The Siddha Pharmacopoeia of India

THE SIDDHA PHARMACOPOEIA OF INDIA

PART – I VOLUME – I First Edition

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE DEPARTMENT OF AYURVEDA, YOGA & NATUROPATHY, UNANI, SIDDHA AND HOMOEOPATHY AYUSH! NEW DELHI

1

1. AMUKKARA (ROOT)

AMUKKARË (Root) - Üº‚èó£ Amukkar¡ is the dried root of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal Syn. Physalis somnifera L., P. flexuosa L., P . arborescense DC. (Fam. Solanaceae), a perennial shrub, found in aste land, culti!ated fields and open "rounds throu"hout #ndia. #t is also culti!ated in certain areas of $adhya %radesh and &a'asthan. &oots are collected in inter, ashed and cut into small pieces.he dried root is sub'ected to purification purification process before before use. #t "ros in $ullai and $arutham $arutham thiai. SYNONYMS

amil * Assamese * en"ali * /u'rati * 0indi * +annada * +ashmiri * $alayalam * $arathi * 2riya * %un'abi * Sanskrit * elu"u * 4rdu * DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic

Acu!akanthi (Ü²õè‰F), Amukkar¡ +ia-ku (Üº‚èó£ Aöƒ°) Ash!a"andha Ash!a"andha As"andha As"andh An"arberu, 0iremaddina1 "ida Asa"andh Amukkuram Asa"andha, Aska"andha Asa"andha As"andh As!a"andha, 0aya"andha, 3a'i"andha %enneru"adda As"and

Roots straight, unbranched, thickness varying with age, roots bear fibre-like secondary roots, outer surface buff to grey-yellow with longitudinal wrinkles; crown consists of remains of variously thickened stem bases; fracture short and uneven; odour characteristic; taste bitter and acrid.

b) Microscopic Microscopic Transverse section of root shows cork exfoliated or crushed; when present rectangular, radially flattened and non-lignified non-lignified;; cork cambium cambium 2 to  diffused rows of cells; secondary secondary cortex about twenty layers of compact parenchymatous cells mostly filled with starch grains; phloem consists of sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma; cambium  or ! rows of tangentially 2

elongated cells; xylem hard forming a closed vascular ring separated by multiseriate medullary rays. Po"d#r$

"ellowish grey; shows cork cells, parenchyma cells, tracheids, vessels, fibres and starch grains.

IDENTITY, PURITY AND STRENT! Forei"n matter 5ot more than otal Ash 5ot more than Acid1insoluble ash 5ot more than Alcohol1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than >ater1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than

6 per cent, Appendi7 8 per cent, Appendi7 : per cent, Appendi7 :< per cent, Appendi7 68 per cent, Appendi7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

ASSAY #$%& conditions for the separation of withaferin ' in 'lcohol 'lcohol extract. (obile phase ) n- #exane) *sopropanol +) /low rate ) 0.2 ml1min. &olumn ) $orasil ' coiled column +.2ft. x 1 inch 3etector ) 45 at 22! nm

T.".C. T.%.&. T.%.&. of $etrol $etroleum eum ether ether solubl solublee fractio fraction n of 'lcoho 'lcoholl extrac extractt on an alumin aluminium ium plate plate precoated with silica gel 60 /2! +7.(erck 0.2 mm. thickness using $etroleum ether +0 -008 &) &hloroform +) spraying with 09 (ethanolic :ulphuric acid reagent and heating the plate for ten minutes at 0!& shows two spots at Rf. 0.< +violet and 0.2 +greyish brown.

CONSTITUENTS =ithanolides- withaferin ', withanone, withanolides *, **, ***, *** ', &, 3, 7, /, >, #, *, ?, @, %, (, =:-*, $ and :, withasomidienone, cuscohygrine, anahygrine, tropine, pseudotropine, anaferine, isopellatierine, A- tropyltigloate.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * +aippu (¬èŠ¹) C#$ai * #laku (Þô°) #%a& * 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) 'ri#& * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$# * ?maiperukki (Ý‡¬ñªð¼‚A), Ci@unrperukki (CÁc˜ªð¼‚A), C*+ai +¡yaka@pam¡kki (è£è!ðñ£‚A), 4@akkamuB¡kki ("#‚èº‡$£‚A), 4ram¡kki ("óñ£ ‚A), 4Bal!eppaka@@i ("$%ªõŠðè!&), 4Ba@t@@i ("$!'(!&), 3kkamurukki ()‚èº¼‚A) 3

IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS Amukkar¡c Craam ( Üº‚èó£* +ó,‹), #racakanthi $euku ( Þó-è‰F ªñ.°), #Bi!all¡thi $euku (Þ/õ%ô£F ªñ.°), +antaka #rac¡yaEam ( è‰(è Þó-£0‹), $ak¡ l¡thi +uGikai (ñè£ 1ô£F °2¬è), $ak¡!all¡ti #Gakam (ñè£õ%ô£F Þ3è‹), 5anthi $euku (4‰F ªñ.°), 5¡rathtai #Gakam (4£ó5¬( Þ3è‹), %a@a-kippaBBai #rac¡yaEam (ð#ƒAŠð6¬$ Þó-£0‹) T!ERAPEUTIC USES Clai (+¬ô), CuramH+¡yccal (²ó‹7è£8*-%), +arapp¡E (èóŠð£9), +ayam (è‹),  IBam ('(£$‹), 4Bal 3aEmaikku@ai!u ("$% õ9¬ñ‚°¬#:), 3aGi 5IykaG (õ2 '4 £8è;), 3eGuppu 5IyH%¡Bu (ªõ<Š¹ '4£87ð£‡=), 3kkam ()‚è‹), 3intukku@ai!u (> ‰?‚°¬#:) DOSE 1 %oder 9 1 = "

4

2. AATRUTHUMMATI (UNRIPE FRUIT!

ËUT!UMMAI (U/rip 0r#it) - ÝŸÁ¶‹ñ†® ?@@uthummaJJi is the the unripe unripe fruit fruit of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. Syn. Colocynt Colocynthis his Cucurbitaceae), an annual or perennial prostrate creeper "roin" ild in the vulgaris Schrad.(Fam. Cucurbitaceae), arm, arid and sandy tracts of 5orth >est, Central and Southern parts of the country. Fruits are har!ested hen mature but unripe, peeled and cut into pieces. he fruit is sub'ected to purification process (cutti ) before before use. #t "ros in $arutham thiai. SYNONYMS

amil

* +ali-kam (è@ƒè‹), +umaBBikk¡y (°ñ6/‚è£8), %ykumaBBi ('ð8 °ñ6/), %iccikk¡y (*C‚è£8), humaBBi (?ñ6/), 3ariththumaBBi (õB5?ñ6/) Assamese * /a!adani en"ali * &akhal Kn"lish * Colocynth /u'rati * #ndrayan 0indi * #ndrayan +annada * 0a!umekke $alayalam * 3aliya %ekkummatti $arathi * Kndrayana 2riya * /othakakudi, di, #ndrayanalata, /arukhiya %un'abi * #ndrayana Sanskrit * #ndra!aruni, /a /a!aksi, #n #ndra!alli, Ae Aendri elu"u * Chedupuchcha, %eikummatti 4rdu * 0an'al DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic $eeled and cut pieces of fruit about 6 cm. long and 2 cm. thick; white or pale yellowishwhite, externally convex with ridges and flattened areas marked by peeling with a knife; internally irregularly concave and showing numerous ovoid depressions about 0 mm. long, left by fallen seeds; pulp bitter; seeds flattened, ovoid, yellowish-white to dark brown, about < mm. long, ! mm. broad and 2 mm. thick; odourless; odourless; taste intensely bitter.

5

b) Microscopic Microscopic 7picarp, where present, with epidermis of radially elongated cells having thick outer walls and thin thin inner inner walls walls and partially partially thicke thickened ned anticl anticlina inall walls walls with with occasi occasiona onall stomata stomata of the anomocytic type; the adBacent parenchymatous layer about ! layers of cells thick, and an inner layer of sclereids; outer sclereids very thick, smaller, about ! to A0 mm in diameter, isodiametric and the inner sclereids layer upto about 60 mm, radially elongated, with thinner walls. $ulp consists of large, thin-walled, pitted parenchyma of rounded cells showing oval, flat, pitted areas where they are in contact contact with many slender bicollateral bicollateral vascular vascular strands having having spiral vessels and occasional occasional associated associated latex vessels; testa of seed with outer epidermis epidermis of thick-walled thick-walled unlignified unlignified palisade palisade cells having vertical strips of thickening on the anticlinal walls, with inner layers of very thickwalled, striated, pitted, lignified sclereids, and an innermost layer of sclereids with reticulately thickened walls; endosperm and cotyledons parenchymatous with fixed fixed oil and aleurone grains. Po"d#r$

"ellowish-brown; shows groups of pitted parenchyma cells; annular and spiral vessels, sclereids; oil globules and aleurone grains.

IDENTITY, PURITY AND STRENT! Forei"n matter 5ot more than 6 per cent, Appendi7 6.6.6. otal Ash 5ot more than :; per cent, Appendi7 6.6.9. Acid1insoluble ash 5ot more than 8 per cent, Appendi7 6.6.;. Alcohol1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than 6.< per cent, Appendi7 6.6.=. >ater1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than :=.< per cent, Appendi7 6.6.8. Li"ht %etroleum soluble1matter* soluble1matter* 2n continuous e7traction e7traction ith li"ht %etroleum (b.p. ; to = C) and dryin" at : C, not more than 9. percent. ASSAY #$T%& densitometric estimation of 2-C-D-3-glucopyranosyl- cucurbitacin *. TLC %'t#s

'luminium plate precoated with silica gel 60 / 2! +7. (erck 0.2 mm thickness. So(#nt s)st#*

&hloroform) (ethanol +!)0. S%r') r#'+#nt

5anillin-$hosphoric acid reagent. T#st sotion

A g of the powdered powdered drug is extracted in a :oxhlet apparatus with !0 !0 ml of ethanol + to  hr. The solvent is filtered and removed under vacuum. vacuum. 20 mg of the residue is dissolved in  ml of methanol. 6

St'nd'rd sotion

 mg of 2-C-D-3-glucopyranosyl-cucurbitacin * is dissolved in  ml of methanol. C'i-r'tion .r(#

2.0, .0, 6.0, .0, .0, 0.0, 2.0, .0 .0 and 6.0 El of the standard solution is applied on a T%& plate. The plate is developed in the solvent system to a distance of  cm. and derivatiFed with 5anillin-$hosphoric acid reagent. The plate is heated at 00-0!G& 00-0!G& until the colour develops. develops. The plate is scanned immediately at !60 nm. The peak areas are recorded and plotted to get the calibration curve. Esti*'tion o/ 01O121D1+.o%)r'nos)1..r-it'.in 01O121D1+.o%)r'nos)1..r-it'.in I in t3# dr+

0 Hl of the test solution is applied on a T%& plate. The plate is developed in the solvent solvent system and the chromatogram chromatogram is recorded .The amount of 2-C-D-3-glucopyranosyl-cucurbitacin * present in the sample is calculated from the calibration curve. The percentage of 2-C-D-3-glucopyranosyl-cucurbitacin * ranges from .6 to .<2 in the samples analyFed.

T.".C. T.%.&. of the 'lcoholic extract on silica gel I>I plate using n-Jutanol) 'cetic acid) =ater +))! shows under 45 +A66 nm nm two fluorescent Fones at Rf. 0. +light blue and 0. +yellow. Cn exposure exposure to iodine vapours vapours two spots appear at Rf. 0. and 0. +both +both yellow. yellow. Cn spraying spraying with !9 (ethanolic(ethanolic- $hosphomo $hosphomolybd lybdic ic acid reagent and heating heating the plate at 0!8& until the colour develops, the plate shows four spots at Rf. 0.6! +blue, 0. +blue, 0.6 +blue and 0. +dark blue.

CONSTITUENTS 2- C- D- 3- >lucopy >lucopyran ranosy osyll- cucurbita cucurbitacin cin %, 2- C - D- 3- glucop glucopyr yrano anosyl syl-- +22+22- 2< -hexanorcucu -hexanorcucurbitaci rbitacin n *, coloside coloside ' +K- elaterin -2- 3- glucopyr glucopyranosid anoside; e; cucurbitacin cucurbitacin 7 +elaterin, +elaterin, cucurbitacin * +elatericin J, cucurbitacin % +dihydroelatericin J, cucurbitacin ?, cucurbitacin T, isovitexin, isovitexin, iso- orientin, orientin, iso- orientin orientin AL- methyl ether, colocynthin colocynthin,, colocynthitin colocynthitin,, citrullol, citrullol, Kspinasterol, hentriacontane, lipids and essential oil constituents.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * +aippu (¬èŠ¹) C#$ai * #laku (Þô°), +rmai (˜¬ñ), 3a@aBci ( õ#6C) #%a& * 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) 'ri#& * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$# * C*+ai #n small Dose 6< 1 < m"* +Iaiyaka@@i ('è£¬öè!&), 4Ba@t@@i ("$!'(!& ), #n medium Dose < 1 : m" * 7

Ci@unrperukki (CÁc˜ªð¼‚A), $alamnr¡kki (ñô‹có£‚A), #n standard Dose :6< 1 < m"* +uBa@puraBBi (°$!¹ó6/ ), 5amaiccaluB¡kki (4¬ñ*-D‡$£‚A), 3¡ntiyuB¡kki (õ £‰FE‡$£‚A) IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS +ummaBBik +uampu (°‹ñ6/‚ °ö‹¹), 5a!a 4ppu $euku ( 4õ "Š¹ ªñ.°) T!ERAPEUTIC USES CtakataBai (+(è(¬$), Ctaka!ali (+(èõ@), 3aGi 5IykaG (õ2 '4£8è;) DOSE 1 %oder .:6< 1 .<" Contraindicated in pre"nancy.

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3. ADA THODAI (LEAF)

ËËT!1AI I"AI ("a0) - Ýì£«î£¬ì Þ¬ô ?J¡thIJai #lai #lai is the dried, dried, mature lea!es of Justicia adhatoda adhatoda L. Syn. Adhatoda zeylanica zeylanica $edic., A. vasica (L.) 5ees (Fam. Acanthaceae), an e!er"reen shrub, floerin" durin" February1 $arch and also at the end of rainy seasons, distributed throu"hout #ndia upto an altitude of :9 m.M culti!ated also as hed"esM lea!es stripped off from older stems and dried in dryin" sheds. #t "ros in $arutham thiai. SYNONYMS

amil * Assamese * en"ali * Kn"lish * /u'rati * 0indi * +annada * +ashmiri * $alayalam * $arathi * 2riya * %un'abi * Sanskrit * elu"u * 4rdu * DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic

3¡cai (õ£¬-) ahak, itabahak, 3achaka akas, asak 3asaka, $alabar nut Ardusi, Aradusi, Araduso Adoosa, Arusa, Aduss Adusoye 3asa Adalodakam, Ad Adarooshaka Adulsa, 3asa 3asan"a, asan"a 3ishuti, hekar, 3ansa, Arusa 3asa, 3rsa, Atarusa, 3asaka, Simhasya, 3a'idnta Addasaramu Adusa (Arusa)

%eaves dull brown above, light greyish brown below;0 to A0 cm. long and A to 0 cm. broad, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, slightly acuminate, base tapering, petiolate; petioles 2 to  cm. cm. long long,, exst exstip ipul ulate ate,, glab glabres rescen cent, t,  to 0 pair pairss of later lateral al vein vein beari bearing ng a few hairs hairs;; odou odourr characteristic; taste bitter.

b) Microscopic Microscopic Transverse section of leaf shows a dorsiventral type with 2 layers of palisade cells; in surface view, epidermal cell walls sinuous with diacytic stomata on both surface, more numerous 9

on the lower; covering trichomes a few,  to A, rarely upto !, celled, thin-walled, uniseriate, upto !00 Hm; glandular glandular trichomes trichomes with unicellular unicellular stalk and  celled head measuring, measuring, 2! to A6 Hm in diameter in surface view; cystoliths in mesophyll layers elongated and cigar shaped; acicular and prismatic forms of calcium oxalate crystals present in mesophyll; palisade ratio ! to ; stomatal index 0 to  for lower surface; vein- islet number 6 to  per sMuare mm. Po"d#r$

>reen; shows fragments of wavy epidermal cells with diacytic stomata; cystoliths, acicular and prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate; spiral and reticulate vessels and debris of trichomes.


6 per cent, Appendi7 6: per cent, Appendi7 : per cent, Appendi7 9 per cent, Appendi7 66 per cent, Appendi7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

ASSAY #$%& analysis of vasicine, the maBor bioactive constituent. (obile phase /low rate &olumn 3etector

) ) ) )

(ethanol) =a =ater +2)A 0.< ml1min. Resolve & spherical !H +!cm. x A. mm. 45 at 2 nm

St'nd'rd %r#%'r'tion )

' solution solution of known concentration concentration +conc. +conc. range) !0-0 !0-0 Hg1ml of vasicine in methanol methanol is prepared. S'*%# %r#%'r'tion)

g of dried leaves are refluxed with (ethanol for 2 hr., filtered and the marc is subBected for another two cycles of + hr.each reflux with (ethanol. The combined filtrates are concentrated to about about ml, ml, and diluted diluted with water water to 20ml, 20ml, acidif acidified ied with dilute dilute #&l +A ml, ml, partit partition ion with &hloroform +2x 0 ml, and the &hloroform fractions are reBected. The aMueous phase is basified with dilute 'mmonia solution and extracted extracted with &hloroform &hloroform +! x0ml. x0ml. The pooled pooled &hloroform &hloroform fractions are concentrated under vacuum to dryness, and dissolved in (ethanol +0 ml.  ml of this solution is diluted to 00 ml with (ethanol. (ethanol. *f necessary further dilutions are prepared. Pro.#dr# )

@nown @nown volum volumes es of standa standard rd and sample sample prepar preparati ations ons are subBect subBected ed to #$%& #$%& and the respective peak area for vasicine in triplicate is recorded and accordingly its percentage in the sample is calculated. The The abov abovee meth method od may may also also be used used for for the the estim estimat atio ion n of vasic vasicin inee in poly polyhe herb rbal al formulations with suitable modifications in the sample preparation. 10

T.".C. T.%.&. of 'lcoholic extract on aluminium plate precoated with silica gel 60 / 2! +7. (erck 0.2 mm. thickness using ,  - 3ioxone) 'mmonia +) v1v, and spraying with 3ragendorff reagent, shows one spot at Rf.0.< +orange.

CONSTITUENTS 5asicine, vasicinone, vasicol, vasicinol, vasicoline, adhatonine, vasicinolone, vasicolinone, anisotine, adhavasinone, , 2, A,  - tetrahydro - ! - methoxy pyrrolo +2,  -b MuinaFoline - A-ol, deoxy vasicinone, deoxy vasicine, anisoline, desmethoxy aniflorine, <-methoxy vasicinone.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * +aippu (¬èŠ¹) C#$ai * #laku (Þô°) #%a& * 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) 'ri#& * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$# * Ci@unrperukki (CÁc˜ªð¼‚A), #ci!aka@@i (ÞCõè!&), +Iaiyaka@@i C*+ai ('è£¬öè!&), %uukkolli (¹.‚ªè£%@) IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS ?B¡tIBai +uBinr (Ý$£'(£¬$ °/c˜), ?B¡tIBai $aapp¡ku ( Ý$£'(£¬$ ñ,Šð£°), ?B¡tIBai 5ey (Ý$£'(£¬$ ª48), +akku!¡E #Gakam (è‚°õ£9 Þ3è‹), +apacurak +uBinr (èð²ó‚ °/c˜) T!ERAPEUTIC USES CuramH+¡yccal CuramH+¡yccal (²ó‹7è£8*-%), #rumal (Þ¼ñ%), +uruti Aal (°¼F Üö%) DOSE 1 %oder 9 1< " Nuice < 1: ml Decoction 9 1 < ml tice daily. :< 1 9 " coarse poder in 6 ml of ater for preparin" decoction.

11

4. ADA THODAI VER (ROOT)

ËËT!1AI '2R (Root) - Ýì£«î£¬ì «õ˜ ?J¡thIJai 3r is the dried root of Justicia adhatoda adhatoda L. Syn. Adhatoda zeylanica zeylanica $edic. A. vasica (L.)

5ees (Fam. Acanthaceae Acanthaceae),), an e!er"reen shrub, floerin" floerin" durin" February 1 $arch and

also at the end of rainy seasons, distributed throu"hout #ndia upto an altitude of :9 m.M culti!ated also as hed"es. SYNONYMS


3¡cai (õ£¬-) ahak, itabahak, 3achaka akas, asak $alabar nut, 3asaka Aradusi, Ardusi, Araduso Adoosa, Aduss, Arusa Adusoye 3asa Adalodakam, Ad Adarooshaka Adulsa, 3asa asan"a, 3asan"a Arusa, hekar, 3ansa, 3ishuti Atarusa, Simhasya, 3a'idnta, 3asa, 3asaka, 3rsa Addasaramu Adusa (Arusa)

3rug occurs in cut pieces of  to A cm. long, .! to A.0 cm. in dia.; hard, woody, almost cylindrical, tap root having lateral branches, rough due to longitudinal cracks or fissures; greyish brown to dark brown externally; externally; creamish-white internally; fracture hard; taste tas te bitter.

b) Microscopic Microscopic :hows 6 to ! layers of rectangular to slightly tangentially elongated, thin-walled cork cells; secondary cortex wide consisting of rectangular to polygonal, thin-walled parenchymatous cells, a few containing oil globules, followed by more or less discontinuous, annular band of mostly 12

rectangular groups of stone cells having distinct pits and striations; secondary phloem composed of ! to 20 layered, rectangular, elongated, thin-walled cells having usual elements; secondary xylem compos composed ed of vessels vessels,, fibres, fibres, parenc parenchy hyma ma and rays; vessel vessel simple simple pitted pitted;; xylem xylem rays rays mostly mostly uniseriate, a few four- seriate rays are also present; starch grains simple and compound, with 2 to A components, round to oval, A to 6 Hm in dia., having concentric striations and hilum, present in secondary cortex and secondary phloem. Po"d#r)

Jrownish-grey; shows fragments of cork cells; simple pitted vessels, stone cells mostly in groups; starch grains simple and compound having 2 to A components, round to oval, A to 6 Hm in dia. having concentric striations and hilum.


: per cent, Appendi7 < per cent, Appendi7 : per cent, Appendi7 ; per cent, Appendi7 : per cent, Appendi7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

ASSAY T.".C. T.%.&. T.%.&. of the 'lcohol 'lcoholic ic extract on silica silica gel I>I plate I>I plate using &hloroform) (ethanol +) shows under 45 +A66 nm four fluorescent Fones at Rf.0.!<, 0.6A +both red, 0.A +sky blue and 0.< +yellow. +yellow. Cn exposure to iodine vapours six spots appear appear at Rf..0.0<, Rf..0.0<, 0.2<, 0.!2, 0.<2, 0.<2, 0.< and 0.A +all yellow. Cn spraying with 3ragendorff reagent two spots appear at Rf..0.2< and 0.!2 +both orange.

CONSTITUENTS 5asicine, vasicinol, vasicinolene, tritriacontane and essential oil.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) C#$ai * #laku (Þô°), 5oymai (ª4£8¬ñ) #%a& * 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) 'ri#& * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$# * Ci@unrperukki (CÁc˜ªð¼‚A), #ci!aka@@i (ÞCõè!&), Oral @@i ( ó% C*+ai '(!&), +Iaiyaka@@i ('è£¬öè!&)

13

IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS tu!Gai 5ey (G?'õ¬3 ª48) T!ERAPEUTIC USES #raippu (Þ¬óŠ¹), #rumal (Þ¼ñ%), Aiyacuram ( H²ó‹) DOSE 1 * %oder 9 1 = " Decoction 91 < ml tice daily. :< 1 9 " coarse poder in 6 ml of ater for preparin" decoction.

14

5. ATHIMATHURAM (STOLON AND ROOT!

AT!IMAT!URAM (Sto3o/ a/4 Root) - ÜFñ¶ó‹ Athima Athimathu thuram ram is the dried, dried, unpeele unpeeled, d, stolon stolon and root of Glycyrrhi Glycyrrhiza za glabra L. (Fam. Fabaceae), a tall perennial herb or under shrub upto 6 m. hi"h found ild and culti!ated in Kurope, %ersia, Af"hanistan and to a small e7tent in some parts of #ndia. #t "ros in +u@iPci thiai. SYNONYMS

amil Assamese en"ali Kn"lish /u'rati 0ind indi +annada +ashmiri $alayalam $arathi 2riya %un'abi Sanskrit elu"u 4rdu

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Athi-kam (ÜFƒè‹), $athkam (ñGè‹) Nesthimadhu, Qe Qeshtmadhu Qashtimadhu LiRuorice root Nethimadha, Nethimard, Nethimadh $ule $uleth thi,i, $ula $ulath thi,i, $ule $uletiti,, Nethi ethima madh dhu, u, Nethim thimaadh Nestamadu, $adhuka, Nyeshtamadhu, Atimadhura $ulthi #rattimadhuram Nesthamadh Natimadhu, Nastimadhu Nethimadh, $ulathi Qasti, Qastimadhuka, Qastika, $adhuka, $adhuyasti, Qastyah!a Atimadhuramu $ulethi, Asl1us1sus

DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic :tolon consists of yellowish brown or dark brown outer layer, externally longitudinally wrinkled, with occasional small buds and encircling scale leaves; transversely cut and smoothed surface shows a cambium ring at about one-third distance from periphery and a small central pith; root similar without a pith; fracture coarsely fibrous in bark and splintery in wood; odour faint and characteristic; taste sweetish.

b) Microscopic Microscopic Stoon - Transverse Transverse section of stolon shows cork of 0 to 20 or more layers of tabular tabular cells, outer layers with reddish-brown amorphous contents, inner A or  rows having thicker, colourless walls; 15

secondary cortex usually of  to A layers of radially arranged parenchymatous cells containing isolated prisms of calcium oxalate; secondary phloem a broad band, cells of inner part cellulosic and outer lignified, radially arranged groups of about 0 to !0 fibres, surrounded by a sheath of parenchyma cells, each usually containing a prism of calcium oxalate about 0 to A! Hm in siFe; cambium of A or more layers of cells; secondary xylem distinctly radiate with medullary rays, A to ! cells wide, vessels with thick, yellow, pitted, reticulate walls; groups of lignified fibres with crystal sheaths similar to those of phloem; xylem parenchyma of two kinds, those between the vessels having thick pitted walls without intercellular spaces, the remaining with thin walls; pith of parenchymatous cells in longitudinal rows with intercellular spaces. structure closely resembling that of stolon except except that no Root - Transverse section of root shows structure medulla is present; xylem tetrarch; usually four principal medullary rays at right angles to each other; other; all parenchymatous parenchymatous tissues containing containing abundant, abundant, simple, simple, oval or rounded rounded starch grains, grains, 2 to 20 Hm in length. Po"d#r$

"ellowish-cream; shows parenchyma cells containing a small prism of calcium oxalate; vessels with spiral thickening, fragments of fibres; starch grains simple, oval or rounded with wide lumen having 2 to  or more components, measuring 2 to 20 Hm in diameter.

IDENTITY, PURITY AND STRENT! Forei"n matter 5il, Appendi7 otal Ash 5ot more than Acid1insoluble ash 5ot more than Alcohol1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than >ater1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than

: per cent, Appendi7 6.< per cent, Appendi7 : per cent, Appendi7 6 per cent, Appendi7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

T.".C. T.%.&. of the &hloroform extract of the drug on silica gel I>I plate shows under 45 light +2! +2! nm nm 2 spot spotss at Rf. Rf. 0. 0. +gly +glycy cyrr rrhe heti ticc acid acid mark marker er and and 0.! 0.!.. 'fte 'fterr spra spray ying ing with with 'nisaldehyde- :ulphuric acid reagent and and heating the plate at 0! & until the colour develops develops , the plate shows 6 spots at 0.2< +violet, 0. +dark violet, glycyrrrhetic acid, marker, 0.! +dark yellow 0. +dark yellow, 0.<0 +violet and a dark blue spot running running along with the solvent front.

CONSTITUENTS >lycyrrhiFin, glycyrrhetinic acid, glycyrrhetic acid, 2 - hydroxy glycyrrhetic acid, mixture of potassium and calcium salts of glycyrrhiFinic +glycyrrhiFic acid, glabranin ' N J, glycyrrhetol, glabrolide, isoglabrolide, formononetin, glabrone, neoliMuiritin, hispaglabridin ' N J; herniarin, umbe umbell llif ifer eron one; e; lico licoag agro rodi din, n, glab glabro rol, l, onoc onocer erin in,, O- amy amyrin, rin, stig stigma mast ster erol ol,, O- sito sitost ster erol ol,, glabroisoflavanone ' and J, glabrocoumarin, glychionide 'and J and flavonoids.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * #Eippu (ÞIŠ¹) C#$ai 16

* 5oymai (ª4£8¬ñ), imai (F‡¬ñ) #%a& * aBpam ((6ð‹) 'ri#& * #Eippu (ÞIŠ¹) Piri$# * +Iaiyaka@@i ('è£¬öè!&), $alamiGakki (ñôJ3‚A), 4GGaal¡@@i C*+ai (";3öô£!&), 4ram¡kki ("óñ£‚A), 3a@aBciyaka@@i ( õ#6Cè!& ) IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS Arakku ailam (Üó‚° ¬(ô‹), ?B¡tIBai +uBinr ( Ý$£'(£¬$ °/c˜), $ak¡ l¡thi +uGikai (ñè£ 1ô£F °2¬è), %Eicat ailam (KI-5 ¬(ô‹), ¡Gic¡thi Craam ( ( £2-£F +ó,‹), 3acanta +ucum¡karam ( õ-‰( °²ñ£èó‹), 3epcai #Gakam (ªõ‡L-M Þ3è‹) T!ERAPEUTIC USES Ci@unr Kriccal (CÁc˜ NB*-%), Klumpu 5IykaG (ND‹¹ '4£8è;), #rumal (Þ¼ñ%), +¡m¡lai (è£ñ£¬ô), +a 5IykaG (è‡ '4£8è;), 5r!Bkai (c˜'õ6¬è), 3ayi@@uppu (õO!ÁŠ¹‡), 3e +uBBam (ªõ‡ °6$‹), 3eppu 5Iy (ªõŠ¹ '4£8) DOSE 1 %oder 6 1 ; "

17

6. ATHIVIDAYAM (ROOT)

AT!I'I5AYAM (Root) - ÜFMìò‹ Athi!iBayam

is the the drie dried, d, tube tubero rous us root root of Aconitum heterophyllum =all. ex. Royle +/am. Ranunculaceae, an annual herb, native of western #imalayas and found in >arhwal, @umaon and @ashmir at an altitude between 2,!00 to ,000 m. *t grows in

+u@iPci thiai.

SYNONYMS

amil * Assamese * en"ali * Kn"lish * /u'rati * 0indi * +annada * $alayalam * $arathi * 2riya * %un'abi * Sanskrit * elu"u * 4rdu * DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic

Atthiraam (Ü5Fó,‹), $¡thiri (ñ£FB), %a-kurai (ðƒ°¬ó) Aatich Ataicha Atis root Ati!ishni +ali, Ati!ikhani +ali Atis Ati!isha, Athiha"e Ati!idayam, Ati!itayam At!isha Atushi Atisa, Atees Ati!isa, Aruna, /hunapriya, 3isa Ati!asa Atees

Roots conical, fusiform or cylindrical, cylindrical, about 2.0 to <.! <.! cm. long and 0. to .6 cm. or more thick at its upper extremity, gradually decreasing in thickness towards tapering end, externally yellowish to greyish white, external surface wrinkled marked with scars of fallen rootlet and with a rosette of scaly rudimentary rudimentary leaves on top; fracture fracture short, short, starchy, white, fractured surface marked towards center by  to < concentrically arranged yellowish-brown dots, corresponding to end of fibrovascular bundles; taste bitter with no tingling sensation; odourless.

b) Microscopic Microscopic Transverse Transverse section of mature root shows shows a single single layered epidermis epidermis consisting consisting of lightlight brown tabular cells rupturing on formation of cork; cork consists of ! to 0 rows of tangentially elongated, thin-walled cells; cork cambium single layered consisting of tangentially elongated, thin-walled thin-walled cells; cortex much wider consisting consisting of tangentially tangentially elongated or rounded, rounded, thin-walled thin-walled 18

parenchymatous cells with intercellular spaces, cells fully packed with both simple as well as compou compound nd starch starch grains grains,, compou compound nd starch starch grains grains compos composed ed of 2 to  compon component ents, s, spheric spherical; al; endode endodermi rmiss distin distinct ct compos composed ed of barrel barrel-sh -shape aped d cells; cells; element elementss of vascul vascular ar bundle bundless poorly poorly developed, vascular bundles arranged in a ring; inter-fascicular cambium present in the form of a ring ring comp compose osed d of a few laye layered red thin thin-wa -wall lled ed cell cells; s; cent centra rall core core cons consist istin ing g of thin thin-wa -wall lled ed parenchymatous cells, possessing starch grains similar to those found in cortical cells. Po"d#r$

'sh 'sh colo colour ured ed to ligh lightt brow brown; n; show showss abun abunda dant nt simpl simplee and and comp compou ound nd starch starch grai grains ns;; fragments of reticulate xylem vessels and parenchyma cells.


6 per cent, Appendi7 ; per cent, Appendi7 : per cent, Appendi7 = per cent, Appendi7 6; per cent, Appendi7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

ASSAY #$T%& densitometric estimation of 'tisine. TLC %'t#s

'luminium plate precoated with silica gel 60 / 2! +7. (erck 0.2 mm. thickness. So(#nt s)st#*

Toluene) 7thyl acetate) 3iethylamine +<)2). T#st sotion

! g of powdered drug is accurately weighed and extracted in a :oxhlet apparatus with !0 ml (ethanol for  hr., filtered and the volume was made up to !0 ml with (ethanol. A ml ml is pipetted out and diluted to 0 ml with (ethanol. (ethanol. St'nd'rd sotion

.0 mg1ml mg1ml stock solution solution of of 'tisine 'tisine is prepared prepared in (ethano (ethanol. l. 'liMuots 'liMuots of of 0.! 0.! to A ml ml is pipetted out in increments of  ml into 0 ml in volumetric flasks and made up to the volume in each flask with (ethanol. C'i-r'tion .r(#

0 Hl of each concentration of standard solution is applied in triplicate on a T%& plate. The plate was developed in the solvent system to a distance of  cm. and dried in a current of hot hot air and scanned at 2A2 nm. The peak areas for 'tisine are recorded and the calibration curve is constructed. Esti*'tion o/ 'tisin# in t3# dr+

19

0 Hl of the test solution solution is applied in triplicate triplicate on a T%& plate. plate. The plate plate was developed developed with the solvent solvent system to a distance distance of  cm. and the chromatogram chromatogram is recorded. recorded. The amount amount of 'tisine is determined in the test sample from the calibration curve. The percentage of 'tisine ranges from 0.A6 to 0. in the samples analyFed.

