Machine Drawing Book Intro By ND Bhatt

MACHINE DRAWING [ IN FIRST-ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD ] 

By N. D. Bhatt, V. V. M. Pa nchal Edition ISBN Size Binding Pages

: 48th Edition : 2013 : 978-93-80358-69-7 : 170 mm × 240 mm : Paperback with Four color Jacket Cover : 352 + 16

` 140.00

About the book

This tet-book follows (i) the metric system of length length measurement and (ii) rst-angle method of orthographic projection. However, the third-angle projection method has not been completely ignored. It describes in an easy-to-follow style and with application of the principles of orthographic projection, forms, proportions and uses of simple machine, engine and boiler parts. Chapters on elements of production drawings, assembly drawings and elements of computer aided drafting (CADr) are also given. The techniques of freehand sketching, dimensioning, conversion of pictorial views, sectional views and interpretation of views are treated in clear and simple manner. Most of the orthographic views are accompanied by the pictorial views of the objects to enable the students to visualize the shapes easily easily.. The book covers the syllabi of Machine Drawing to meet the requirements of Engineering Degree students of all the Indian Universities as well as Diploma courses in various branches of Engineering conducted by the Department of Technical Education, for I.T.I. students and also to the candidates reading for the A.M.I.E., U.P.S.C., U.P.S.C., IES and other similar Examination.

CoNteNt 1 2 3 4

: : : :

PRINCIPLES PRI NCIPLES OF PROJECTION SHEET LAYOUT AND SKETCHING LINES, LETTERING AND DIMENSIONING CONVERSION OF PICTORIAL VIEWS INTO ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS 5 : SECTIONAL VIEWS 6 : ORTHOGRAPHIC READING OR INTERPRETATION OF VIEWS 7 : SCREW THREADS 8 : SCREWED FASTENINGS 9 : KEYS, COTTER-JOINTS, PIN-JOINTS 10 : PIPE JOINTS 11 : VALVES 12 : RIVETED JOINTS AND WELDED JOINTS 13 : SHAFT BEARINGS, BRACKETS AND HANGERS 14 : SHAFT COUPLINGS, CLUTCHES AND BRAKES 15 : PULLEYS 16 : SPUR GEARING 17 : ENGINE PARTS 18 : ELEMENTS OF PRODUCTION DRAWING 19 : ASSEMBLY DRAWINGS 20 : ELEMENTS OF COMPUTER-AIDED DRAFTING INDEx

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MACHINE DRAWING DEtAIlED CoNtENts

Chaper 1 PRINCIPlEs of PRojECtIo N 1-0 Engineering drawing 1-1. Principle of projection 1-2. Methods of projection 1-3. Orthographic projection 1-3-1. First-angle projection 1-3-2. Third-angle projection B.I.S. code of practice Symbols for methods of projection Combination of two methods 1-4. Isometric projection 1-5. Oblique projection 1-6. Perspective projection Exercises I Chaper 2 sHEEt lAYoUt AND sKEtCHING 2-1. Sheet layout Sheet sizes Margin Border lines Borders and frames Orientation mark Grid reference system Title block List of parts or the bill of materials Revisions of drawing Folding marks Scales and scale drawing 2-2. Types of machine drawings (i) Production drawing (ii) Exploded assembly drawing (iii) Schematic assembly drawing (iv) Drawing for instruction manual (v) Drawing for installation (vi) Drawing for catalogue (vii) Tabular drawing (viii) Patent drawing 2-3. Sketching Sketching materials To sketch straight lines To sketch circles and arcs Sketching procedure Exercises II Chaper 3 lINEs, lEttERING AND DIMENsIoNING 3-0. Introduction 3-1. Lines Line thickness Inked drawings Pencil drawings Types of Lines Outlines Margin lines Dimension lines Extension or projection lines Construction lines Hatching or section lines Leader or pointer lines Border lines Short-break lines Long-break lines Hidden or dotted lines Centre lines Cutting-plane lines Chain thick Chain thick double-dashed

3-2.

3-3. 3-4.

3-5.

3-6. 3-7. 3-8.

