cool season

śiśira ṛtu

śrāvaṇa and bhādrapada āśvīja and mārgaśira and puṣya māgha and phālguṇa

5.10 Parts of the Day 349. The days of 24 English hours is divided into sixty

ghalige of 24 minutes each

5.11 Days of the Week 350. The days of the week are called after the planets.

Day

Kannada *

annada K bhānuvāra

From bhānu, Sun

Sunday

ravivāra

Page 37 of 71

ravi, Sun

kārtīka


Day

Kannada

annada K

From

āditya, Sun

ādityavāra

*

ādivāra

*

sōmavāra

Monday

*

ādi, First sōma, Moon

iṃduvāra

iṃdu, Moon

caṃdravāra

caṃdra, Moon maṃgala, Mars

maṃgalavāra kujavāra

kuja, Mars

Tuesday

aṃgāraka,

aṃgārakavāra

Mars bhaumavāra

*

budhavāra

bhauma, Mars budha, Mercury

Wednesday

saumya,

saumyavāra

Mercury *

bṛhaspati,

bṛhaspativāra

Jupiter

Thursday

*

guruvāra

guru, Jupiter

śukravāra

śukra, Venus

Friday

bhārgava,

bhārgavavāra

Venus Saturday

Page 38 of 71

*

śanivāra

śani, Saturn


Day

Kannada

annada K

From

sthiravāra maṃdavāra

sthira, Saturn maṃda, Saturn

* These are generally used.

5.12 Time of the Day Iga Madhyana

Now Afternoon

Bellige Sanje / Sayankala

Morning Evening

Raathri

Night

Aamele

After

Aadhmele

Afterwards

Mathu

And

Mathe

Again

DayafterTomorrow

5.13 Day, Week, Month, Year Ivathu / Eedina

Today

Naale

Tomorrow

Naalidhu

Nenne

Yesterday

Munne

Dina Thingalu

Day Month

Vaara Varsha

Day before Yesterday Week Year

5.14 Here, There and Everywhere Illi

Here

Alli

There

Idhu

This

Adhu

That

Ivu

These

Avu

Those

5.15 Relatives Appa/Thande

Father

Anna

ElderBrother

Thamma

Younger Brother

AmmaThangi

Mother

Akka

ElderSister

Thangi

Younger Sister

Maga

Son

Magalu

Daughter

Ajja

GrandFather

Ajji

GrandMother

Ganda

Husband

Maava

Uncle/F–inlaw

cikkappa

F / M younger bro

Page 39 of 71

Hendathi Atte chikkamma

Wife Aunt/Minlaw F / M younger sis


doddappa

F / M elder bro

5.16 Colours – Banna Kempu

Red

Haladi

Yellow

Kappu

Black

Bili

White

Hasiru Neeli

Green Blue

Kandhu

Brown

Bhoodhu

AshGrey

Kesari

Saffron

Kittale

Orange

Gulabi

Pink

Herle

Purple

Gaada

Dark

Thelu

Ligh

5.17 Vegetables – Tharakaari Eerulli

Onion

Bellulli

Garlic

Shunti

Ginger

Alugadde

Potato

Hurali kaayi

Beans

Southe kaayi

Cucumber

Bende kaayi

Ladies finder

Badhane kaayi

Brinjal

Hasimenasina kaayi

Green Chilly

Karibevina soppu

Bay leaves

Kothambari soppu

Coriander leaves

5.18 Fruits – Hannugalu Sebu

Apple

Kitthale

Orange

Moosambi

Sweet Lime

Page 40 of 71

doddamma

F / M elder sis


Dhraakshi

Grapes

Maavina hannu

Mango

Sapota

Chikku

Seethafala

Custard Apple

Seebe hannu

Guava

Page 41 of 71

Kannada Class Notes – Cases

6 Cases - Vibhakti Pratyaya Cas es

vi b hakt i -

ekavac hana – Singular

bahuva chana – Plural

E x a m p l e s-K a n n a d a

naanu hudugi – I am girl avanu nannannu karedanu – he called me nanninda idannu maadalu saadhyavilla – this could not be done from me

Nominative

prathama– first

Naanu

Naavu

Accusative

dviteeya–s econd

Nannannu

nammannu

Instrumental

triteeya–t hird

nanninda

namminda

Dative

chaturthi – fourth

nanage

namage

nanage neeru beku – I want water

Ablative

panchami– fifth

Nanna deseyinda

Namma deseyinda

nanna deseyinda heege aayithu – This happened because of me

shashti – sixth

nanna

namma

idu nanna pustaka – this book is mine

Locative

saptami– seventh

nannalli

nammalli

nannalli enide? – what is there in me?