T.".C. T.%.&. of 'lcoholic extract on silica gel I>I plate using , -3ioxone) -3ioxone) 'mmonia 'mmonia +) v1v, v1v, and on spraying with 3ragendorff reagent, four spots appear at Rf.0.A, 0., 0.
CONSTITUENTS 'tisine, /- dihydroatisine, hetisine, heteratisine, heterophyllisine, heterophylline, heterophyllidine, hetidine, hetisinone and atisenol.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * +aippu (¬èŠ¹) C#$ai * #laku (Þô°), 3a@aBci ( õ#6C) #%a& * 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) 'ri#& * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$# * ?maiperukki (Ý‡¬ñªð¼‚A), +aiccalaBakki ( èP*-ô$‚A), C*+ai $u@ai!eppaka@@i (º¬#ªõŠðè!&), %acitttBi (ðC5QG‡/), u!arppi (?õ˜Š), 4ram¡kki ("óñ£‚A), 3eppaka@@i (ªõŠðè!&) IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS +ap¡Ba $¡tthirai (èð£$ ñ£5F¬ó), 5anthi $euku (4‰F ªñ.°), 5¡rathtai #Gakam (4£ó5¬( Þ3è‹), %ra $¡tthirai (Ló ñ£5F¬ó) T!ERAPEUTIC USES +Iai ('è£¬ö), $lam (Rô‹), $u@aicuram (º¬#²ó‹), %eru-kaiccal (ªð¼ƒèP*-%), %u (¹‡), 3¡nti (õ£‰F) DOSE 1 %oder = m" 1 6 "

20

7. ATTHI PATTAI (BARK)

ATT!IPPA5AI (6ar+) - ÜˆFŠð†¬ì AtthippaB AtthippaBJai Jai is the the dried dried bark bark of Ficus racemosa L. Syn. Ficus glomerata &o7b. (Fam. $oraceae $oraceae),), a deciduous deciduous tree distributed distributed all o!er #ndia in moist localities localities and banks of streams streams to the ele!ation ele!ation of : m.M often culti!ate culti!atedd in !illa"es !illa"es for its shade and edible edible fruits. fruits. #t "ros in +u@iPci and $arutham thiai. SYNONYMS


ABam (Ü$‹), Ata!u (Ü(:), +IGi ('è£2), 4tumparam ("?‹ðó‹) Nan"edumuru, Qa Qa"yadimru Na"nadumur, Qa"nadumur Cluster fi", Country fi" 4mbro, 4merdo, 4mardo, 4marado /ulara, /ular Attihannianmara, 2udumbara, Athimara, Atti"ida &umbal Athi Atti, /ular, 4mber Na'nadimbri, Dimbiri +ath /ular, /ular 4dambara, Sadaphala Atti, $edi /ular

Jark greyish-green, surface soft and uneven, 0.! to . cm. thick; on rubbing white papery flakes come out of outer surface, inner surface light brown; fracture fibrous; taste mucilaginous without any odour.

b) Microscopic Microscopic Tran Transv svers ersee secti section on of bark bark show showss cork cork,, A to 6 layers layers of thin thin-w -wall alled ed cell cellss fille filled d with with brownish contents; cork cambium single layered; secondary cortex 6 to 2 layered, composed of thin-walled, rectangular cells arranged regularly, a number of secondary cortex cells contain starch grains and some contain rhomboidal crystals of calcium oxalate; most of the cells filled with chloroplast; cortex a fairly wide Fone composed of circular to oblong, thin-walled cells containing 21

orange-brown contents; most of the cells filled with simple and compound starch grains, a number of cells also contain cubical and rhomboidal crystals of calcium oxalate, some cortical cells are lignified with pitted walls, scattered singly or in large groups throughout; secondary phloem a very wide Fone composed of of parenchyma with patches of sieve tubes, tubes, companion cells and traversed by medulla medullary ry rays; rays; phloem phloem parenc parenchy hyma ma circula circularr to oval oval and thin-w thin-walle alled; d; phloem phloem fibres fibres much much elongated, lignified, very heavily thickened and possess a very narrow lumen; medullary rays uni to pentaseriate, widen towards peripheral region; a number of ray cells also get lignified and show pitted wall as described above; laticiferous cells found in phloem parenchyma cells filled with small granular masses; starch grains and rhomboidal crystals of calcium oxalate also found in most of phloem phloem parenchy parenchyma ma and ray cells; cells; cambiu cambium, m, when when presen present, t, 2 to A layered layered of tangen tangentia tially lly elongated thin-walled cells. Po"d#r$

Jrown; shows cork cells, single or in groups; elongated, lignified, phloem fibres with thick walls and narrow lumen; laticiferous cells; cortical cells with cubical and rhomboidal crystals of calcium oxalate; simple and compound starch grains.


6 per cent, Appendi7 :; per cent, Appendi7 : per cent, Appendi7 8 per cent, Appendi7 T per cent, Appendi7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

T.".C. T.%.&. T.%.&. of 3ichlo 3ichlorom rometh ethane ane extracti extractive ve of alcohol alcohol extract extract on silica silica gel I>I plate plate using using $etroleum $etroleum 7ther)&hlorofo 7ther)&hloroform rm +) v1v, shows under 45 +A66 nm one fluorescent fluorescent spot at Rf.0.A0 Rf.0.A0 +blue. Cn spraying with 'nisaldehyde - :ulphuric acid reagent and heating the plate for five minutes at 0!& four spots appear at Rf. 0.2, 0.A6, 0. and 0.< +all violet.

CONSTITUENTS %eucocyanidin-A-C-D-3-glucopyranoside, leucopelargodinin, A-C-K-%- rhamnopyranoside, cerylbehanate, lupeol and its acetate, K-amyrin acetate and tannins.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * u!arppu (?õ˜Š¹) C#$ai * imai (F‡¬ñ), 3a@aBci ( õ#6C) #%a& * aBpam ((6ð‹) 'ri#& * #Eippu (ÞIŠ¹) Piri$# * u!arppi (?õ˜Š) C*+ai

22

IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS +aric¡lai #Gakam (èB-£¬ô Þ3è‹) T!ERAPEUTIC USES Ctakkaiccal (S(‚èP*-% ), +urutippIkku (°¼FŠ'ð£‚°), $lam (Rô‹), 3eGGai (ªõ;¬3) DOSE 1 %oder 9 1 =" Decoction 91 < ml tice daily. 6 1 9 " coarse poder in 6 ml of ater for preparin" decoction.

23

8. AVURI (HOLE PLANT)

A'URI (78o3 P3a/t) - Ü¾K A!uri is the dried hole hole plant plant of Indigofera tinctoria L. (Fam. Fabaceae), an under shrub, upto 6m. hi"h, found throu"hout #ndia and idely culti!ated in many parts of the country. #t "ros in $arutham thiai. SYNONYMS


A!iri (Ü>B), 5li (c@) 5ilbam 5il #ndi"o, #ndian indi"o /ali, /ari, 5il 5ili +arunili, 5eeli"ida 5ilam, Amari 5eel 5ili, 5ila 5eel 5ili, 5ilika, 5ilini, &an"apatri 5ili Chettu, 5ili, A!iri 5eel

Tap root root havi having ng later lateral al root roots, s, pale pale yellow ellow to ligh lightt yell yellow owish ish-b -bro rown wn,, hard hard,, wood woody y, Root - Tap cylindrical, nearly smooth except for a few having scattered lenticels; odour not distinct; taste slightly bitter. St#* - $ieces woody, woody, hard, slender, slender, cylindrical, cylindrical, 0. to .! cm. in dia., suRf.ace, suRf.ace, smooth, lenticels lenticels present; yellowish-green to greyish-brown in colour; no characteristic odour and taste. L#'/ - &ompound, imparipinnate; leaflets,  to ! cm. long and 0.A to .2 cm. wide, oblong or oblanceolat oblanceolatee with a short mucronate mucronate tip; pale green to greenish-black; greenish-black; no characteristic characteristic odour and taste. Fo"#r - Pumerous in nearly sessile spicate racemes, 0.0 cm. long; calyx .2 to .! mm. long, hairy outside, teeth triangular, acute, as long as tube; corolla pink, papilionaceous, about  mm. 24

long, back of standard petal pubescent, stamen 0, diadelphous; ovary sessile, linear, downy; stigma capitate. Frit - $od nearly cylindrical, cylindrical, straight straight or slightly slightly curved, apiculate, apiculate, 2 to A.2 cm. long and 0.! to 0.2 cm. in dia., having  to 2 seeds; smooth, brown to dark brown. S##d - :omewhat Muadrangular with truncate ends, about 0.2 cm. long and 0. cm. wide, smooth, yellowish-brown to greenish-brown in colour.

b) Microscopic Microscopic Root - :hows a narrow Fone of cork, consisting of  to 0 layers of tangentially elongated, rectang rectangula ular, r, thin-w thin-walle alled d cells, cells, with with lentice lenticels; ls; seconda secondary ry cortex cortex a narrow narrow Fone, Fone, consist consisting ing of rectangular to polygonal thin-walled cells containing rhomboidal to hexagonal crystals of calcium oxalate and groups of fibres; secondary phloem composed of usual elements; secondary xylem consisting of xylem parenchyma, vessels, fibres and rays; fibres long, aseptate with pointed end; vessels solitary or 2 to  in groups having simple pits; medullary ray  to  cells wide; prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate present in secondary cortex, phloem, xylem parenchyma and rays; oil globules present in cortex and phloem parenchyma; starch grains simple, round to oval, measuring upto  Hm in dia., present in cortex, phloem, xylem parenchyma and rays. St#* - "oung stem furrowed and ridged in outline; epidermis single layered, ! to 0 layers of coll collen enchy chyma mato tous us cells cells prese present nt in ridg ridges; es; matu mature re stem stem show showss ! to ! layers layers of tange tangent ntial ially ly elongated, rectangular, thin-walled cork cells, broken by lenticels, a few upper rectangular cells filled with reddish-brown reddish-brown contents; contents; secondary secondary cortex consists of ! to < layers of oval to elliptical, thin-walled, parenchymatous cells, pericycle a discontinuous ring of fibres; secondary phloem and secondary xylem composed of usual elements; xylem traversed by rays; vessels solitary or 2 to < in radial rows, isolated vessels show spiral thickening and simple pits; fibres having narrow lumen and pointed pointed ends; ends; trache tracheids ids pitted pitted;; crystal crystal fibres fibres upto upto 2 chamb chambered ered,, each each contai containin ning g  or 2 prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate; pith occupied by isodiametric, thin-walled, parenchymatous cells; cells; a few cells cells of seconda secondary ry cortex cortex,, phloem phloem and pith contai contain n brown brown colour coloured ed substan substances; ces; prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate and simple s imple starch grains measuring A to 6 Hm in dia. found in secondary cortex, phloem and xylem parenchyma, pith and rays. L#'/ P#tio# - 'ppears nearly circular in outline having two lateral wings; epidermis single layered, covered externally with thin cuticle and followed internally by a single layered collenchymatous hypodermis; unicellular unicellular hairs scanty to moderate moderate with blunt blunt tip; cortex  to 6 layered, layered, consisting of oval to polygonal, elongated, thin-walled chlorenchymatous cells; pericycle scanty, present in the form of continuous or discontinuous ring; vascular bundle collateral and three in number, large one present in center and two smaller in lateral wings; pith composed of rounded to oval, thinwalled parenchymatous cells; a few prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate present in phloem and pith region. Midri- - :hows :hows a similar similar structure structure of epidermis, epidermis, cuticle and hairs as in petioles; petioles; lower and upper epider epidermis mis follow followed ed by single single and 2 or A layers layers of collen collenchy chymat matous ous hypod hypoderm ermis is respect respective ively ly;; parenchyma 2 or A layered, present on both sides; vascular bundle single, collateral, crescentshaped, present centrally. L'*in' - :hows a dorsiventral structure; epidermis, cuticle and hairs as in petiole and midrib; palisade 2-layered; spongy parenchyma 2 to  layered; a few patches of veins scattered between palisade and spongy parenchyma; a few prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate present in mesophyll 25

cells; stomata paracytic; unicellular hairs present on both surface but abundant on lower surface; palisade ratio not more than ; stomatal index  to 0 on lower surface and 0 to 6 on upper surface; vein -islet number ! to  per sMuare mm. Frit - :hows single layered epicarp; mesocarp < or  layered, more or less elliptical, tangentially elongated, thin-walled parenchymatous cells, a few upper cells contain reddish brown content; vascular vascular bundle bundle present present in the mesocarp mesocarp region sheathed sheathed by sclerenchyma sclerenchyma cells; endocarp present in the form of A to ! layers of sclerenchymatous cells. S##d - :hows :hows a single single layered layered,, radial radially ly elong elongated ated,, thin-w thin-walle alled, d, palisad palisade-li e-like ke cells, cells, covered covered externally by a thin cuticle and internally followed by a single layer of bearer cells; beneath bearer cells 2 to  tangentially tangentially elongated elliptical, elliptical, thin-walled thin-walled parenchymatou parenchymatouss cells present; cotyledons cotyledons consists of oval to angular, elongated, thin-walled parenchymatous cells. Po"d#r$

"ellow "ellowish ish grey; grey; shows shows aseptat aseptatee fibres; fibres; vessels vessels with with spiral spiral thicke thickenin ning g and simple simple pits; pits; groups of mesophyll cells; unicellular hairs; pieces of hexagonal, straight walled, epidermal cells in surface view; prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate; rarely oil globules; simple, rounded to oval, starch grains measuring A to  Hm in diameter. diameter.


6 per cent, Appendi7 <.6 per cent, Appendi7 :. per cent, Appendi7 6.< per cent, Appendi7 8.< per cent, Appendi7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

T.".C. T.%.&. of the 'lcoholic extract on silica gel I>I plate using n-Jutanol) glacial 'cetic acid) =ater +!)) in visible light shows three spots at Rf. 0.A, 0.
CONSTITUENTS *ndigotin, indirubin, indoxyl, indican, kaempferol, luteolin, apigenin, ercetin, tephrosin, degalin, dehydrodegalin, dehydrodegalin, sumatrol, kaempferol --<-dirhamnoside, trans-tetracos-!-enoic acid, semiglabrin and pseudo semiglabrin.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * +aippu (¬èŠ¹) C#$ai * Acai!u (Ü¬-:) #%a& 26

* 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) 'ri#& * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$# * $u@ai!eppaka@@i (º¬#ªõŠðè!& ), 5upuukkolli (T‡¹.‚ªè C*+ai £%@), 3eppamuB¡kki (ªõŠðº‡$£‚A ) IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS 5anthi $euku (4‰F ªñ.°) T!ERAPEUTIC USES +uEmam (°9ñ‹), 5aPcu 5kkum (4U² c‚°‹), 3eGGai (ªõ;¬3)

poder in 6 ml of of ater for for DOSE 1 Decoction 6<1 < ml tice daily. : 1 6 " coarse poder preparin" decoction.

27

45 AVURI VER ROOT!

A'URI '2R (Root) - Ü¾K «õ˜ A!uri 3r 3r is the dried root of Indigofera tinctoria Fabaceae), an an under shrub up tinctoria L. (Fam. Fabaceae), to 6 m. hi"h, found throu"hout throu"hout #ndia and idely culti!ated culti!ated in many parts of of the country. #t "ros in $arutham thiai. SYNONYMS


A!iri (Ü>B), 5li (c@) 5ilbam 5il #ndian indi"o, #ndi"o /ali, /ari, 5il 5ili +arunili, 5eeli"ida 5ilam, Amari, 5eela Amari 5eel 5ila, 5ili 5eel 5ili, 5ilika, 5ilini, &an"apatri A!iri, 5ili, 5ili chettu 5eel

Root mostly availabe in pieces, hard, woody, cylindrical, 0. to.! cm. thick, surface nearly smooth smooth except except for a few scatter scattered ed lentic lenticels; els; pale-y pale-yello ellow w to light light yello yellowish wish-bro -brown; wn; odour odour not distinct; taste slightly bitter.

b) Microscopic Microscopic Root - :hows a narrow Fone of cork consisting of  to 0 layers of tangentially elongated, rectang rectangula ular, r, thin-w thin-walle alled d cells, cells, with with lentice lenticels; ls; seconda secondary ry cortex cortex a narrow narrow Fone, Fone, consist consisting ing of rectangular to polygonal, thin-walled cells; group of fibres thick-walled and lignified with wide lumen; lumen; seconda secondary ry phloem phloem compos composed ed of usual usual element elements; s; wood wood occup occupies ies bulk bulk part part of the root, root, consisting consisting of usual elements; vessels solitary or 2 to  in groups groups having simple pits; fibres present in the form of alternating bands of parenchyma; parenchyma cells rectangular to polygonal in shape and present on both external and internal sides of vessels; medullary rays  to  cells wide; prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate present in secondary cortex, phloem and xylem parenchyma 28

and rays; oil globules present in cortex and phloem parenchyma; starch grains simple, round to oval, measuring upto 2 mm in dia., present present in cortex, phloem, xylem xylem parenchyma and rays. Po"d#r$

&reamish- brown; shows aseptate fibres; pitted vessels; simple and compound starch grains, measuring A to  mm in dia.; occasionally oil globules and prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate.


6 per cent, Appendi7 = per cent, Appendi7 .8 per cent, Appendi7 9 per cent, Appendi7 ; per cent, Appendi7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

T.".C. T.%.&. of 'lcoholic extract of the drug on aluminium plate plate precoated with silica gel 60 /2! +7. (erck 0.2 mm. thickness using &hloroform) 7thylacetate +A)2 shows under 45 light +A66 nm ten fluorescent Fones at Rf. 0. +blue, 0.A0 +bluish green, 0.0 +blue, +blue, 0.< +blue, 0.! +blue, 0.6A+bluish green, 0.
CONSTITUENTS *ndican.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * +aippu (¬èŠ¹) C#$ai * Acai!u (Ü¬-:) #%a& * 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) 'ri#& * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$# * $u@ai!eppaka@@i (º¬#ªõŠðè!& ), 5upuukkolli (T‡¹.‚ªè C*+ai £%@), 3eppamuB¡kki (ªõŠðº‡$£‚A ) IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS +aric¡lai #Gakam (èB-£¬ô Þ3è‹)

29

T!ERAPEUTIC USES +uEmam (°9ñ‹), 5aPcu 5kkum (4U² c‚°‹), 3eGGai (ªõ;¬3), $rccai (R˜*¬-)

tice daily.91 = " poder poder in 6 ml of ater for preparin" DOSE 1 Decoction 91 < ml tice decoction.

30

1!. SARAKKONDRAI PULI FRUIT PULP!

CARAKKO9AI PU:I (r#it P#3p) - ó‚!è£"¬# $% CarakkoE@a CarakkoE@aii %uGi is the pulp of fruit (de!oid (de!oid of seeds, septa septa and pieces pieces of pericarp) pericarp) of Cassia fistula L. (Fam. Fabaceae), a moderate siUed deciduous tree, common throu"hout #ndia as ild or culti!ated plantM fruits collected hen pods are ripe and black, and pulp separated and dried. #t "ros "ros in +u@iPci, $ullai $ullai and $arutham thiai. SYNONYMS


#tai (Þ(P), +oai (ªè£‡¬,), +irut¡malam (A¼(£ñô‹) Sonaroo Sondala #ndian laburnum, %ur"in" cassia /aramala, /armalo Amaltas Ara"!adha, +akke, +akke1"ida, +akkemara, +akkedai, &a'ataru +riyan"al %hali +onna, +ritamlam aha!a, /aramala, Amaltas Sunari Amaltas Ara"!adha, +rtamala, 3yadhi"ata, Samopaka, 5rpadruma &ela +hiyar Shambar

$ulp $ulp dark dark brow brown; n; stick sticky y, sweet sweet and and mucil mucilag agin inou ous; s; odou odourr char charac acter teris isti tic, c, some somewh what at disagreeable.

b) Microscopic Microscopic $ulp shows oval to polygonal polygonal thin walled parenchyma parenchyma cells and lignified stone cells.

IDENTITY, PURITY AND STRENT! Forei"n matter 5ot more than 6 per cent, Appendi7 31

6.6.6.

otal Ash Acid1insoluble ash Alcohol1soluble e7tracti!e >ater1soluble e7tracti!e

5ot more than 5ot more than 5ot less than 5ot less than

= per cent, Appendi7 : per cent, Appendi7 :< per cent, Appendi7 ;= per cent, Appendi7

6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

ASSAY TLC d#nsito*#tri. #sti*'tion o/ r3#in TLC %'t#s

'luminium plate precoated with silica gel 60 / 2! +7. (erck 0.2 mm. thickness So(#nt s)st#*

$etroleum ether +0-60) 7thyl acetate) /ormic acid +<.!) 2.!) 0.. T#st sotion

 g of powdered drug is extracted with 0.0P (ethanolic potassium hydroxide +A x 2! ml under under reflux on a water bath. /iltered, /iltered, pooled the filtrates filtrates and concentrated concentrated the extract and made made up the volume to 2! ml with methanol. St'nd'rd sotion

! mg of rhein rhein is diss dissol olve ved d in ! ml of 0.0 0.0 P (eth (ethan anol olic ic pota potassi ssium um hydro hydroxi xide de in a volumetric flask. /urther dilution is made by pipetting 2.! ml into a 2! ml volumetric flask and making up the final volume to 2! ml with (ethanol. /rom this stock solution standard solutions of 0 to A! Hg1ml Hg1ml are prepared prepared by transfer transferrin ring g aliMuots aliMuots + to A.! ml of stock solutio solution n to 0 ml volumetric flasks and adBusting the volume to 0 ml with (ethanol. C'i-r'tion .r(#

0 Hl of the standard solutions +00 to A!0 ng per spot are applied on a T%& plate. The plate is developed with the solvent system in twin trough chamber to a distance of  cm. and scanned scanned densitometrically densitometrically at A nm. nm. The peak areas are recorded recorded and the calibration calibration curve is obtained by plotting peak area vs concentration of rhein applied. Esti*'tion o/ r3#in in t3# dr+

0 Hl of the test solution is applied in triplicate on a T%& plate. The plate is developed in the solvent system and the peak area is recorded as described above for the calibration curve. The amount of rhein present in the sample is calculated from the calibration curve of rhein. The percentage of rhein ranges from 0.0< to 0. in the samples analyFed.

T.".C.  gm. of the powdered drug is extracted with 2! ml of 0.0P $otassium hydroxide for  hr. on a boiling water bath. The solution is filtered, cooled, acidified with dilute dilute hydrochloric acid and then extracted with diethyl ether +A x 2! ml. The combined ether layer is evaporated to dryness and 32

dissolved in 2! ml of (ethanol. T.%.&. of the solution on aluminium plate precoated with silica gel 60 / 2! +7. (erck 0.2 mm. thickness using Toluene) 7thyl acetate ) /ormic acid ) (ethanol +A)A) 0.)0.2 0.)0.2 shows under under 45 light +2! nm seven spots spots at Rf. 0., 0.2, 0.2, 0.A, 0.!!, 0.62, 0.62, 0.6 and 0.<6 +rhein marker. 4nder 45 light, +A66 nm shows seven spots at Rf. 0.< +blue, 0.2! +green, 0.A< +light blue, 0. +light blue, 0.! +fluorescent blue, 0.<6 +greenish yellow, rhein marker and 0.6 +green. Cn spraying with ! percent ethanolic potassium hydroxide shows six spots at Rf. 0.0, 0.2, 0.2!, 0.!, 0.6< +all light brown and 0.<6 +purple, rhein marker.

CONSTITUENTS /istulic acid, rhein, A- formyl-- hydroxy-- methoxy- anthraMuinone, AO- hydroxy-
PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * %uGippu (¹2Š¹) C#$ai * imai (F‡¬ñ) #%a& * 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) 'ri#& * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$# * 5rmalampIkki (c˜ñô‹'ð£‚A), %uu!aka@@i (¹.õè!&) C*+ai IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS +aruai #Gakam (è¼¬, Þ3è‹), 5eruPcik +uBinr (ª4¼UC‚ °/c˜), 5rmuGGik +uBinr (c˜º;2‚ °/c˜) T!ERAPEUTIC USES +uBal 3ali (°$% õ@), $alakkaBBu (ñô‚è6=), 3eGGai (ªõ;¬3) DOSE 1 %oder ; 1  "

33

11. SADAMAN"IL (RHI#OME)

CA5ËMË;CI" (R8i
amil * (L('èCI) Assamese * en"ali * Kn"lish * /u'rati * 0indi * +annada * +ashmiri * $alayalam * $arathi * 2riya * %un'abi * Sanskrit * elu"u * 4rdu * DESCRIPTION

CaB¡m¡Pci (-$£ñ£UC), CaBilai (-/¬ô), %aic¡ci (¬ð-£C), %takciEi Natamansi, Nataman"shi Natamamsi 5ardus root aalchad, +alichad alchara hoota'ata, /ana"ila maste huti'ata $anchi, Natamanchi Natamansi Natamansi illilotan, alchhar, Chhar"uddi Natamansi, $amsi, Nata 'atila Natamamsi Sumbul1ut1teeb

a) Macroscopic 3ried rhiFome dark brown, 2.! to <.! cm. long, cylindrical, covered with reddish-brown fibres forming a net work, which are skeletons of sheathing leaf bases; fracture brittle; internal colour reddish-brown; odour strongly aromatic; taste acrid, slightly bitter.

b) Microscopic Microscopic Transverse section of rhiFome shows cork consisting of 2 to ! layers of cells filled with oil globules; globules; cortex characteriFed characteriFed by the presence presence of schiFogenous schiFogenous canals; phloem phloem in form of patches 34

of smal smalll cells cells;; cambiu cambium m ring ring disti distinc nctt and and cont contin inuo uous; us; xylem xylem cons consist istss of vesse vessels ls,, scatt scattere ered d individually or in rows of two or three vessels with scalariform thickening; older rhiFomes show one or more stellate shaped rings of interxylary and medullary cork, completely or incompletely separating the rhiFome into four to nine vascular strands by Boining outer cork; each separated strand encircled by a few layers of cork cell consisting of an outer cortex Fone followed by two or more functional vascular bundles, tissues in between the strands usually non-functional except for the cork cells which act as storage organ for oil globule. Po"d#r$

3ark brown; shows cork cells; parenchyma and oleo- resin cells with resinous matter and oil globules; fragments of vessels with scalariform thickening, tracheids and a few linear fibres.

IDENTITY, PURITY AND STRENT! Forei"n matter 5ot more than otal Ash 5ot more than Acid1insoluble ash 5ot more than Alcohol1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than >ater1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than 3olatile oil 5ot less than

< per cent, Appendi7 6.6.6. T per cent, Appendi7 6.6.9. < per cent, Appendi7 6.6.;. 6 per cent, Appendi7 6.6.=. < per cent, Appendi7 6.6.8. .: per cent, !HAppendi7 6.6.:.

ASSAY >& profile of volatile oil +yield upto .9 with valeranone as marker &olumn Cven temperature *nBector temperature 3etector +/*3 temperature &arrier gas +P2

) ) ) )

) C5- &hrom = +0 -00, ::- 2m. x A.2mm. $rogrammed from 0 -220& at a rate of 0&1min. 20&. 20&. +A. kg1cm2

T.".C. T%& of $etroleum 7ther +0-608& extract of the drug on silica gel I>I precoated plate using Toluene) Toluene) 7thyl 7thyl acetate +<)A, on exposure to iodine iodine vapours shows shows six spots appear at Rf.. 0., 0., 0.!, 0.6, 0.<<, 0.2 and 0.! +all yellow. Cn spraying with 'nisaldehyde -:ulphuric acid reagent and heating the plate for five minutes at 0!8& six spots appear at Rf. 0. +grey, 0.! +blue, 0.6+indigo blue, 0.<< +orange, 0.2 +light violet and 0.! +violet.

CONSTITUENTS ?atamansin, Batamansone, Batmansinol, nardol, oroselol, angelicin, D- endesrol, elemol, nardostachone, K- D- pinene, A- carene, Batamanshic acid, seychellen, seychelane, norseychelanone, patchouli alcohol, nardostachysin, K N D - patchoulenes, narostachone, actinidine, virolin, virolin, spiroBatamol, Batamol ' and and J.

35

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * #Eippu (ÞIŠ¹) , +¡rppu (dried) ( è£˜Š¹) C#$ai * #laku (Þô°) #%a& * 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) 'ri#& * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$# * Ci@unrperukki (CÁc˜ªð¼‚A), #ci!aka@@i (ÞCõè!&), +Iaiyaka@@i C*+ai ('è£¬öè!&), 4@akkamuB¡kki ("#‚èº‡$£‚A ), 3eppamuB¡kki (ªõŠðº‡$£‚A ) IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS CirIp¡ra 5i!¡raat ailam ( C'ó£ð£ó Võ£ó,5 ¬(ô‹), #laku CantaE¡thi ailam ( Þô ° -‰(0£F ¬(ô‹), #Pci Craam ( ÞUC +ó,‹), $ak¡ l¡thi +uGikai ( ñè£ 1ô£F °2¬è), $ayaEat ailam ( ñ05 ¬(ô‹), 5anthi $euku (4‰F ªñ.°), 5occit ailam (ª4£*C5 ¬(ô‹), ¡Gic¡thi Craam ((£2-£F +ó,‹) T!ERAPEUTIC USES +uBBam (°6$‹), %ur¡a Curam (¹ó£, ²ó‹), kkamiEmai (G‚èJ9¬ñ), 4Bal C Bu ("$% +=) DOSE 1 %oder < m" 1 : " Decoction 91 < ml tice daily. < 1 : " coarse poder in 6 ml of ater for preparin" decoction.

36

12. SATHIKKAI (KERNEL)

CËT!IKKËY (Kr/3) - £F‚è£) C¡thikk¡y is the dried dried endosperm (kernel) (kernel) of the seed seed of "yristica fragrans fragrans 0outt. (Fam. $yristicaceae), $yristicaceae), dioecious or occasionally monoecious aromatic tree, about :16 m hi"h, nati!e of $oluccas, no found under culti!ation in #ndia. #t is mainly "ron in amil 5adu, +erala, Andhra %radesh and Assam. he seed is cracked to remo!e shell, and the kernel is collected for the market. #t "ros in +u@iPci +u@iPci thiai. SYNONYMS

amil * Assamese * en"ali * Kn"lish * /u'rati * 0indi * +annada * +ashmiri * $alayalam * $arathi * 2riya * %un'abi * Sanskrit * elu"u * 4rdu * DESCRIPTION

N¡thikk¡y (W£F‚è£8), +ulakk¡y (°ô‚è£8) Naiphal, +ani!ish Naiphala, Naitri 5utme" Naiphala, Nayfar Naiphal Nadikai, Naykai, Naidikai Nafal Natika Naiphal Naiphal Naiphal Natiphala, Natisasya Na'ikaya NauUbua, Naiphal

a) Macroscopic @ernel ellipsoid, 20 to A0 mm. long and about 20 mm. broad; externally greenish-brown sometimes marked with small irregular dark brown patches or minute dark points and lines slightly furrowed reticulately; a small light-coloured area at one end indicated the position of the radicle; a groove runs along the line of raphe to the darker chalaFa at the opposite end; a thin layer of perisperm with infoldings appearing as dark ruminations surrounding the abundant greyish-brown gre yish-brown endosperm; endosperm; embryo, embryo, in an irregular irregular cavity, small with two widely spreading crumpled cotyledons cotyledons and a small radicle; odour strong and aromatic; taste pungent and aromatic. 37

b) Microscopic Microscopic Transverse section of endosperm shows peripheral perisperm of several layers of strongly flattened, polyhedral cells with brown contents, or containing prismatic crystals; inner layer of perisperm of thin-walled parenchyma about a bout 0 Hm thick, infolding into the tissue of the endosperm to form the ruminations containing numerous, very large oil cells with brown cell walls; vascular strands strands in the periph peripheral eral region region with with numero numerous us small small spiral spiral vessels vessels;; large large celled, celled, endosp endosperm erm,, parenchymatous with occasional tannin idioblasts, with thin brown walls, containing numerous simple, rounded and compound starch grains, with upto about 0 components usually 2 to , individual grains, upto 20 Hm in diameter present; most of the cells with crystalline fat and often a large aleurone grain in each cell, containing a rhombic protein crystal upto 2 Hm and small aleurone grains with less regular crystalloids; embryo, of shrivelled and collapsed parenchyma. Po"d#r$

Jrown, Jrown, oily; shows fragments fragments of endosperm cells containing containing prismatic crystals and starch grains grains;; a few cells cells of endosp endosperm erm contai containin ning g brown brown conten contents; ts; starch starch grains grains numero numerous, us, oval oval to rounded, measuring upto upto 20 Hm in diameter diameter having 2 to0 components; a few cells containing oil globules and a few aleurone grains.

IDENTITY, PURITY AND STRENT! Forei"n matter 5ot more than otal Ash 5ot more than Acid1insoluble ash 5ot more than Alcohol1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than >ater1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than Kthe Ktherr 1sol 1solub uble le e7tr e7trac actiti!e !e 5ot 5ot less less than than 3olatile oil 5ot less than

: per cent, Appendi7 6.6.6. 9 per cent, Appendi7 6.6.9. .< per cent, Appendi7 6.6.;. :: per cent, Appendi7 6.6.=. 8 per cent, Appendi7 6.6.8. 6< per per cent cent !H !H Appe Append ndi7 i7 6.6. 6.6. < per cent !H Appendi7 6.6.:

T.".C. T.%.&. T.%.&. of the 'lcoholic 'lcoholic extract on aluminium aluminium plate precoated precoated with silica gel 60 / 2! 2! +7. (erck 0.2 mm. thickness using Toluene) 7thyl acetate +) in visible light shows five spots at Rf. 0.2, 0. +both light yellow, 0., 0. and 0.!0 +all yellow. Cn exposure to iodine vapours eleven spots appear at Rf. 0.2, 0., 0.22, 0.26, 0.A 0.A, 0., 0.!<, 0.<, 0. and 0.! +all yellow. Cn spraying with 'nisaldehyde - :ulphuric acid reagent and heating the plate for five minutes at 0!& seventeen spots appear at Rf. 0.2, 0.+both pinkish brown, 0. +grey, 0.26, 0.A+ both pinkish brown, 0.A +violet, 0.A, 0. +both pink, 0.! +pinkish brown, 0.!< +pinkish red, 0.62, 0.< +both brown, 0.< +violet, 0. +pinkish violet, 0.6 +brown, 0. and 0.! +both greyish violet.

CONSTITUENTS 3imeric phenylpropanoids *-5*, myricetin, essential oil and fixed oil.

38

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹), u!arppu (?õ˜Š¹) C#$ai * #laku (Þô°), +rmai (˜¬ñ) #%a& * 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) 'ri#& * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$# * AkaBBu!¡y!aka@@i (Üè6=õ£8õè!&), +¡mamperukki (è C*+ai £ñ‹ªð¼‚A), $aamBBi ( ñ,R6/), $rccaiyuB¡kki (R˜*¬-E‡$£‚A), 4ram¡kki ("óñ£‚A), 3eppamuB¡kki (ªõŠðº‡$£‚A ) IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS AVBapayira!ak AVBapayira!ak +uGikai (ÜX$ðOóõ‚ °2¬è), C¡mpir¡ipp %ata-kam (-£‹ó £MŠL ð(ƒè‹), Carapu-ka 3il!¡ti #Gakam (-ó¹ƒè >%õ£F Þ3è‹), #laku CantaE¡thi ailam (Þô° -‰(0£F ¬(ô‹), +ap¡Ba $¡tthirai ( èð£$ ñ£5F¬ó) T!ERAPEUTIC USES %acittkku@ai!u (ðC5Q‚°¬#:), #raippu (Þ¬óŠ¹), #rumal (Þ¼ñ%), 5¡GpaBBa +aiccal (4£;ð6$ èP*-%), %eru-kaiccal ( ªð¼ƒèP*-%), 3intukku@ai!u (>‰?‚°¬#: )

< m" 1 :" DOSE 1 %oder <

39

13. SEENTHIL THANDU (STEM)

C=NT!I" T!A>5U (St&) - *+F( î,Cnthi Cnthill haBu haBu is the dried dried,, matured matured piec pieces es of stem stem of #inos$ora cordifolia (>illd.) $iers. (Fam. $enispermaceae), a perennial climber found throu"hout tropical #ndiaM dru" is collected durin" summer preferably in the month of $ayM dru" is used in fresh form also. #t "ros in +u@iPci, $ullai, $arutham and 5eythal thiai. SYNONYMS

amil * Amirta!alli (ÜJ˜(õ%@), Amuta!alli (Üº(õ%@), CaPc!i (-U S>), Cnthil +oBi (S‰F% ªè£/), CIma!alli ('-£ñõ%@), +uBali (°‡$@) Assamese * Siddhilata, Amariat en"ali * /ulancha /u'rati * /alac, /aro 0indi * /iloe, /urcha +annada * Amrutaballi +ashmiri * Amrita, /ilo $alayalam * Chittamrutu $arathi * /ul!el 2riya * /uluchi %un'abi * /ilo Sanskrit * /uduci, Amrta!alli, Amrta, $adhuparni, /uducika, Chinnodbha!a elu"u * hippatee"a 4rdu * /ilo DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic 3rug occurs in pieces of varying thickness ranging from 0.6 to ! cm. in diameter; young stems green with smooth surfaces and swelling at nodes, older ones show a light brown surface marked with warty protuberances due to circular lenticels; transversely smoothened surface shows a radial structure with conspicuous medullary rays traversing porous tissues; taste bitter.

b) Microscopic Microscopic Transverse section of stem shows outermost layer of cork, differentiating into outer Fone of thick-walled brownish and compressed cells, inner Fone of thin walled colourless, tangentially 40

arranged A to  rows of cells; cork broken at some places due to opening of lenticels, followed by ! or more rows of secondary secondary cortex of which the cells of outer rows smaller than the inner one; Bust within the opening of lenticels, groups of sclereids consisting of 2 to 0 cells found in secondary cortex region, outer Fone of cortex consists of A to ! rows of irregularly arranged, tangentially elongated chlorenchymatous cells; cortical cells situated towards inner side, polygonal in shape and filled filled with with plenty plenty of starch starch grains grains,, simple simple,, ovoid, ovoid, or irregu irregularl larly y ovoid-e ovoid-elli llipti ptical, cal, occasio occasional nally ly compound of 2 to  components; several secretory cells found scattered in the cortex; pericyclic fibres lignified with wide lumen and pointed ends, associated with a large number of crystal fibres containing a single prism in each chamber; vascular Fone composed of 0 to 2 or more wedgeshaped strips of xylem, externally surrounded by semi-circular strips of phloem, alternating with wide medullary medullary rays; phloem phloem consists of sieve tubes, companion companion cells and phloem parenchyma parenchyma of polygonal or tangentially elongated cells, some of them contain crystals of calcium oxalate; cambium composed of one or two layers of tangentially elongated cells in each vascular bundle; xylem xylem consi consist stss of vesse vessels, ls, trac trache heid ids, s, pare parenc nchy hyma ma and and fibres fibres;; in prim primary ary xylem xylem,, vesse vessels ls comparatively narrow devoid of tyloses; secondary xylem elements thick-walled, lignified, vessels cylindrical in shape bearing bordered pits on their walls, some large vessels possess several tyloses and often contain transverse septa; medullary rays ! to 20 or more cells wide containing rounded, hemispherical, oblong, ovoid, with faintly marked concentric striations and central hilum appearing like a point, point, starch grains of 6 to A Hm in diameter diameter and 6 to Hm in length, length, variously variously shaped; shaped; pith composed of large, thin-walled cells mostly containing starch grains. Po"d#r$

"ellowish-cre "ellowish-cream; am; shows cork cells, parenchym parenchymaa cells; fragments of vessels with bordered bordered pits, fibres, crystal fibres containing prisms of calcium oxalate; starch grains simple, oval to rounded with faintly marked concentric striations and central hilum, measuring 6 to A Hm in diameter.