Lettering (IS: 9609-1990) I. Single-stroke letters II. Gothic letters Dimensioning Types of dimensions Dimensioning terms and notations Dimension line Extension line Arrowhead Leader Placing of dimensions (i) Aligned system (ii) Unidirectional system Unit of dimensioning General rules for dimensioning Practical hints on dimensioning (a) Continuous or chain dimensioning (b) Progressive or parallel dimensioning Exercises III

Chaper 4

4-0.

4-1. 4-2. 4-3.

CoNVERs IoN of PICtoR IAl VIEWs INto oRtHoGRAPHIC VIEWs Introduction (i) First-angle projection method (ii) Third-angle projection method Orthographic projection Procedure for preparing a scale-drawing Illustrative problems Exercises IV Solutions to exercises IV

Chaper 5 sECtIoNAl VIEWs 5-0. Introduction 5-1. Cutting-plane line 5-2. Types of sectional views 5-2-1. Full section 5-2-2. Half section 5-2-3. Partial or broken section 5-2-4. Revolved section 5-2-5. Removed section 5-2-6. Offset section 5-3. Sectioning conventions 5-4. Hatching or section lines 5-5. Conventions of section lines Illustrative problems Exercises V Solutions to exercises V Chap er 6

6-0. 6-1. 6-2. 6-3.

oRtHoGRAPHIC READING oR INtERPREtAtIoN of VIEWs Introduction Reading of orthographic views (Blue-print reading) Missing lines and missing views Identification of planes Exercises VI Solutions to exercises VI

Chaper 7 sCREW tHREADs 7-0. Introduction 7-1. Definitions Crest Root Flank Angle Depth Nominal diameter



Outside or major diameter

Lead

(iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii)

Slope Forms of screw threads

(ix) Spring-washer Foundation bolts

Core or minor diameter Effective diameter Pitch

7-2.

8-9.

7-2-1. Triangular or V threads (a) Unified thread (b)

Metric thread

(c)

Whitworth thread

(d) (e)

British Standard Fine and British Standard Pipe threads Sellers thread

(f)

British Association thread

7-2-2. Square thread

7-3.

7-4. 7-5.

(a) (b)

Acme thread IS: 7008-1988 Knuckle thread

(c)

Buttress thread External threads Internal threads

(a) (b)

External V thread Internal V thread

(c)

External square thread

(d)

Internal square thread

Eye foundation bolt Rag bolt

(iii) (iv)

Lewis bolt Cotter bolt

Exercises VIII Chaper 9 KEYs, CottER-joINts, PIN-joINts 9-0. Introduction

9-1.

Multiple-start threads Right-hand and left-hand threads Exercises VII

Chaper 8 sCREWED fAstENINGs 8-0. Introduction 8-1. Types of nuts 8-1-1. Hexagonal nut 8-1-2. Square nut 8-2. Types of nuts for special purpose Flanged nut Cap nut Dome nut Cylindrical or capstan nut Ring nut Wing nut 8-3. Washers 8-4. Types of bolts 8-5. Forms of bolts Hexagonal-headed bolt 8-6. Methods of preventing rotation of a bolt while screwing a nut on or off it Square-headed bolt Cylindrical or cheese-headed bolt Cup-headed or round-headed bolt T-headed bolt Countersunk-headed bolt Hook bolt Headless tapered bolt Eye-bolt Lifting eye-bolt Tap-bolt or cap-screw Stud-bolt or stud 8-7. Set-screws 8-8. Locking arrangements for nuts (i) Lock-nut or check-nut (ii) Split-pin (iii) Slotted nut

(i) (ii)

8-10. Spanner 8-11. Longitudinal or bar stay

Conventional representation of threads SP: 46-1988 (a) (b)

Castle nut Sawn nut or Wiles nut Simmond’s lock-nut Penn, ring or grooved nut Stop-plate or locking-plate

9-2.

9-3.