Vocative

Sambodhaneeight

Possesive Genitive

Page42 of71

E x a m p l e s-E n g l i s h

indicates the subject of a finite verb We went to the store. indicates the direct object of a verb: The clerk remembered u s indicates an object used in performing an action: We wiped the floor with a mop . and Written b y hand

indicates the indirect object of a verb: The clerk gave u s a discount. or The clerk gave a discount to us indicates movement from something, or cause: The victim went from us to see the doctor. and He was unhappy beca useof depre ssion. which roughly corresponds to English's possessive case and preposition of, indicates the possessor of another noun: John's book was on the table. and The pages of the book turned yellow indicates a location: We live in China . indicates an addressee: John , are you all right? or simply Hello, John!

Kannada Class Notes – Cases The eight historical Indo-European cases are as f ollows, with examples either of the English case or of the English syntactic alternative to case: •

The nominative case indicates the subject of a finite verb: We went to the store.

•

The accusative case indicates the direct object of a verb: The clerk remembered u s .

•

The dative case indicates the indirect object of a verb:The clerk gave us a discount. or The clerk gave a discount to us .

•

The ablative case indicates movement from something, or cause: The victim went from us

to see the doctor. and He was unhappy because of

depression. •

The genitive case, which roughly corresponds to English's possessive case and prepositionof, indicates the possessor of another noun: John's book was on the table. and The pages of the book

turned yellow.

•

The vocative case indicates an addressee: John , are you all right? or simply Hello, John!

•

The locative case indicates a location: We live in China .

•

The instrumental case indicates an object used in performing an action:We wiped the floor with a mop

Page43 of71

. and Written by hand .

Cases – Historical

7 Cases - Historical The eight historical Indo-European cases are as f ollows, with examples either of the English case or of the English syntactic alternative to case: Cases for Nouns 1

Nom i na ti ve Case

indicates the subject of a finite verb

We went to the store.

2

Accusative Case

indicates the direct object of a verb:

The clerk remembered u s .

3

D a t i v e C as e

indicates the indirect object of a verb

The clerk gave us a discount. or The clerk gave a discount to us

4

Ablative Case

indicates movement from something, or cause:

The victim went from us

5

G e n i t i ve C as e

which roughly corresponds to English's possessive case

John's

and preposition of, indicates the possessor of another noun

yellow.

to see the doctor. and He was unhappy beca useof depre ssion. book was on the table. and The pages of the book

6

Vo c at i v e C a s e

indicates an addressee:

John , are you all right? or simply Hello, John!

7

Locative case

indicates a location

We live in China

8

In st ru me nt al Ca se indicates an object used in performing an action

We wiped the floor with a mop

turned

. and Written by hand

All of the above are just rough descriptions; the precise distinctions vary from language to language, and are often quite complex. Case is based fundamentally on changes to the noun to indicate the noun's role in the sentence. This is not how English works, where word order and prepositions are used to achieve this. Modern English has largely abandoned the inflectional case system of Indo-European in favor of analytic constructions. The personal pronouns of Modern English retain morphological case more strongly than any other word class (a remnant of the more extensive case system of Old English). For other pronouns, and all nouns, adjectives, and articles, grammatical function is indicated only by word order, by prepositions, and by the genitive clitic -'s. Taken as a whole, English personal pronouns are typically said to have three morphological cases:

Page44 of71

Cases – Historical Cases for Personal Pronouns 1

Nom i na ti ve Case

2

Oblique Case

3

G e n i t i v e C as e

(Subjective Pronouns) such as I, he, she, we), used for the subject of a finite verb and sometimes for the complement of a copula. (Objective Pronouns) such as me, him, her, us), used for the direct or indirect object of a verb, for the object of a preposition, for an absolute disjunct, and sometimes for the complement of a copula. (P o s s e s s i v e Pr o n o u nsuch s ) as my/mine, his, her(s), our(s)), used for a grammatical possessor. This is not always considered to be a case

See English possessive: Status of the possessive as a grammatical case. Most English personal pronouns have five forms; in addition to the nominative and oblique case forms, the possessive case has both adeterminer form (such as my, our) and a distinct independent form (such as mine, ours) (with the exceptions that these are not distinct for the third person singular masculine his [ car, it is his] and that the third person singular neuter it does not have the possessive independent form); and they have a distinctreflexive or intensive form (such as myself, ourselves). The interrogative personal pronoun who exhibits the greatest diversity of forms within the modern English pronoun system having definite nominative, oblique, and genitive forms (who, whom, whose) and equivalently coordinating indefinite forms (whoever, whomever, and whosoever). Though English pronouns can have subject and object forms (he/him, she/her),nouns show only a singular/plural and a possessive/non-possessive distinction (e.g., chair,chairs, chair's, chairs'). Note that chair does not change form between "the chair is here" (subject) and "I saw the chair" (direct object), a distinction made by word order and context.

Page45 of71

Cases – Latin 112/113

8 Cases - Latin 112/113: 8.1.1.1 For further discussion see the relevant entries in the "Glossary of English-Latin Grammar" on pp. xvii-xxiii of the Reading Latin grammar.

In Latin, word order is not nearly so central to meaning as it is in English: the grammatical function of an individual noun or pronoun in Latin is indicated by its form rather than by its position within the sentence. (Contrast English, where "The man bit the dog" is quite a different thing from "The dog bit the man." On the other hand, modern English still retains some elements of such a system: that is why one must say, "I go to the store" rather than "Me go to the store.") Each of the various functions performed by nouns or pronouns in a Latin sentence is associated with one of six cases (the nominative case, the accusative case, the genitive case, the dative case, the ablative case, and the vocative case) and, according to the nature of the particular noun or pronoun, each case takes a particular form (as in the difference between English "I" and "me"). The case of the noun or pronoun, as indicated by its particular form, will tell you whether the noun is the subject of the sentence (the person or thing performing the action or, in more general terms, the subject under discussion: e.g., in the example above, whether the dog or the man is doing the biting), thedirect object (the person or thing receiving the action: in the example above, just who is being bitten), the indirect object, etc. Below is a brief outline of the basic grammatical functions associated with each case. Over the course of the year, you will need to develop a more nuanced sense of how each of the cases functions, but this outline should provide you with an initial general guide to how they tend to be used and the contexts in which they tend to appear. [FN 1]

8.2

The N ominative C ase (N om.) o

Page46 of71

Names the subject of the sentence — i.e., the person or thing performing the action or under discussion. Tends to answer the question, "Who/what did it?"

Cases – Latin 112/113 o

In English, the subject of the sentence tends to come first: the main exception are questions, where the interrogative word tends to be placed first for emphasis.

Examples: The lions killed the gazelle. The crowd went wild. The girls were frightened. Jim has been sent to Paris. Whom did he kill? The nominative case is also used when another noun, pronoun, or adjective refers back to the subject of the sentence. A good example of this is the complement after the verb "to be." 











o



Example: Jim is president of our club. (Both "Jim" and "president" refer to the subject of the sentence, so both 

o

8.3

would be in the nominative case.) As a rule of thumb, the nominative will be used whenever you are referring to the subject of the sentence.

The A ccusative C ase (A cc.) o

The accusative case in Latin is associated with three main functions: a. Names the direct object — the person or thing towards which the action of a transitive verb is directed. 

Examples: The lions killed the gazelle. Jim assigned homework to the class. 



Page47 of71

Cases – Latin 112/113 

b. 