IDENTITY, PURITY AND STRENT! For dry dru"* Forei"n matter 5ot more than 6 per cent, Appendi7 6.6.6. otal Ash 5ot more than := per cent, Appendi7 Acid1insoluble ash 5ot more than 9 per cent, Appendi7 Alcohol1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than 9 per cent, Appendi7 >ater1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than :: per cent, Appendi7 For fresh dru"* 1 1 Forei"n matter 5il, Appendi7 6.6.6 $oisture content 8< percent, Appendi7

6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

6.6.T

T.".C. T.%.&. T.%.&. of &hlorofo &hloroform rm soluble soluble part of the 'lcoholi 'lcoholicc extract on silica gel I>I I>I plate using &hloroform ) (ethanol +). Cn spraying with 'nisaldehyde - :ulphuric acid reagent and heating

41

for five minutes at 0!8& shows eight eight spots at Rf. 0. 0. +violet, +violet, 0.26 +violet, 0.! 0.! +violet, +violet, 0.6! +violet, 0. +violet, 0., 0.A and 0.< +all pinkish violet.

CONSTITUENTS 3iterpenoid furanolactone, A- +K  - dihydroxy-A-methoxy benFyl -+-hydroxy-AmedoxybenFy tetra-hydrofuran, tinosporaside. tinosporide, magnoflorium, giloin, gilosterol, gilenin, columbin, chasmanthin, palmaria, tinosporin, tinosporic acid,tinosporal and amritoside ',J,& and 3.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * +aippu (¬èŠ¹) C#$ai * #laku (Þô°) #%a& * 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) 'ri#& * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$# * Ci@unrperukki (CÁc˜ªð¼‚A), +¡yaka@pam¡kki (è£è!ðñ£‚A), C*+ai +¡mamperukki (è£ñ‹ªð¼‚A), $u@ai!eppaka@@i (º¬#ªõŠðè!&), %acitttBi (ðC5QG‡/), 4GGaal¡@@i ( ";3öô£!&), 4ram¡kki ("óñ£‚A), 4Ba@t@@i ("$!'(!&), 3eppamuB¡kki (ªõŠðº‡$£‚A ) IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS Cnthil Craam (S‰F% +ó,‹), Cnthil 5ey ( S‰F% ª48), +apacurak +uBinr (èð²ó‚ °/c˜) T!ERAPEUTIC USES Co@i (ª-£&), CuramH+¡yccal ( ²ó‹7è£8*-%), +ayanIy (è'4£8), +uruti Aal (°¼F Üö%), +uBBam (°6$‹), $kam ('ñè‹), %Eicam (KI-‹) DOSE 1 %oder 9 1 < " Decoction 91 < ml tice daily. 6 1 9 " coarse poder in 6 ml of ater for preparin" decoction

42

14. SEERA$AM (FRUIT)

C=RAKAM (r#it) - *óè‹ Cra Craka kam m is the the rip ripee frui fruitt of Cuminum cyminum L. (Fam. Apiaceae), a small slender, slender, "labrous, "labrous, annual annual herb, 9 to T cm. hi"hM floers !ery small, small, hite, hite, about 9 mm. lon" stalk in compound umbels, mostly culti!ated in plainsM plants pulled out, dried and threshed for collectin" mature fruits.#t fruits.#t "ros in $ullai, $arutham $arutham and 5eythal 5eythal thiai. thiai. SYNONYMS

amil * Acai (Ü¬-), 5a@crakam (4!Sóè‹ ), %itthan¡ciEi (5(4£CI), % IcaEakuBIri ('ð£-0°'$£B) Assamese * Nira en"ali * Nira, Sada'ira Kn"lish * Cumin seed, Cumin /u'rati * Nirautmi, Niru, Nirau rau"i, Neeru, Nirun 0indi * Nira, Safed 'ira +annada * Nira"e, ile'ire"e +ashmiri * Safed Woor $alayalam * Neerakam $arathi * %andhare 'ire 2riya * Dhala'eera, Dala'ira, Nira %un'abi * Safed 'ira, Chitta 'ira Sanskrit * S!eta 'iraka, A'a'i, Niraka, A'a'ika elu"u * Nilakarra, ella 'ilakarra 4rdu * Wirah, Wirasafed DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic /ruit, /ruit, a cremocar cremocarp, p, often often separat separated ed into into merica mericarps rps,, brown brown with with light light colour coloured ed ridges, ridges, ellipsoidal, elongated, about  to 6 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, tapering at ends and slightly compressed laterally; laterally; mericarps with ! longitudi longitudinal nal hairy primary primary ridges from base to apex, alternating alternating with  secondary ridges which are flatter and bear conspicuous emergences; seeds orthospermous; odour umbelliferous, characteristic; taste richly spicy.

43

b) Microscopic Microscopic Transverse section of fruit shows epidermis consisting of short polygonal, tabular cells densely covered with short, bristle hairs that are multicellular and multiseriate on ridges; mesocarp with a few layers of parenchyma and five vascular bundles under five primary ridges; six vittae under secondary ridges, four on dorsal and two on commissural surface; endocarp consists of polygonal cells containing fixed oil and aleurone grains; carpophore consists consists of slender fibres. Po"d#r$

Jrowni Jrownishsh-ye yello llow; w; shows shows fragme fragments nts of vittae vittae;; scleren sclerenchy chymato matous us cells cells of the mesoca mesocarp; rp; endosperm cells containing oil globules, aleurone grains, small rosette crystals of calcium oxalate; fragments of multiserial hairs.


6 per cent, Appendi7  per cent, Appendi7 : per cent, Appendi7 8 per cent, Appendi7 :< per cent, Appendi7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

T.".C. T.%.&. T.%.&. of 3ichlorometha 3ichloromethane ne extractive extractive of the 'lcohol 'lcohol extract on silica gel I>I plate using 3ichloromethane, on exposure to iodine vapours shows six spots at Rf. 0.0!, 0.0, 0.!, 0.26, 0.26, 0.!! and 0. +all yellow. Cn spraying with 'nisaldehyde- :ulphuric acid reagent and heating the plate for five minutes at 0!8& six spots appear at Rf. 0.!, 0.26 +both violet, 0.A +pink, 0.!!+grey, 0.
CONSTITUENTS &uminaldehyde, cuminin,,A -  - menthadien -<-al, , -  - menthadien -<-al,-cymene, ϒterpinene, D-pinene, <-+C-D-3-galalacturonide --+-C-D-3- glucopyranosyl-A,!- dihydroxy flavone, glycosides of luteolin and apigenin.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * #Eippu (ÞIŠ¹), +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) C#$ai * #laku (Þô°), +rmai (˜¬ñ), 3a@aBci ( õ#6C) #%a& * aBpam ((6ð‹) 'ri#& * #Eippu (ÞIŠ¹) Piri$# * AkaBBu!¡y!aka@@i (Üè6=õ£8õè!&), %acitttBi (ðC5QG‡/), C*+ai u!arppi (?õ˜Š), 3eppamuB¡kki (ªõŠðº‡$£‚A ) 44

IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS AVB¡thic Craam ( ÜX$£F* +ó,‹), Crakac Craam ( Sóè* +ó,‹), Crakat ailam (Sóè5 ¬(ô‹), +cari #Gakam ( 'è-B Þ3è‹), $ayili@ak¡thi Craam ( ñO@#è£F +ó,‹), %aPcatp¡kkiEi Craam ( ðU-Qð£‚AI +ó,‹), %ittacurak +uBinr (5(²ó‚ °/c˜) T!ERAPEUTIC USES Aal 5IykaG (Üö% '4£8è;), Ctakkaiccal (S(‚èP*-% ), Oral 5Iy (ó% '4£8), +allaBaippu (è%ô¬$Š¹), +¡m¡lai (è£ñ£¬ô), +uEmam (°9ñ‹) DOSE 1 %oder : 1 < "

45

15. SIRUKURIN"AN (ROOT)

CIUKUI;CË9 '2R (Root) - 'Á./&£" «õ˜ Ci@uku Ci@uku@iP @iPc¡E c¡E is the root of Gymnema sylvestre &. &. r. r. (Fam. Asclepia Asclepiadace daceae), ae), a lar"e oody, climber, much branched, ith pubescent youn" parts, found throu"hout #ndia in dry forests upto = m.M occasionally occasionally culti!ated. #t "ros in in +u@iPci, $ullai , $arutham and 5eythal thiai. SYNONYMS

amil * en"ali * Kn"lish * /u'rati * 0indi * +annada * $alayalam * $arathi * Sanskrit * elu"u * DESCRIPTION

Cakkaraikkolli (-‚è¬ó‚ªè£%@) $edhasin"i %eriploca of the oods +aa!alee, $edhasin"e /udmaar, $edhaasin"ee +adhasi"e Cakkarakkolli, $adhunaashini +aa!alee, $edhaashin"i $esasrn"i, $adhunasini, A'asrn"i %odapatri

a) Macroscopic Tap root branched, rough, longitudinally fissured, corky, soft and nodulose pieces, 2 to < cm. long and 0.2 to .0 cm. in thickness; external surface dark brown and cut surface showing a core cream in colour; fracture splintery; odour unpleasant; taste bitter and acrid.

b) Microscopic Microscopic Root - :hows ! to 20 rows of tangentially elongated and radially arranged cork cells; secondary cort cortex ex a wide wide Fone Fone consi consist stin ing g of oval oval to poly polygo gona nall cells cells some somewh what at irreg irregul ular ar in shape shape and and modera moderately tely thick walled, walled, filled filled with with rosette rosette crystals crystals of calciu calcium m oxalat oxalatee and a few simple simple or compound starch grains; secondary phloem composed of sieve tubes, companion cells and phloem parenchyma, with mostly large and a few small rosette crystals and starch grains; medullary rays prominent, uni or multi seriate, generally tetra seriate, extending e xtending from primary xylem to secondary phloem; groups of oval to elongated, thick walled, lignified sclereids with clear striations and narrow lumen lumen present in cortex and phloem region; region; secondary secondary xylem consists of usual lignified lignified elements; vessels simple pitted, single or 2 to < in radial groups and dispersed throughout the xylem region; fibres long with tapering ends and wide lumen; primary xylem diarch.

46

Po"d#r$

%ight %ight yellow; yellow; shows shows thick walled cork cells; polygonal, polygonal, thin walled parenchymatou parenchymatouss cells; simple pitted fibres, vessels; groups of sclereids; large and a few small rosette crystals of calcium oxalate; simple and compound starch grains, measuring measuring ! to  Hm in diameter.


6 per cent, Appendi7 = per cent, Appendi7 : per cent, Appendi7 < per cent, Appendi7 :; per cent, Appendi7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

T.".C. T.%.&. of of the 'lcoholic 'lcoholic extract on on silica gel I>I plate using Toluene) 7thylacetate) 7thylacetate) (ethanol +!)!)2 as mobile mobile phase shows on spraying with 'nisaldehyde- :ulphuric acid reagent and heating the plate at 0!& until the colour develops, eight spots at Rf. 0.< +brown, 0.2! +violet, 0. +grey, 0.!< +pink, 0.06, 0.0, 0.< +violet and 0.! +pink.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * +aippu (¬èŠ¹) C#$ai * #laku (Þô°), 3a@aBci ( õ#6C) #%a& * 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) 'ri#& * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$# * +Iaiyaka@@i ('è£¬öè!&), 3¡ntiyuB¡kki (õ£‰FE‡$£‚A) C*+ai IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS $aBr¡ti ABaikkuBinr (ñ‡Yó£F Ü¬$‚°/c˜) T!ERAPEUTIC USES #raippu (Þ¬óŠ¹), #rumal (Þ¼ñ%), 5aPcukaG (4U²è;), 3aGiccuram (õ2*²ó‹), 5 rii!u (cBP:) DOSE 1 %oder

:16" 47

Decoction 91 < ml tice daily. 9 1< " poder in 6 ml of ater for preparin" decoction.

48

16. SIRUPEELAI SAMULAM (HOLE PLANT)

C=UP=:AI CAM?"AM (78o3 P3a/t) - *Á0¬1 2ô‹ C@u C@up pGa Gaii Caml Camlam am is the the hole hole plan plantt of Aerva lanata (L.) Nuss. e7 Schult. (Fam. Amaranthaceae), an erect or prostrate branched herb, 9 to = cm. in hei"ht, found throu"hout #ndia as as a common eed eed in fields fields and in aste aste lands. lands. #t "ros in $arutham and 5eythal 5eythal thiai. thiai. SYNONYMS

amil * Ci@ukapGai (CÁè‡K¬3), +apGai (è‡K¬3), +a@pti (è!'ðF), %¡V¡apti (ð£Z£,'ðF) en"ali * Chaya /u'rati * /orakh"an'o 0indi * /orakha"an'a +annada * ilihindisoppu $alayalam * Cherupila $arathi * +apurphutee, +umrapindee %un'abi * huikallan Sanskrit * %attura, /oraksa"an'a, hadra elu"u * %indichettu, +anda %indi DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic Root - Tap-root, laterally laterally branched, cylindrical, cylindrical, up to 0. cm. in thickness thickness and about 2! cm. long pieces, externally light brown and rough but cut surface white and smooth; fracture fibrous and hard. St#* - Pearly cylindrical, branching alternate, external surface shows slight ridges and furrows, hairy and light brown in colour; cut surface white; fracture granular. L#'/ - :imple, opposite, opposite, alternate, shortly petiolate, petiolate, lamina 2.0 to 2.! cm. long and .0 to .6 cm. broad, elliptic-orbicular or ovate, acute, reticulate retic ulate veined, margin entire, densely pubescent on both surfaces.

axillary spike; greenish-whit greenish-white; e; perianth perianth !, bracteolate; bracteolate; actinomorphic, actinomorphic, Fo"#r - (inute cluster as axillary bisexual; stamen !, opposite to perianth, anthers 2 lobed; stigma bifid, superior ovary, unilocular with campylotropous ovule.

49

Fri Fritt - ' greenish, roundish, compressed membranous, utricle or circumscissile capsule with a coriaceous upper part or lid and containing a single seed. S##d - :eed minute, 0.! to 0.< cm. in dia., black, polished, lenticular; taste pungent.

b) Microscopic Microscopic Root Root - :hows ! to < layers of cork cells, upper 2 or A layers filled with brownish content; secondary cortex a wide Fone consisting of circular to oval, elongated, thin walled parenchymatous cells, most of the cells containing rosette crystals of calcium oxalate; endodermis not distinct; pericycle present in the form of interrupted interr upted ring of pericyclic peric yclic fibres; anomalous secondary s econdary growth present; secondary xylem and phloem tissues in form of A or  alternating rings; medullary bundles present; phloem consisting of sieve tubes, companion cells and phloem parenchyma; xylem consists of vessels, tracheids, fibres and xylem parenchyma; vessels circular to oval having simple pits; pith cells circular in shape containing rosette crystals of calcium oxalate. St#* - :hows slightly wavy outline, corresponding to ridges and furrows; epidermis single layered covered covered with thick cuticle; trichomes multicellular, multicellular, end cells pointed or vesicular, vesicular, warty and thick walled; cortex 6 or < layers with A or  layers below ridges being collenchymatous and A or  layers below furrows chlorenchymatous; rest of the cells oval to elongated, elliptical, thin walled and parenchymatous, with a few cells containing rosette crystals of calcium oxalate; endodermis single layered; pericycle present in the form of a ring, single or groups of 2 to  fibres; anomalous secondary growth present; vascular bundles arranged in 2 or A rings showing included phloem altern alternatin ating g with with parenc parenchy hymato matous us tissue; tissue; phloem phloem consist consistss of sieve sieve tubes, tubes, compan companion ion cells cells and phloem parenchyma; xylem composed of vessels, tracheids, wood fibres and xylem parenchyma; vessels round to oval having simple pits; pith wide consisting of circular to polygonal having intercellular spaces, rosette crystals of calcium oxalate present in this region. L#'/

:hows single single layered layered epidermis epidermis covered with cuticle; trichomes multicellular multicellular present on P#tio# - :hows both surfaces; cortex consisting of 2 or A layers, upper collenchymatous and lower parenchymatous; vascular bundle collateral and A in number; rosette crystals of calcium oxalate present in cortical cells. Midri- - 7pidermis, cuticle and trichomes, similar to those in petiole; cortex ! to < layers, upper A collenchymatous and lower A or  circular, thin walled and parenchymatous; vascular bundles A in number number,, 2 accesso accessory ry and one middle; middle; xylem xylem toward towardss the upper upper and phloem phloem toward towardss lower lower epidermis; rosette crystals of calcium oxalate present in cortical region. L'*in' - 7pidermis, cuticle and trichomes similar as in petiole and midrib; palisade  or 2 layers; spongy parenchyma A to ! layers composed of thin walled parenchymatous cells with intercellular spaces, spaces, a few rosett rosettee crystals crystals of calciu calcium m oxalat oxalatee present present in spongy spongy parenc parenchy hyma; ma; anomoc anomocyt ytic ic stomata present on both surfaces; palisade ratio 2 or A; stomatal index on upper surface 2 to ! and on lower surface 6 to ; vein -islet number  or ! per sMuare mm. Po"d#r$

"ellow "ellowish ish-gre -green; en; shows shows straigh straightt walled walled epiderm epidermal al cells, cells, multic multicellu ellular lar tricho trichomes mes and anomocyti anomocyticc stomata stomata in surface view; simple simple pitted vessels, cork cells, tracheids, fibres and rosette crystals of calcium oxalate.

50

IDENTITY, PURITY AND STRENT! Forei"n matter 5ot more than otal Ash 5ot more than Acid1insoluble ash 5ot more than Alcohol1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than >ater1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than T.".C.

6 per cent, Appendi7 :8 per cent, Appendi7 6 per cent, Appendi7 6 per cent, Appendi7 :: per cent, Appendi7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

T.%.&. T.%.&. of the 'lcoholic extract extract on silica I>I plate using Toluene Toluene)) 7thyl acetate) (ethanol (ethanol +!)!)2 as mobile phase shows under 45 +A66 nm ten fluorescent Fones at Rf.0. +sky blue, 0.2< +red, 0.< +red, 0.! +sky blue, 0.
CONSTITUENTS D-sitosterol, D-sitosterol palmitate, campesterol, stigmasterol, stigmasterol acetate, daucosterol, ergosterol, K-amyrin, D-amyrin, lupeol, betulin, olean-2-en-2-oic acid-A, 6dioxymethyl ester, hentriacontane, chrysin, A-glu +6II-coumaroyl +6II-coumaroyl flavone, I-methoxy, A-glu +6IIp,coumaroyl flavone, A-glu +II, 6II di-p-coumaroyl flavone, A-glu +II, 6II di-p-coumaroyl flavone, AI-methoxy flavone, kaempferol, kaempferol-A-galactoside,kaempferol-A-rhamno galactoside, aervine, methylaervine, aervoside, aervolonine, free sugars-fructose, galactose, rhamnose and sucrose.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * +aippu (¬èŠ¹) C#$ai * #laku (Þô°), +rmai (˜¬ñ) #%a& * 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) 'ri#& * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$# * Ci@unrperukki (CÁc˜ªð¼‚A), +a@karaicci (è!è¬ó*C) C*+ai IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS +alluBaikkuBIri (è%D¬$‚°'$£B), 5aBukkal %a@pam ( 4‡=‚è% ð!ð‹) T!ERAPEUTIC USES CataiyaBaippu (-¬(¬$Š¹ ), +aiccal ( èP*-%), +allaBaippu (è%ô¬$Š¹), +uruti 3¡nti (°¼F õ£‰F), 5rcurukku (c˜²¼‚°), %erump¡Bu (ªð¼‹ð£=), 3kkam ()‚è‹)

51

DOSE 1 %oder < 1: " Decoction :<1 9 ml tice daily. :< 1 9 " coarse poder in 6 ml of ater for preparin" decoction.

52

17. SOMBU (FRUIT)

C1MPU (r#it) - «£‹$ CImpu CImpu is the the dried dried ripe ripe fruit fruit of of Foeniculum vulgare $ill. Syn. F. ca$illaceum /ilib., F.officinale All., Anethum foeniculum foeniculum L. (Fam. Apiaceae), an erect, "labrous, aromatic herb, : or 6 m. hi"h, nati!e of southern Kurope and Asia culti!ated e7tensi!ely throu"hout #ndia upto :9 m. and also sometimes found ildM fruits ripen in SeptemberM hen dry, fruits are beaten out in a cloth in sun, cleaned by by innoin" and collected. collected. #t "ros in +u@iPci, +u@iPci, $ullai, $arutham and 5eythal 5eythal thiai. SYNONYMS


Acai (Ü¬-), Acu!akanthi (Ü²õè‰F) /u!amuri $arui, %anmauri Fennel fruit 3ariyali Saunf adisompu, Doddasompu Sanuf, adnai +attusatakuppa, %arin'aera"um adishop %anamadhuri Saunf $isreya, $isi, $adhurika Sopu Saunf

/ruits, /ruits, usually entire with pedicel attached; mericarps, upto about 0 mm. long and  mm. broad, five sided with a wider commissural surface, tapering slightly towards base and apex, crowned with a conical stylopod, glabrous, greenish or yellowish-brown with five paler prominent primary ridges; endosperm, orthospermous.

53

b) Microscopic Microscopic Tran Transv svers ersee secti section on of fruit fruit show showss peric pericar arp p with with oute outerr epid epiderm ermis is of Muad Muadra rang ngul ular ar to polygonal cells with smooth cuticle and a few stomata; trichomes, absent; vittae,  dorsal and 2 commissural extending with length of each mericarp, intercostal, with an epithelium of brown cells and volatile oil in cavity; mesocarp, with much reticulate lignified parenchyma; costae ! in each mericarp, each with  vascular strand having  inner xylem strand and 2 lateral phloem strands separated by a bundle of fibres; inner epidermis of very narrow, thin-walled cells arranged parallel to one another in groups of ! to <, many of these groups with longer longer axis of their cells at an angle with with those those of adBacen adBacentt group groupss +parMu +parMuetry etry arrange arrangemen ment; t; endosp endosperm erm consist consistss of thickthick-wall walled, ed, cellulosic parenchyma containing much fixed oil, micro-rosette crystals of calcium oxalate and numerous aleurone grains upto ! Hm in diameter; carpophore with very thick-walled sclerenchyma in two strands, often unsplit with two strands very close to each other. Po"d#r$

>reenish yellow; with characteristic aroma; shows lignified and reticulate parenchyma; thick walled endosperm cells containing aleurone grains; minute rosettes of calcium oxalate and oil globul globules; es; endoca endocarp rp cells cells showin showing g a parMue parMuetry try arrange arrangemen mentt and fragmen fragments ts of yellow yellowish ish brown brown vittae.

IDENTITY, PURITY AND STRENT! Forei"n matter 5ot more than otal Ash 5ot more than Acid1insoluble ash 5ot more than Alcohol1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than >ater1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than 3olatile 3olatile oil 5ot less than

6 :6 :< ; :

per cent, Appendi7 per cent, Appendi7 per cent, Appendi7 per cent, Appendi7 per cent, Appendi7 :.; per cent, cent, Appendi7 Appendi7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8. 6.6.: 6.6.:

T.".C. T.%.&. of the 'lcoholic extract on silica gel I>I plate using Toluene) 7thyl acetate +) v1v shows five spots +45 light A66 nm at Rf. 0.0 +blue, 0.2< +red, 0.A +red, 0. +sky blue and 0.!+sky blue. Cn exposure to iodine vapours vapours six spots appear at Rf. 0.20, 0.2<, 0.A, 0.A, 0.! and 0.A 0.A +all yellow. Cn spraying with 'nisaldehyde- :ulphuric acid reagent and heating the plate, for five minutes at 0!8& six spots appear at Rf. 0.2, 0.20, 0.2<, 0.A,0.A< and 0.A +all violet.

CONSTITUENTS 7- anethole, fenchone, methyl chavicol, limonene, K- pinene, imperatorin, bergapten, xanthotoxol, miyabenol &, cis - miyabenol & and its glycosides, foeniculosides 5*, 5**, 5***, *S, FiFybeoside *, icaviside ', syringin, synapyl alcohol, , AI- di- C- D-3-glucopyranoside, adenosine, threo- anethole glycol and erythro- anethole glycol.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * #Eippu (ÞIŠ¹), +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) C#$ai 54

#%a& 'ri#& Piri$# C*+ai

* * * *

#laku (Þô°), 3a@aBci ( õ#6C) 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) AkaBBu!¡y!aka@@i (Üè6=õ£8õè!&), %acitttBi (ðC5QG‡/)

IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS CImput nr ('-£‹¹5 Qc˜), 5¡kkuppcci(+olli) +uBinr (4£‚°ŠL*C[ªè£%@\ °/c˜), 5eruPcik +uBinr (ª4¼UC‚ °/c˜), amarakak +uBinr ( (ñóè‚ °/c˜) T!ERAPEUTIC USES Ceriy¡mai (ª-B£¬ñ), #raippu (Þ¬óŠ¹), Oral 5Iy (ó% '4£8), #rumal (Þ¼ñ%), +ural +ammal (°ó% è‹ñ%), %Eicam (KI-‹), 3ali 5Iy (õ@ '4£8) DOSE 1 %oder : 1 9 "

55

18. SUKKU (DRIED RHI#OME)

CUKKU (Dri4 R8i
amil * CuBi (²‡/), 4larnta #Pci ("ô˜‰( ÞUC), 3rkkompu ('õ˜‚ªè £‹¹), 3iBamBiya Amirtam ( >$R/ ÜJ˜(‹) Assamese * Adasuth, Aadar shuth en"ali * Suntha, Sunthi Kn"lish * /in"er root, /in"er /u'rati * Sunth, Sundh, Suntha 0indi * Sonth +annada * Shunthi +ashmiri * Shonth $alayalam * Chukku $arathi * Sunth 2riya * Sunthi %un'abi * Sund Sanskrit * Ardraka, Ausadha, $ahausadha, 3is!abhesa'a, Srn"a!era, 3is!a, 3is!ausadha elu"u * Sonthi, Sunti 4rdu * Sonth, Wan'abeel DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic RhiFome, laterally compressed bearing short, flattish, ovate, obliMue, branches on upper side each having at its apex a depressed scar, pieces about ! to! cm. long, .! to 6.! cm. wide usually A to  cm. and  to .! cm. thick; externally buff coloured showing longitudinal striations and occasional loose fibres; fracture short, smooth, transverse surface exhibiting narrow cortex, +about one-third of radius a well-marked endodermis, a wide stele showing numerous scattered fibro-

56

vascular bundles and yellow secreting cells when examined under 0x lens; odour agreeable and aromatic; taste agreeable and pungent.

b) Microscopic Microscopic Transverse section of rhiFome shows cortex of isodiametric thin-walled parenchyma with scattered vascular strands and numerous isodiametric idioblasts, about 0 to 0 Hm in diameter containing a yellowish to reddish-brown oleo-resin; endodermis slightly thick walled, free from starch; starch; immedia immediately tely inside inside endode endodermi rmiss a row of nearly nearly contin continuo uous us collat collateral eral bundle bundless usually usually without fibres, stele of thin-walled, parenchyma cells, arranged radially around numerous scattered, collateral vascular bundles, each consisting of a few unlignified, reticulate or spiral vessels upto about <0 Hm in diameter; a group of phloem cells, unlignified, thin-walled; septate fibres upto about A0 Hm wide and 600 Hm long with small obliMue slit like pits present; numerous scattered idioblasts, similar those of cortex, and associated with vascular bundles, also present; idioblasts about about  to 20 Hm wide and upto A0 Hm long with dark dark reddish-brown reddish-brown contents; contents; in single or in axial rows, adBacent to vessels, present; parenchyma of cortex and stele packed with flattened, rectangular, ovate starch grains upto 60 Hm long about 2! Hm wide and
&ream; shows groups of polygonal thin walled parenchyma cells; yellowish to reddish brown oleo-resin cells; unlignified fibres, vessels with annular, reticulate or spiral thickening; numerous round to oval oval starch grains upto 60 Hm long, about 2! Hm wide and < m thick marked by fine concentric striations.

IDENTITY, PURITY AND STRENT! Forei"n matter 5ot more than otal Ash 5ot more than >ater soluble ash 5ot more than Alcohol1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than >ater1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than

: per cent, Appendi7 = per cent, Appendi7 :.< per cent, Appendi7 9 per cent, Appendi7 : per cent, Appendi7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.<. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

T.".C. T.%.&. of the 'lcoholic extract on silica gel I>I plate using n-#exane) 3iethyl ether +)6 v1v shows two spots under +45 light A66 nm at Rf. 0.!! and 0.60 +both +both sky blue. Cn exposure to iodine vapours seven spots appear at Rf. 0.2A, 0.2<, 0.A, 0.A, 0.!0, 0.!!,0. 0.!!,0. and 0.+all yellow. Cn spraying with 5anillin- :ulphuric acid reagent and heating the plate, for five minutes at 0!8& eight spots appear at Rf. 0.2A +blackish brown, 0.2< +blackish brown, 0.A< +violet, 0.!0 +violet, 0.60 +brown, 0.6< +brown, 0. +violet and 0. +violet.

57

CONSTITUENTS >ingerols, shogaols, dihydrogingerol, gingerdione, hexahydrocurcumin and desmethyl hexahydrocurcumin, K -Fingiberene, O-sesMuiphellandrene, ar-curcumene, lipids, proteins, fats, waxes, and starch.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) C#$ai * #laku (Þô°), 5oymai (ª4£8¬ñ) #%a& * 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) 'ri#& * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$# * AkaBBu!¡y!aka@@i (Üè6=õ£8õè!&), %acitttBi (ðC5QG‡/), C*+ai 3eppamuB¡kki (ªõŠðº‡$£‚A ) IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS Cukku ailam (²‚° ¬(ô‹), l¡tic CraaX ( 1ô£F* +ó,‹), 5ila!¡kaic Craam (Vôõ£¬è* +ó,‹), %aPcatp¡kkiEi Craam ( ðU-Qð£‚AI +ó,‹), %¡!aEakkaBukk¡y (ð£õ0‚è=‚è£8), ayircuBiccraam ( (O˜²‡/*+ó,‹), irikaBukuc Craam ( FBè =°* +ó,‹) T!ERAPEUTIC USES Ceriy¡mai (ª-B£¬ñ), #rumal (Þ¼ñ%), +uEmam (°9ñ‹), 5ePcerippu (ª4U ª-BŠ¹), alai!ali ((¬ôõ@), 3¡ta +uEmam (õ£( °9ñ‹), %aciyiEmai (ðCO9¬ñ), ppam (1Šð‹)

< m" 1 :" DOSE 1 %oder <

58

1%. ELAVAN$AM (FLOER BUD)

I"A'A@KAM (3or 6#4) - Þôõ4è‹ #la!a-kam is the dried floer floer bud of &yzygium aromaticum (L.) $err. Y L.$. %erry Syn. 'ugenia aromatica +untUe, 'ugenia caryo$hyllata caryo$hyllata hunb. (Fam. $yrtaceae), a tree, culti!ated in many parts of the orld and also to a considerable e7tent in South #ndiaM floer buds collected tice a year, in the months of 2ctober and February hen they chan"e colour from "reen to crimson, dried carefully and separated from their peduncles. #t "ros in +u@iPci thiai. SYNONYMS

amil * APcukam (ÜU²è‹), CIcam ('-£-‹), +ir¡mpu (Aó£‹¹), ir¡Gi (Fó £2), 3ar¡-kam (õó£ƒè‹ ) Assamese * La!an", Lan, Lon" en"ali * La!an" Kn"lish * Clo!e /u'rati * La!an", La!in" 0indi * La!an"a, Laun" +annada * La!an"a +ashmiri * &un" $alayalam * +arampu, +arayampoo!u, /rampu $arathi * La!an" 2riya * Laban"a %un'abi * Laun", Lon" Sanskrit * La!an"a, De!apuspa elu"u * La!an"alu 4rdu * Zarnful, Laun" DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic /lower bud measuring 0 to <.! mm. in length, dark brown to black, consisting of a subcylindrical, slightly flattened, four sided hypanthium readily exuding oil when pressed; hypanthium contains in its upper portion a two celled inferior ovary with numerous ovules attached to a axile placenta, surmounted by four thick, divergent sepals and covered by unopened corolla consisting of four membranous imbricate petals, freMuently detached, enclosing numerous incurved stamens and 59

one erect-style; odour strongly aromatic; taste pungent, aromatic followed by slight tingling of the tongue.

b) Microscopic Microscopic Transverse section of hypanthium shows epidermis and calyx teeth composed of straight walled walled cells, cells, with with thick thick cuticle cuticle having having large large anomoc anomocyt ytic ic stomat stomata, a, hypan hypanthiu thium m tissue tissue spongy spongy,, clusters of calcium oxalate crystals varying in siFe from 6 to 20 Hm in diameter, small number of stone cells and prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate present in stalk; stamens, each with an oil gland in the apex of the connective, triangularly centricular pollen grains, ! to 20 Hm in diameter; anther walls showing a typical fibrous layer, schiFolysigenous glands found in all parts; occasional isolated pericyclic fibre present. Po"d#r$

3ark brown; fragments of parenchyma showing large, oval, schiFolysigenous oil cavities; spiral tracheids and a few rather thick-walled, spindle shaped fibres; calcium oxalate crystals in rose rosette tte aggr aggreg egat ates, es, 0 to ! Hm in diam diamete eter; r; frag fragme ment ntss of anth anther er wall wallss with with chara charact cter erist istic ic reticulated cells; pollen grains numerous, tetrahedral, ! to 20 Hm in diameter.

IDENTITY, PURITY AND STRENT! Forei"n matter 5ot more than otal Ash 5ot more than Acid1insoluble ash 5ot more than Alcohol1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than >ater1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than 3olati 3olatile le oil 5ot less less than than

6 8 : 9 T

per cent, Appendi7 per cent, Appendi7 per cent, Appendi7 per cent, Appendi7 per cent, Appendi7 :< per cent, cent, Append Appendi7 i7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8. 6.6.: 6.6.:

ASSAY GC Pro/i#

>& analysis of volatile oil +yield 6.<9 >& &onditions) &olumn

)

Cven Cven Temp emperat eratu ure *nBector te temperature 3etector temperature &arrier gas /low rate *nBection volume

) ) ) ) ) )

/used silica capi apillary col column +0.2! mm. x 20 m. with 0.2!mm. coating of free fatty acid phase +//'$ $rog $rogra ram mmed fro from 0 to 20& 0& at <&1m &1min in.. 2A0& 20& #elium .! ml1min. 0.Hl.

60

T.".C. T.%.&. T.%.&. of the $etroleum ether extract extract on aluminium aluminium plate precoated with silica silica gel 60 / 2! +7. (erck 0.2 mm thickness using Toluene) 7thyl acetate +)2, with 'nisaldehyde - :ulphuric acid reagent and heating the plate, for for five minutes at 0!& shows eleven spots appear at Rf. 0. +light pink, 0.2 +pink, 0.A! +violet, 0. +violet, 0.< +pinkish violet, 0.!6 +pink, 0.62 +pinkish violet, 0.<6 +reddish brown, 0.2 +red, 0.A +red and 0.6.