Keys joints (i) Taper keys Sunk taper key Saddle keys Round key or pin key Taper pin Gib-head (ii) Parallel or feather keys Spline shafts Woodruff key Cone keys Staking-on Cotter and cotter joints (i) Socket and spigot joint (ii) Sleeve joint (iii) Strap joint Pin-joint or Knuckle joint Exercises IX

Chaper 10 PIPE joINts 10-0. Introduction

10-1. 10-1-1. 10-1-2. 10-1-3. 10-2. 10-3. 10-3-1. 10-4. 10-5. 10-6.

Cast-iron pipes Cast-iron flanged joint Socket and spigot joint Hydraulic joint Wrought-iron and steel pipes Copper pipes Union joint Lead pipes Expansion joints Piping drawings Exercises X

Chaper 11 VAlVEs 11-0. Introduction

11-1. 11-1-1. 11-1-2. 11-1-3. 11-1-4. 11-1-5. 11-2. 11-2-1. 11-2-2. 11-2-3. 11-3.

Types of valves Flap valve, India-rubber disc valve Ball valve Metal disc valve Stop valves Feed-check valve Safety valves Spring-loaded safety valves Lever safety valve Dead-weight safety valve Blow-off cock Exercises XI



Chaper 12 RIVEtED joINts AND WElDED joINts 12-0. Introduction 12-1. Riveting 12-1-1. Caulking and fullering 12-2. Forms and proportions of rivet-heads 12-3. Failure of riveted joints 12-4. Dimensions of a riveted joint 12-5. Types of riveted joints 12-5-1. Lap joint 12-5-2. Butt joint 12-6. Rolled-steel sections 12-6-1. Connection of plates at right angles 12-6-2. Gusset stay 12-7. Welded joints 12-7-1. Welding 12-7-2. Types of welding process (i) Pressure welding or forge welding (ii) Fusion welding (iii) Fusion and pressure welding Types of welded joints Types of welds 12-7-3. Representation of welded joints Exercises XII

15-3. 15-4. 15-5. 15-6. 15-7. 15-8.

Chaper 13 sHAft bEARINGs, bRACKEts AND HANGERs 13-0. Introduction (i) A journal bearing (ii) A pivot bearing (iii) A collar or thrust bearing 13-1. Journal bearings 13-1-1. Solid bearing 13-1-2. Bushed bearing 13-1-3. Pedestal bearing or plummer block 13-1-4. Methods of preventing rotation of brasses in a bearing 13-2. Pivot bearing 13-2-1. Foot-step bearing 13-3. Wall brackets 13-4. Hangers 13-5. Wall-plates 13-6. Wall-box Exercises XIII

Chaper 17-0. 17-1. 17-1-1. 17-1-2. 17-1-3. 17-1-4. 17-1-5.

Chaper 14 sHAft CoUPlINGs, ClUtCHEs AND bRAKEs 14-0. Introduction 14-1. Fast or rigid couplings 14-1-1. Box or muff coupling 14-1-2. Half-lap coupling 14-1-3. Split-muff coupling 14-2. Flanged coupling 14-2-1. Protected type flange-coupling 14-2-2. Solid flanged coupling 14-3. Flexible couplings 14-3-1. Universal coupling or Hook’s joint 14-3-2. Oldham’s coupling 14-3-3. Gear coupling 14-4. Loose or disengaging couplings or clutches 14-4-1. Claw coupling or clutch 14-4-2. Conical friction coupling or cone friction clutch 14-4-3. Single plate clutch 14-5. Brakes Exercises XIV Chaper 15 PUllEYs 15-0. Introduction 15-1. Types of Pulleys 15-2. C. I. belt pulleys

Fast and loose pulleys Speed cones or stepped pulleys Split pulleys Built-up pulleys Rope pulleys V-belt pulleys Exercises XV

Chaper 16 sPUR GEARING 16-0. Introduction 16-1. Spur gear definitions Pitch 16-1-1. Relationship between the pitches 16-1-2. Tooth proportions 16-1-3. Involute spur gears 16-1-4. Construction of base circles 16-1-5. Approximate construction of teeth profile (1) For gears of 30 teeth and over (2) For gears of less than 30 teeth Gears in mesh 16-2. Rack and pinion 16-3. Cycloidal tooth profile Exercises XVI

17-1-6.

17-1-7. 17-1-8. 17-2. 17-2-1. 17-2-2. 17-2-3.