This is the most common use of the accusative. Note that, generally speaking, leaving out the direct object will leave you without a complete thought: in the second example above, the statement, "Jim assigned," doesn't mean very much. Namesthe goal of motion — the person or thing towards which one is moving. Examples: Jim went to the store. She ran toward the house. We approached the girls. It is perhaps useful to imagine the accusative in this sense as a wall toward which one is heading. In a sense, this use is very like the use of the accusative to indicate the direct object: in each instance the accusative names that person or thing toward which the action is aimed. Indicates the extent to which an action endures, in either temporal or geographical terms. 









c. 

Examples: He slept for three days. We ran six miles. In each instance, the accusative indicates that the action endured without a break: i.e., for three whole days and for six continuous miles. 







8.4

It is perhaps useful to imagine the accusative in this sense as a line, indicating the space — geographical or chronological — throughout which the action endures.

The Genitive Case (Gen.)

The genitive is best thought of as the "adjectival" case: it is used when one wishes to employ one noun to specify something about another. There are many different specific uses of the genitive, but most of them will be translated into English through the use of the preposition "of."

Page48 of71


Examples: 













8.5

Dorothy and the Scarecrow found a man of tin. (The genitive of material. Notice how "of tin" uses the noun "tin" to describe the man in more detail: one could just as easily have employed "tin" as an adjective instead ["a tin man"].) A person of great intelligence (i.e., "an intelligent person": the genitive of quality or descriptive genitive) The house of Euclio [= "Euclio's house"] (the possessive genitive: a very common use) Three of us (the partitive genitive) The love of God is not earned but is granted freely. (A subjective genitive: it implies the notion that "God loves," where "God" is the subject of the verb implied by the abstract verbal noun "love.") The lovewhere of fine"fine wines killedishim. objective genitive: it implies notion that "he loved fine object wines," wines" the (An of the verb implied by the the abstract verbal noun "love.") He accuses me of theft. (the genitive of the charge )

The Dative Case (Dat.)

The dative case is in some ways the most abstract of the cases and one of the hardest for English speakers to conceptualize. In general, the dative indicates a person or thing who is somehow interested in or affected by the action in some immediate way. Consistently, the dative will be translated via the English "to" or "for."

The most concrete (and most common) use of the dative is to indicate the indirect object.

Page49 of71


Example: He gave the pot to Euclio. (Here, "he" is the subject and "pot" is the direct object; "to Euclio" indicates the person in whose interest the action was conducted.) Warning: English speakers, hearing the word "to," will immediately make an association with the idea of motion. But motion toward something, as we have seen, is the province of the accusative case: the dative is never used to indicate the goal of motion except in poetic texts (and even there it doesn't literally indicate motion but rather implies it). In Latin, the sentence in the above example indicates that the action was undertaken in Euclio's interest or to his advantage or in some way that affected him. The best way to illustrate this is to consider some other examples: He took the pot from Euclio. (Here, "from Euclio" would again be in the dative in Latin, indicating that the action immediately concerned Euclio, this time to his disadvantage. As we will see below, if the Roman speaker wanted to say literally that the person removed the pot from Euclio's vicinity, he/she would employ the ablative case.) 







This is difficult for me (i.e., so far as I am concerned).

He seemed to me to be a fool. The most abstract use of the dative is the so-called ethical dative, which indicates that the statement is offered for someone's consideration (often, but not always, with an implication of irony or indignation) or as something that concerns him/her. Modern English readers would perhaps be most likely to run into this dative in the works of Shakespeare or other Elizabethan authors. 



Example: I am not yet of Percy's mind, the Hotspur of the North; he that kills me some six or seven dozen of Scots at a breakfast, washes his hands, and says to his wife, 'Fie upon this quiet life! I want work.' (I Henry IV II.iv.113-15) 

Page50 of71


at

tibi repente

venit ad me Caninius.["But — I tell you!/Can you believe it?! — Caninius suddenly

came to me!"] 8.6

The Ablative Case (Abl.)