CONSTITUENTS &aryophyllene oxide, caryophylla -A +2, 6-dien--ol , caryophylla - A +2, < +A -dien -6 K-al, eugenol +<<. 9 of volatile oil, acetophenone, 2-hydroxy, , 6,di-methoxy-!- methyl acetophenone, D-caryophyllene, D-caryophyllene, eugenol acetate, derivatives of D-caryophyllene, K-humulene K-humulene and its expoxide, benFyl salicylate, K-cardinol, U-decalacetate, fenchone, hexanal, 2-hexanone, methyl

.

palmitate, K-murolene, palustrol, propyl benFoate, K-thuBene, D- selinene and eugenine

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹), 3i@u!i@uppu (>Á>ÁŠ¹) C#$ai * #laku (Þô°), 5oymai (ª4£8¬ñ) #%a& * 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) 'ri#& * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$# * AkaBBu!¡y!aka@@i (Üè6=õ£8õè!&), #ci!aka@@i (ÞCõè!&), %acittt C*+ai Bi (ðC5QG‡/) IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS Amirt¡tik +uGikai (ÜJ˜(£F‚ °2¬è), Amukkar¡c Craam ( Üº‚èó£* +ó,‹), #la!a-k¡ti $¡ttirai (Þôõƒè£F ñ£5F¬ó), +u-kumapp $¡ttirai (°ƒ°ñŠL ñ£5F¬ó), %aakkir¡mpu %akku!a 3eey (ðö‚Aó£‹¹ ð‚°õ ªõ‡ª,8), 3¡aippu 3aBakam ( õ £¬öŠ¹ õ$è‹) T!ERAPEUTIC USES +aiccal (èP*-%), %aciyiEmai (ðCO9¬ñ), %al 3ali ( ð% õ@), 3¡nti (õ£‰F), %ittamayakkam (5(ñ‚è‹ ) DOSE 1 %oder 6 1 < m"

61

2!. ELAVAN$A PATTAI (BARK)

I"A'A@KAP PA5AI (6ar+) - Þôõ4èŠ ð†¬ì #la!a-kap #la!a-kappaBJ paBJai ai is the dried dried inner stem stem bark of coppice coppicedd tree of Cinnamomum verum N.S.%resl Syn. C.zeylanicum lume (Fam. Lauraceae), a moderate siUed e!er"reen tree usually attainin" a hei"ht of = to 8.< m.M culti!ated in the >estern /hats and ad'oinin" hillsM bark collected durin" April 1Nuly and 2ctober 1December. #t "ros in +u@iPci thiai. SYNONYMS

amil * Assamese * en"ali * Kn"lish * /u'rati * 0indi * +annada * +ashmiri * $alayalam * $arathi * 2riya * %un'abi * Sanskrit * elu"u * 4rdu * DESCRIPTION

+aru!¡ppaBBai (è¼õ£Šð6¬$), La!a-kappaBBai ( ôõƒèŠð6¬$) Dalcheni, Dalchini Daruchini, Darchini Cinnamon bark Dalchini Dalchini Dalchini Chakke Dalchini, Dalchin +aru!apatta, #la!arn"athely Dalchini Dalechini, /uda tak Dalchini, Darchini !ak, Darusita La!an"apatta, Dalchini chekka Darchini

a) Macroscopic Jark Jark pieces pieces about about 0.! mm. thick, thick, brittle, brittle, occurs occurs as single single or double double,, closely closely packed packed compound Muills, upto a metre or more in length and upto about  cm. in diameter; outer surface, dull yellowish-brown, marked with pale wavy longitudinal lines with occasional small scars or holes; inner surface darker in colour, striated with longitudinally elongated reticulations; fracture splintery; odour fragrant; taste sweet, aromatic with sensation of warmth.

b) Microscopic Microscopic 62

Transverse section of bark +devoid of cork and cortex shows except at certain places pericyclic sclerenchyma, s clerenchyma, A or  rows of isodiametric cells, sometimes tangentially elongated, inner and radial walls often being thicker than the outer, outer, some containing containing starch grains; small groups groups of pericyclic fibres embedded at intervals in the sclerenchyma; phloem of tangential bands of sieve tissue alternating with parenchyma, and containing axially elongated secreting cells containing volatile oil or mucilage; phloem fibres with very thick walls, upto A0 Hm in diameter, isolated or in short tangential rows; sieve tubes narrow with transverse sieve plates, collapsed in outer periphery; medullary medullary rays of isodiametric isodiametric cells, mostly 2 cells wide; cortical parenchyma parenchyma and medullary rays containing small starch grains mostly below 0 Hm in diameter; minute acicular crystals of calcium oxalate present. Po"d#r$

3ark brown; shows fragments of parenchyma as well as sclerenchyma cells with thicker inner and radial radial walls; a few pieces of tracheids, tracheids, fibres; oil globules; globules; numerous numerous small, simple, simple, rounde rounded d starch starch grains grains measuri measuring ng 2 to0 to0 Hm in diameter diameter;; minute minute acicula acicularr crystal crystalss of calcium calcium oxalate.

IDENTITY, PURITY AND STRENT! Forei"n matter 5ot more than otal Ash 5ot more than Acid1insoluble ash 5ot more than Alcohol1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than >ater1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than 3olatile oil 5ot less than T.".C.

6 9 6 6 9

per cent, Appendi7 6.6.6. per cent, Appendi7 6.6.9. per cent, Appendi7 6.6.;. per cent, Appendi7 6.6.=. per cent, Appendi7 6.6.8. : per cent, !H Appendi76.6.:

T.%.&. of 'lcoholic extract on silica gel I>I plate using Toluene) 7thyl acetate +) under 45 light +A66 nm shows four fluorescent Fones visible at Rf.0.+sky blue, 0.6A +sky blue, 0.<0 +sky blue and 0.A +famthy sky blue. Cn spraying with 'nisaldehyde- :ulphuric acid reagent and heating the plate for five minutes at 0!& four spots appear at Rf. 0., 0.2,0.66 and 0.A +all violet.

CONSTITUENTS &innacassiol ', J and &, trans-cinnamic acid, protocatechuic acid, cinnamaldehyde and eugenol.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * #Eippu (ÞIŠ¹), +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) C#$ai * #laku (Þô°), +rmai (˜¬ñ), 3a@aBci ( õ#6C) #%a& * aBpam ((6ð‹) 'ri#& * #Eippu (ÞIŠ¹) Piri$#

63

* ?maiperukki (Ý‡¬ñªð¼‚A), AkaBBu!¡y!aka@@i (Üè6=õ £8õè!&), 3eppamuB¡kki (ªõŠðº‡$£‚A ) C*+ai

64

IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS

+akku!¡E #Gakam (è‚°õ£9 Þ3è‹), ¡Gic¡ti 3aBakam ( (£2-£F õ$è‹), amarakak +uBinr ((ñóè‚ °/c˜), 3il!¡ti #Gakam (>%õ£F Þ3è‹) T!ERAPEUTIC USES Car!a!iBam (-˜õ>$‹), #raippu (Þ¬óŠ¹), #rattakkaBuppu (Þó5(‚è=Š¹), +uEmam (°9ñ‹), %orumal (ªð£¼ñ%), 3ayi@@ukkaBuppu (õO!Á‚è=Š¹) DOSE 1 %oder =< 1 6= m"

65

21. ELAVAN$A PATTHIRI (LEAF)

I"A'A@KAP PAT!T!IRI ("a0) - Þôõ4èŠ ðˆFK #la!a-kappaththiri is the dried mature mature lea!es lea!es of Cinnamomum tamala (uch.10am.) 5ees Y Kberm. (Fam. Lauraceae), a small e!er"reen tree upto 8.< m. hi"h and occurs in tropical, sub1 tropical 0imalayas beteen T to 69 m.M often raised from seeds son in nurseryM lea!es collecte collectedd in dry eather eather from about ten year old plants plants durin" 2ctober 2ctober to $arch.#t "ros in +u@iPci and $arutham thiai. SYNONYMS


La!a-kappattiri (ôõƒèŠð5FB) e'pat, $ahpat e'patra, e'pata #ndian cinnamon amala patra, De!elee e'patra amalapatra, Dalchini ele Dalchini pan, a'patra +aru!apatta patram amalpatra e'apatra a'pater !aka patra, 3aran"a, Coca Akupatri eUpat

long, ! to <.! cm. wide wide at the center, A converging converging nerves nerves from base to L#'(#s - 2.! to 20 cm. long, apex, young leaves pink; petiole <.! to A mm. long; margin entire, apex acute or acuminate, both surface surfacess smooth smooth;; stomat stomataa paracy paracytic; tic; odour odour aromat aromatic; ic; taste taste slightly slightly sweet, sweet, mucila mucilagin ginous ous and aromatic.

b) Microscopic Microscopic P#tio# 'nd *idri- - Transverse sections of petiole and midrib show epidermis externally covered with cuticle, uniseriate, multicellular trichomes present with  to A cells; oil cells present as single 66

or groups; groups; isolated large stone cells, much much lignified and showing showing striations, striations, are found scattered; scattered; most of the parenchymatous cells of cortex show reddish-brown contents; pericycle represented by a few layers of sclerenchymatous cells; stele more or less planoconvex as in the midrib of leaf; xylem on upper and phloem on lower side consisting of usual elements, present. L'*in' - Transverse section of lamina shows dorsiventral structure, represented by palisade tissue on upper and spongy parenchyma on lower side; in surface view the anticlinal walls of both the epidermii are straight with striated cuticle containing paracytic stomata on the lower side;below upper epidermis single row of closely packed palisade layer followed by multilayered, irregular, thin-walled thin-walled cells of spongy spongy parenchym parenchymaa without without intercellular intercellular spaces; idioblasts idioblasts containing containing oil globules present in mesophyll and also in palisade; lower epidermis covered externally with cuticle; lamina lamina intervened intervened by several small veinlets; veinlets; vascular bundles bundles covered with thick-walled thick-walled fibres on both side; palisade ratio 2 to A; stomatal index  to ! for lower surface; vein-islet number < to  per sMuare mm. Po"d#r$

%ight green; shows fragments of unicellular, multicellular trichomes, parenchyma cells, epidermal cells with wavy walls and paracytic stomata; oil globules, oil cells and pitted spiral or scalariform vessels.

IDENTITY, PURITY AND STRENT! Forei"n matter 5ot more than otal Ash 5ot more than Acid1insoluble ash 5ot more than Alcohol1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than >ater1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than 3olatile 3olatile oil 5ot less than

6 < : = T

per cent, Appendi7 per cent, Appendi7 per cent, Appendi7 per cent, Appendi7 per cent, Appendi7 : per cent !H Appendi7 Appendi7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8. 6.6.:. 6.6.:.

T.".C. T.%.&. T.%.&. of Toluene Toluene extractive extractive of 'lcoholic 'lcoholic extract extract on silica silica gel I>I plate using Toluene ) 7thyl acetate +) v1v, under under 45 +A66 nm shows five fluorescent Fones visible at Rf. 0.2<, 0.A, 0.A, 0.A, 0.!0 and 0.60 +all red.

CONSTITUENTS D - &aryophyllene, &aryophyllene, linalool, caryophyllene oxide, d -D- phellandrene, eugenol, K and D pinene, p- cymene, A, I, !, < -tetrahydroxy flavone, A, AI, I, !,< - C- pentahydroxy flavone, kaempferol - A-C-glucopyranoside, kaempferol - A-C-sophoroside, Muercetin A-C-rutinoside.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) C#$ai * #laku (Þô°), +rmai (˜¬ñ), $a-kal (ñƒè%) #%a& * 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) 'ri#& 67

* +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$# * AkaBBu!¡y!aka@@i (Üè6=õ£8õè!&), %acitttBi (ðC5QG‡/), C*+ai 3eppamuB¡kki (ªõŠðº‡$£‚A ), 3iyar!aiyuB¡kki (>˜¬õE‡$£‚A) IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS Arakku ailam (Üó‚° ¬(ô‹), +aattailam (è,5¬(ô‹), $ak¡!all¡ti #Gakam ( ñè £õ%ô£F Þ3è‹), ¡Gic¡ti 3aBakam ( (£2-£F õ$è‹), ippili #r¡c¡yaEam (FŠ@ Þó££0‹) T!ERAPEUTIC USES Cu!¡camHCu!¡cak¡cam Cu!¡camHCu!¡cak¡cam (²õ£-‹7²õ£-è£-‹), #rumal (Þ¼ñ%), $kacuram ('ñè²ó‹), $kakkaBBi ('ñè‚è6/), 5r!Bkai (c˜'õ6¬è), %orumal (ªð£¼ñ%), 3¡nti (õ£‰F), 3eBBai ( ªõ6¬$) DOSE 1 %oder :1 9 "

68

22. IN"I (FRESH RHI#OME)

I;CI (rs8 R8i
amil * (4¼ñ¼Š¹ ñF%) en"ali * Kn"lish * /u'rati * 0indi * +annada * $alayalam * $arathi * %un'abi * Sanskrit * elu"u * 4rdu * DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic

?rttarakam (Ý˜5(óè‹ ), Allam (Ü%ô‹), 5arumaruppu $atil Ada /in"er Adu Adarakha Alla, 0asishunti #nchi Ardrak, Ale Adi, Adrak Ardraka, +atubhadra, Srn"a!era Allamu, Allam Adrak

3rug occurs as entire rhiFome or in pieces, rhiFome laterally compressed bearing flattish ovate, obliMue branches on upper side, each having a depressed scar at its apex, pieces ! to ! cm. long, .! to 6.! cm. wide +usually A to  cm. and  to .! cm. thick, fracture short with proBecting fibres, transversely cut surface shows a wide central stele having numerous greyish cut ends of fibres and yellow secreting cells; odour characteristic; taste pungent.

b) Microscopic Microscopic R3i6o*# - :hows a few layered, irregularly arranged, tangentially elongated, brown cells of outer cork and 6 to 2 rows of thin-walled, colourless, radially arranged cells of inner cork; secondary cortex cortex consist consisting ing of hexago hexagonal nal to polyg polygona onal, l, isodia isodiamet metric, ric, thin-w thin-wall alled, ed, parenc parenchy hymato matous us cells cells containing numerous circular to oval starch grains with characteristic striations and hilum at one end measuring measuring ! to 2! mm in dia., idioblasts idioblasts containing containing large yellowish yellowish to brownish brownish globules globules of oleo-resin; walls of oil cells suberised; numerous closed, conBoint, collateral, cortical fibro-vascular 69

bundles scattered throughout cortical Fone, greater number occurring in inner cortical region, larger bundles consists of 2 to < vessels, small cells of sieve tube, polygonal cells of parenchyma and group of fibres; vessels showing showing reticulate, scalariform scalariform and spiral thickening; thickening; fibres septate septate with a few obliMue pores on their walls; endodermis single layered, free from starch; pericycle single layered enclosing central stele; stele consisting of thin-walled polygonal, isodiametric cells of parenchyma, filled with abundant starch s tarch grains, oleo-resin cells similar to those present in cortex; fibrovascular bundles of two types, those arranged along pericycle in a definite ring are smaller in siFe and devoid of fibres, vessels 2 to ! in number, larger bundles found scattered throughout stele, composed of xylem, phloem, parenchyma and sheath of sclerenchyma. Po"d#r$

%ight yellow; shows thin-walled parenchyma cells; septate fibres with obliMue, elongated pits on their walls, reticulate and spiral vessels; oleo-resin cells abundant; single starch grains of varying shapes with eccentric hilum, measuring ! to 2! mm in diameter.

IDENTITY, PURITY AND STRENT! Forei"n matter 5ot more than otal Ash 5ot more than Acid1insoluble ash 5ot more than Alcohol1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than >ater1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than $oisture content 5ot more than

.< per cent, Appendi7  per cent, Appendi7 : per cent, Appendi7 < per cent, Appendi7 6 per cent, Appendi7 T percent, Appendi7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8. 6.6.T.

T.".C. T.%.&. of 'lcoholic extract of drug on silica gel I>I plate using JenFene) 7thyl acetate +) shows in visible visible light four spots are seen at Rf. 0.6, 0.A!, 0.A!, 0.6A N 0.6 +all light yellow. yellow. 4nder 45 +A66 nm, nm, three fluorescent fluorescent Fones appear appear at Rf. 0.6+blue, 0.6+blue, 0.6A+grey 0.6A+grey N 0.6 +grey. +grey. Cn exposure to iodine vapours eleven spots appear at Rf. 0.0A, 0.0, 0.A, 0.6, 0.A!, 0.<, 0.6A, 0.6, 0.<6, 0.A N 0.2 +all yellow. Cn spraying with 5anillin- :ulphuric acid reagent N heating the plate at 0!& until the colour develops, the plate shows eight spots at Rf. 0.0+violet, 0.6 +brownish violet, 0.A! +light violet, violet, 0.< +light violet. 0.6A +light violet, 0.6 +light violet, 0.<6 +violet and 0.2 +violet.

CONSTITUENTS 5olatile oil containing containing cineole, Fingiberol, Fingiberene, Fingiberene, bisabolene and phellandrene, gingerdione, dihydrogingerol, dexahydrocurcumin and desmethyl - hexahydrocurcumin, dehydrogingerdione.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) C#$ai * +rmai (˜¬ñ), imai (F‡¬ñ), 3a@aBci ( õ#6C) #%a& 70

* 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) 'ri#& * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$# * AkaBBu!¡y!aka@@i (Üè6=õ£8õè!&), CerippuB¡kki (ª-BŠ¹‡$£ C*+ai ‚A), +¡yaka@pam¡kki (è£è!ðñ£‚A), %acitttBi (ðC5QG‡/), 4minrperukki ("J]c˜ªð¼‚A), 3eppamuB¡kki (ªõŠðº‡$£‚A ) IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS #Pci Craam (ÞUC +ó,‹), #Pci #rac¡yaEam (ÞUC Þó-£0‹), #Pci 3aBakam (ÞUC õ$è‹), +antaka %a@pam ( è‰(è ð!ð‹), +anti $euku (è‰F ªñ.°), +ummaBBik +uampu (°‹ñ6/‚ °ö‹¹), 5¡rathtai #Gakam ( 4£ó5¬( Þ3è‹), %¡!aEakkaBukk¡y (ð £õ0‚è=‚è£8), %iramm¡Eanta %aira!am ( ó‹ñ£0‰( ¬ðóõ‹), 3acanta +ucum¡karam (õ-‰( °²ñ£èó‹) T!ERAPEUTIC USES CaEEi (-9I), Ceriy¡kkaiccal ( ª-B£‚èP*-%), Ceriy¡mai (ª-B£¬ñ), #rumal (Þ¼ñ%), $ukku@@anIy (º‚°!#'4£8 ), 3ali 5Iy (õ@ '4£8), Aal 5Iy ( Üö% '4£8)

'uice ith honey. DOSE 1 6 1 9 ml of 'uice

71

23. KASA KASA (SEED)

KACAKACË (S4) - èè£ +acakac¡ +acakac¡ is the the seed seed of Pa$aver somniferum L. (Fam. %apa!eraceae), a "laucous, erect, annual herb, = to :6 cm. hi"h, culti!ated under State control in certain areas of &a'asthan, $adhya %radesh %radesh and 4ttar %radesh. #t "ros in +u@iPci thiai. SYNONYMS

amil * en"ali * Kn"lish * /u'rati * 0ind indi * +annada * $alayalam * $arathi * 2riya * Sanskrit * elu"u * 4rdu * DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic

ApiEi (ÜI), %Isttakk¡y ('ð£^5(‚è£8) Aaphim postadaanaa, %ostabee' 2pium, %oppy seeds +haskhas Aph Apheem, eem, %ost %ostaadaana aanaa, a, +ha +haskha khas, +has +hasaabi'a bi'a /as"ase, Aapheen, Aphini A!il, +arappu, +ashkash, Aalan +haskhas Aapu A'asrn"i, $adhunasini, +haskhasa /as"ashaalu, 5allamandu Apheem

:eeds are small, about .0 to .! mm. long, round to reniform or kidney shaped, generally dirty white, occasionally found mingled with a few brownish or greyish coloured seeds; surface coarsely reticulated, reticulated, larger network enclosing enclosing within, within, numerous numerous irregular irregular smaller reticulations; reticulations; hilum and micropyle are situated in the notch on the lateral side near the smaller end; seeds are odourless and oily in taste.

b) Microscopic Microscopic Testa is composed of ! distinct cell layers, outermost layer of epidermal cells corresponding to the surface surface reticul reticulatio ations; ns; the next next layer layer consist consistss of polyg polygona onall or elong elongated ated cells cells contain containing ing minute microsphenoidal crystals of calcium oxalate and below this is a single layer of thick walled unlignified elongated cells; this layer is followed by a single layer of thin walled cells; testa is limited internally by a single layer or elongated palisade like cells with reticulately thickened walls; central portion of the seed is occupied by polygonal parenchymatous cells of endosperm containing abundant oil drops and aleurone grains; embryo is slightly curved, radicle rod like, bearing 2, or

72

rarely A, cotyledonary leaves, embedded in the oily endosperm; contents of the cotyledon are similar to those of endosperm. Po"d#r$

%ight brown; coarse, not free flowing, clot or ball forming; shows large fatty oil droplets, characteristic characteristic penta to hexagonal hexagonal testa cells; endosperm endosperm and reticulate layer cells; cells containing containing characteristic crystal and fibres.

IDENTITY, PURITY AND STRENT! Forei"n matter 5ot more than : per cent, Appendi7 otal Ash 5ot more than  per cent, Appendi7 Acid1insoluble ash 5ot more than :.< per cent, Appendi7 Alcohol1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than 8 per cent, Appendi7 >ater1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than :9 per cent, Appendi7 Fi7ed Fi7ed oil 5ot less less than than :T per cent, cent, Append Appendi7 i7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8. 6.6.. 6.6..

T.".C. T.%.&. of #exane extract on aluminium plate precoated with silica gel 60 / 2! +7. (erck 0.2 mm thickness thickness using Toluene) Toluene) 'cetone +A)0< +A)0< shows five spots spots at Rf. 0.2!, 0.2!, 0.A, 0.!0, 0.!0, 0.<6 and 0.A, on spraying with 5anillin -:ulphuric acid reagent and heating the plate for five minutes at 0!&.

CONSTITUENTS (orphine, codeine, thebaine, narcotine, narceine, papaverine; 6-'cetonyl dihydrosanguinarine, cryptopine, allocryptopine, O-allocryptopine, berberine, canadine, codamine, codeine, codeine-P-oxide, codeinone, captisine, coreximine, corytuberine, dihydroprotopine, dihydrosanguinarine, glaudine, gnoscopine, hydrocotamine, 0-hydroxycodeine, lanthopine, laudanine, laudanidine, laudanosine, magnoflorine, 6-methylcodeine, P-methyl--Cdemethylepiporphyroxine, morphine-P-oxide, narceine imide, narcotoline, neopine, normorphine, nornarceine, norsanguinarine, orientaline, oripavine, A-oxocryptopine, oxysanguinarine, oxysanguinarine, palaudine, papaveraldine, papaveramine, papaverrubines & and 3, protopine, protopine, pseudomorphine, reticuline, salutaridine, sanguinarine, scoulerine, stepholidine, thebaine-P-oxide, tetrahydropapaverine, narcotine-methohydroxide, choline, oxydimorphine, pacodine,-pentanol, hexanal,- hexanol, hexanol, 2-pentyl 2-pentyl furan, fatty acids, amino acids, albumin, pectin pectin and sugars. sugars.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * #Eippu (ÞIŠ¹) C#$ai * imai (F‡¬ñ) #%a& * 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) 'ri#& * #Eippu (ÞIŠ¹) Piri$#

73

* AmaitiyBBi (Ü¬ñF_6/), u!arppi (?õ˜Š), 4GGaal¡@@i C*+ai (";3öô£!&), 4Baluram¡kki ("$Dóñ£‚A) IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS $ka!iraak +aGimpu ('ñè>ó,‚ è2‹¹), 5anthi $euku (4‰F ªñ.°) T!ERAPEUTIC USES ?maikku@ai!u (Ý‡¬ñ‚°¬#:), Ctakkaiccal (S(‚èP*-% ), +urutikkaiccal (°¼F‚èP*-%), +uBa@puu (°$!¹.), alaikkaEam ( (¬ô‚è0‹), iEa!u (F0:),  kkamiEmai (G‚èJ9¬ñ), 4Bal 5ali!u ("$% 4@:) DOSE 1 %oder 9 1 < " : ml kacakaca milk. :< " seeds "round ith :< ml of ater for preparin" kacakaca milk.

74

24. KAKKANA VER (ROOT)

KËKKA>A '2R (Root) - è£‚è5 «õ˜ +¡kkaa!r is the dried root of Clitoria ternatea L. (Fam. Fabaceae), a perennial climber ith slender dony stem, found commonly throu"hout #ndia, bein" culti!ated in "ardens e!ery here and often also found "roin" o!er hed"es and thickets. #t "ros in $arutham thiai. SYNONYMS

amil * Assamese * en"ali * Kn"lish * /u'rati * 0indi * +annada * $alayalam * $arathi * 2riya * %un'abi * Sanskrit * elu"u * DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic

Ca-ku %u[pam (-ƒ° ¹Xð‹), +¡kkaBB¡E (è£‚è6$£9) Apara'ita Apara'ita Clitoria, Conch floer /okarni Apara'ita /irikarnika alli, /irikarnika Shankhapushapam /okarna, Apara'ita Apara'ita +oyal Apara'ita, /i /irikarnika, 3i 3isnukranta Dintena

3rug consisting of a stout tap root with a few tortuous branches, cylindrical,  to ! m. in thickness, a few places show cracks due to presence of lenticels, colour light-brown; fracture fibrous; taste bitter.

b) Microscopic Microscopic Root - :hows 0 to 20 or more layers of rectangular, thin-walled, tangentially elongated exfoliating cork cells; secondary cortex consists of 0 to 2 rows of large, polygonal, thin-walled cells filled with starch grains; a few cells contain prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate in this region; single or groups of 2 to 0 lignified cortical fibres, distributed in the lower half of the cortex; secondary phloem consists of usual elements; phloem fibres 2 to  in groups, a few solitary fibres also present, very long, thin-walled with narrow lumen and pointed tips; secondary xylem consists of usual elements; vessels mostly occur 2 or A in groups, with oblong bordered pits and have short conical tail at one end, xylem fibres similar to those of phloem fibres, a few showing slit-like pits; medullary rays  to ! cells wide, oblong and pitted; xylem parenchyma irregular in shape with 75

pitted walls; starch grains simple as well as compound having 2 to 6 components, single grains measuring upto A mm in dia., found in secondary cortex, phloem phloem and xylem parenchyma. Po"d#r$

"ellowish-brown; shows simple and compound starch grains, measuring A to A mm in dia., tailed vessels with oblong bordered pits and fragments of fibres.


6 < 6 < 

per cent, Appendi7 per cent, Appendi7 per cent, Appendi7 per cent, Appendi7 per cent, Appendi7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

T.".C. T.%.&. T.%.&. of 'lcoholic 'lcoholic extract of the drug on silica silica gel I>I plate using &hlorofo &hloroform) rm) 7thyl 7thyl acetate) /ormic /ormic 'cid +!)) v1v shows one spot at Rf. 0.< +dull yellow yellow in visible visible light. 4nder 45 +A66 nm a spot is seen at Rf. 0.<+blue. Cn exposure to iodine vapours vapours two spots spots appear at Rf. 0.! and 0.< +both +both yellow. yellow. Cn spraying spraying with 0 9 aMueous aMueous solution solution of /erric chloride, the plate shows one spot at Rf. 0.< +grey.

CONSTITUENTS @aempferol, cyanins- ternatins ', '2, J, J2, 3 and 32, taraxerol.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * +aippu (¬èŠ¹) C#$ai * #laku (Þô°), +rmai (˜¬ñ), 3a@aBci ( õ#6C) #%a& * 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) 'ri#& * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$# * Ci@unrperukki (CÁc˜ªð¼‚A), %eru-kaiccaluB¡kki C*+ai (ªð¼ƒèP*-D‡$£‚A), 4GGaal¡@@i ( ";3öô£!&) IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS +¡kkaa $¡ttirai (è£‚è, ñ£5F¬ó) T!ERAPEUTIC USES

76

CuramH+¡yccal CuramH+¡yccal (²ó‹7è£8*-%), +a 5Iy (è‡ '4£8), +uBa@puu (°$!¹.), $¡ntam (ñ£‰(‹), 3eGGai (ªõ;¬3) DOSE 1 %oder 6< 1 < m" for children 8< m" 1 :.< " for adults.

77

25. KAN"A (LEAF)

KA;CË ("a0) - è&£ +aPc¡ +aPc¡ is the the drie driedd leaf leaf of of Cannabis sativa L. (Fam. Cannabinaceae), an annual, erect, dioecious dioecious herb, herb, upto 6 m. hi"h, found found ild almost almost throu"hout throu"hout the year, in the Sub10imala Sub10imalayan yan tracts in #ndia and abundantly found in aste lands from %un'ab eastards to en"al and e7tendin" Southards. he lea!es are sub'ected to purification process (cutti) before use. #t "ros in +u@iPci thiai. SYNONYMS

amil * AEanta $li (Ü0‰( R@), Ci!a $li ( Cõ R@), +Irakai ('è£ó¬è), +Irakkar $li ('è£ó‚è˜ R@), %a-ki (ðƒA) Assamese * han, han" en"ali * han", Sidhi Kn"lish * #ndian hemp /u'rati * han" 0indi * haan", han"a +annada * han"i"ida, /a /an'a"ida +ashmiri * %an", an"i $alayalam * +ancha!u $arathi * han", /an'a 2riya * han"a, /an'ei %un'abi * han" Sanskrit * 3i'aya, han"a, $adani elu"u * /an'ayi 4rdu * Zinaab, han" DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic %eaves palmately compound, leaflets linear, lanceolate with serrate margins, ! to 20 cm. long, pointed, narrow at base, upper surface dark green and rough, lower pale, downy; leaves of female plants longer than the male; odour strong and characteristic; taste slightly acrid.

b) Microscopic Microscopic Transverse section of leaves and bracts shows dorsiventral surface; upper epidermis with unicellular, pointed, curved, conical trichomes with enlarged bases containing cystoliths of calcium 78

carbona carbonate; te; mesoph mesophyl ylll contai contains ns cluster cluster crystal crystalss of calcium calcium oxalat oxalatee in many many cells cells consist consisting ing of usually one layer of palisade cell and spongy tissue; trichomes on lower epidermis conical, longer, A0 to !00 Hm but without cystoliths; numerous glandular trichomes, sessile or with a multicellular stalk and a head of about eight radiating, club-shaped cells secreting oleo-resin, present in the lower epidermis epidermis especially especially on mid-rib; bracteoles with undifferent undifferentiated iated mesophyll mesophyll and on lower surface bear numerous glandular trichomes; in surface view the upper epidermis devoid of stomata and lower epidermis shows sinuous walls with anomocytic stomata) palisade ratio  to ; stomatal index A to 20 for lower surface; vein-islet number 22 to 2 per sMuare mm. Po"d#r$

>ree >reen; n; show showss frag fragme ment ntss of epid epider erma mall cell cellss with with anom anomoc ocy ytic tic stom stomat ata, a, nume numero rous us multicellular trichomes with or without cystolith; palisade cells, parenchyma cells with cluster crystals of calcium oxalate and fragments of vessels with spiral thickenings.


6 :< < : :9


6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

T.".C. T.%.&. T.%.&. of Toluene Toluene soluble soluble fraction fraction of of methanol methanol extract extract on silical silical gel I>I plate using n#exane) 3iethyl ether +)2 v1v, shows under 45 +A66 nm one blue fluorescent spot at Rf. 0.. Cn spraying with fast blue salt IJI followed by !9 'lcoholic $otassium hydroxide five spots appear at Rf. 0.2, 0.A, 0.A, 0.A and 0.! +all red.

CONSTITUENTS &annabinol, tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, cannabichrome, cannabicitran, cannabicyclol, cannabigerol, cannabiglendol, cannabiallsvin, cannabitatrol, cannabinodiol, cannabicumaronone, flavocannobicide, flavosativaside, orientin, vitexin, Muercetin, kaempferol. 7ssential oil-V pinene, myrcene, trans-O-ocimene V-terpinolene, trans caryophyllene and Vhumulene.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * +aippu (¬èŠ¹) C#$ai * #laku (Þô°), +rmai (˜¬ñ) #%a& * 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) 'ri#& * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$# * Ci@unrperukki (CÁc˜ªð¼‚A), #ci!aka@@i (ÞCõè!& ), C*+ai +¡yaka@pam¡kki (è£è!ðñ£‚A), +¡mamperukki (è£ñ‹ªð¼‚A), $rccaiyuB¡kki 79

(R˜*¬-E‡$£‚A), %eru!aliyuB¡kki (ªð¼õ@E‡$£‚A), uyaraBakki (?ó$‚A), 4@akkameuppi ("#‚èªñ.Š), 4@akkamuB¡kki ("#‚èº‡$£‚A), 3eppamuB¡kki (ªõŠðº‡$£‚A )

IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS +ap¡Ba $¡tthirai (èð£$ ñ£5F¬ó), \i $¡ttirai (`P ñ£5F¬ó), 3¡aippu 3aBakam (õ£¬öŠ¹ õ$è‹) T!ERAPEUTIC USES +akkirumalH+akku!¡E #rumal (è‚A¼ñ%7è‚°õ£9 Þ¼ñ%), $ikupaci (J°ðC), 5arampu 3ali (4ó‹¹ õ@), 2@@aittalai!ali (a!¬#5(¬ôõ@), %erump¡Bu (ªð¼‹ð£=), 3¡nti %ti (õ£‰F 'ðF)

administered as a sin"le dru" dru" #t should be used in combination. combination. DOSE 1 #t cannot be administered

80

26. KANDANKATTHIRI SAMULAM (HOLE PLANT) PL ANT)

KA>5A@KAT!T!IRI CAM?"AM (78o3 P3a/t) - è,ì4èˆFK 2ô‹ +aBa-kaththiri Camlam is the mature, mature, dried hole plant of &olanum surattense urm.f., Syn. &olanum xanthocar$um Schrad. Y >endl. S. virginianum L. (Fam. Solanaceae), a perennial, !ery prickly diffused herb herb of aste landsM landsM found throu"hout #ndia. #t "ros in $arutham thiai. SYNONYMS

amil * Assamese * en"ali * Kn"lish * /u'rati * 0ind 0indii * +annada * $alayalam * $arathi * 2riya * %un'abi * Sanskrit * Dusparsa elu elu"u "u * DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic

+aBa-kattiri (è‡$ƒè5FB) +antakar, +at!aedana +antakari Febrifu"e plant harin"ani hat hatak akat atai aiya ya,, Chho Chhotitika kate teri ri,, +ata +atai,i, +ata +atalili,, &in" &in"an anii +ira"ulla, 5ela"ulla +antakari chunda haurin"ani, +atarin"ani Ankarati, he'ib 'ibau"n u"na, Chakada ho'i +andiari Dha!ani, +antakari, +antakarika, +sudra, 5idi"dhi dhika, 3ya"hri, 5idi"dha, Chin Chinna namu mula laka ka,, $ula $ulaka ka,, 5ela 5elamu mula laka ka,, %inn %innam amul ulak aka, a, 3aku 3akudu du

Root - 0 to ! cm. long, few mm. to two cm. in diameter, almost cylindrical and tapering, bearing a number of fine longitudin longitudinal al and few transverse wrinkles wrinkles with occasional scars or a few lenticels lenticels and small rootlets, transversely smoothened smoothened surface shows a thin bark and wide compact cylinder cylinder of wood; fracture short; taste bitter.

#erbaceou eous, s, prickl prickly y with with promin prominent ent nodes and internode internodes, s, green green when fresh, fresh, young young St#* - #erbac branches covered with numerous hairs, mature ones glabrous, furrows more prominent in young stem appearing almost circular towards basal region, stem pieces  to 0 mm. thick of variable length; external surface light green, when dry, surface yellowish green and smooth; transversely smoothened surface shows a very thin bark and a prominent wood; center shows a large and distinct pith; mature and dry stem often with a hollow pith; fracture short to slightly fibrous.

81

L#'/ - $etiolate, exstipulate, ovate-oblong or elliptic, sinuate or sub-pinnatifid, sub-acute hairy;  to 2.! cm. long and 2 to <.! cm. wide; green; veins and midrib full with sharp prickles; odour and taste not distinct. Fo"#r - 7bracteate, 7bracteate, pedicellate, pedicellate, bisexual, bisexual, pentamerous, pentamerous, regular, regular, complete, bright bright blue or bluish purple; calyx-persistent, gamosepalous, tube short, globose, linear-lanceolate, acute, hairy, 0.! to .A cm. long and densely prickly; corolla-gamopetalous, lobes deltoid, acute, hairy;  to 2 cm. long and purple in colour; stamens !, epipetalous, basifixed, filament short  to .! mm. long; anther, oblong oblong lanceo lanceolate late,, 0.< to 0. cm. long; long; ovary ovary superio superior, r, ovoid, ovoid, glabro glabrous, us, bilocu bilocular lar with with axile axile placentation having numerous ovules. Frit - Jerry, globular, measuring 0. to  cm. in diameter, surrounded by persistent calyx at base; unripe fruits variegated with green and white strips; ripe fruit shows yellow and white shades. S##ds - &ircular, flat, numerous, embedded in a fleshy mesocarp, about 0.2 cm. in diameter, glabrous; taste bitter and acrid.

b) Microscopic Microscopic Root - Transverse section of mature root shows cork composing of A to 6 layers of thin-walled, rectangular and tangentially elongated cells; cork cambium single layered followed by 6 to ! layers of thin-walled, tangentially elongated to oval or circular parenchymatous cells; stone cells either either single single or in groups groups of 2 to 20 or even more present present in this region; region; second secondary ary phloem phloem compos composed ed of sieve sieve elemen elements ts and phloem phloem parenc parenchy hyma ma traverse traversed d by medull medullary ary rays; rays; stone stone cells cells present in singles or in groups of 2 to 20 or more in outer, and middle phloem regions; phloem rays  to  cells wide and 2 to 22 cells high; cambium A to ! layers of thin-walled rectangular cells; xylem composed of vessels, tracheids, fibre tracheids, parenchyma and traversed by medullary rays, all elements being lignified; vessels and tracheids with bordered pits; fibres with a few simple pits; xylem parenchyma rectangular recta ngular or slightly elongated with simple pits and rarely with reticulate reticulat e thickening; xylem rays  to A cells wide and  to 20 cells high; microsphenoidal crystals of calcium oxalat oxalatee as sandy sandy masses masses and simple simple starch starch grains grains presen presentt in seconda secondary ry cortex cortex,, phloem phloem and medullary rays. St#* - Transverse section of mature stem, .! to 2 cm. thick consists of 6 to 2 layers of cork of thin thin-w -wal alle led d some somewh what at rect rectan angu gula larr cell cells; s; seco second ndar ary y cort cortex ex cons consis ists ts of < to  lay layers ers of parenchymatous cells, some cells thickened and lignified forming stone cells; primary cortex remains intact even in Muite mature stage but later gets crushed; pericyclic fibre, occur singly or in small groups of 2 or A; secondary phloem consists of sieve elements, parenchyma, a few fibres, stone cells and traversed by phloem rays; fibres found scattered in singles or in small groups in outer and middle phloem region; inner phloem devoid of fibres; stone cells present in singles or in small groups of 2 to ; phloem rays,  or 2 or rarely A cells wide, cambium composed of 2 or A layers; layers; xylem xylem consist consistss of vessels vessels,, trache tracheids ids,, parenc parenchy hyma, ma, fibres fibres and traver traversed sed by xylem xylem rays; rays; vessels vary greatly in shape and siFe and show bordered pits; tracheids elongated with irregular walls walls and border bordered ed pits; pits; fibres fibres much much elonga elongated ted,, thick-w thick-wall alled ed and lignif lignified ied with with taperin tapering g and pointed ends, some having truncated ends e nds or bifurcated at one or both ends with a few simple pits; tracheids tracheids fibres smaller smaller than fibres, with both ends tapering tapering and have reticulate reticulate thickening; thickening; xylem parenchyma cubical to rectangular with simple or bordered pits or reticulate thickening; xylem rays ra ys conspicuous by their pitted thickenings, longer siFe and radial elongation of cells,  or 2 or rarely A cells wide and 2 to 2! cells high; internal phloem composed of sieve elements and parenchyma, forming forming more or less continuou continuouss band and embedded in perimedullary perimedullary Fone; a few phloem fibres similar to those of outer phloem region also present; central region occupied by a large pith;

82

microsphenoidal crystals of calcium oxalate as sandy masses and simple starch grains present in cortex, secondary cortex, phloem, medullary rays and pith cells.