17 ENGINE PARts Introduction Steam engine Cylinder cover Pistons Stuffing boxes Cross-heads Connecting rods (i) Big end (ii) Small end Cranks (i) Overhung crank (ii) Disc crank Eccentrics Slide valves Internal Combustion Engine An I. C. engine Piston Connecting rod Crankshaft (i) Forged crankshaft (ii) Built-up crank Exercises XVII

Chaper 18-0. 18-1. 18-2.

18 ElEMENts of PRoDUCtIoN DRAWING Introduction Geometrical tolerances Types of geometrical tolerances I. Form tolerances II. Position tolerances 18-2-1. Terminology for geometrical deviations (i) Tolerance of straightness (ii) Tolerance of flatness (iii) Barrel form, bow form and curvature of axes (iv) Taper (v) Oval form and lobed form (vi) Radial run out and axial run out (vii) Misalignment (viii) Incorrect location of intersecting axes (ix) Non-perpendicular surfaces (x) Datum


18-3. 18-4. 18-4-1.

18-4-2. 18-4-3.

18-4-4. 18-5.

18-5-1.

18-5-2. 18-6. 18-6-1.

18-7.

Representation of geometrical tolerance on a drawing Dimensional tolerances Terminology for dimensional tolerances (i) Basic dimension (ii) Upper deviation (iii) Lower deviation (iv) Tolerance zone (v) Actual size (vi) Zero line (vii) Unilateral limits (viii) Bilateral limits (ix) Maximum material condition (x) Allowance (xi) Mating surfaces and mating dimensions (xii) Basic shaft (xiii) Basic hole Selection of tolerances Representation of dimensional tolerances (i) Letter symbol (ii) Number or grade method Representation of dimensional tolerances on drawings Fits (i) Clearance fit (ii) Interference fit (iii) Transition fit (iv) Sliding fit Hole basis and shaft basis system (i) Hole basis system (ii) Shaft basis system Representation of holes, shafts and fits Surface-roughness Terminology for surface roughness (i) Ideal surface (ii) Roughness (iii) Waviness (iv) Lay Representation of surface-roughness on drawings Exercises XVIII

Chaper 19 AssEMblY DRAWINGs 19-0. Introduction 19-1. Types of assembly drawings (i) Designed assembly (ii) Layout assembly (iii) Installation assembly (iv) Working drawing assembly (v) General assembly 19-2. Accepted norms to be observed for assembly drawings (i) Selection of views (ii) Sectioning (iii) Dotted lines (iv) Dimensions (v) Bill of materials 19-3. Sequences of preparing the assembly drawing Illustrative problems Exercises XIX

Chaper 20 ElEMENts of CoMPUtER-AIDED DRAftING

20-0. 20-1. 20-2. 20-2-1. 20-2-2. 20-2-3.

Introduction Computer Aided Drafting Computer Processor Display INPUT Devices (a) Keyboard (b) Mouse (c) Tablet or Digitizer 20-2-4. Graphic Output Devices (a) Dot Matrix Printers (DMP) and Laser Printers (b) Pen Plotters (c) Ink-Jet printers/plotters 20-3. CAD Software (1) Modelling and Drafting (2) Ease of use (3) Flexibility (4) Modularity (5) Low maintenance cost 20-4. AutoCAD 20-4-1. Drawing Entities (1) Line (2) Circle (3) Arc (4) Trace (5) Pline (6) Donut (7) Polygon (8) Ellipse (9) Solid 20-4-2. Drafting Aids (1) Layer (2) Blocks (3) Dimensioning (4) Object Snap (5) Hatch patterns (6) Zoom (7) Text 20-4-3. Editing of a Drawing (1) Move (11) Change (2) Rotate (12) Extend (3) Copy (13) Offset (4) Mirror (14) Stretch (5) Array (15) Trim

20-5. 20-6.

(6) Erase (16) Scale (7) Oops (17) Pedit (8) Break (18) Explode (9) Fillet (19) Undo (10) Chamfer Symbol Library Three Dimensional Modelling Illustrative problem Exercises XX


Machine Drawing Book Intro By ND Bhatt

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