The ablative case in Latin is associated with three main functions: . The "true" ablative, indicating separation (as the name implies) 

Examples: She departed from the station. They got out of town. Note that, as in the second example, the idea of separation is often associated with the genitive in English: hence the use of the word "of." Latin consistently employs the ablative in contexts where 





the idea of separation is implied. (For an apparent exception, see above on the so-called "dative of disadvantage.") a. The ablative used to indicate location in a specific spot or a rigorously defined area

Examples: They are in the house. We sat on the chair. He slept under the bench. It is perhaps useful to imagine the ablative in this sense as a specific point or as a point within a welldefined region. b. The ablative indicating instrument (or means) or accompaniment 











Examples: They hit me with a stick. (instrument/means) 

Page51 of71

Cases – Latin 112/113 I do not write well with a pencil. (instrument/means) We went to the store with our friends. (accompaniment) He sang with great gusto. (accompaniment: the ablative of manner) We will find that, where English employs "with" in each of the above sentences, the Latin involves quite distinct constructions. 







8.7

The Vocative Case (Voc.)

The vocative case is used to address someone or something directly. Such addresses stand outside of the construction of the sentence and are really a type of interjection. The vocative is easily recognized: it generally looks exactly like the nominative (the main exception: the vocative singular of second-declension nouns in -us) and is separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. 

Examples: Get over here, Jim! Jim, you have got to be the laziest person on the planet. Jim, they're over here! (Here "Jim" is quite clearly a cry to get Jim's attention, since "Jim" plays no role in the sentence proper.) Have you seen the neighbor's cat, Jim? (where it is assumed that the neighbor's cat is not named Jim) 







9 Note on Prepositions A number of the above case usages involve the use of prepositional phrases in English — that is, the English translation employs a combination of a preposition and a noun ("to the store," "of tin," "for me," "in the house," "with a stick," etc.).

Page52 of71

Cases – Latin 112/113 Latin also uses prepositions, but not as extensively as does English. Often the use of a noun in a specific case all by itself will indicate a notion that in modern English requires a prepositional phrase. That is, the case of the noun all by itself, in accordance with the principles set out above, conveys the sense of the modern English prepositional phrase. English once had such usages but dropped them for the most part. Consider the following expressions: 











here (= "at this place") hither (= "to this place") hence (= "from this place") there (= "at that place") thither (= "to that place") thence (= "from that place")



where whither(=(="at "towhat whatplace") place") whence (= "from what place") When Latin does employ a prepositional phrase, the preposition in effect merely reinforces the sense that is already inherent, in some fashion, in the form of the noun itself 



10 Kannada Alphabets (Vowels, Consonants, Ligatures, Secondary Forms, Marathi Varnmala

Page53 of71

Vowels

◌

◌

a

◌

ū

◌

ṛ

ō

u

ī

◌

ē

◌

o

◌

◌

e

◌

Page54 of71

i

ā

◌

◌

ai

◌

au

◌ ṃ

◌ ḥ

Consonants

Page55 of71

ka

kha

a

ha

ṅa

ca

cha

ja

ha

ña

Consonants

Page56 of71

a

ha

a

ha

a

ta

tha

da

dha

na

pa

ha

ba

bha

ma

Consonants

ra

sa

Page57 of71

va

la

ha

a

śa

a

Ligatures ◌

(ṃ)

◌ (ḥ)