L#'/ P#tio# - Transverse section of petiole shows circular to wavy outlines; epidermis single layered, covered externally by a thick cuticle; hypodermis consists of A or  layers of collenchymatous cells; one largecresent-shaped, bicollateral, central vascular bundle and two small lateral bundles present; rest of tissue tissue of petiol petiolee compos composed ed of polyg polygona onal, l, angula angular, r, thin-w thin-wall alled, ed, parenc parenchy hymat matous ous cells; cells; epidermis shows mostly stellate and rarely uni to tricellular hairs. Midri- - Transverse section of midrib shows a biconvex structure; epidermis on either side covered externally by a thick cuticle; below epidermis A or  layers of collenchyma present; stele composed of crescent-shaped, bicollateral, central vascular bundle and two small lateral vascular bundles; rest of tissue composed of thin-walled, parenchyma, some stellate hair present on epidermis. L'*in' - Transv Transverse erse section section shows shows dorsiv dorsivent entral ral structu structure; re; epider epidermis mis on either either side, side, wavy wavy in outline, covered externally by a thick cuticle; palisade single layered;  to 6 layers of loosely arranged spongy parenchyma present; some stellate hairs + to  armed present on both sides of epidermis; anisocytic stomata present on both surfaces; palisade ratio 2 to ; stomatal index 20 to 2! on lower epidermis,  to 2 on upper epidermis; vein-islet number !0 to 0 per sMuare mm. Frit - Transverse section of mature fruit shows single layered epidermis, covered externally by a thin cuticle;  or 2 layers of collenchyma present below epidermis; mesocarp composed of thinwalled, oval to polygonal cells; some fibro vascular bundles present, scattered; seed consists of thick-walled radially elongated testa, narrow endosperm with embryo; some cells of endosperm contain oil globules. Po"d#r$

>reenish; >reenish; shows single single or groups of stone cells; groups groups of aseptate fibres with tapering tapering ends, ends, pitted pitted vessels; vessels; group groupss of spongy spongy parenc parenchy hyma, ma, fragme fragments nts of palisad palisadee tissue; tissue; anisoc anisocyt ytic ic stomata; stellate hairs and simple, rounded to oval starch grains measuring upto  Hm in diameter.


6 T 9 = :=


6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

T.".C. T.%.&. T.%.&. of &hlorofo &hloroform rm extractiv extractivee of 'lcoholi 'lcoholicc extract extract on silica gel I>I plate using &hloroform) (ethanol (ethanol +), on spraying spraying with 'nisaldehyde -:ulphuric -:ulphuric acid reagent and heating the plate for five minutes at 0!8& minutes ten spots appear at 0.2 +violet, 0.A +violet, 0.

83

+violet, 0.!! +violet, 0.! +violet, 0.<+violet, 0., 0., 0.2 +all pinkish violet and 0.6 +violet.

CONSTITUENTS :olasodine, solamargine, D- solamargine, solasonine, cycloartenol, neocarpesterol, cholesterol and their derivatives.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) C#$ai * #laku (Þô°), 3a@aBci ( õ#6C) #%a& * 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) 'ri#& * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$# * AkaBBu!¡y!aka@@i (Üè6=õ£8õè!&), Ci@unrperukki C*+ai (CÁc˜ªð¼‚A), +Iaiyaka@@i ('è£¬öè!&), %eru-kaiccaluB¡kki (ªð¼ƒèP*-D‡$£ ‚A) IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS 3¡tacurak +uBinr (õ£(²ó‚ °/c˜) T!ERAPEUTIC USES CuramH+¡yccal CuramH+¡yccal (²ó‹7è£8*-%), #Gaippu 5Iy (Þ¬3Š¹ '4£8), #rumal (Þ¼ñ%), 5rk I!ai (c˜'è£¬õ), %acittkku@ai!u (ðC5Q‚°¬#:), #raippu (Þ¬óŠ¹) DOSE 1 %oder 6 1 ; " Nuice < 1 : ml Decoction 91 < ml tice daily. :< 1 9 " coarse poder in 6 ml of ater for preparin" decoction.

84

27. KARPO$ARISI (FRUIT)

KËRP1KARICI (r#it) - è£˜«ð£èK' +¡rpIkari +¡rpIkarici ci is the the dried dried fruit fruit of Psoralea corylifolia L. (Fam. Fabaceae), an erect, .9 to :. m. hi"h annual herb distributed throu"hout #ndia, found commonly in 4ttar %radesh, en"al and $aharashtra.#t "ros in $arutham thiai. SYNONYMS

amil * Assamese * en"ali * /u'rati * 0indi * +annada * +ashmiri * $alayalam * $arathi * 2riya * %un'abi * Sanskrit * elu"u * 4rdu * DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic

Akkantam (Ü‚è‰(‹), %¡kuci (ð£°C) 0abucha akuchi, Somra'i, Fiakucha 3ee'a a!achi akuchi, a!achi, abchi auchi"e, h ha!antibee'a, h ha!anchi"id, aukuchi abchi +arkokil achi akuchi abchi, a!chi akuci, A!al"u'a, Somara'i a!anchalu abchi

/ruits dark chocolate to almost black with pericarp adhering to the seed-coat, A to .! mm. long, 2 to A mm. broad, ovoid-oblong or bean shaped, somewhat compressed, glabrous rounded or mucronate, closely pitted; seeds camphylotropous, non-endospermous, oily and free from starch; odourless, but when chewed smell of a pungent essential oil felt; taste bitter, unpleasant and acrid.

b) Microscopic Microscopic Tran Transv svers ersee secti section on of fruit fruit show showss peri pericar carp p with with prom promin inen entt ridge ridgess and and depr depress essio ions ns,, consisting of collapsed parenchyma and large secretory glands containing oleo-resinous matter; testa, an outer layer of palisade epidermis, layer of bearer cells which are much thickened in the inner tangential and basal radial walls and 2 or A layers of parenchyma; cotyledons of polyhedral parenchyma and three layers of palisade cells on the adaxial side. Po"d#r$ 85

3ark 3ark brown, brown, oily; oily; shows shows fragmen fragments ts of parenc parenchy hyma ma cells cells contai containin ning g oil globul globules es and aleurone grains; palisade-like cells of testa; epidermal cells with brown contents, bearer cells of hypodermis and fragments of oil cells.


6  6 :9 ::


6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

ASSAY T%& densitometric estimation of psoralen. TLC %'t#s

'luminium plate precoated with silica gel 60 / 2! plates +7. (erck 0.2 mm thickness. So(#nt s)st#*

Toluene) 7thyl acetate +<) A. T#st sotion

2.0 g of powdered powdered drug drug is macerated macerated in
2.! mg mg of standard, standard, psoralen psoralen is dissolved dissolved in 2! ml ml of methanol methanol in a volumet volumetric ric flask. /rom this stock solution, solution, standard standard solutions solutions of !0 to 2!0 Hg1ml Hg1ml concentration concentration are prepared by taking aliMuots +.0 to !.0 ml of stock s tock solution in 0 ml volumetric flasks and adBusting the volume to 0 ml with methanol. C'i-r'tion .r(#

! Hl each of the standard solution solution +2!0 +2!0 to 2!0 ng per spot is applied applied on T%& plate. plate. The plate is developed in the solvent system to a distance of  cm. The plate is scanned under 45 light at A66 nm. nm. The area under the curves are recorded and plotted to get the calibration curve for for psoralen. Esti*'tion o/ %sor'#n in t3# dr+

! Hl of the test solution solution is applied applied on T%& T%& plate. The plate plate is develo developed ped in the solvent solvent system and recorded the the chromatogram as described above for the calibration calibration curve. The amount of psoralen present in the sample is calculated from the calibration curve of psoralen. The percentage of psoralen ranges from 0.<0 to 0.<6 in the samples analyFed.

86

T.".C. T.%.&. of the 'lcoholic extract on aluminium plate precoated with silica gel 60 / 2! 2! +7. (erck 0.2 mm thickness using Toluene) Toluene) 7thyl 7thyl acetate +) shows ten spots under 45 light +A66 nm at Rf. 0.0 +blue, 0.2 +black, 0.! +yellow, 0.2 +sky blue, 0.26 +blue, 0.2 +yellow, 0.A! +sky blue, blue, 0.< +blue, 0.!! +blue +blue and 0.62 +blue. +blue. Cn exposure to iodine vapours vapours seven spots spots appear at Rf. 0.0, 0.2, 0.!, 0.2, 0.A, 0. and 0.62 +all yellow. =ith 'nisaldehyde -:ulphuric acid reagent and heating the plate for five minutes at 0!& eight spots appear at Rf. 0.2, +blue, 0.! +yellow, 0. +blue, 0.2 +blue, 0. +violet, 0. +violet, 0.62+blue and 0.<2 +pink.

CONSTITUENTS $soralen, psoralidin, isopsoralen, bakuchiol, angelicin, neobavaisoflavone, bavachin, I-0methyl bavachalcone, isobavachalcone, isobavachalcone, corylin, corylinal, corylinal, bakuchicin, D- sitosterol, stigmasterol, fatty acids, behanic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, lignoceric, linoleic, linolenic, essential oil and fixed oil.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * +aippu (¬èŠ¹) C#$ai * 3a@aBci (õ#6C) #%a& * 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) 'ri#& * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$# * $alamiGakki (ñôJ3‚A), 3eppamuB¡kki (ªõŠðº‡$£‚A ) C*+ai IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS #racakanthi $euku (Þó-è‰F ªñ.°), +arapp¡E ailam ( èóŠð£9 ¬(ô‹), $ak¡!all¡ti #Gakam (ñè£õ%ô£F Þ3è‹), $¡nta Kai K6 ( ñ£‰( N‡¬, N‡b), $ka!iraak +aGimpu ('ñè>ó,‚ è2‹¹) T!ERAPEUTIC USES +arapp¡E (èóŠð£9), 5amaiccal ( 4¬ñ*-%), 5aPcu (4U²), 3e %aBai ( ªõ‡ ð¬$), %u (¹‡) DOSE 1 %oder : 1 6 "

87

28. KARUN&HEMBAI ILAI (LEAF)

KARU;CEMPAI I"AI ("a0) - è6&!‹¬ð Þ¬ô +aruPcempai #lai is the dried dried leaf of &esbania sesban (L.) $err., Syn. &. aegy$tiaca (%oir) %ers. (Fam* Fabaceae), Fabaceae), a Ruick "roin", short li!ed li!ed tall shrub, upto = m. hi"hM found culti!ated on paddy field bunds in amil 5adu as ell as throu"hout the plains of #ndia upto an altitude of :6 m. #t "ros in +u@iPci and and $arutham thiai. SYNONYMS

amil * en"ali * /u'rati * 0indi * +annada * $alayalam * $arathi * 2riya * %un'abi * Sanskrit * elu"u * DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic

+aruPci@@akatti (è¼UC!#è5F ) Nayanti &a'ashin"anee, Nayanti Naita, Nayata Arininta'inam"i, +ari'iman"ai, Arishima'in"ai Semp, Atti, #tthikkanni Nait Nayantipatra Nainta Nayanti, Naya, Suksma patra Sominta, Nalu"u, 5elichettu

%eaves pinnately compound, <.! to !.! cm. long, rachis shortly produced above last pair of leaflet; paripinnate, leaflets 6 to 6 pairs, opposite, linear, oblong, glabrous, entire, mucronate to acuminate, very shortly stalked, .0 to A.A cm. long, 0.A to 0. cm. wide.

b) Microscopic Microscopic L#'/#t R'.3is - :hows single layered epidermis, followed by 2 or A layered collenchymatous and  to < layered layered round, round, thin-w thin-walle alled d parenc parenchy hymat matous ous cells; cells; vascul vascular ar bundle bundless arrange arranged d in a ring, ring, having having secretory cavities in phloem, each bundle covered externally by sclerenchymatous sheath; one smaller smaller vascul vascular ar bundle bundle present present in each of the wings; wings; pith pith small, small, consist consisting ing of thin-w thin-wall alled, ed, polygonal, parenchymatous parenchymatous cells. L'*in' - :hows single layered epidermis on both surfaces, stomata anisocytic, present on both surfaces, palisade single layered, spongy parenchyma consisting of round cells, small veins situated

88

between palisade and spongy parenchyma cells, palisade ratio A to !; stomatal index on upper surface  to 20 and on lower surface  to 2! and vein- islet number 2< to A6 per sMuare mm. Po"d#r$

3ull green; shows spongy parenchyma, palisade cells; xylem vessels with scalariform thickening and fragments of epidermal cells with anisocytic stomata.


6 per cent, Appendi7 :: per cent, Appendi7 6 per cent, Appendi7 8 per cent, Appendi7 6< per cent, Appendi7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

T.".C. T.%.&. of 'lcoholic extract of the drug on silica gel I>I plate using Toluene) 7thyl acetate +) shows under under 45 +A66 nm shows six fluorescent Fones at Rf. 0.0!, 0. 0., 0., 0.2, 0.!6 +all pink and 0.< +yellow. Cn exposure to iodine vapours ten spots appear at Rf. 0.0!, 0., 0., 0.2, 0.2, 0.A<, 0.A<, 0., 0., 0.!6, 0.!6, 0.6, 0.6, 0. 0. and 0.< +all yellow. yellow. Cn sprayi spraying ng with with ! 9 (ethano (ethanoliclic$hosphomolybdic $hosphomolybdic acid reagent and heating the plate at 0!& until the colour develops , the plate shows nine spots at Rf. 0.0!, 0., 0., 0.2, 0.A<, 0., 0.!6, 0. and 0.<+all grey.

CONSTITUENTS :tigmasterolglucoside, chikusetsusaponin, ilexoside, lablaboside ', kaikasaponin, kaempferol glucoside and oleanolic acid.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * +aippu (¬èŠ¹), u!arppu (?õ˜Š¹) C#$ai * #laku (Þô°) #%a& * 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) 'ri#& * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$# * Ci@unrperukki (CÁc˜ªð¼‚A), %uukkolli (¹.‚ªè£%@), C*+ai &utu!uB¡kki (¼?:‡$£‚A), u!arppi (?õ˜Š), 3eppamuB¡kki (ªõŠðº‡$£‚A), 3 kka-karaicci ()‚èƒè¬ó*C) IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS Cempu %a@pam (ª-‹¹ ð!ð‹) 89

T!ERAPEUTIC USES Aiya 5IykaG (H '4£8è;), #rumal (Þ¼ñ%), %erump¡Bu (ªð¼‹ð£=) DOSE 1 %oder 9 1 = " Nuice < 1 : ml

90

2%. KARUN&HEERA$AM KARUN&HEERA$AM (SEED)

KARU;C=RAKAM (S4) - è6&*óè‹ +aruPcrakam

is the dried seed of Nigella sativa %. +/am. Ranunculaceae, a small herb, ! to 60 60 cm. high; cultivated mostly mostly in $unBab, #imachal $radesh, Jihar and 'ssam. *t grows in

$ullai thiai SYNONYMS

amil * en"ali * Kn"lish * /u'rati * 0indi * +annada * $alayalam * $arathi * %un'abi * Sanskrit * elu"u * 4rdu * DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic

?raam (Ýó,‹), 4pakuPcikai ("ð°UC¬è) $ota +ala'ira, +ala'ira Small fennel, 5i"ella seed +alon'i 'eeru, +aloun'i +alaun'i, $an"araila +ari'iri"e +arin'irakam +alaun'i 'ire, +ale'ire +al!an'i 4pakuncika, Sthula'iraka, Susa!i %edda'ila karra +alon"i

:eeds, flattened, oblong, angular, rugulose, tubercular, about 0.2 cm. long and 0. cm. wide, black; odour slightly aromatic; taste bitter.

b) Microscopic Microscopic Transverse section of seed shows single layer of epidermis consisting of elliptical, thickwalled cells covered externally by a papillose cuticle, filled with reddish-brown contents; epidermis followed followed by 2 to  layers layers of thick-walled, thick-walled, tangentially tangentially elongated, elongated, parenchymatous parenchymatous cells, followed followed by a pigmented layer composed of tangentially elongated, cylindrical thick-walled cells filled with reddish-brown pigments; below pigmented layer, a layer of parenchyma composed of thick-walled rectang rectangula ular, r, radiall radially y elonga elongated ted cells cells presen present; t; endosp endosperm erm consist consistss of moder moderatel ately y thick-w thick-wall alled, ed, rectangular to polygonal cells; a few filled with oil globules; embryo embedded in endosperm. Po"d#r$

Jlack, oily to touch; shows groups of parenchyma, endosperm cells and oil globules.

91


6 per cent, Appendi7 = per cent, Appendi7 .6 per cent, Appendi7 6 per cent, Appendi7 :< per cent, Appendi7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

T.".C. T.%.&. T.%.&. of 'lcoholic 'lcoholic extract extract on silica gel I>I plate using n-Jutanol) glacial 'cetic acid) =ater +!)) v1v upper phase, on spraying with 'nisaldehyde -:ulphuric acid reagent and heating the plate for five minutes at 0!8& seven spots appear at Rf. 0.2, 0.2 +both greenish grey, 0.!6, 0.6! +both grey, 0.<, 0. +both violet and 0.! +red.

CONSTITUENTS Pigellinine- P-oxide, nigellicine, arenasterol-!-ene, lophenol, K-hederin and fatty acids.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * +aippu (¬èŠ¹) C#$ai * #laku (Þô°), 3a@aBci ( õ#6C) #%a& * 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) 'ri#& * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$# * AkaBBu!¡y!aka@@i (Üè6=õ£8õè!&), Ci@unrperukki C*+ai (CÁc˜ªð¼‚A), %acitttBi (ðC5QG‡/), %¡@perukki (ð£!ªð¼‚A), %uukkolli (¹.‚ªè £%@), &utu!uB¡kki (¼?:‡$£‚A), kkuippuukkolli (G‚°MŠ¹.‚ªè£%@), 3a@aBciyaka@@i 3a@aBciyaka@@i (õ#6Cè!& ) IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS Akattiyar +uampu (Üè5F˜ °ö‹¹), 5¡kkuppcci(+olli) +uBinr (4£‚°ŠL*C[ªè £%@\ °/c˜), %a@a-kippaBBai #rac¡yaEam ( ð#ƒAŠð6¬$ Þó-£0‹), 3i[akkuampu (>Z‚°ö‹¹) T!ERAPEUTIC USES Cira-ku (Cóƒ°), +¡m¡lai (è£ñ£¬ô), +uEmam (°9ñ‹), $aBaikkarapp¡E (ñ‡¬$‚èóŠð£9), %u (¹‡), 3ayi@@upporumal (õO!ÁŠªð£¼ñ%) 92

< m" 1 ; " DOSE 1 %oder < 3!. KADU$UROHINI (RHI#OME AND ROOT)

KA5UKUR1KI>I (R8i
amil Assamese Kn"lish /u'rati 0indi +annada $alayalam $arathi 2riya %un'abi Sanskrit elu"u 4rdu

* * * * * * * * * * * * *

+aBakarIkiEi (è$è'ó£AI), +aBurIkiEi (è='ó£AI) +atki, +utki 0ellebore +adu, +atu +utki +atuka rohini +aduk rohini, +atuka rohini +utki, +alikutki +atuki +arru, +aur +atuka, ikta, iktarohini, +aturohini, +at!i, Sutiktaka +atukarohini +utki

DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic R3i6o*# - 2.! to  cm. long and  to  mm. thick, subcylindrical, straight or slightly curved, externally greyish-brown, surface rough due to longitudinal wrinkles, circular scars of roots and bud scales and sometimes roots attached, tip ends in a growing bud surrounded by tufted crown of leaves, at places cork exfoliates exposing dark cortex; fracture short; odour pleasant; taste bitter. Root - Thin, cylindrical, ! to 0 cm. long, 0.0! to 0. cm. in diameter, straight or slightly curved with a few longitudinal wrinkles and dotted scars, mostly attached with rhiFomes, dusky grey, fracture short, inner surface black with whitish xylem; odour pleasant; taste bitter.


R3i6o*# - :hows 20 to 2! layers of cork consisting of tangentially elongated, suberised cells; cork cambium  or 2 layered; cortex single layered or absent, primary cortex persists in some cases, one or two small vascular bundles present in cortex; vascular bundles surrounded by single layered endodermis of thick-walled cells; secondary phloem composed of phloem parenchyma and a few scattered fibres; cambium 2 to  layered; secondary xylem consists of vessels, tracheids, xylem fibres and xylem parenchyma, vessels vary in shape and siFe having transverse obliMue articulation; tracheids long, thick-walled, lignified, more or less cylindrical with blunt tapering ends; xylem parenchyma thin-walled and polygonal in shape; centre occupied by a small pith consisting of thinwalled cells; simple round to oval, starch grains, measuring upto 0! mm in dia., abundantly found in all cells. Root - "oung "oung root root shows shows single single layered layered epiderm epidermis, is, some some epider epidermal mal cells cells elonga elongate te formin forming g unicellular hairs; hypodermis single layered; cortex  to  layered; consisting of oval to polygonal, thick-walled, parenchymatous cells; primary stele tetrach to heptarch, enclosed by single layered pericycle and single layered, thick-walled cells of endodermis; mature root shows  to ! layers of cork, cork,  or 2 layers layers of cork cork cambiu cambium; m; seconda secondary ry phloem phloem poorly poorly develo developed ped;; seconda secondary ry xylem xylem consisting of vessels, tracheids, parenchyma and fibres; vessels have varying shape and siFe, some cylindrical with tail-like, tapering ends, some drum shaped with perforation on end walls or lateral walls; tracheids cylindrical with tapering pointed ends; fibres aseptate, thick-walled, lignified with tapering blunt chiesel-like pointed ends. Po"d#r$

3usky grey; shows groups of fragments of cork cells, thick-walled parenchyma; pitted vessels vessels and aseptate aseptate fibres; fibres; simple, simple, round to oval starch starch grains grains,, measuring measuring 2! to 0 mm in diameter.


6 8 : : 6


6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

T.".C. T.%.&. of 'lcoholic extract of the drug on silica gel I>I plate using &hloroform) (ethanol +!)! shows under 45 light +A66 nm three fluorescent Fones at Rf. 0.0! +blue, 0.A0 +blue, 0.A!+green. Cn exposure exposure to iodine vapours vapours nine spots appear at Rf. 0.0, 0.<, 0.2, 0.A0, 0.A<, 0., 0.62, 0.<2 and 0.+all yellow. Cn spraying with ! 9 (ethanolic -:ulphuric acid reagent and heating the plate at 0!8 & until the colour develops, the plate shows seven spots at Rf. 0.0!, 0.0, 0.<, 0.2, 0.A0, 0. N 0. +all brownish grey.

CONSTITUENTS

94

&ucurbitacin glycosides, @utkoside, picroside *, ** and ***, pikuroside, catalpol, 6feruloylcatalpol, neronicoside, minecoside, picein, androsin, -hydroxy-A-methoxyacetophenone, -hydroxy-A-methoxyacetophenone, veronicoside, arvenine ***, kutakin and apocynin.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * +aippu (¬èŠ¹) C#$ai * #laku (Þô°) #%a& * 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) 'ri#& * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$# * +uBa@puu!aka@@i (°$!¹.õè!&), $u@ai!eppaka@@i C*+ai (º¬#ªõŠðè!& ), %acitttBi (ðC5QG‡/), %eru-kaiccaluB¡kki ( ªð¼ƒèP*-D‡$£ ‚A) IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS KmataBak +uGikai (Nñ(‡$‚ °2¬è), +eGacikar +uampu ( ªè3Cè˜ °ö‹¹), $urukkaE 3itai $¡ttirai (º¼‚è9 >¬( ñ£5F¬ó), 5¡kkuppcci(+olli) +uBinr (4£ ‚°ŠL*C[ªè£%@\ °/c˜), 3all¡rai 5ey ( õ%ô£¬ó ª48) T!ERAPEUTIC USES CuramH+¡yccal CuramH+¡yccal (²ó‹7è£8*-%), Oral 5Iy (ó% '4£8), +arapp¡E ( èóŠð£9), $¡ntam (ñ£‰(‹), %ukaG (¹‡è;)

< m" 1 : " DOSE 1 %oder <

95

31. KATTU SEERA$AM (FRUIT)

KË55U C=RAKAM (r#it) - è£†- *óè‹ +¡BBu +¡BBu Cra Crakam kam is the the seed seed of of )ernonia anthelmintica (L.) >illd. Syn. Centrath Centratherum erum anthelminticum (L.) +untUe (Fam. Asteraceae), an annual, robust, erect herb, found throu"hout #ndia upto :< m. in 0imalaya 0imalaya and +hasi +hasi hills and often culti!ated. culti!ated. #t is a eed eed "roin" in aste places near !illa"es and bears seeds in the month of $ay to Nune. #t "ros in $ullai, $arutham and 5eythal thiai. SYNONYMS

amil * en"ali * Kn"lish * /u'rati * 0indi * +annada * $alayalam * $arathi * Sanskrit * elu"u * DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic

+¡BBu Crakam (è£6= Sóè‹), CaEi ]¡yi@u (-I d£OÁ) Somaraa' %urple fleabane, >orm seed fleabane +aalee'eeree, +ada!i'eeree +aali'eeree, +ara'iri, Soharaai +aadu'eera"e, +aari'iri"e +rimishatru, +attu'irakam +adu'ire Somara'i, 3anya'iraka, Aranya'irakah, rhatpali Ada!i'ilakara, /aretikamma

The fruits are cypsela, indehiscent, A to ! mm. long and  to 2 mm. in diameter; tapering towards base, pappus present over flattened upper end; surface exhibits about 20 longitudinal ridges, hairy, blackish-brown to black in colour; taste bitter and odour indistinct.

b) Microscopic Microscopic T.:. of fruit exhibits exhibits about 20 ridges ridges and furrows; furrows; the epidermis epidermis is single layered, layered, covered covered extern externally ally with thick thick cuticle cuticle;; tricho trichomes mes are of two types types - coveri covering ng and glandula glandular; r; coveri covering ng trichomes unicellular, elongated with tapering ends, present mostly on the ridges; glandular hairs, sessile with unicellular heads are seen in the furrows; rest of the pericarp consists of thin walled parenchymatous cells; vascular bundles are present below the ridges, followed by discontinuous and laterally extending arches of thick walled and lignified sclerenchymatous tissues; testa is single layered followed by thin walled parenchymatous cells of the cotyledon, most of them consisting of aleurone grains and a few exhibit oil globules.

96

Po"d#r$

Jlackish brown to black; shows fragments of fibres, fibre sclereids, scalariform vascular elements; thin walled parenchymatous cells with aleurone grains and oil globules; covering as well as glandular trichomes; thin walled radially elongated cells of pappus.


6 per cent, Appendi7 8.< per cent, Appendi7 ;.< per cent, Appendi7 6 per cent, Appendi7 :; per cent, Appendi7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

T.".C. T.%.&. of $etroleum $etroleum ether extract on silica >el I>I plate using $etroleum ether +60 -0&) 3iethyl 3iethyl 7ther) 'cetic acid +A!)6), +A!)6), shows under under 45 +A66 nm nm one spot at Rf. 0. +light blue. blue. Cn exposure to iodine vapours  spots appear at Rf. 0. +dark orange, 0.!<, 0.6 and 0. +all faint orange. Cn spraying with !9 !9 7thanolic- :ulphuric acid and and heating the plate at 0!& 0!& until the colour develops, the plate shows  spots at Rf. 0. +black 0.!<, 0.6 and 0. +all faint brown.

CONSTITUENTS 'venasterol, vernosterol, essential oil, resins and fixed oil consisting of myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and vernolic acids.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * +aippu (¬èŠ¹) C#$ai * #laku (Þô°), +rmai (˜¬ñ) #%a& * 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) 'ri#& * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$# * Ci@unrperukki (CÁc˜ªð¼‚A), $u@ai!eppaka@@i (º¬#ªõŠðè!&), C*+ai %acitttBi (ðC5QG‡/), %uukkolli (¹.‚ªè£%@), 4ram¡kki ("óñ£‚A), 4Ba@t@@i ("$!'(!& ) IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS #racakanthi $euku (Þó-è‰F ªñ.°), +arapp¡E ailam ( èóŠð£9 ¬(ô‹)

97

T!ERAPEUTIC USES +uEmam (°9ñ‹), +uBa@puu (°$!¹.), 3eGGai (ªõ;¬3), 3e %uGGi (ªõ‡ ¹;2) DOSE 1 %oder : 1 9 "

98

32. KADUKKAI (FRUIT)

KA5UKKËY (r#it) - è-‚è£) +aBukk¡y +aBukk¡y is the pericar pericarpp of mature fruit fruit de!oid de!oid of seeds, seeds, of #erminalia chebula &etU. (Fam. Combretaceae), a moderate siUed or lar"e tree found throu"hout #ndia, chiefly in deciduous forests and areas of li"ht rainfall, but occasionally also in sli"htly moist forests, f orests, upto about :< m. ele!ation, throu"hout #ndiaM floers appear from April1Au"ust and fruits ripen from 2ctober1 Nanuary. #t "ros in +u@iPci thiai. thiai. SYNONYMS

amil * Ammai (Ü‹¬ñ), Amutam (Üº(‹), Aritaki (ÜB(A), %attiyam (ð5F‹), 3arikk¡y (õB‚è£8) Assamese * Shilikha en"ali * 0aritaki Kn"lish * $yrobalan /u'rati * 0irdo, 0ima'a, %ulo1harda 0indi * 0arre, 0arad, 0arar +annada * Alalekai +ashmiri * 0alela $alayalam * +atukka $arathi * 0irda, 0aritaki, 0arda, 0ireda 2riya * 0arida %un'abi * 0alela, 0arar Sanskrit * 0aritaki, Abhaya, +ayastha, Si!a, %athya elu"u * +araka, +arakkaya 4rdu * 0alela DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic /ruit yellowish-brown, ovoid, 20 to A! mm. long, A to 2! mm. wide, wrinkled and ribbed longitudinally; pericarp fibrous, A to  mm. thick, non-adherent to the seed; taste astringent.

b) Microscopic Microscopic Transverse section of pericarp shows epicarp consisting of one layer of epidermal cells, inner tangential and upper portions of radial wall thick; mesocarp, 2 or A layers of collenchyma, 99

followed by a broad Fone of parenchyma in which fibres and sclereids in group and vascular bundles scattered; fibres with peg like out growth and simple pitted walls; sclereids of various shapes and siFes but mostly elongated, tannins and raphides in parenchyma; endocarp consists of thick-walled sclereids of various shapes and siFes, mostly elongated; epidermal surface view reveal polygonal cells, uniformly thick-walled, several of them divided into two by a thin septa; starch grains simple, rounded or oval in shape, measuring 2 to < Hm in diameter, found in plenty in almost all cells of mesocarp. Po"d#r$

Jrown; shows a few fibres, vessels with simple pits and groups of sclereids; epidermal fragments with cells showing division by a thin septa.


: per cent, Appendi7 < per cent, Appendi7 .< per cent, Appendi7 ; per cent, Appendi7 = per cent, Appendi7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

T.".C. T.%.&. of 3iethyl ether extract of the drug on aluminium plate precoated with silica gel 60 /2! +7. (erck 0.2 mm thickness using Toluene) 7thyl acetate) /ormic 'cid +!)) under 45 light +2! +2! nm nm shows shows nine nine fluore fluorescen scentt Fone Fone at Rf. 0.0+b 0.0+blac lackis kish h blue, blue, 0.!+b 0.!+black lackish ish blue, blue, 0.2< 0.2< +blackish blue, 0.A! +dark blackish blue, 0.A +blue, 0.!2 +blue and 0.6< +blue and 0. +blue. Cn spraying spraying !9 (ethanolic (ethanolic ferric chloride reagent six spots appear appear at Rf. 0. 0 +blackish blue, blue, 0.! +blackish blue, 0.2< +blackish blue, 0.A! +dark blackish blue, 0.A +blackish blue and 0.!2 +blackish blue.

CONSTITUENTS >allic acid, chebupentol, terchebin, ellagitannin terchebulin, arBungenin, arBunolic acid, arBungenin, terminoic acid, ferulic acid, vanillic vanillic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid and fatty acids, tannin +A0 - A2 9.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * $ainly u!arppu (?õ˜Š¹), Sli"htly #Eippu (ÞIŠ¹), +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹), C#$ai +aippu (¬èŠ¹), %uGippu (¹2Š¹) * #laku (Þô°), 3a@aBci ( õ#6C) #%a& * 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) 'ri#& * #Eippu (ÞIŠ¹) Piri$# * CerippuB¡kki (ª-BŠ¹‡$£‚A), +Iaiyaka@@i ('è£¬öè!&), C*+ai $alamiGakki (ñôJ3‚A), %acitttBi (ðC5QG‡/), 4Baluram¡kki ("$Dóñ£‚A) 100

IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS Carapu-ka 3il!¡ti #Gakam ( -ó¹ƒè >%õ£F Þ3è‹), +aruai #Gakam (è¼¬, Þ3è‹), $aBr¡ti ABaikkuBinr (ñ‡Yó£F Ü¬$‚°/c˜), %¡!aEakkaBukk¡y (ð£õ0‚è =‚è£8), ¡Gic¡thi Craam ( (£2-£F +ó,‹), iripalaic Craam ( FBð¬ô* +ó,‹) T!ERAPEUTIC USES +¡m¡lai (è£ñ£¬ô), +a 5IykaG ( è‡ '4£8è;), +uruti Aal (°¼F Üö%), $alakkaBBu (ñô‚è6=), %eru!ayi@u (ªð¼õOÁ), 3iBam (>$‹) DOSE 1 %oder 9 1 < " Decoction 91 < ml tice daily. 6 1 9 " coarse poder in 6 ml of ater for preparin" decoction.

101

33. KEE#HKKAI NELLI (HOLE PLANT)

K=BKKËYNE""I CAM?"AM (78o3 P3a/t) - 9:‚è£)!;(< 2ô‹ +kk¡ynel +kk¡ynellili Camlam Camlam is the hole hole plant plant of Phyllanthus Phyllanthus amarus Schum.Y honn.Syn* >ebst.t.MM Phyllanthus Kuphorbiacea ceae), e), an Phyllanthus Phyllanthus fraternus >ebs Phyllanthus niruri 0ook. f. non L. (Fam. Kuphorbia annual herb, upto = cm. hi"hM found ild throu"hout plains in #ndia. #t "ros in $ullai, $arutham and 5eythal thiai. SYNONYMS

amil * Assamese * en"ali * /u'rati * 0indi * +annada * +ashmiri * $alayalam * $arathi * 2riya * Sanskrit * elu"u * DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic

+¡nelli (eö£ª4%@) huin Amla humamla, humi amalaki hoi Amali, hony amari, honyamali hu Amala 5elanelli Kmbali, Amli +iUanelli, +eeUhanelli, A''ahada huiaali huin Amla amalaki, humyamalaki, $ahidhatrika, ahuphala 5ela !usirika

.0 cm. long, nearly straight, straight, gradually gradually tapering, tapering, with a number number of fibrous Root - $ieces 2.! to .0 secondary and tertiary roots, external surface light brown; fracture short. :lender, glabrous; glabrous; light brown, brown, cylindrical, cylindrical, 20 to
b) Microscopic Microscopic Root - Transverse section shows,  to 6 layers of cork consisting of thin-walled, rectangular, tangentially elongated and radially arranged cells, filled with reddish-brown contents; secondary 102

cortex cortex consist consistss of  to 0 layers layers of thin-w thin-wall alled, ed, tangen tangential tially ly elonga elongated ted parenc parenchy hymato matous us cells; cells; secondary secondary phloem narrow consisting consisting of sieve elements, phloem parenchyma parenchyma and traversed by narrow phloem rays; secondary xylem represented by a broad Fone of tissue, composed of vessels, tracheids, fibres and parenchyma, all elements being thick-walled and lignified having simple pits; xylem rays uniseriate. St#* - Transverse section shows a single single layered layered epidermis epidermis composed composed of thick-walled thick-walled,, flattened, flattened, tangentially elongated cells; older stem shows  or ! layers of cork, composed of thin-walled, tabular, tangentially elongated and radially arranged cells, filled with reddish-brown content; cortex composed of  to 6 layers of oval, tangentially elongated, thin-walled, parenchymatous cells, some cortical cells filled with yellowish-brown contents; endodermis Muite distinct; pericycle represented by a discontinuous disc ontinuous ring, composed of several tangentially tangentiall y elongated strands str ands of lignified fibres with thick walls and narrow lumen; secondary phloem narrow, composed of sieve elements, dispersed in mass mass of phloem phloem parenc parenchy hyma; ma; seconda secondary ry xylem xylem compos composed ed of vessels vessels,, fibres, fibres, parenc parenchy hyma ma and traversed by numerous uniseriate rays; vessels mostly simple pitted, a few show spiral thickenings; fibres narrow, elongated, elongated, with narrow or sometimes blunt ends with simple pits; center, center, occupied occupied by a pith composed of thin-walled, circular to oval parenchymatous cells, occasionally cluster crystals of calcium oxalate present in parenchymatous cells of ground tissue. L#'/#t$ Midri-$ :hows epidermis on either side, single layered, covered externally by a thick cuticle; a single palisade layer present on the adaxial side intercepted by a few parenchymatous cells in the middle; middle; meristele meristele composed composed of small strands of xylem towards upper surface and phloem phloem towards lower surface, rest of tissue of leaf composed of thin-walled, parenchymatous cells some having cluster crystals of calcium oxalate.

:hows a dorsiv dorsivent entral ral structu structure, re, mesop mesophyl hylll differe differenti ntiate ated d into into palisad palisadee and spongy spongy L'*i L'*in' n'$$ :hows parenchyma; epidermis on either side composed of thin-walled, tangentially elongated cells, covered externally by a thick cuticle; anisocytic stomata present on both epidermises; palisade single single layered; layered; mesophyll mesophyll composed composed of A to ! layers of loosely arranged cells having a number number of vein veinss trav traver ersed sed in this this regi region on,, a few clus cluster ter crys crystal talss of calc calcium ium oxal oxalate ate pres presen entt in spon spongy gy parenchyma. Po"d#r$

Jrown; shows fragments of cork cells; vessels and fibres; palisade cells, fragments of epidermal cells with anisocytic stomata and a few cluster crystals of calcium oxalate.


103

6 := 8 9 :9


6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

T.".C. T.%.&. of #exane fraction of alcoholic extract of the drug on silica gel I>I plate using Toluene ) 7thyl acetate +0)20 +0)20 v1v, on exposure to iodine vapours shows eight spots at Rf. Rf. 0.2, 0.A., 0.A., 0., 0., 0.!0, 0.!0, 0.62, 0.62, 0.<, 0.<, 0.2 and 0.< 0.< +all +all yellow yellow. . Cn :praying :praying with 'nisald 'nisaldehy ehyde de -:ulphuric acid reagent and heating the plate, for five minutes at 0!8& seven spots appear at Rf. 0.A +grey, 0. +green, 0.!<, 0.<,0., 0.2 +all grey and 0.< +pink; $rominent spots at Rf. 0.A +grey, 0. +green and 0.< +pink.

CONSTITUENTS $hyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, geranin, corilagin, , 6 - digalloyl - D-3-glucoside, rutin, Muercetin - A-C-glucoside, 2, A - desmethoxy seco - isolintetralin, 2, A - desmethoxy seco isolintetralin diacetate and linnanthin.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * #Eippu (ÞIŠ¹), +aippu (¬èŠ¹), %uGippu (¹2Š¹), u!arppu (?õ˜Š¹) C#$ai * #laku (Þô°), 3a@aBci ( õ#6C) #%a& * aBpam ((6ð‹) 'ri#& * #Eippu (ÞIŠ¹) Piri$# * Ci@unrperukki (CÁc˜ªð¼‚A), Oral @@i (ó% '(!&), C*+ai +uGircciyuB¡kki (°2˜*CE‡$£‚A), 3kkamurukki ()‚èº¼‚A), u!arppi (?õ˜Š) IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS +aric¡lai #Gakam (èB-£¬ô Þ3è‹), +¡nelli ailam (eö£ª4%@ ¬(ô‹) T!ERAPEUTIC USES Aal 5IykaG (Üö% '4£8è;), Captat¡thu Curam (-Š((£? ²ó‹), +¡m¡lai (è£ñ £¬ô), +a 5IykaG (è‡ '4£8è;), +urutikkaiccal (°¼F‚èP*-%), $atumkam (ñ?'ñè‹), 3ayi@u $antam (õOÁ ñ‰(‹), 3eppu 5Iy (ªõŠ¹ '4£8) DOSE 1 $edicinal paste 9 1 < " of fresh hole plant %oder 6" Decoction 91 < ml tice daily. :< 1 9 " coarse poder in 6 ml of ater for preparin" decoction.

104

34. KOLLU (SEED)

KO::U (S4) - !è£=> +oGGu +oGGu is the the dried dried seed seed of )igna unguiculata (L.) >alp. Syn. *olichos bifloru Linn. (Fam. %apilionaceae ), an annual branched, sub1erect or tinin", dony or "labrescent herb, culti!ated all o!er #ndia more for use as cattle cattle feed after cookin" #t "ros in $arutham thiai. s

SYNONYMS

amil * en"ali * Kn"lish * /u'rati * 0indi * +annada * $alayalam * $arathi * Sanskrit * elu"u * 4rdu * DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic

+¡am (è£,‹), $utirai (ºF¬ó) +ulattha, +alaya 0orse "ram +alathi, +ulathi +ulathi, +urathi 0uruli, 0urali $udiraa +ulitha +ulattha, +hal!a, 3ardhipatraka 4la!alu +ulthi

:eeds, hard, surface smooth, ellipsoid, flattened, greyish to reddish brown;  to 6 mm. long and  mm. wide; micropyle prominent; taste somewhat astringent.

b) Microscopic Microscopic Transverse section of seed shows testa consisting of a single layer of columnar, thin-walled, parenchymatous, palisade like cells covered with a thin cuticle followed by single layer of rectangular to sMuare bearer cells and A or  layers of thin-walled rectangular parenchymatous cells, wider at micropylar region; cotyledon consisting of single layer of upper and lower epidermis covered with a thin cuticle; epidermal cells thin-walled, rectangular and parenchymatous followed by mesophyll, consisting of angular parenchymatous cells, filled with numerous simple starch grains and protein bodies also present. Po"d#r$

=hitish in colour; shows broken pieces of testa; parenchyma cells and starch grains.

105

IDENTITY, PURITY AND STRENT! Forei"n matter 5il , Appendi7 otal Ash 5ot more than < Acid1insoluble ash 5ot more than : Alcohol1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than 9 >ater1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than :6

6.6.6. per cent, Appendi7 per cent, Appendi7 per cent, Appendi7 per cent, Appendi7

6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

T.".C. T.%.&. of $etroleum ether +0-608& extractive of 'lcoholic extract on silica gel I>I plate using Toluene) 7thyl 7thyl acetate +) v1v, on spraying with 'nisaldehyde- :ulphuric acid reagent and heating heating the plate, for five minutes minutes at 0!8& shows seven seven spots at Rf. 0.20 +reddish +reddish violet, violet, 0.2 +reddish violet, 0.AA +reddish violet, 0.!! +reddish violet, 0.6A +reddish violet, 0.! +reddish violet and 0.< +reddish violet.

CONSTITUENTS >alactosyl inositol and six oleanane glycosides glycosides -aFukisaponins *, **, ***, *5, 5 and 5*.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * u!arppu (?õ˜Š¹) C#$ai * Acai!u (Ü¬-:), #laku (Þô°) #%a& * 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) 'ri#& * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$# * Ci@unrperukki (CÁc˜ªð¼‚A), u!arppi (?õ˜Š), 4ram¡kki ("óñ£ C*+ai ‚A) IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS #racakanthi $euku (Þó-è‰F ªñ.°), %iraBai 3aBakam ( ó‡¬$ õ$è‹) T!ERAPEUTIC USES AiyanIykaG (H'4£8è;), +aiccal ( èP*-%), +ouppaik +u@aikkum (ªè £.Š¬ð‚ °¬#‚°‹), +uGirk¡yccal (°2˜è£8*-%), +uEmam (°9ñ‹), 3kkam ()‚è‹), +allaik +araikkum (è%¬ô‚ è¬ó‚°‹)

91 < ml tice daily. daily. DOSE 1 Decoction 91 91 ; " coarse poder in 6 ml of ater for preparin" decoction. 106

35. KOTTAM (ROOT)

K155AM (Root) - «è£†ì‹ +IBBam is the dried root of &aussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch . Syn. &. la$$a (Decne.) C.. Clarke Clarke (Fam. Asterace Asteraceae), ae), a tall, robust, robust, perennia perenniall herb : to 6 m. hei"ht found in 0imalaya 0imalayas, s, +ashmir at an altitude of 6< to 9= m.M culti!ated in 0imachal %radesh, 4ttranchal and SikkimM roots collected in September12ctober. September12ctober. #t "ros in +u@iPci thiai. SYNONYMS

amil Assamese en"ali /u'rati 0indi +annada +ashmiri $alayalam $arathi 2riya %un'abi Sanskrit elu"u 4rdu

* * * * * * * * * * * * * *

+I[Bam ('è£X$‹), +ur¡ (°ó£), 2li (a@) +ud, +ur +udo 4pleta, +ath +utha Chan"al +ustha +uth +ottam 4pleta, +ustha +udha +uth +ustha, Amaya, %akala Chan"al!a +oshtu Zust

DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic 3rug greyish to dull brown, thick, stout, fusiform to cylindrical, < to ! cm. long, .0 to !.! cm. broad, thicker roots with collapsed collapsed center; occasionally occasionally ridged, wrinkles longitudinal longitudinal and anastomosed; anastomosed; rootlets rootlets rarely present; cut surface shows shows two regions under 0 x; outer periderm ring thin, inner porous woody portion lighter in colour showing fine radial striations and often the central portion collapsed; fracture short, horny; odour strong, characteristically aromatic; taste slightly bitter.

b) Microscopic Microscopic Transverse section of thin root shows thin periderm, followed by broad Fone of phloem and still broader Fone of xylem traversed by wide medullary rays; cork A to ! layered wide, secondary cort cortic ical al cells cells poly polygo gona nal, l, mostl mostly y elon elonga gated ted;; secon seconda dary ry phlo phloem em consi consist stss of mostl mostly y stora storage ge 107

parenchyma, small groups of sieve tubes and companion cells and often phloem fibres, bast fibres thick-w thick-wall alled, ed, lignif lignified ied,, upto upto A!0 Hm in length length,, with with many many simple simple pits pits associa associated ted with with fibres, fibres, tracheids and parenchyma; wood fibres smaller than bast fibres; with wider lumen and obtusely taperi tapering ng ends; ends; medull medullary ary rays rays multis multiseri eriate ate and wider wider in phloem phloem region region;; resin resin canals canals found found throughout as large cavities; some roots possess a central cylinder of sclerenchyma, while others have parenchymatous parenchymatous center with scattered xylem elements; elements; in older roots, wood parenchyma parenchyma collapses and takes a spongy appearance in the center of root; inulin present in storage parenchyma. Po"d#r$

3eep or rusty brown; shows irregular bits of yellow, brown or orange-red fragments of resins and oil drops associated with thin-walled parenchymatous cells; broken bits of xylem vessels with scalariform, reticulate thickening


6 per cent, Appendi7 ; per cent, Appendi7 : per cent, Appendi7 :6 per cent, Appendi7 6 per cent, Appendi7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

T.".C. T.%.&. T.%.&. of &hloroform &hloroform extractive extractive of the 'lcoholic 'lcoholic extract on silica gel I>I plate using nJutanol )'cetic 'cid ) =ater +!)) v1v, on spraying with 'nisaldehyde- :ulphuric acid reagent and heating the the plate, for five minutes at 0!8& shows nine spots at Rf. 0.A, 0.A, 0.!0, 0.! +violet, 0.6, 0.6 +violet, 0.< +dark violet, 0.6 + grey, 0.0 and 0.< +dark violet.

CONSTITUENTS &ostunolide, K-cyclocostunolide, D-cyclocostunolide, isoalantolactone, mokkolactone and dehydrocostus lactone.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * +aippu (¬èŠ¹), 3i@u!i@uppu (>Á>ÁŠ¹) C#$ai * #laku (Þô°) #%a& * 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) 'ri#& * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$# * +Iaiyaka@@i ('è£¬öè!&), %acitttBi (ðC5QG‡/), 4ram¡kki C*+ai ("óñ£‚A), 3eppamuB¡kki (ªõŠðº‡$£‚A ), 3iyar!aiyuB¡kki (>˜¬õE‡$£‚A )

108

IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS Amirt¡tik +uGikai (ÜJ˜(£F‚ °2¬è), +cari #Gakam ( 'è-B Þ3è‹), +IrIcaEai $¡ttirai ('è£'ó£-¬0 ñ£5F¬ó), %ittacurak +uBinr (5(²ó‚ °/c˜), 3acanta +ucum¡karam (õ-‰( °²ñ£èó‹), 3all¡rai 5ey (õ%ô£¬ó ª48) T!ERAPEUTIC USES #raippu (Þ¬óŠ¹), #rumal (Þ¼ñ%), $lam (Rô‹), 5aPcu (4U²), IBam ('(£$‹) DOSE 1 %oder 6 1 ; "

109

36. KOTTHUMALLI VITHAI (FRUIT)

KOT!T!UMA""I 'ITAI (r#it) - !è£ˆ¶ñ(< M¬î +oththuma +oththumalli lli 3itai 3itai is the dried, dried, ripe fruit of of Coriandrum sativum L. (Fam.Apiaceae), a slender, "labrous, branched, annual aromatic herb 9 to T cm. hi"hM e7tensi!ely culti!ated throu"hout #ndiaM crop matures in 6 or 9 months after soin"M herb is pulled out ith rootsM dried and fruits fruits threshe threshed, d, innoed innoed,, and stored stored in ba"s, ba"s, after after proper proper dryin" dryin" #t "ros in $ullai $ullai and $arutham thiai. SYNONYMS


$alli (ñ%@), aEiy¡ ((I£), 4ruGarici ("¼3BC) Dhaniya Dhane, Dhania Coriander fruit Dhana Dhaniya 0a!i'a, +othambari bi'a Dhanial, Dhanaal $alli, +o +othampatayari Dhane, +othimbir Dhania Dhania Dhanyaka, Danya, 3itunnaka, +ustumburu Dhaniyalu +ishneeU

/ruit globular, mericarps usually united by their margins margins forming a cremocarp about about 2 to  mm. mm. in diameter diameter,, unifor uniformly mly browni brownish-y sh-yello ellow w or brown, brown, glabro glabrous, us, sometim sometimes es crowne crowned d by the remains of sepals and styles, primary ridges 0, wavy and slightly inconspicuous, secondary ridges , straigh straight, t, and more more promi prominen nent; t; endosp endosperm erm coelos coelosperm permous ous;; odour odour aromat aromatic; ic; taste taste spicy spicy and characteristic.


Transverse section of fruit shows pericarp with outer epidermis, with slightly thickened anticlinal anticlinal wall, a few stomata, stomata, and many cells cells with small prisms of calcium calcium oxalate; trichomes trichomes absent; outer layer of mesocarp parenchymatous with inner cells in wavy longitudinal rows and degenerated vittae as tangentially flattened cavities; middle layer of mesocarp sclerenchymatous, forming a thick layer of fusiform pitted cells in very sinuous rows, layers often crossing at right angles with definite longitudinal strands in the secondary ridges; sinuous primary cosate with some spiral vessel; inner cells of mesocarp, large, hexagonal with rather thin, lignified walls; inner epider epidermis mis of very narrow narrow thin-w thin-walle alled d cells cells slight slightly ly sinuou sinuouss anticl anticlina inall wall showin showing g parMue parMuetry try arrangement; two or rarely more, normal vittae occurring on commissural side of each mesocarp containing volatile oil; endosperm of thick-walled cellulosic parenchyma containing much fixed oil, numerous aleurone grains, about  to  in diameter containing micro rosettes of calcium oxalate; split carpophore passing at apex of each mericarp into raphe, adBacent adBacent to which is a large cavity; inner side of this is a flattened vascular strand; carpophore consists of fibres surrounded by spiral vessels. Po"d#r$

/awn to brown; epidermal cells of pericarp when present, slightly thick-walled and many containing small prism of calcium oxalate; parenchymatous cells of mesocarp without reticulate thickening thickening;; masses of sclerenchym sclerenchymatous atous cells of mesocarp in sinuous sinuous rows, often crossing at right angles, large tubular hexagonal rather thin-walled sclerenchymatous cells of endocarp; cells of inner epidermis with slightly sinuous anticlinal walls; thick-walled polygonal parenchymatous cells of endosperm, containing fixed oil and numerous small aleurone grains and micro rosettes of calcium oxalate.

IDENTITY, PURITY AND STRENT! Forei"n matter 5ot more than otal ash 5ot more than Acid insoluble ash 5ot less than Alcohol soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than >ater soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than 3ola 3olatitile le oil oil 5ot 5ot less less than than

6 per cent, Appendi7 6.6.6. = per cent, Appendi7 6.6.9. :.< per cent, Appendi7 6.6.;. : per cent, Appendi7 6.6.=. :T per cent, Appendi7 6.6.8 .9 .9 per per cent cent !H, !H, Appe Append ndi7 i7 6.6. 6.6.: :

T.".C. T.%.&. of 'lcoholic extract of the drug on aluminium plate precoated with silica gel 60 / 2! +7. (erck 0.2 mm. thickness using Toluene) 7thyl acetate +) shows four spots under 45 +A66 nm. at Rf. 0.2,0.A, 0. and 0.!2 +all red. Cn exposure to iodine vapours seven spots appear at Rf. 0.20, 0.2<, 0.2<, 0.A6, 0.A, 0., 0., 0.
CONSTITUENTS :-+Q-linalool, gnaphaloside ' N J, Muercetin, isorhamnetin, rutin, luteolin, furoisocoumarins - coriandrin and dihydro coriandrin, coriandrones '-7.

111

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) C#$ai * #laku (Þô°), 5oymai (ª4£8¬ñ) #%a& * aBpa!eppam ((6ðªõŠð‹) 'ri#& * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$# * AkaBBu!¡y!aka@@i (Üè6=õ£8õè!&), Ci@unrperukki C*+ai (CÁc˜ªð¼‚A), %acitttBi (ðC5QG‡/), 3eppamuB¡kki (ªõŠðº‡$£‚A) IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS #Pci 3aBakam (ÞUC õ$è‹), 5¡rathtai #Gakam ( 4£ó5¬( Þ3è‹), %ittacurak +uBinr (5(²ó‚ °/c˜) T!ERAPEUTIC USES C¡r¡ya!e@i (-£ó£ªõ&), +uGirk¡yccal (°2˜è£8*-%), 5¡!a@aBci ( 4£õ#6C), %u (¹‡), ¡kam ((£è‹), 3¡nti (õ£‰F), %ittam¡ntam (5(ñ£‰(‹), 3ikkal (>‚è%), 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) DOSE 1 %oder : 1 9" Decoction 6 1 9 ml tice daily. 61 9 " coarse poder in 6 ml of ater for preparin" decoction

112

37. KUNDRI MANI (SEED)

KU9IMA>I (S4) - ."/ñ8 +uE@imai is the seed of Abrus $recatorius L. (Fam.%apilionaceae), a climber common in the plains of #ndia and ascendin" to T m. in the 0imalayasM seeds are poisonous to cattle. he seeds seeds are sub'ec sub'ected ted to purifi purificat cation ion proce process ss (cutt (cutti) i) before before use. use. #t "ros "ros in +u@iPc +u@iPci,i, $ullai $ullai,, $arutham and %¡lai thiai. SYNONYMS


+uE@i (°9&), +uE@i!ittu (°9&>5?), +uBumai (°‡=ñM) &ati +unch, Shonkainch NeRuirity &ati, Chanothee &atti, /hun"chi /alu"an'i, /u /ula"un'ee +unni, Cu!anna +unni /un'a +ainch &atti /un'a, &aktika, +akananti /uri"inia, /uru!enda /hon"cha, &atti

:eed ovoid or sub globular, ! to  mm. long,  to ! mm. broad with the smooth, glossy surface and bright scarlet colour; hilum a black patch. The weight of 00 seeds is between 2 to A g

b) Microscopic Microscopic Transverse section of seed shows testa composed of radially much elongated cells, arranged irregularly and measuring ! to !0 Hm in length; inner region of testa consists of collapsed cells forming a hyaline layer; endosperm composed of thick-walled cellulosic parenchyma, isodiametric cells larger towards inside, walls mainly of hemicellulose and swell considerably in water; outer one or two layers of cells formed of rather smaller cells, walls of which swell to a less extent in water. 113

Po"d#r$

&ream in colour; shows fragments of thick walled lignified palisade-like testa; pieces of numerous numerous endosperm endosperm cells containing containing starch; a few rectangular, rectangular, thick walled stone cells having wide lumen; simple, oval to rounded, starch grains measuring A to0 Hm in diameter.


6 per cent, Appendi7 9 per cent, Appendi7 .< per cent, Appendi7 9 per cent, Appendi7 :< per cent, Appendi7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

T.".C. T.%.&. of 'lcoholic extract on silica gel I>I plate using Toluene) 7thyl acetate) /ormic acid +!)) shows under 45 +A66 nm seven spots fluorescent Fones visible at Rf. 0.A0, 0.A!, 0. 0.6, 0.< +all blue, 0.! and 0. +both green. Cn spraying with 9 (ethanolic -:ulphuric acid reagent and heating the plate for five minutes at 0!& three spots appear at Rf. 0.2<, 0.<< and 0.! +all violet.

CONSTITUENTS 'brine, hypaphorine, choline, trigonelline, precatorine, ! D-cholanic acid, antitumour proteins - abrin ' and J, globulin, arabinose, hemagglutin glucoside, abralin, stigmasterol, stigmasterol, Dsitosterol,abrus saponin * and **.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * +aippu (¬èŠ¹) C#$ai * #laku (Þô°), +rmai (˜¬ñ), 3a@aBci ( õ#6C) #%a& * 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) 'ri#& * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$# * 5rmalampIkki (c˜ñô‹'ð£‚A), 4ram¡kki ("óñ£‚A) C*+ai IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS $ak¡!acanta +ucum¡karam ( ñè£õ-‰( °²ñ£èó‹), $c¡mpara %a@@u(+uE@ippa@@u) (R-£‹ðó ð!Á[°9&Šð!Á\) T!ERAPEUTIC USES Aal 5Iy (Üö% '4£8), Aiya 5Iy (H '4£8), +a 5Iy (è‡ '4£8), +¡m¡lai (è£ñ 3iyar!aiyIBukBiya $u@aiccuram (>˜¬õ'£=/ º¬#*²ó‹ ) £¬ô), 3iyar!aiyIBukBiya 114

administered as a sin"le dru" dru" #t should be used only in combination. combination. DOSE 1 #t cannot be administered

115

38. KURO&HANI OMAM (SEED)

KUR1CË>I 1MAM (S4) - .«ó££8 ?ñ‹ +urIc¡ +urIc¡i i ^mam ^mam is the the see seedd of +yoscyamus niger L. L. (Fam. Solanaceae), an annual or biennial foetid herb upto < ft. hi"hM hi"hM nati!e to the $editerranean $editerranean re"ion and temperate Asia, Asia, but also occurrin" in >estern 0imalayas from +ashmir to +umaon at an altitude of := to ; m.M seeds are imported into #ndia.#t "ros in +u@iPci thiai. thiai. SYNONYMS

amil * en"ali * Kn"lish * /u'rati * 0indi * +annada * $alayalam * $arathi * %un'abi * Sanskrit * elu"u * 4rdu * DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic

+¡rapi (è£ó), +¡rca!ai ( è£˜-¬õ), ippiyam (FŠ‹) +horasani a'an 0enbane +hurasanee a'ma, +huras rasanee a'mo +hurasanee a'!ayan +hurasa'nee, A'aaana +hurasaanee, %a %aarasika, Qa Qa!aani +hurasanee o!a +hurasanee a'!ain, an"ideana %arasikaya!ani, +hurasani ya!ani, urusaka, $adakarini +urasanee !amu, +hurasanee omam A'!ayanee, +hursanee

:eeds irregularly irregularly reniform or sub-Muadra sub-Muadrate, te, slightly over a mm. in siFe, dark grey, surface concave, odour pleasantly aromatic; taste bitter, mucilaginous and pungent.

b) Microscopic Microscopic Transverse section of seed shows the presence of a thick cuticle, testa with two layers, outer one with a row of osteosclereids, ranging from !0 to 0 Hm in siFe, inner one with crushed parenchyma; endosperm cells thin walled, containing oil globules; embryo embryo coiled; starch absent. Po"d#r$

3ark brown; aromatic smell, bitter mucilagenous taste and an oily texture; shows a number of flask-shaped or dumb-bell shaped osteosclereids; fragments of testa in surface view, showing cells with sinuous walls; powder when treated with :udan *5 and mounted in glycerine shows the presence of oil globules which turn orange red; powder cleared with dilute nitric acid shows surface view of sculpturing on testa. 116

IDENTITY, PURITY AND STRENT!

Forei"n matter otal Ash Acid1insoluble ash Alcohol1soluble e7tracti!e >ater1soluble e7tracti!e

5ot more than 5ot more than 5ot more than 5ot less than 5ot less than

6 ; : := :


6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

ASSAY #$T%& densitometric estimation of hyoscyamine. TLC %'t#s

'luminium plate precoated with silica gel 60 / 2! +7. (erck 0.2 mm thickness. So(#nt s)st#*

Toluene) 7thyl acetate) 3iethylamine +6.0)A.0).0. T#st sotion

0 g of powdered drug is accularately weighed and refluxed with (ethanol +2 x !0 ml for 2 hr. The combined extract is concentrated to 0 ml and extracted with 2( #ydrochloric acid +2 x ! ml. The aMueous solution is shaken with 2 x 2! ml portions of $etroleum ether +60-0 to remove remove fatty material. The p# of the aMueous solution solution is adBusted to 0 using strong ammonia ammonia soluti solution on and extracted extracted with &hlorof &hloroform orm +A x A0 ml. ml. The combin combined ed &hlorofo &hloroform rm extract extract is concentrated and adBusted the volume to 0 ml with &hloroform. St'nd'rd sotion

.0 mg1ml stock solution of hyoscyamine hyoscyamine is prepared in (ethanol. (ethanol. 'liMuots of 0.! 0.! to A ml in increments of 0.! ml is pipetted out into 0 ml volumetric flask and made upto the volume with (ethanol. C'i-r'tion .r(#

0 Hl of each concentr concentrati ation on of standar standard d solution solution is applied applied on T%& plate. plate. The plate plate is developed in the solvent solvent system to a distance of  cm. and dried in a current of hot air. The plate is scanned scanned in the T%& scanner at 20 nm. The peak area for each concentration concentration of hyoscyamin hyoscyaminee is recorded and the calibration curve is got. Esti*'tion o/ 3)os.)'*in# in t3# dr+

0 Hl of the test solution solution is applied applied on T%& plate. plate. The plate plate is developed developed in the solvent solvent system to a distance of  cm. and the chromatogram is recorded and area of the peak is noted. The amou amount nt of hyos hyoscy cyam amin inee in the the test test samp sample le is dete determ rmin ined ed from from the the cali calibr brat atio ion n curv curvee of hyoscyamine. The percentage of hyoscyamine ranges from 0.006 to 0.0 in the samples analyFed. 117

T.".C. T.%.&. T.%.&. of the (ethanol (ethanolic ic extrac extractt on silica silica gel I>I plate plate using using Toluen Toluene) e) 7thyl 7thyl acetate acetate)) diethylamine diethylamine +<)2) +<)2) shows under under 45 +A66 nm one fluorescent fluorescent spot at Rf. 0. +blue. 'fter spraying spraying with with 'nisald 'nisaldehy ehydede- :ulphur :ulphuric ic acid acid reagent reagent and heating heating the the plate plate at 0!& until the colour develops, the plate shows three spots at Rf. 0.0 +brown, 0. +brown, 0.6 +greenish brown. 'fter spraying with modified 3ragendorff reagent spots appear at Rf.0.0, 0.<<, 0.6, 0.2A 0.2A and 0.0.

CONSTITUENTS #yoscyamine, hyoscine, isomeric P-oxides of hyoscyamine +eMuatorial and axial, hyoscine-P-oxide +eMuatorial isomer, tropine; 6V- acetoxyhyoscyamilactol, daturalactone-, hyoscyamilactol; cannabisin 3, cannabisin >, grossamide, hyoscyamide; rutin; daucosterol, Ositosterol, myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids, -C- +W, 2W-octadecadienoyl glycerol, -C-octadecanoylglycerol, -C- +W-2W-octadecadienoyl -AC-+W-Cctadecenoyl glycerol, -C- +W, 2W-octadecadienoyl -A-C-nonadecanoyl glycerol, -C- +W,2Woctadecadienoyl -2-C- +W,2W-octadecadienoyl glycerol, P-trans-feruloyl tyramine,, 2tetracosanediol diferulate and vanillic acid.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * Ci@ukaippu (CÁ¬èŠ¹), +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) C#$ai * imai (F‡¬ñ), 3a@aBci ( õ#6C) #%a& * 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) 'ri#& * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$# * Ci@unr +u@aipaBaperukki (CÁc˜ °¬#ð$ªð¼‚A), #ci!aka@@i C*+ai (ÞCõè!&), ¡tu!eppaka@@i ((£?ªõŠðè!&), uyaraBakki (?ó$‚A), 4@akkamuB¡kki ("#‚èº‡$£‚A ) IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS Carapu-ka 3il!¡ti #Gakam ( -ó¹ƒè >%õ£F Þ3è‹), +ap¡Ba $¡tthirai ( èð£$ ñ £5F¬ó), 5anthi $euku (4‰F ªñ.°), ippili #r¡c¡yaEam (FŠ@ Þó£-£0‹), 3ep cai 5ey (ªõ‡L-M ª48) T!ERAPEUTIC USES ?rampa %aittiyam (Ýó‹ð ¬ð5F‹), Ctaka!ali (+(èõ@), Ctaka!¡yu (+(èõ £E), $ant¡ra #raippu (ñ‰(£ó Þ¬óŠ¹), 5iEai!u aBum¡@@am ( V¬0: (=ñ£!#‹), amaraka aBippu ((ñóè (/Š¹), kkamiEmai (G‚èJ9¬ñ), %allaBi 5IykaG (ð%ô/ '4£8è;)

:6< 1 < m" DOSE 1 %oder :6< 118

3%. MAN"AL (RHI#OME)

MA;CA: (R8i
amil

* AricaEam (ÜB-0‹), +¡EcaEi (è£9-I), $aPcaG +ia-ku ( ñU-; Aöƒ°), 5ici (VC), %tam (K(‹) Assamese * 0aldhi, 0aladhi en"ali * 0alud, 0aldi Kn"lish * urmeric /u'rati * 0aldar 0indi * 0aldi, 0ardi +annada * Arishina +ashmiri * Leadar, Ladhir $alayalam * $an'al $arathi * 0alad 2riya * 0aladi %un'abi * 0aldi, 0aldar Sanskrit * 0aridra, &a'ant, 5isa, 5isi, &atri, +sanada, Dosa elu"u * %asupu 4rdu * 0aldi DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic RhiFomes ovate, oblong or pyriform +round turmeric or cylindrical, often short branched +long turmeric, former about half as broad as long, latter 2 to ! cm. long and about  to . cm. thick, thick, extern externally ally yello yellowish wish to yello yellowish wish-bro -brown wn with with root root scars scars and annula annulatio tions ns of leaf bases; bases; fracture horny, fractured surface orange to reddish brown; central cylinder twice as broad as cortex; odour and taste characteristic.


Transverse Transverse section section of rhiFome rhiFome shows shows epidermis epidermis with thick-walled, thick-walled, cubical cells of various various dimensions; a few layers of cork developed under epidermis and oleo-resin cells with brownish cont conten ents ts scatt scattere ered; d; cork cork gene genera rally lly compo composed sed of  to 6 laye layers rs of thin thin-wa -wall lled ed,, brick brick-sh -shap aped ed parenchyma; cortex characteriFed by the presence of mostly thin-walled rounded parenchyma cells and scattered collateral vascular bundles; cells of ground tissue contain starch grains of  to ! Hm in diameter; oil cell with suberised walls containing either orange-yellow globules of volatile oil or amorphous resinous matter; vessels mainly spirally thickened, a few reticulate and annular. Po"d#r$

"ellow; shows fragments of cork cells; parenchyma cells with gelatinised starch grains; oleo-resin cells with brownish content; vessels with spiral thickening; a few oil globules; starch grains simple, rounded, measuring  to ! Hm in diameter. Id#nti/i.'tion

. Cn the addition addition of concent concentrated rated :ulphuri :ulphuricc acid or a mixture mixture of concentrat concentrated ed :ulphuric :ulphuric acid acid and alcohol to the powdered drug, a deep crimson colour is produced. 2. ' piece of filter filter paper is impregna impregnated ted with an alcohol alcoholic ic extract extract of the powder, powder, dried, dried, and then moistened with a solution of Joric acid slightly acidified with #ydrochloric acid, dried again, the filter paper assumes a pink or brownish red colour which becomes deep blue or greenish-black on the additXion of alkali.

IDENTITY, PURITY AND STRENT! Forei"n matter 5ot more than otal Ash 5ot more than Acid1insoluble ash 5ot more than Alcohol1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than >ater1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than 3olatile oil 5ot less than

6 T :  :6 ;

per cent, Appendi7 per cent, Appendi7 per cent, Appendi7 per cent, Appendi7 per cent, Appendi7 per cent, Appendi7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8. 6.6.:

T.".C. T.%.&. of 'lcoholic extract of the drug on aluminium plate precoated with silica gel 60 /2! +7. (erck 0.2 mm. thickness thickness using Toluene) 7thyl 7thyl acetate +) shows five spots under 45 +A66 nm nm at Rf. 0.0 0.0 +yellow +yellow, , 0.! 0.! +green +greenish ish yellow yellow, , 0.A, 0.A, 0. and 0. 0. +all sky blue blue.. =ith 'nisaldehyde- :ulphuric acid reagent and heating the plate for five minutes at 0!& ten spots appear at Rf. 0.0 +blackish yellow, 0.! +dull yellow, 0.2, 0.A!, 0.A, 0.! +all violet, 0.! +light pink, 0.6 +violet, 0.2 +red and 0. +pink.

CONSTITUENTS &urcumin, desmethoxy curcumin, bisdemethoxy curcumin, dihydrocurcumin, D-turmerone, bisabolane derivatives, ukonan ', J, & N 3 phytosterols phytosterols and fatty acids.