ā

i

ī

u

ū

ṛ

e

ē

ai

o

ō

au

1

ka

kā

ki

kī

ku

kū

kṛ

ke

kē

kai

ko

kō

kau

kaṃ

kaḥ

2

kha

khā

khi

khī

khu

khū

khṛ

khe

khē

khai

kho

khō

khau

khaṃ

khaḥ

3

ga

gā

gi

gī

gu

gū

gṛ

ge

gē

gai

go

gō

gau

gaṃ

gaḥ

4

gha

ghā

ghi

ghī

ghu

ghū

ghṛ

ghe

ghē

ghai

gho

ghō

ghau

ghaṃ

ghaḥ

5

ṅa

ṅā

ṅi

ṅī

ṅu

ṅū

ṅṛ

ṅe

ṅē

ṅai

ṅo

ṅō

ṅau

ṅaṃ

ṅaḥ

6

ca

cā

ci

cī

cu

cū

cṛ

ce

cē

cai

co

cō

cau

caṃ

caḥ

7

cha

chā

chi

chī

chu

chū

chṛ

che

chē

chai

cho

chō

chau

chaṃ

chaḥ

8

ja

jā

ji

jī

ju

jū

jṛ

je

jē

jai

jo

jō

jau

jaṃ

jaḥ

9

jha

jhā

jhi

jhī

jhu

jhū

jhṛ

jhe

jhē

jhai

jho

jhō

jhau

jhaṃ

jhaḥ

10

ña

ñā

ñi

ñī

ñu

ñū

ñṛ

ñe

ñē

ñai

ño

ñō

ñau

ñaṃ

ñaḥ

11

ṭa

ṭā

ṭi

ṭī

ṭu

ṭū

ṭṛ

ṭe

ṭē

ṭai

ṭo

ṭō

ṭau

ṭaṃ

ṭaḥ

12

ṭha

ṭhā

ṭhi

ṭhī

ṭhu

ṭhū

ṭhṛ

ṭhe

ṭhē

ṭhai

ṭho

ṭhō

ṭhau

ṭhaṃ

ṭhaḥ

13

ḍa

ḍā

ḍi

ḍī

ḍu

ḍū

ḍṛ

ḍe

ḍē

ḍai

ḍo

ḍō

ḍau

ḍaṃ

ḍaḥ

14

15ḍha

ḍhā

ḍhi

ḍhī

ḍhu

ḍhū

ḍhṛ

ḍhe

ḍhē

ḍhai

ḍho

ḍhō

ḍhau

ḍhaṃ

ḍhaḥ

15

ṇa

ṇā

ṇi

ṇī

ṇu

ṇū

ṇṛ

ṇe

ṇē

ṇai

ṇo

ṇō

ṇau

ṇaṃ

ṇaḥ

16

ta

tā

ti

tī

tu

tū

tṛ

te

tē

tai

to

tō

tau

taṃ

taḥ

17

tha

thā

thi

thī

thu

thū

thṛ

the

thē

thai

tho

thō

thau

thaṃ

thaḥ

18

da

dā

di

dī

du

dū

dṛ

de

dē

dai

do

dō

dau

daṃ

daḥ

Page58 of71

Ligatures ō

au

◌

(ṃ)

◌ (ḥ)