120

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * +aippu (¬èŠ¹), +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) C#$ai * 3a@aBci (õ#6C) #%a& * 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) 'ri#& * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$# * AkaBBu!¡y!aka@@i (Üè6=õ£8õè!&), Oral @@i (ó% '(!&), C*+ai 3eppamuB¡kki (ªõŠðº‡$£‚A ) IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS Cnthil 5ey (S‰F% ª48), +ummaBBik +uampu (°‹ñ6/‚ °ö‹¹), 5¡kaccentram (4£è*ª-‰Gó‹), %iraBai 3aBakam ( ó‡¬$ õ$è‹), %iBa-ku 5¡@ikkuBinr ($ƒ° 4 £&‚°/c˜), 3all¡rai 5ey (õ%ô£¬ó ª48), 3eG!a-kap %a@pam ( ªõ;õƒèŠ ð!ð‹) T!ERAPEUTIC USES AalH%ittam (Üö%75(‹), Aiya 5IykaG ( H '4£8è;), $kkunr %¡yccal (R‚°c˜ ð£8*-%), %u (¹‡), 3ali (õ@), 3¡nti (õ£‰F), 3kkam ()‚è‹), 3aGi (õ2)

<6 1 =< m" DOSE 1 %oder <6

121

4!. MARAMAN"AL (STEM)

MARAMA;CA: (St&) - ñóñ&= $aramaPcaG is the the dri dried ste stem of ,erberis aristata DC. DC. 3ar. 3ar. aristata . (Fam. erect, spinous, spinous, deciduous deciduous shrub, shrub, usually usually :. to 9.= m. in hei"ht found found in the ,erberidaceae), an erect, 0imalayas at an ele!ation altitude of : to 9 m., and in the 5il"iri hills in South #ndia. #t "ros in +u@iPci thiai. SYNONYMS

amil * en"ali * Kn"lish * /u'rati * 0indi * +annada * $alayalam * $arathi * 2riya * %un'abi * Sanskrit * elu"u * 4rdu * DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic

+¡lyakam (è£'ôè‹), ¡ru!i ((£¼>) Daruharidra #ndian berberry Daruharidra, Daruhuladur Daruhaldi, Darhald $aradarishana, $aradarishina, Daruhaladi $aramannal, $a $araman'nal Daruhalad Daruharidra, Daruhalidi Sumalu Daruharidra, Dar!i, +atamkateri $anupasupu Darhald

3rug available in pieces of variable length and thickness, bark about 0. to 0. cm. thick, pale yellowish-brown, soft, closely and rather deeply furrowed, rough, brittle, xylem portion yello yellow, w, more more or less hard, radiat radiatee with with xylem xylem rays; rays; pith pith mostly mostly absent, absent, when when presen presentt small, small, yellowish-brown when dried; fracture short in bark region, splintery in xylem; taste bitter.

b) Microscopic Microscopic :hows rhytidoma with cork consisting consisting of A to ! rows of rectangular rectangular and sMuarish, yellow yellow St#* - :hows coloured, coloured, thin-walled thin-walled cells arranged arranged radially; sieve elements elements irregular in shape, thin-walled, thin-walled, a few cells containing yellowish-brown contents; phloem fibres arranged in tangential rows, consisting of  to  cells, each fibre short thick-walled, spindle-shaped, lignified having wide lumen; half inner portion of rhytidoma traversed by secondary phloem rays; phloem rays run obliMuely consisting of radial radially ly elonga elongated ted parenc parenchy hymat matous ous cells, cells, almost almost all phloem phloem ray cells cells having having single single prisma prismatic tic crystals of calcium oxalate, a few cells of rhytidoma also contain prismatic crystals of calcium 122

oxalat oxalate, e, stone stone cells cells also also found found scatte scattered red in phloem phloem ray cells in group groups, s, rarely rarely single single,, mostly mostly elongated, a few rounded, arranged radially, some of which contain a single prism of calcium oxalate oxalate crystals; crystals; secondary secondary phloem, phloem, a broad Fone, consisting consisting of sieve elements and phloem phloem fibres, traversed by multiseriate phloem rays; sieve elements arranged in tangential bands and tangentially compressed cells alternating with single to five rows of phloem fibres; short, lignified, thick-walled having pointed ends; secondary xylem broad consisting of xylem vessels, tracheids, xylem fibres and traver traversed sed by multis multiseri eriate ate xylem xylem rays; rays; xylem xylem vessels vessels numero numerous, us, small small to medium medium siFed, siFed, distributed throughout xylem region in groups or in singles, groups of vessels usually arranged radially; isolated vessels cylindrical with rounded or proBected at one or both ends with spiral thickening; xylem fibres numerous, lignified, large, thick-walled with wide lumen and pointed tips; xylem rays Muite distinct, straight, multiseriate, consisting of radially arranged rectangular cells, each ray A0 to !A cells high, high,  to 2 cells wide, a few ray cells containing brown contents. Po"d#r$

"ellow; shows mostly fragments of cork cells; sieve elements, yellow coloured phloem fibres entire or in pieces; stone cells in singles or in groups; numerous prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate; xylem vessels having sprial thickening; thick-walled, lignified xylem fibres and ray cells; when an extract of the powder with chloroform and methanol is exposed under near 45 light +2!, A66 nm. shows dark yellow and greenish yellow fluorescence respectively.


6 per cent, Appendi7 :; per cent, Appendi7 < per cent, Appendi7 = per cent, Appendi7  per cent, Appendi7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

ASSAY T%& densitometric estimation of berberine. TLC %'t#s

'luminium plate precoated with silica gel 60 / 2! +7. (erck 0.2 mm. thickness. So(#nt s)st#*

Jutanol) 7thyl 7thyl acetate) 'cetic acid ) =ater +A)!)).

n-

T#st sotion

0 g of powdered drug is extracted in a :oxhlet apparatus with n-#exane +!0 ml to defat the material material +! to < hr. and further further extracted extracted with (ethanol (ethanol +!0 ml + to  hr.. The extract extract is filtered and concentrated and dried in vacuo. 2 mg of the residue is taken and dissolved in  ml of (ethanol.

123

St'nd'rd sotion

 mg of the reference compound, berberine is dissolved, in  ml of (ethanol.

C'i-r'tion .r(#

The calibration curve is drawn for berberine with  data points  to  Hl of the standard solution solution is applied on a T%& plate. The plate is developed developed in the solvent system to a distance of  cm. The plate is scanned densitometr densitometrically ically at A66 nm. The peak area under curve is recorded and plotted the calibration curve for berberine. Esti*'tion o/ -#r-#rin# in t3# dr+

 Hl of the test solution in triplicate triplicate is applied on T%& T%& plate. The plate is developed developed in the solvent system and recorded the chromatogram. The amount of berberine present in the samples is calculated from the calibration curve of the standard. The percentage of berberine varies from 2.
T.".C. T.%.&. of the (ethanolic extract of the drug on aluminium plate precoated with silica gel 60 /2! +7. (erck 0.2 mm. thickness thickness using Jutanol) Jutanol) 7thyl acetate) 'cetic acid) =ater +A)!)) +A)!)) and visulaliFatio visulaliFation n with 3ragendor 3ragendorff ff solution solution reagent reagent shows seven seven spots spots at Rf. 0.!, 0.!, 0.2, 0.26 +all +all yellowish brown, 0.A2 +dark orange red, 0.0 +yellowish brown, 0.! +orange red and 0.6< +dark orange red, berberine marker.

CONSTITUENTS Jerberine, oxycanthine, palmatine, BatrorrhiFine, karachine, taxilamine, pakistanine, kalashine, chitraline and  - o - methyl pakistanine.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * +aippu (¬èŠ¹) C#$ai * 3a@aBci (õ#6C) #%a& * 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) 'ri#& * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$# * %acitttBi (ðC5QG‡/), 4ram¡kki ("óñ£‚A), 3eppaka@@i C*+ai (ªõŠðè!&) IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS C¡mpir¡ipp %ata-kam (-£‹ó£MŠL ð(ƒè‹)

124

T!ERAPEUTIC USES Cu!aiyiEmai (²¬õO9¬ñ), +aam (è,‹), +¡¡curam (è£,£²ó‹), $la 5Iy ( Rô '4£8), 4Bcuram ("6²ó‹)

91 < ml tice daily. daily. DOSE 1 Decoction 91 < " coarse poder in 6 ml of ater for preparin" decoction.

125

41. MARUDHAM PATTAI (STEM BARK)

MARUT!AM PA5AI (St& bar+) - ñ6î‹ ð†¬ì $aru $aruttham ham %aBJ %aBJaai is the ste stem bark bark of #erminal #erminalia ia ar!una ar!una (&o7b.) >. Y A. (Fam. Combretaceae), Combretaceae), a lar"e deciduous tree commonly found throu"hout the "reater parts of the country, and also planted for shade and and ornamental purpose.#t "ros in $arutham $arutham and 5eythal 5eythal thiai. thiai. SYNONYMS

amil * ArccuEam (Ü˜*²0‹), #ntiraE %¡r (Þ‰Fó9 ð£˜), 3eGGai $arutamaram (ªõ;¬3 ñ¼(ñó‹) Assamese * Ar'un en"ali * Ar'una /u'rati * Sadad, Ar'una, Sa'ada 0indi * Ar'una +annada * $atti, i ilimatti, 5e 5eermatti, $a $athichakke, +u +udare +i +i!imase $alayalam * 5irmasuthu, 3ellamaruthi thi, +ellemasuth uthu, $attimora, $arathi * Ar'una, Sadada 2riya * Ar'una %un'abi * Ar'on Sanskrit * Ar'una, +akubha, %artha, S!eta!aha elu"u * $addi 4rdu * Ar'un DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic Jark available in pieces, flat, curved, channelled to half Muilled, 0.2 to .! cm. thick, market samples upto 0 cm. in length and up to < cm. in width, outer surface somewhat smooth and grey, inner surface somewhat fibrous and pinkish, transversely cut smoothened bark shows pinkish surface; fracture short in inner and laminated in outer part; taste bitter and astringent.

b) Microscopic Microscopic St#* 7'r8 - (ature bark shows cork consisting of  to 0 layers of tangentially elongated cells, a few outer layers filled with brown colouring matter; cork cambium and secondary cortex not distinct and medullary rays observed traversing almost upto outer bark; secondary phloem occupies a wide Fone, consisting of sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma and phloem fibres, traversed by phloem rays, usually uniseriate but biseriate rays also occasionally seen; in the middle and outer outer phloem phloem region region,, sieve sieve tubes tubes get collap collapsed sed and form ceraten ceratenchy chyma; ma; phloem phloem fibres fibres distributed distributed in rows and present in groups of 2 to 0; rosette crystals of calcium calcium oxalate measuring 126

0 to 0 mm in dia., present in most of the phloem parenchyma, alternating with fibres; idioblasts consisting of large cells having aggregates of prismatic and rhomboidal crystals of calcium oxalate in row throughout the Fone, measuring 260 to 600 mm in dia.; starch grains, mostly simple, comp compou ound nd of 2 or A comp compon onen ents, ts, some sometim times es upto upto ! comp compon onen ents, ts, roun round d to oval oval,, elli ellipt ptic ical, al, measuring ! to A mm in dia., distributed throughout the tissue +absent in T.alata; in a tangential section, uniseriate phloem rays 2 to 0 cells high and biseriate,  to 2 cells high; in longitudinal section rosette crystals of calcium oxalate found in the form of strands in phloem parenchyma. Po"d#r$

Reddish-brown; shows fragments of cork cells, uniseriate phloem rays, fibres, a number of rosette crystals of calcium oxalate, a few rhomboidal crystals; starch grains simple and compound, round to oval, elliptic, having 2 or A components with concentric striations measuring ! to A mm in diameter with small narrow hilum; shows pinkish red fluorescence under near 45 light when an extract of the powder with light petroleum +0 to 608 is exposed.


6 per cent, Appendi7 6< per cent, Appendi7 : per cent, Appendi7 6 per cent, Appendi7 6 per cent, Appendi7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

T.".C. T.%.&. of the (ethanolic extract of the drug on aluminium plate precoated with silica gel 60 /2! +7. (erck (erck 0.2 mm thickn thickness ess silica silica using using Tolue Toluene) ne) 7thyl 7thyl acetate acetate)) /ormic /ormic acid) acid) (ethan (ethanol ol +6)A)0.).0 shows nine spots at Rf. 0.0< +grey, 0. +pinkish blue, 0.2A +dark blue, 0.A0 +blue, 0. 0. +dar +dark k blue blue, , 0.! 0.! +grey +grey, , 0.6! 0.6! +grey +grey, , 0.< 0.< +grey +greyis ish h blue blue and and 0.0 0.0 +dark +dark pink pink. . =ith =ith 'nisaldehy 'nisaldehydede- :ulphuric :ulphuric acid reagent reagent and heating the plate at 0!& for ! minutes. minutes. 3evelopment 3evelopment with the solvent system Toluene) 7thyl formate) /ormic acid +!)!)2 shows 6 spots at Rf. 0.<, 0.26, 0.26, 0.A 0.A+ellagic 0.A+ellagic acid marker, marker, 0.!2 and 0.!! +all greyish greyish blue, derivatiFation derivatiFation being carried out with ! per cent methanolic ferric chloride solution.

CONSTITUENTS /riedelin, oleanolic acid, arBunolic acid, arBunic acid, terminic acid, terminoic acid, tomentosic acid, arBunetin, arBungenin, arBun glucoside *,**,***,arBunoletin, arBunin, arBunoside *,**,***,*5,arBunolone,casuarinin, glucotannic acid, catechol, epicatechol,+-gallocatechol, pyrocatechol, ellagic acid, leucodelphinidin, oxalic acid and O-sitosterol.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * u!arppu (?õ˜Š¹) C#$ai * 3a@aBci (õ#6C) #%a& * aBpam ((6ð‹) 'ri#& 127

* +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$# * amaraka 3eppamuB¡kki ((ñóè ªõŠðº‡$£‚A), u!arppi C*+ai (?õ˜Š), 4ram¡kki ("óñ£‚A) IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS +antaka %a@pam (è‰(è ð!ð‹), $arutampaBBai Craam ( ñ¼(‹ð6¬$ +ó,‹) T!ERAPEUTIC USES CuramH+¡yccal CuramH+¡yccal (²ó‹7è£8*-%), #raippirumal (Þ¬óŠ¼ñ%), #tayanIy (Þ('4£8), +aiccal (èP*-%), 5rii!u (cBP:), %u (¹‡), 3eGGai (ªõ;¬3), 3ayi@u 3ali ( õOÁ õ@) DOSE 1 %oder 9 1 = "

128

42. MAVILIN$APATTAI MAVILIN$APATTAI (STEM BARK)

MË'I"I@KAPPA5AI (St& bar+) - ñ£M<4èŠð†¬ì $¡!ili-kappaBJai is the dried stem bark of Crateva Crateva magna magna (Lour.) DC. Syn.C. nurvala uch.10am., C.religiosa Auct. non Foster f. (Fam. Capparidaceae), a small ild or culti!ated tree found throu"hout the year in #ndia, often found alon" streams and also in dry, deep boulder formation in Sub10imalayan tracts.#t "ros in +u@iPci +u@iPci , $ullai, $arutham $arutham and thiai. thiai. SYNONYMS

amil * en"ali * Kn"lish * /u'rati * 0indi * +annada * $alayalam * $arathi * 2riya * %un'abi * Sanskrit * elu"u * DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic

+um¡rakam (°ñ£óè‹), $¡!ila-ku (ñ£>ôƒ°), 3¡rai (õ£óM) 3aruna hree lea!ed caper 3ay!arno, 3arano aruna, arna ipatri, $attama!u, 5eer!alamara 5eermatalam 0ara!arna, 3arun, 3aya!arna aryno arna, arnahi 3aruna, 3arana il!arani

Thickness of bark varies, usually  to .! cm. according to the age and portion of the plant from where the bark is removed; outer surface, greyish to greyish-brown with ash-grey patches; at places, surface rough due to a number of lenticels, shallow fissures and a few vertical or longitudinal ridges; inner surface smooth and cream white in colour; fracture tough and short; odour indistinct; taste slightly bitter.

b) Microscopic Microscopic Transverse section of mature stem bark shows an outer cork composed of thin-walled, rectangular and tangentially elongated cells; phellogen single layered with thin-walled, tangentially elonga elongated ted cells, cells, follow followed ed by a wide wide seconda secondary ry cortex cortex,, consist consisting ing of thin-wa thin-walle lled, d, polyg polygona onall to tang tangen enti tiall ally y elon elonga gate ted d cell cellss with with a numb number er of starch starch grai grains ns;; starc starch h grain grainss mostl mostly y simp simple, le, occasionally compound with 2 or A components also present; large number of stone cells in groups of two or more, found scattered in secondary cortex, single stone cells not very common, stone 129

cells vary in siFe and shape, being circular to rectangular or elongated with pits and striations on their walls; stone cells distributed distributed somewhat somewhat in concentric concentric bands bands in phloem region except in inner region of phloem which is devoid of stone cells; secondary phloem comparatively a wide Fone, consisting of sieve tubes, companion cells, parenchyma and groups of stone cells, alternating with medullary rays; sieve elements found compressed forming ceratenchyma in outer phloem region, whereas in inner region of phloem, intact; medullary rays mostly multiseriate composed of thinwalled, radially elongated cells, tangentially elongated towards outer periphery; a number of starch grains similar to secondary cortex also present in phloem and ray cells; few rhomboidal crystals of calcium oxalate also found in this region. Po"d#r$

&ream in colour; shows fragments of cork cells; a few rhomboidal crystals of calcium oxalate; oxalate; pieces of phloem phloem parenchym parenchyma, a, lignified lignified thick-walled thick-walled stone cells; simple starch grains grains measuring A.! to .2 Hm in diameter, rarely compound with 2 or A components.


6 per cent, Appendi7 :9 per cent, Appendi7 : per cent, Appendi7 : per cent, Appendi7  per cent, Appendi7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

T.".C. T.%.&. of 'lcoholic extract on aluminium plate precoated with silica gel 60 / 2! +7. (erck 0.2 mm. thickness using n-Jutanol) 'cetic 'cid) water +!)) v1v, and on exposure to iodine vapours three spots appear at Rf. 0.A, 0. and 0.2 +all yellow. =ith 'nisaldehyde :ulphuric acid reagent heating the plate at 0!8& for five minutes five spots appear at Rf. 0.6, 0.26 +both grey, 0.<, 0. +both violet and 0.2 +blackish violet, prominent spots at Rf. 0. +violet and 0.2 +blackish violet.

C25S#4K5S Cadabacine, cadabacine diacetate, diacetate, (1) 1catechin, (1) 1 epicatechin1<1 "lucoside, (1)1 epiafUelechin, epiafUelechin, isothicyanate "lucoside, "lucocapparin, tara7asterol, lupeol, 91epilupeol, lupeol acetate, dios"enin, friedelin, betulinic acid, ceryl alcohol and spinasterol acetate.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * +aippu (¬èŠ¹) C#$ai * #laku (Þô°), 3a@aBci ( õ#6C) #%a& * 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) 'ri#& * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$# 130

* +a@karaicci (è!è¬ó*C), $alamiGakki (ñôJ3‚A), %acitttBi C*+ai (ðC5QG‡/), 4ram¡kki ("óñ£‚A), 3eppaka@@i (ªõŠðè!&) IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS 3¡tacurak +uBinr (õ£(²ó‚ °/c˜) T!ERAPEUTIC USES +allaBaippu (è%ô¬$Š¹), +¡¡kaBi (è£,£è/), %uraiyIBiya %ukaG (¹¬ó'£/ ¹‡è;), 3aGi 5IykaG (õ2 '4£8è;)

91 < ml tice daily. daily. DOSE 1 Decoction 91 91 < " coarse poder in 6 ml of ater for preparin" decoction.

131

43. MILA$U (FRUIT)

MI:AKU (r#it) - @1. $iGaku is the fully mature dried fruit of Piper nigrum %. +/am. $iperaceae, a climber, cultivated from @onkan :outhwards, especially in Porth @onkan @erala, and also in 'ssam.; fruits ripen from 3ecember to (arch, depending upon climatic conditions; fruits harvested from 3ecember to 'pril. *t grows in

+u@iPcithiai.

SYNONYMS

amil * 3allcam (õ%g-‹) en"ali * Kn"lish * /u'rati * 0indi * +annada * $alayalam * $arathi * %un'abi * Sanskrit * elu"u * 4rdu * DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic

+a@i (è&), +¡yam (è£‹), $alaiy¡Gi (ñ¬ô£2), $¡rcam (ñ£f-‹), /olmorich, +alamorich, $orich lack pepper +alimori +alimirch +arimonaru, $enaru +arumulaku +alamiri /almirich, +alimirch $arica, 3ella'a, 4sana $iriyalu, $arichamu Fulfil Siyah, +alimirich

/ruits greyish-black to black, hard, wrinkled, 0. to 0.! cm. in dia.; odour aromatic; taste pungent.

b) Microscopic Microscopic /ruit consists of a thick pericarp for about one third of fruit and an inner mass of perisperm, enclosing a small embryo; pericarp consists of epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp; epicarp composed of single layered, slightly sinuous, tabular cells forming epidermis, below which, are present  or 2 layers layers of radial radially ly elonga elongated ted,, lignif lignified ied stone stone cells cells adBacen adBacentt to group group of cells cells of parenc parenchy hyma; ma; mesocarp wide, composed of band of tangentially elongated parenchymatous cells having a few isolated, tangentially elongated oil cells present in outer region and a few fibro-vascular bundles, a singl singlee row row of oil oil cells cells in the the inne innerr regio region n of meso mesoca carp; rp; endo endocar carp p comp compos osed ed of a row row of beakershaped stone cells; testa single layered, yellow coloured, thick-walled sclerenchymatous cells; perisperm contains parenchymatous parenchymatous cells having a few oil oil globules and and angular, polyhedral polyhedral 132

cells packed with abundant, abundant, oval to round, simple simple and compound compound starch grains measuring measuring !.! to .0 Hm in dia.; having 2 or A components and a few minute aleurone grains.

Po"d#r$

Jlackish-grey; shows debris with a characteristic groups of more or less isodiametric or slightly slightly elongated elongated stone cells, interspersed interspersed with thin-walled, thin-walled, polygonal polygonal hypodermal hypodermal cells; beakerbeakershaped stone cells from endocarp and abundant polyhedral, elongated cells from perisperm, packed tightly tightly with masses of minute compound compound and single, single, oval to round, starch grains measuring measuring !.! to .0 Hm in dia.; having 2 or A component and a few aleurone grains and oil globules.


6 per cent, Appendi7 < per cent, Appendi7 .< per cent, Appendi7 = per cent, Appendi7 = per cent, Appendi7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

T.".C. T.%.&. T.%.&. of the 'lcoholic 'lcoholic extract extract on silica silica gel I>I plate plate using Toluene) Toluene) 7thyl 7thyl acetate acetate +<)A shows in visible light four spots at Rf.0.0!, 0.0 +both light green, 0.2< +light yellow and 0.!2 +yello +yellow. w. 4nder 4nder 45 +A66 +A66 nm. ten fluore fluorescen scentt Fones Fones are visibl visiblee at Rf. 0.0!, 0.0!, 0.0 +both +both light brown, 0.20 +light blue, 0.6 +blue, 0.!2 +greenish yellow, 0.!< +bluish yellow, 0.66 +light blue, 0.< +light pink, 0.2 and 0.< +both blue. Cn exposure to iodine vapours eleven spots appear appear at Rf. 0.0!, 0.0, 0.0, 0., 0.20, 0.20, 02<, 0.A, 0.A, 0.6, 0.!<, 0.!<, 0.66, 0.< and 0.< 0.< +all yellow. Cn spraying with 3ragendorff reagent followed by !9 (ethanolic- :ulphuric acid reagent nine spots appear at Rf. 0.0! +light orange, 0., 0.20, 0.2< +all orange, 0.6, 0.!< +both yellowish orange, 0.66, 0.< +both +both orange and 0.< +light +light orange. Cn spraying with 5anillin- :ulphuric :ulphuric acid reagent and heating the plate for five minutes at 0! & twelve spots appear at Rf. 0.0!, 0.0, 0.20, 0.2<, 0.6, 0.!2, 0.!<, 0.66, 0.<, 0.2, 0.0 and 0.< +all violet.

CONSTITUENTS &havicine, piperine, piperidine, piperitine, pipercide, isochavinic acid, methyl caffeic acid, pipericide, K and D- cic-bergamotene, guineensine, P- dtransferuloyltyramine, P-!- +-hydroxy+-hydroxy phenyl 27, 7-pentadienoyl 7-pentadienoyl piperidine, P- isobutyl-27, 7, W-eicosatrienamide, P-isobutyl- 27, 7- octadecadienamide, pellitorine, P-trans-feruloyl piperidine, feruperine, dihydroferuperine, +7, 7 -P- +2-methyl propyl -2, -decadienamide, +7, 7, 7-A- +, A-benFodioxol-!-yl -P- +2- methyl propyl -2, , 2- tridecatrienamide, +7, 7, 7 - - , A - JenFodioxol-!-yl JenFodioxol-!-yl P- +2-methyl propyl -2, , 0 - tridecatrienamde, piperonal, pioperoleine J, +27, 7- P-isobutyl-2, - decadienamide +- cubelin, +- A--dimethoxy-A, -desmethylene dioxycubalin, dihydrocarveol, caryophylleneoxide,cryptone, K and D- pinene,-K-phellanthrene, D-car yophyllene, epoxydihydrocaryophyllene, m - mentha - A +, 6-dione +isosylreterpinolene delta -A- carene, limonene and pipwaMarine.

133

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * +aippu (¬èŠ¹) C#$ai * #laku (Þô°), +rmai (˜¬ñ), 3a@aBci ( õ#6C) #%a& * 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) 'ri#& * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$# * AkaBBu!¡y!aka@@i (Üè6=õ£8õè!&), +¡raluB¡kki (è£óD‡$£‚A), C*+ai $u@ai!eppaka@@i (º¬#ªõŠðè!&), 5accaka@@i (4*-è!&), 3¡tamaBakki (õ£(ñ$‚A), 3eppamuB¡kki (ªõŠðº‡$£‚A ), 3kka-karaicci ()‚èƒè¬ó*C) IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS AVB¡thic Craam ( ÜX$£F* +ó,‹), Ci!aE¡r Amirtam (Cõ0£˜ ÜJ˜(‹), Cu!¡cakuBIri (²õ£-°'$£B), l¡tic CraaX ( 1ô£F* +ó,‹), 5ila!¡kaic Craam ( Vôõ £¬è* +ó,‹), %aPcatp¡kkiEi Craam ( ðU-Qð£‚AI +ó,‹), ¡Gic¡ti 3aBakam ( (£2£F õ$è‹), irikaBukuc Craam ( FBè=°* +ó,‹) T!ERAPEUTIC USES Aal 5IykaG (Üö% '4£8è;), Ceriy¡mai (ª-B£¬ñ), CuramH+¡yccal ( ²ó‹7è £8*-%), Cu!aiyiEmai (²¬õO9¬ñ), +aalai ( èö¬ô), imir 3¡tam (FJ˜ õ£(‹), 3aGi 5 IykaG (õ2 '4£8è;)

%oder 6< 1 < m" DOSE 1 %oder Decoction 91 < ml tice daily. :< 1 9 " coarse poder in 6 ml of ater for preparin" decoction.

134

44. MUKKIRATTAI SAMUALAM (HOLE PLANT)

M?KKIRA5AI CAM?"AM (78o3 P3a/t) - 2‚7ó†¬ì 2ô‹ $kk $kkir iraaBJai Camla mlam m is the the drie dried, d, hole hole plant lant of ,oerhaavia diffusa L. (Fam (Fam.. 5ycta"inaceae), 5ycta"inaceae), a trailin" herb found throu"hout #ndia and collected after rainy seasonM herb is diffusely branched ith stout root stock and many lon", slender, prostrate or ascendin" branches.#t "ros in $arutham thiai. SYNONYMS

amil * #rattapuBpik¡ (Þó5(¹6è£ ), $kkuraBBai(Ci!appu) (R‚°ó6¬$[CõŠ¹\ ), %uBpakam (¹6ðè‹) Assamese * &an"a punarnabha en"ali * &akta punarna!a Kn"lish * 0orse purslene, 0o" eed /u'rati * Dholisaturdi, $otosatodo 0indi * /adapurna, Lalpunarna!a +annada * Sanadika, +ommeberu, +omma +ashmiri * 3an'ula %unarna!a $alayalam * Chu!anna aUhutaa $arathi * /hetuli, 3asuchimuli, Satodimula, %unarna!a, +haparkhuti 2riya * Lalapuiruni, 5alipuruni %un'abi * #tcit (lal), +hattan Sanskrit * %unarna!a (&akta), +athilla, Sopha"nni, Sotha"hni elu"u * Atikamaidi, Krra "ali'eru DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic Root-=ell developed, fairly long, somewhat tortuous, cylindrical, 0.2 to .! cm. in diameter; yellowish brown to brown coloured, surface rough due to minute longitudinal striations and root scars; fracture short; no distinct odour; taste slightly bitter. St#*->reenish purple, stiff, slender, cylindrical, swollen at nodes, minutely pubescent or nearly glabrous, prostrate, divaricately branched, branches from common stalk, often more than a metre long L#'/ - Cpposite in uneMual pairs, larger ones 2! to A< mm. long and smaller ones 2 to  mm. long, ovate-oblong or suborbicular, apex rounded or slightly pointed, base subcordate or rounded, 135

green and glabrous above, whitish below, margin entire or sub-undulate, dorsal side pinkish in certain cases, thick in texture, petioles nearly as long as the blade, slender. Fo"#rs- :mall clusters of  to 0 corymb, axillary and in terminal panicles; very small, pink coloured, nearly sessile or shortly stalked, 0 to 2! cm., umbels, arranged on slender long stalks, bracteoles small, acute, perianth tube constricted above the ovary, lower part greenish, ovoid, ribbed, upper part pink, funnel-shaped, A mm. long, tube ! lobed, stamen 2 or A.

-Cne seeded seeded nut, nut, 6 mm. mm. long, long, clavate, clavate, rounde rounded, d, broadl broadly y and bluntl bluntly y ! ribbed ribbed,, viscid viscidly ly Frit-Cne glandular.

b) Microscopic Microscopic Root - Transverse section of mature root shows anomalous secondary growth; cork composed of thin-walled tangentially elongated cells with brown walls in the outer few layers; cork cambium of  or 2 layers of thin-walled thin-walled cells; cells; secondary secondary cortex consists consists of 2 or A layers of parenchymat parenchymatous ous cells followed by cortex composed of ! to 2 layers of thin-walled, oval to polygonal cells; several concentric bands of xylem tissue alternating with wide Fone of parenchymatous tissue present below cortical regions; number of bands vary according to thickness of root and composed of vessels, tracheids and fibres; vessels mostly found in groups of 2 to , in radial rows, having simple pits and reticulate thickening; tracheids small, thick-walled with simple pits; fibres aseptate, elongated, elongated, thick-walled, thick-walled, spindle shaped with pointed ends; phloem occurs as hemispherica hemisphericall or crescen crescentic tic patche patchess outsid outsidee each group of xylem xylem vessels vessels and composed composed of sieve sieve elemen elements ts and parenchyma; broad Fone of parenchymatous tissue, in between two successive rings of xylem elements composed of thin-walled more or less rectangular cells arranged in radial rows, central regions of root occupied by primary vascular bundles; numerous raphides of calcium oxalate, in single or in group present in cortical region and parenchymatous tissue in between xylem tissue; starch grains simple and compound having 2 to  components found in abundance in most of cells of cortex and in parenchymatous parenchymatous tissue between xylem elements, starch grains mostly rounded in shape and measure 2.
Po"d#r$

Jrown; shows parenchyma cells; fragments of tracheids, vessels with reticulate thickening; fragments of unicellular hairs; numerous acicular and cluster crystals of calcium oxalate; simple, rounded starch grains measuring 2.
IDENTITY, PURITY AND STRENT! Forei"n matter 5ot more than otal Ash 5ot more than Acid1insoluble ash 5ot more than Alcohol1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than >ater1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than ASSAY

6 per cent, Appendi7 :< per cent, Appendi7 = per cent, Appendi7 : per cent, Appendi7 ;. per cent, Appendi7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

&ontains not less than 0. per cent of total alkaloids, when assayed by the following methods)'bout 00 g of the drug +60 mesh powder is taken and moistened with dilute solution of 'mmoni 'mmonia. a. *t is extract extracted ed continuo continuously usly in a :oxhl :oxhlet et appara apparatus tus for  hours hours with with ! per cent 'lcohol. The 'lcohol is removed removed by distillation. The residue is extracted with five 2! ml ml portions of  P #ydrochl #ydrochlori oricc acid till comple complete te extract extraction ion of the alkaloi alkaloid d is effected. effected. The mixed mixed acid solutions is transferred into a separating funnel and washed with 2! ml of &hloroform and the &hloroform &hloroform washing washingss are reBected. reBected. The aMueous aMueous acid acid solution solution is made made distinctly distinctly alkaline alkaline with 'mmonia and shaken with five 2! ml portions of &hloroform till complete extraction of alkaloids is effected. The combined &hloroform &hloroform extract is washed with two portions portions each of 2! ml of of water. The &hloroform &hloroform layer layer is filtered filtered in tared flask and evaporated evaporated to dryness. dryness. The percentage percentage of the total alkaloid is calculated.

T.".C. T.%.&. of 'lcoholic extract on silica gel I>I plate using Toluene) 7thyl 'cetate) 'cetone +2)) v1v, under 45 +A66 nm. four fluorescent Fones visible at Rf. 0.!, 0.62, 0.6 and 0.
PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * +aippu (¬èŠ¹) C#$ai * 3a@aBci (õ#6C) #%a& * 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) 'ri#& * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$#

137

* Ci@unrperukki (CÁc˜ªð¼‚A), +Iaiyaka@@i ('è£¬öè!&), C*+ai +uGircciyuB¡kki (°2˜*CE‡$£‚A), $alamiGakki (ñôJ3‚A), %uu!aka@@i (¹.õè!&), 3¡ntiyuB¡kki (õ£‰FE‡$£‚A) IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS ¡Gakacentram ¡Gakacentram ((£3èª-‰Gó‹) T!ERAPEUTIC USES Aal 5IykaG (Üö% '4£8è;), #raippu (Þ¬óŠ¹), +¡m¡lai (è£ñ£¬ô), +l!¡yu (e%õ £E), 5amaiccal ( 4¬ñ*-%), 5rkkaBBu (c˜‚è6=), %eru!ayi@u (ªð¼õOÁ), 3aGi 5IykaG (õ2 '4£8è;) DOSE 1 %oder : 1 9"

138

45. NANNARI (ROOT)

NA99ËRI (Root) - ;"A£K 5aEE¡ri is the root of +emidesmus indicus (L.) &. r. (Fam. Asclepiadaceae), a prostrate or semi1erec semi1erectt laticifero laticiferous us herb, found throu"hout #ndia from upper /an"etic /an"etic plains east1ards east1ards to Assam, throu"hout Central, >estern and Southern #ndia upto an ele!ation of = m SYNONYMS

amil * A-k¡ri $li (Üƒè£B R@), C¡riyam (-£B‹), +¡ma!alli (è£ñõ%@), +iru[a!alli (A¼X,õ%@), %¡t¡Ga $li ( ð£(£3 R@) Assamese * 3a"a sari!a en"ali * Anantamul, Sh!etashari!a Kn"lish * #ndian sarasa parilla /u'rati * +abri, 4palsari 0indi * Anantamul +annada * Anantamool, i ili na namadaberu, 5a 5amada !e !eru, So So"adeberu, 5a 5amadaberu +ashmiri * Anant mool $alayalam * 5annari, 5annar, 5aruneendi $arathi * 4palsari, Anantamula 2riya * Dralash!an lai, Anantamool %un'abi * Anantmool, 4shbah Sanskrit * S!eta sari!a, Ananta, /opasuta elu"u * Su"andhi pala, ella Su"andhi 4rdu * 4shba hindi DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic Roots occur in pieces, about A0 cm. long and A to  mm. in diameter, cylindrical, thick, hard, somewhat somewhat tortuous, tortuous, sparsely branched branched,, provided provided with a few thick rootlets rootlets and secondary secondary roots; external appearance dark brown, sometimes with violet-grey tinge; center yellow, woody, surrounded surrounded by a mealy white cortical layer; bark brownish, brownish, corky, corky, marked with transverse cracks and longitudinal fissures and easily detachable from the hard central core; odour characteristic; taste sweetish, slightly acrid and aromatic.

b) Microscopic Microscopic Transverse section of root shows periderm consisting of three layers of tissues, cork, cork cambium and secondary cortex; cork cells radially flattened and rectangular in appearance filled 139

with dark brown contents giving reactions of tannins; cork cambium, 2 or A layered, compressed, and filled with deep brown contents; contents; secondary cortex, cortex, A or  layers layers of cells, similar to cork cells, with with very very litt little le or no dark dark brow brown n cont conten ents; ts; secon seconda dary ry phlo phloem em consi consist stss of sieve sieve elem elemen ents, ts, parenchyma, phloem ray cells alongwith several laticiferous ducts; parenchyma cells filled with starch grains, diameter < to 0 Hm, occasional prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate; laticiferous ducts ducts scattere scattered d in parenc parenchy hymato matous us tissue; tissue; cambiu cambium m very very narrow narrow;; xylem xylem traver traversed sed by narrow narrow medullary rays; vessels and tracheids characteriFed by the presence of pitted markings; pith absent and central region occupied by woody tissues. Po"d#r$

Jrown; shows parenchyma cells filled with oval or rounded starch grains < to Hm in dia., having 2 to  or more components or prismatic calcium oxalate crystals; pieces of laticiferous ducts; vessels with spiral thickenings.


6 per cent, Appendi7 ; per cent, Appendi7 .< per cent, Appendi7 :< per cent, Appendi7 :9 per cent, Appendi7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

T.".C. T.%.& of &hloroform soluble fraction of alcoholic extract on aluminium plate precoated with silica gel 60 / 2! +7. (erck 0.2 mm. thickness using Toluene) 7thyl acetate ) (ethanol +)2)0 +)2)0.! .!,, with with 'nisald 'nisaldehy ehydede- :ulphu :ulphuric ric acid acid reagent reagent and heating heating the plate, plate, at 0!& 0!& for five five minutes shows six spots at Rf. 0.! +bluish grey, 0.6! +blue, 0.<2 +pinkish violet, 0.0 +bluish grey, 0. and 0. +both pinkish violet.

CONSTITUENTS 2-hydroxy, 2-hydroxy, - methoxy-benFoic methoxy-benFoic acid, essential oil containing mainly 2- hydroxy hydroxy - methoxy benFaldehyde, nerolidol, borneol, linalylacetate, dihydrocarvylacetate, salicylaldehyde, isocaryophyllene, V- terpinylacetate, , - cineol, lupeol acetate,oleanane, ursane and lupane derivatives, coumarino lignoids - hemidesminine, hemidesmin  and 2.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * #Eippu (ÞIŠ¹), +aippu (¬èŠ¹) C#$ai * 5oymai (ª4£8¬ñ), imai (F‡¬ñ) #%a& * aBpam ((6ð‹) 'ri#& * #Eippu (ÞIŠ¹) Piri$# * Ci@unrperukki (CÁc˜ªð¼‚A), 4GGaal¡@@i (";3öô£!&), 4ram¡kki C*+ai ("óñ£‚A), 4Ba@t@@i ("$!'(!&), 3iyar!aiyuB¡kki (>˜¬õE‡$£‚A) 140

IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS $aBr¡ti ABaikkuBinr (ñ‡Yó£F Ü¬$‚°/c˜), %a@a-kippaBBai #rac¡yaEam (ð#ƒAŠð6¬$ Þó-£0‹), %ittacurak +uBinr (5(²ó‚ °/c˜) T!ERAPEUTIC USES Aal 5IykaG (Üö% '4£8è;), Cura!Bkai (²ó'õ6¬è), 5r@@am (c'ó!#‹), 5 rii!u (cBP:), 3aBu +aBi (õ‡= è/)

91 < ml tice daily. daily. DOSE 1 Decoction 91 91 < " coarse poder in 6 ml of ater for preparin" decoction.