ā

i

ī

u

ū

ṛ

e

ē

ai

o

19

dha

dhā

dhi

dhī

dhu

dhū

dhṛ

dhe

dhē

dhai

dho

dhō

dhau

dhaṃ

dhaḥ

20

na

nā

ni

nī

nu

nū

nṛ

ne

nē

nai

no

nō

nau

naṃ

naḥ

21

pa

pā

pi

pī

pu

pū

pṛ

pe

pē

pai

po

pō

pau

paṃ

paḥ

22

pha

phā

phi

phī

phu

phū

phṛ

phe

phē

phai

pho

phō

phau

phaṃ

phaḥ

23

ba

bā

bi

bī

bu

bū

bṛ

be

bē

bai

bo

bō

bau

baṃ

baḥ

24

bha

bhā

bhi

bhī

bhu

bhū

bhṛ

bhe

bhē

bhai

bho

bhō

bhau

bhaṃ

bhaḥ

25

ma

mā

mi

ṃī

mu

mū

mṛ

me

mē

mai

mo

mō

mau

maṃ

maḥ

26

ya

yā

yi

yī

yu

yū

yṛ

ye

yē

yai

yo

yō

yau

yaṃ

yaḥ

27

ra

rā

ri

rī

ru

rū

rṛ

re

rē

rai

ro

rō

rau

raṃ

raḥ

28

ṟa

ṟā

ṟi

ṟī

ṟu

ṟū

ṟṛ

ṟe

ṟē

ṟai

ṟo

ṟō

ṟau

ṟaṃ

ṟaḥ

29

la

lā

li

lī

lu

lū

lṛ

le

lē

lai

lo

lō

lau

laṃ

laḥ

30

va

vā

vi

vī

vu

vū

vṛ

ve

vē

vai

vo

vō

vau

vaṃ

vaḥ

31

śa

śā

śi

śī

śu

śū

śṛ

śe

śē

śai

śo

śō

śau

śaṃ

śaḥ

32

ṣa

ṣā

ṣi

ṣī

ṣu

ṣū

ṣṛ

ṣe

ṣē

ṣai

ṣo

ṣō

ṣau

ṣaṃ

ṣaḥ

33

sa

sā

si

sī

su

sū

sṛ

se

sē

sai

so

sō

sau

saṃ

saḥ

34

ha

hā

hi

hī

hu

hū

hṛ

he

hē

hai

ho

hō

hau

haṃ

haḥ

35

ḷa

ḷā

ḷi

ḷī

ḷu

ḷū

ḷṛ

ḷe

ḷē

ḷai

ḷo

ḷō

ḷau

ḷaṃ

ḷaḥ

36

ḻa

ḻā

ḻi

ḻī

ḻu

ḻū

ḻṛ

ḻe

ḻē

ḻai

ḻo

ḻō

ḻau

ḻaṃ

ḻaḥ

Page59 of71

Secondary Forms

Initial forms

a

Secondary forms inherent

ā

◌

i

◌

ī

◌

u ū

◌ ◌

ṛ

◌

ṛ

◌

ḷ

Page60 of71

Secondary Forms

Initial forms

Secondary forms

ḷ e

◌

ē

◌

ai

◌

o ō

◌ ◌

au

◌

Page61 of71

Marathi Varnmala

Click on the Alphabets below to see what each alphabet stands for.

Page 62 of 71

Page 63 of 71

Numbers 11 Cardinal Numbers

English Numerals

Kannada Kannada Numerals Numerals Word

English Pronunciation

1

oṃdu

2 3

eraḍu mūru

4

nālku

5

aidu

6

āru

7

ēḷu

8

eṃṭu

9

oṃbhattu

10

hattu

11

hannoṃdu

12

hanneraḍu

13

hadimūru

14

hadinālku

15

hadinaidu

16

hadināru

17

hadinēḷu

P a g e | 64 of 71

Numbers

English Numerals



18

hadineṃṭu

19

hattoṃbhattu

20

ippattu

21

ippattoṃdu

22

ippatteraḍu

23

ippattumūru

24

ippattunālku

25

ippattaidu

26

ippattāru

27

ippattēḷu

28

ippatteṃṭu

29

ippattoṃbhattu

30

mūvattu

40

nālvattu

50

aivattu

60

aravattu

70

eppattu

80

eṃbhattu

P a g e | 65 of 71

Numbers

English Numerals



90

toṃbhattu

100

nūru

101

nūroṃdu

110

nūrāhattu

200

innūru

300

munnūru

400

nānūru

500

ainūru

600

ārunūru

700

ēḷnūru

800

eṃṭunūru

900

oṃbhayinūru

1000

.

sāvira

1001

.

sāviradoṃdu

1010

.

sāviradahattu sāviradanūru

1100 10.000 100.000

P a g e | 66 of 71

.

.

hattusāvira

.

lakṣa

Numbers

English Numerals


. 10.000.000

P a g e | 67 of 71

.


. kōṭi

Numbers 12 Ordinal Numbers Ordinal numbers. The ordinal numbers are formed by adding the suffix

anē, to the

Cardinal numbers.

English Kannada Numerals Numerals

Kannada English Numeral Numerals Word Word

oṃdanē modalanē

1st.

eraḍanē

2nd.

mūranē

3rd.

nālkanē

4th.

&c. &c.

&c. &c.

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Numbers 13 Fractions The principal fractions with their signs are

English Fractions

Kannada Fractions

Kannada Fractions English Fractions Word Word

1/16

vīsa

1/8

bēḷe

¼ ½ ¾

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kālu are mukkālu

Months, Seasons, Parts of the Day, Days of the Week

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P a g e | 71 of 71

Kannada Class Notes

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