141

46. NAYURUVI SAMULAM (HOLE PLANT)

NËYURU'I CAM?"AM (78o3 P3a/t) - ;£B6M 2ô‹ 5aEE¡ri is the root of +emidesmus indicus indicus (L.) &. r. (Fam. Asclepiadaceae), a prostrate or semi1erec semi1erectt laticifero laticiferous us herb, found throu"hout #ndia from upper /an"etic /an"etic plains east1ards east1ards to Assam, throu"hout Central, >estern and Southern #ndia upto an ele!ation of = m.#t "ros in $arutham thiai. SYNONYMS

amil * Apam¡rkki (Üðñ£˜‚A), Allam (Ü%ô‹), Ci@ukaBal¡Bi (CÁè$ô£/), +¡Pcari (è£U-B), $¡muEi (ñ£ºI) en"ali * Apam" Kn"lish * %rickly chaff floer /u'rati * A"hedo 0indi * Chirchita, Lat'ira +annada * 4ttarani $alayalam * +atalati $arathi * A"hada %un'abi * %uthakanda Sanskrit * Apamar"a, $ayura, %ratyakpuspa, +haraman'ar, Sikhari elu"u * 4ttarenu 4rdu * Chirchita DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic Root - &ylindrical &ylindrical tap root, slightly slightly ribbed, 0. to .0 cm. in thickness, thickness, gradually tapering, tapering, rough due to presence of some root scars; secondary and tertiary roots present, yellowish-brown; odour not distinct.

yellowish-brown, erect, branched, cylindrical, hairy, hairy, solid but St#* - 0.A to 0.! cm. in cut pieces, yellowish-brown, hollow when dry. :imple,, sub sessile, sessile, exstip exstipula ulate, te, opposi opposite, te, decussa decussate, te, wavy wavy margin margin,, obovat obovate, e, slight slightly ly L#'/ - :imple acuminate and pubescent. Fo"#r - 'rranged in inflorescence of long spikes, greenish-white, numerous sessile, bracteate with two bracteoles, one spine lipped, bisexual, actinomorphic, hypogynous; perianth segments !, free, membranous, contorted or Muincuncial, stamens !, opposite, the perianth lobes, connate forming a membranous tube-like structure, alternating with truncate and fimbriate staminodes, filament short; 142

anther, two celled, dorsifixed; gynoecium bicarpellary, syncarpous; ovary superior, unilocular with single ovule; style, single; stigma, capitate. Frit - 'n indehiscent dry utricle enclosed within persistent, perianth and bracteoles . S##d - :ub-cylindric, truncate at the apex, round at the base, endospermic, brown.

b) Microscopic Microscopic Root - (ature root shows A to  layered, rectangular, tangentially elongated, thin-walled cork cells; secondary cortex consisting of 6 to  layers, oval to rectangular, thin-walled, parenchymatous cells having a few scattered single or groups of stone cells; followed by  to 6 discontinuous rings of anomalous secondary thickening composed of vascular tissues; small patches of sieve tubes distinct in phloem parenchyma, parenchyma, demarcating demarcating the xylem rings; xylem composed of usual elements; elements; vessels simple pitted; pitted; medullary rays  to A cells wide; small prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate present in cortical region and numerous in medullary rays. St#* - "oung stem shows 6 to 0 prominent ridges; epidermis single layered, covered by thick cuticle having uniseriate, 2 to ! celled, covering trichomes and glandular glandular with globular head on a A to  celle celled d stalk stalk;; corte cortex x 6 to 0 layere layered, d, comp compos osed ed of paren parench chym ymat atou ouss cells cells,, most most of them them contai containin ning g rosett rosettee crystal crystalss of calcium calcium oxalat oxalate; e; in the ridges ridges cortex cortex collen collenchy chymat matous ous;; vascul vascular ar bundles lie facing each e ach ridge capped by pericyclic fibres; transverse section of mature stem shows lignified, thin-walled cork cells; pericycle pericycle a discontinuous ring of lignified fibres; vascular tissues show anomalous secondary growth having  to 6 incomplete rings of xylem and phloem; secondary phloem consists of usual elements forming incomplete rings; cambial strip present between seconda secondary ry xylem xylem and phloem phloem;; vessels vessels annula annular, r, spiral, spiral, scalarif scalariform orm and pitted pitted,, fibres fibres pitted pitted,, elonga elongated ted,, lignif lignified ied;; pith pith wide wide consist consisting ing of oval oval to polyg polygona onal, l, parenc parenchym hymatou atouss cells; cells; two medullary bundles; clustered crystals of calcium oxalate, oxalate, microsphenoidal calcium oxalate oxalate crystals present in some epidermal, cortical and pith cells. L#'/ P#tio# - :hows crescent-shaped outline, having single-layered epidermis with thickcuticle; ground tissue tissue consist consisting ing of thin-w thin-wall alled, ed, parenc parenchy hymato matous us cells cells contai containin ning g rosett rosettee crystal crystalss of calciu calcium m oxalate;  or ! vascular bundles situated in mid region. Midri- - :hows a single layered epidermis on both surfaces; epidermis followed by  or ! layered collenchyma on upper side and 2 or A layered on lower side; ground tissue consisting of thinwalled, parenchymatous cells having a number of vascular bundles; each vascular bundle shows below the xylem vessels, ves sels, thin layers of cambium followed by phloem and a pericycle represented by 2 or A layers of thick-walled, non-lignified cell; rosette crystals of calcium oxalate found scattered in ground tissues.

3orsiventral;; shows single layered, tangentially tangentially elongated epidermis epidermis cells covered with L'*in' - 3orsiventral thick cuticle having covering trichomes which are similar to those of stem found on both surfaces; palisade 2 to  layered of thick parenchyma larger, la rger, slightly elongated in upper, while smaller and rectangular in lower surface; spongy parenchyma A to ! layers thick, more or less isodiametric parenchymatous cells; idioblast containing large rosette crystals of calcium oxalate distributed in mesoph mesophyl yll; l; stomata stomata anomo anomocyt cytic ic present present on both both surface surfaces; s; stomat stomatal al index index .! to .0 on upper upper surface, .0 to 20.0 on lower surface; palisade ratio <.0 to ; vein- islet number < to A per sMuare mm.

143

Po"d#r$

%ight %ight yello yellow; w; shows shows fragmen fragments ts of elonga elongated ted,, rectan rectangul gular, ar, thin-wa thin-walle lled d eipder eipdermal mal cells; cells; aseptate aseptate fibres, vessels with annular, annular, spiral, scalariform scalariform and pitted thickening; thickening; uniseriate hair with bulbous base; rosette and prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate.

IDENTITY, PURITY AND STRENT! Forei"n matter 5ot more than 6 per cent, Appendi7 otal Ash 5ot more than :8 per cent, Appendi7 Acid1insoluble ash 5ot more than < per cent, Appendi7 Alcohol1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than 6 per cent, Appendi7 >ater1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than :6 per cent, Appendi7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

T.".C. T.%.&. of the (ethanolic extract of the drug on silica gel I>I plate I>I plate using n- #exane) 7thyl 'cetate) glacial 'cetic 'cid +0.0)!.0)0. shows A spots at Rf. 0.20 +light pink, 0. +dark pink, oleanolic acid marker, 0.!! +dark yellow, and two brown spots one of which stays on the base and the other running to the solvent front with a green chlorophy chlorophyll ll spot below it, on spraying with ) aMueous :ulphuric acid reagent and heating the plate at 0!& for five minutes.

CONSTITUENTS Triterpenoid saponins '-3, possessing oleanolic acid as aglycone, ecdysone, ecdysterone, tritriacontane, pentatriacontane, hexatriacontane, 6- pentatria contanone, -tritria contanone, 0tria cosanone,< - pentatriacontanol, 2<- cyclohexyl heptacosan- <-ol, 6, hydroxy -26- methyl heptacosan - 2- one and A6, <, dihydroxyhenpentacontan dihydroxyhenpentacontan -  - one, betaine.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * +aippu (¬èŠ¹), +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹), u!arppu (?õ˜Š¹) C#$ai * Acai!u (Ü¬-:), +rmai (˜¬ñ) #%a& * 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) 'ri#& * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$# * Ci@unrperukki (CÁc˜ªð¼‚A), $u@ai!eppaka@@i (º¬#ªõŠðè!&), C*+ai u!arppi (?õ˜Š), 4Ba@t@@i ("$!'(!& ) IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS 5¡kaccentram 5¡kaccentram (4£è*ª-‰Gó‹) T!ERAPEUTIC USES 144

Ce!inIy (ª->'4£8), CtakataBai (+(è(¬$), Aiya 5IykaG (H '4£8è;), #rumal (Þ¼ñ%), +¡m¡lai (è£ñ£¬ô), +uEmam (°9ñ‹), 3eGGai (ªõ;¬3), 3eGuppu 5IyH%¡Bu (ªõ<Š¹ '4£87ð£‡=), 3kkam ()‚è‹) tice daily.6 1 < " coarse coarse poder in 6 ml of ater for preparin" preparin" DOSE 1 Decoction 91 < ml tice decoction.

145

47. NELLIKKAI (FRESH FRUIT)

NE""IKKËY (rs8 r#it) - !;(<‚è£) 5ellikk¡y is the fresh fruit of Phyllanthus Phyllanthus emblica L. Syn. 'mblica officinalis /aertn. (Fam. Kuphorbiaceae), a small or medium siUed tree, found in mi7ed deciduous forests, ascendin" to :9 m. on hills and culti!ated in "ardens and homeyards.#t "ros in +u@iPciand $arutham thiai. SYNONYMS

amil * ?malakam (Ýñôè‹), +Ira-kam ('è£óƒè‹), $i@utupal¡ (JÁ?ðô£), 5elli (ª4%@), ¡ttiri ((£5FB) en"ali * Amla, Dhatri Kn"lish * Amlaku, Amlakhi, Amlakhu, Kmblic myrobalan /u'rati * Ambala, Amla 0indi * Amla, Aonla +annada * 5ellikayi +ashmiri * Kmbali, Amli $alayalam * 5ellikka $arathi * An!ala, A!alkathi 2riya * Ainla, Anala %un'abi * Amla, Aula Sanskrit * Amalaki, Amrtaphala, Dhatriphala elu"u * 4sirika 4rdu * Amla, Amla' DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic /ruit, globose, 2.! to A.! cm. in diameter, fleshy, smooth with six prominent lines; greenish when tender, changing to light yellowish or pinkish colour when mature, with a few dark specks; taste sour and astringent followed by delicately sweet taste.

b) Microscopic Microscopic Transverse section of mature fruit shows an epicarp consisting of single layer of epidermis and 2 to  layers of hypodermis; epidermal cell, tabular in shape, covered externally with a thick cuticle and appear in surface view as polygonal; hypodermal cells tangentially elongated, thickwalled, smaller in dimension than epidermal cells; mesocarp forms bulk of fruit, consisting of thinwalled parenchymatous cells with intercellular spaces, peripheral 6 to  layers smaller, ovoid or 146

tangen tangential tially ly elonga elongated ted while while rest of cells cells larger larger in siFe, siFe, isodia isodiamet metric ric with with promin prominent ent corner corner thickenings; several collateral fibrovascular bundles scattered throughout mesocarp consisting of xylem and phloem; xylem composed of tracheal elements, fibre tracheids and xylem fibres; tracheal elements show reticulate, scalariform and spiral thickenings; xylem fibres elongated with narrow lumen and pointed end; mesocarp contains large aggregates of numerous irregular silica crystals.

IDENTITY, PURITY AND STRENT! $oisture content 5ot less than  per cent, Appendi7 Forei"n matter 5ot more than 6 per cent, Appendi7 otal Ash 5ot more than 8 per cent, Appendi7 Acid1insoluble ash 5ot more than 6 per cent, Appendi7 Alcohol1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than ; per cent, Appendi7 >ater1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than < per cent, Appendi7

6.6.T 6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

T.".C. T.%.& of 3ichloromethane- soluble fraction of 'lcoholic extract of the drug on silica gel I>I plate using Toluene) 7thyl 'cetate ) /ormic 'cid +!)), on exposure to iodine vapours shows seven spots at Rf. 0.0, 0.2, 0., 0.A2, 0., 0. and 0.6 +all yellow. Cn spraying with !9 /erric chloride solution three spots appear at Rf. 0.0, 0. and 0.A2 +all blackish violet.

CONSTITUENTS 'scorbic acid, gallic acid, ellagic acid, %-malic acid-2-C-gallate, mucic acid-2-C-gallate, mucic acid-,-lactone, 2-C-gallate, !-C-gallate, A-C-gallate, A,!-di-C-gallate and tannins.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * #Eippu (ÞIŠ¹), %uGippu (¹2Š¹), u!arppu (?õ˜Š¹) C#$ai * #laku (Þô°), 3a@aBci ( õ#6C) #%a& * aBpam ((6ð‹) 'ri#& * #Eippu (ÞIŠ¹) Piri$# * Ci@unrperukki (CÁc˜ªð¼‚A), +¡yaka@pam¡kki (è£è!ðñ£‚A), C*+ai +uGircciyuB¡kki (°2˜*CE‡$£‚A), $alamiGakki (ñôJ3‚A) IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS #runellik +a@pam (Þ¼ª4%@‚ è!ð‹), +iGiPcal $euku (A2U-% ªñ.°), 5elli #Gakam (ª4%@ Þ3è‹), %oEE¡-k¡it ailam (ªð£90£ƒè£M5 ¬(ô‹)

147

T!ERAPEUTIC USES Aiya 5IykaG (H '4£8è;), $ayakkam (ñ‚è‹), %Eicam (KI-‹), %iramkam (ó'ñè‹), 3¡nti (õ£‰F), 3e@i 5Iy (ªõ& '4£8) DOSE 1 %oder : 1 6 " Fresh 'uice < 1 : ml

148

48. NELLIVATRAL (DRIED FRUIT)

NE""I 'AA" (Dri4 r#it) - !;(< õŸ#( 5elli 3a@@al is the dried pericarp of mature fruit de!oid of seeds, of Phyllanthus Phyllanthus emblica L. Syn. 'mblica officinalis officinalis /aertn. (Fam. Kuphorbiaceae), a small or medium siUed tree, found in mi7ed deciduous forests, ascendin" to :9 m. on hills and culti!ated in "ardens and homeyards.#t "ros in +u@iPciand $arutham thiai. SYNONYMS

amil * ?malakam (Ýñôè‹), +Ira-kam ('è£óƒè‹), $i@utupal¡ (JÁ?ðô£), 5elli (ª4%@), 5ellikk¡y (ª4%@‚è£8), 5ellimuGGi (ª4%@º;2), ¡ttiri ((£5FB) Assamese * Amlakhi, Amlaku, Amlakhu en"ali * Amla, Dhatri Kn"lish * Kmblic myrobalan /u'rati * Ambala, Amla 0indi * Amla, Aonla +annada * 5ellikayi +ashmiri * Amli, Kmbali $alayalam * 5ellikka $arathi * An!ala, A!alkathi 2riya * Ainla, Anala %un'abi * Amla, Aula Sanskrit * Amalaki, Amrtaphala, Dhatriphala elu"u * 4sirika 4rdu * Amla, Amla' DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic 3rug consists consists of curled pieces of pericarp of dried fruit occurring occurring as separated separated segments;  to 2 cm. long or united with A or  segments; bulk colour grey to black, pieces showing a broad, highly shrivelled and wrinkled external convex surface to somewhat concave, transversely wrinkled lateral surface, external surface shows a few whitish specks, occasionally some pieces show a portion of stony testa; texture rough, cartilaginous, tough; taste sour and astringent.

149

b) Microscopic Microscopic Transv Transverse erse section section of fruit fruit shows shows epicarp epicarp consist consisting ing of single single layer layer of epiderm epidermis, is, cell cell appeari appearing ng tabula tabularr and polyg polygona onall in surface surface view; view; cuticl cuticlee present present;; mesoca mesocarp rp cells cells tangen tangentia tially lly elongated parenchymatous and crushed, differentiated roughly into a peripheral  or  layers of tangentially elongated smaller cells, rest consisting of mostly isodiametric larger cells with walls showing irregular thickenings; ramified vascular elements occasionally present; occasionally stone cells may be present either isolated or in small groups towards endocarp; pitted vascular fibres, walls appearing serrated due to the pit canals leading into lumen. Po"d#r$

Jlack; shows epidermis with uniformly thickened straight walled, isodiametric parenchyma cells with irregular thickened walls; occasionally short fibres and tracheids.

IDENTITY, PURITY AND STRENT! $oisture content 5ot less than Forei"n matter 5ot more than otal Ash 5ot more than Acid1insoluble ash 5ot more than Alcohol1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than >ater1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than T.".C.

< per cent, Appendi7 9 per cent, Appendi7 8 per cent, Appendi7 6 per cent, Appendi7 ; per cent, Appendi7 < per cent, Appendi7

6.6.T 6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

T.%.&. T.%.&. of 3ichloromethane 3ichloromethane-- soluble fraction of 'lcoholic 'lcoholic extract on silica gel I>I plate using Toluene) Toluene) 7thyl 7thyl 'cetate ) /ormic 'cid +!)), +!)), on exposure exposure to iodine vapours vapours shows five spots at Rf.0., 0.A2, 0.,0.2 and 0.! +all yellow. Cn spraying with !9 /erric chloride solution two spots appear at Rf. 0. and 0.A2 +both blackish violet.

CONSTITUENTS 'scorbic acid, tannins gallic, ellagic, phyllemblic acid and emblicol.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * #Eippu (ÞIŠ¹), %uGippu (¹2Š¹), u!arppu (?õ˜Š¹) C#$ai * #laku (Þô°), 3a@aBci ( õ#6C) #%a& * aBpam ((6ð‹) 'ri#& * #Eippu (ÞIŠ¹) Piri$# * Ci@unrperukki (CÁc˜ªð¼‚A), +uGircciyuB¡kki (°2˜*CE‡$£‚A), C*+ai $alamiGakki (ñôJ3‚A)

150

IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS ?Eanta %aira!am (Ý0‰( ¬ðóõ‹), +antaka #rac¡yaEam ( è‰(è Þó-£0‹), 5ellikk¡y #Gakam (ª4%@‚è£8 Þ3è‹), iripalaic Craam ( FBð¬ô* +ó,‹) T!ERAPEUTIC USES KEpurukki 5Iy (N9¹¼‚A '4£8), +uruti Aal (°¼F Üö%), 4BcBu ("6+=), %erump¡Bu (ªð¼‹ð£=), 3eGGai (ªõ;¬3) DOSE 1 %oder 9 1 = "

151

4%. NAERUN&HI MUL (FRUIT)

NERU;CI MU: (r#it) - !;6&' º= 5eruPci $uG is the dried, ripe, entire fruit of #ribulus terrestris L.(Fam. Wy"ophyllaceae), an annual rarely perennial prostrate, common eed of the pasture lands, road sides and other aste places, chiefly in hot, dry and sandy re"ionsM throu"hout #ndia and upto 9, m. in +ashmir.#t "ros in $arutham $arutham , 5eythal and %¡laithiai. SYNONYMS

amil * Cutam (²(‹), +iBBiram (A6/ó‹), +IkaBam ('è£è‡$‹), 5eruPcil (ª4¼UC%), irikaBam (FBè‡$‹ ) Assamese * /okshura, /okhurkata en"ali * /okshura, /okhri Kn"lish * Caltrops fruit /u'ra u'ratiti * eth etha" a"ok okha haru ru,, $itha itha"o "okh khru ru,, 5ana" ana"ok okha haru ru 0indi * /okhru +annada * 5e""ilamullu, Sannane""ilu, 5e""ilu +ashmiri * /okshura, /okhurkata, $ichirkand, %lakhada $alayalam * /okshura, /okhri, 5erin'il $arathi * Sarate, /okharu 2riya * /ukhura, /okhyura %un'abi * hakhra, /okhru Sanskrit * /oksura, r rikanta, S! S!adamstra, r raikantaka elu"u * %alleru +aya 4rdu * +har1e1+hasak +hurd DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic /ruit stalked, light or greenish yellow, five ribbed or angled, more or less spherical in structure and covered with short stiff or pubescent hairs,  cm. in diameter with five pairs, of prominent short stiff spines, pointed downwards, about 0.! 0.! cm. in length; tips of spines almost meet in pairs, whole together together forming forming pentagonal pentagonal frame-work frame-work around fruit; ripe fruit separates into five segments or cocci; coccus semi-lunar or plano-convex in structure, one chambered, armed with a pair of spines, starting from its middle containing four or more seeds; taste slightly astringent.

152

b) Microscopic Microscopic Transverse section of fruit shows rectangular epidermal cells of each coccus; unicellular trichomes in abundance; mesocarp 6 to 0 layers of large parenchymatous cells, rosette of calcium oxalate crystals abundantly present; mesocarp followed by A or  compact layers of small cells containing prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate. Po"d#r$

&reamish-bro &reamish-brown; wn; shows shows fragments fragments of rectangular rectangular epidermal epidermal cells; unicellular unicellular trichomes trichomes with pointed tips; numerous rosette crystals of calcium oxalate and a few cells containing prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate.

IDENTITY, PURITY AND STRENT! Forei"n matter 5ot more than 6 per cent, Appendi7 otal Ash 5ot more than :< per cent, Appendi7 Acid1insoluble ash 5ot more than 6 per cent, Appendi7 Alcohol1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than = per cent, Appendi7 >ater1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than : per cent, Appendi7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8

T.".C. T.%.&. of 'lcoholic extract on aluminium plate precoated with silica gel 60 / 2! +7. (erck 0.2 mm. thickness using Toluene) 7thyl acetate +), on exposure to iodine vapours shows ten spots at Rf. 0.0, 0.2A, 0.2, 0.A!, 0.A, 0.!6, 0.6, 0.66, 0.A and 0.< +all yellow. =ith 'nisaldehyde- :ulphuric acid reagent heating the plate for five minutes at 0!& twelve spots appear at Rf. 0.0 +bluish grey, 0.2A +greenish grey, 0.2 +greenish grey, 0.A! +dark grey, 0.A +greenish grey, 0. +blue, 0.!6 +greenish grey, 0.6 +greenish grey, 0.66 +greenish grey, 0.6 +blue, 0.A +dark greenish grey and 0.< +dark greenish grey. &CP:T*T47PT: Terrestrosins ', J, &, 3 and 7, desgalactotigonin, /-gitonin, desglucolanatigonin, gitonin, hydrolysed products include diosgenin, hecogenin and neotigogenin; tribulusamides ' and J, Ptrans- feruloyl tyramine, terrestriamide, P- trans- coumaroyl tyramine, O-sitosterol and steroidal saponins.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * #Eippu (ÞIŠ¹), u!arppu (?õ˜Š¹) C#$ai * 5oymai (ª4£8¬ñ), imai (F‡¬ñ) #%a& * aBpam ((6ð‹) 'ri#& * #Eippu (ÞIŠ¹) Piri$#

153

* ?maiperukki (Ý‡¬ñªð¼‚A), Ci@unrperukki (CÁc˜ªð¼‚A), C*+ai +uGircciyuB¡kki (°2˜*CE‡$£‚A), u!arppi (?õ˜Š), 4GGaal¡@@i (";3öô£!&), 4ram¡kki ("óñ£‚A) IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS +antaka #rac¡yaEam ( è‰(è Þó-£0‹) T!ERAPEUTIC USES CataiyaBaippu (-¬(¬$Š¹ ), Ci@unr Kriccal (CÁc˜ NB*-%), Ci@unr +aBBu (CÁc˜ è6=), +allaBaippu (è%ô¬$Š¹) DOSE 1 %oder 9 1 = " Decoction 91 < ml tice daily. ;1  " coarse poder in 6 ml of ater for preparin" decoction.

154

5!. NAERUN&HIVER (ROOT)

NERU;CI '2R (Root) - !;6&' «õ˜ 5eruPci 3r is the root root of #ribulus terrestris L. (Fam. Wy"ophyllaceae), an annual prostrate herb, rarely perennial perennial prostrate common eed eed of the pasture lands, road sides sides and other aste land, land, chiefly "roin" in hot, dry and sandy re"ions throu"hout #ndia and upto 9, m. in +ashmir. #t "ros in $arutham , 5eythal 5eythal and %¡laithiai. %¡laithiai. SYNONYMS

amil * Cutam (²(‹), +iBBiram (A6/ó‹), +IkaBam ('è£è‡$‹), 5eruPcil (ª4¼UC%), irikaBam (FBè‡$‹ ) Assamese * /okshura, /ukhurkata en"ali * /okshura, /okhri Kn"lish * Caltrops root /u'ra u'ratiti * e tha tha "okh "okhaaru, ru, 5ana "ok "okharu haru,, $itho itho"o "okh khar aruu 0indi * /okhru +annada * 5e""ilamullu, 5e""ilu, Sannana""ilu +ashmiri * $ichirkand, %a %akhada $alayalam * 5erin'il $arathi * /okharu, Sarate 2riya * /ukhura, /okhyura %un'abi * hakhra, /okhru Sanskrit * /oksura, S!adamstra, rikanta, raikantaka elu"u * %alleru!eru 4rdu * +har1e1+hasak +hurd DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic 3rug consists of root, < to  cm. long and 0.A to 0< cm. in diameter, slender, cylindrical, fibrous, freMuently branched bearing a number of small rootlets, tough, woody and yellow to light brown in colour; surface s urface becomes rough r ough due to presence pres ence of small nodules; fracture fibrous; odour aromatic; taste sweetish and astringent.

b) Microscopic Microscopic Transverse Transverse section of primary primary roots show a layer of epidermis followed followed by  or ! layers of thin-walled parenchymatous cortex, endodermis distinct; pericycle enclosing diarch stele, in mature 155

root, cork  to 6 layered, cork cambium single layered followed by 6 to  layers of thin-walled parenchymatous cells with groups of fibres, distributed throughout; some secondary cortex cells show secondary secondary wall formation formation and reticulate reticulate thickening; thickening; secondary secondary phloem divided divided into two Fones, outer Fone characteriFed by presence of numerous phloem fibres with a few sieve tubes slightly collapsed, inner Fone freMuently parenchymatous, devoid of fibres often showing sieve tubes and companion cells; phloem rays distinct, a few cells get converted into fibres in outer region; cambium A to ! layered; wood composed of vessels, tracheids, parenchyma and fibres and traversed by medullary rays; vessels scattered, arranged in singles or doubles towards inner side, in groups of three to four on outer side having bordered pits; tracheids long, narrow with simple pits; xylem parenchyma rectangular or slightly elongated with simple pits and reticulate thickening; a few xylem fibres; medullary rays heterogenous,  to  cells wide; starch grains and rosette crystals of calcium oxalate present in secondary cortex, phloem and medullary ray cells; a few prismatic crystals also present in xylem ray cells. Po"d#r$

&reami &reamish-b sh-brow rown; n; shows shows parenc parenchym hymaa cells; cells; fragmen fragments ts of lignif lignified ied xylem xylem vessels vessels with with reticu reticulate late thicke thickenin ning, g, trachei tracheids, ds, single single or groups groups of phloem phloem fibres; fibres; scatter scattered ed rosette rosette crystal crystal of calcium oxalate, oxalate, a few prismatic prismatic crystal of calcium oxalate; oxalate; small, oval to rounded rounded starch grains measuring 2 to < Hm in diameter.

IDENTITY, PURITY AND STRENT! Forei"n matter 5ot more than 6 per cent, Appendi7 otal Ash 5ot more than :9 per cent, Appendi7 Acid1insoluble ash 5ot more than 9 per cent, Appendi7 Alcohol1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than ; per cent, Appendi7 >ater1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than : per cent, Appendi7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

T.".C. T.%.&. of &hloroform- soluble fraction of the 'lcoholic extract of the drug on aluminium plate precoated with silica gel 60 / 2! +7. (erck 0.2 mm. thickness using &hloroform ) (ethanol +) as the developing system, with 'nisaldehyde - :ulphuric acid reagent and heating the plate for five minutes at 0!& shows nine spots at Rf. 0.A, 0.26 +violet, 0.A, 0.A, 0.2 +grey, 0.! +violet, 0.6A+blue, 0.A +grey and 0.A +pinkish + pinkish grey.

CONSTITUENTS 3iosgenin, hecogenin, gitogenin, tigogenin, neotigogenin, stigmasterol, D-sitosterol and campesterol .

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * #Eippu (ÞIŠ¹), u!arppu (?õ˜Š¹) C#$ai * 5oymai (ª4£8¬ñ), imai (F‡¬ñ) #%a& * aBpam ((6ð‹) 'ri#& 156

* #Eippu (ÞIŠ¹) Piri$# * ?maiperukki (Ý‡¬ñªð¼‚A), Ci@unrperukki (CÁc˜ªð¼‚A), C*+ai +uGircciyuB¡kki (°2˜*CE‡$£‚A), u!arppi (?õ˜Š), 4GGaal¡@@i (";3öô£!&), 4ram¡kki ("óñ£‚A) IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS ir¡Bc¡ticcraam ir¡Bc¡ticcraam (Fó£6-£F*+ó,‹) T!ERAPEUTIC USES 5rkaBuppu (c˜è=Š¹), 3eGGai ( ªõ;¬3)

91 < ml tice daily. daily. DOSE 1 Decoction 91 ;1  " coarse poder in 6 ml of ater for preparin" decoction.

157

51. NAERVALAM NAERVALAM (SEED)

N2R'Ë:AM (S4) - «;˜õ£1‹ 5r!¡Gam is the dried seed of Croton tiglium L. (Fam. Kuphorbiaceae), a small e!er"reen tree, < to 8 m hi"h, found throu"hout tropical #ndia. he seeds are sub'ected to purification process before use. SYNONYMS

amil * 3¡Gam (õ£3‹) Assamese * en"ali * Kn"lish * /u'rati * 0indi * +annada * $alayalam * $arathi * %un'abi * Sanskrit * elu"u * 4rdu * DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic

CIpi ('-£), 5¡kaam ( 4£è,‹), 5p¡Gam ('4ð£3‹), anti ((‰F), +anibish Naipala Croton 5epalo, Namala"ota Namal"ota 5epal, Napal bee', Napala, 5er!ala 5er!alam, 5eer!alam Nepal, Napal Napolota Nayapala, $ukula, intidiphala 5epalamu Namal"ota

:eed ovate, oblong, slightly Muadrangular, convex on dorsal and somewhat flattened on ventral surface, about 2 mm. in length and resemble castor seed in shape, dull cinnamon-brown, often mottled with black due to abrasion in testa, caruncle easily detatched and usually absent, hilum on ventral side less distinct than that of castor seed, raphe runs along ventral surface of seed, terminating in a dark chalaFa at opposite extremity, kernel yellowish and oily, consisting of a large endosperm, enclosing papery cotyledons and a small radicle, no marked odour; kernel gives at first oily taste followed by an unpleasant acridity.

b) Microscopic Microscopic S##d - :hows a hard testa, consisting of an epidermal layer, covered externally with a thick cuticle and composed of oval and tangentially elongated cells, filled with brownish content; epidermis followed by a layer of radially elongated cells, slightly bent at middle, upper half portion filled with reddish-brown and lower half filled with yellow contents; inner most Fone consists of tangentially 158

elongated, thin-walled cells; endosperm consists of polygonal parenchymatous cells filled with oil globules, a few cells having rosette crystals of calcium oxalate; central region of endosperm shows a dicotyledonous embryo consisting of thin-walled parenchymatous cells. Po"d#r$

=hite with black particles of testa; shows elongated cells containing reddish-brown and yellow contents; oil globules and a few rosette crystals of calcium oxalate.


6 per cent, Appendi7 9 per cent, Appendi7 .< per cent, Appendi7 :< per cent, Appendi7 8 per cent, Appendi7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

T.".C. T.%.&. of 'lcoholic extract of the drug on silica gel I>I plate using n-Jutanol) 'cetic acid) =ater +))! shows under 45 +A66 nm. three spots at Rf. 0.A, 0.! and 0. +all violet. Cn exposu exposure re to iodine iodine vapours vapours six spots spots appear appear at Rf.. Rf.. 0.0, 0.0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.A, 0.A, 0., 0., 0.6A 0.6A and 0.0 0.0 +all yellow. Cn spraying spraying with ! 9 (ethanolic- :ulphuric acid reagent and heating the plate plate at 0!8 & for five minutes three spots appear at Rf. 0.A+grey, 0.! +yellow, 0. +brown.

CONSTITUENTS -deoxy-K-phorbol, phorbol esters, b -sitosterol, fixed oil oil and resins.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * +aippu (¬èŠ¹) C#$ai * 5oymai (ª4£8¬ñ), imai (F‡¬ñ) #%a& * 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) 'ri#& * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$# * 5rmalampIkki (c˜ñô‹'ð£‚A), aBippuB¡kki ((/Š¹‡$£‚A) C*+ai IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS Akattiyar +uampu (Üè5F˜ °ö‹¹), A[Bapaira!am ( ÜX$¬ðóõ‹ ), Citt¡ti Key (C5(£F N‡ª,8), $kan¡ta +uGikai ( 'ñè4£( °2¬è), ¡amp $¡ttirai ((£ö‹L ñ £5F¬ó)

159

T!ERAPEUTIC USES AalH%ittam (Üö%75(‹), $kam ('ñè‹), 3ayi@@u 5Iy (õO!Á '4£8), 3aGi 5 IykaG (õ2 '4£8è;)

administered as a sin"le dru", dru", it should be used only in combination. combination. DOSE 1 #t cannot be administered

160

52. PARAN$I &HAKKAI (TUBEROUS ROOT)

PAA@KI CAKKAI (T#bro#s root) - ð#47 ‚¬è %a@a %a@a-k -kii Cakk Cakkai ai is the the tube tubero rous us root root of &milax china L. (Fam. Liliaceae), a deciduous climbe climberr ith ith sparsel sparselyy prickled prickled or unarme unarmedd stem. #t is imported imported from from China and and Napan. Napan. he tuberous roots are sub'ected to purification process before use. SYNONYMS

amil * (ð#ƒAŠð6¬$) en"ali * Kn"lish * /u'rati * 0indi * $alayalam * $arathi * Sanskrit * elu"u * DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic

CEappaBBai (S0Šð6¬$), $atusmki (ñ?^hA), %a@a-kippaBBai Chopcheenee, + +uumarika, SShhukchin Chinna root Chopcheenee Chopcheenee China %a!u Chopcheenee $adhusnuhi, D!ipantara !aca %irn"ichekka

Tubers about 6 to 2 cm. long, 2 to  cm. wide, rough, irregular, cylindrical, curved, slightly tapering with brownish or blackish scars; externally brownish-yellow in colour, and internally brown in colour; fracture hard; odour not characteristic; taste slightly bitter.

b) Microscopic Microscopic &ort &ortex ex show showss seve severa rall lay layers ers of thin thin-w -wal alle led, d, poly polygo gona nal, l, elon elonga gate ted d muci mucila lagi gino nous us parenchymatous cells, a few cells containing raphides of calcium oxalate; endodermis not distinguished; ground tissue having several vascular bundles consisting of usual elements; fibres long and aseptate; numerous simple and compound starch grains, measuring 6 to A Hm in dia. with 2 to more than  components mostly spherical to ovoid, having hilum in centre. Po"d#r$

%ight brown; shows fragments of mucilaginous parenchymatous cells of cortex, fibres and vessels vessels with with reticul reticulate ate thicke thickenin ning; g; a few scatter scattered ed needle needless of calciu calcium m oxalat oxalatee from from raphid raphides; es; numerous simple and compound starch grains measuring 6 to A Hm in dia. with 2 to more than  components, mostly spherical to ovoid having hilum in centre.

161

IDENTITY, PURITY AND STRENT! Forei"n matter 5ot more than otal Ash 5ot more than Acid1insoluble ash 5ot more than Alcohol1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than >ater >ater1so 1solub luble le e7trac e7tracti! ti!ee 5ot less less than than T.".C.

6 .= .= . <

per cent, Appendi7 per cent, Appendi7 per cent, Appendi7 per cent, Appendi7 per cent, cent, Append Appendi7 i7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8. 6.6.8.

T.%.&. T.%.&. of the 'lcoho 'lcoholic lic extract extract on silica silica gel I>I plate plate using using Toluene Toluene)) 7thyl 7thyl acetate) acetate) (ethanol +!)!)2 as mobile phase shows on spraying with 'nisaldehyde- :ulphuric acid reagent and heating heating the plate at 0!& until the colour colour develops develops , ten spots at Rf. 0.0 +dark +dark green, 0.< 0.< +viole +violet, t, 0.2 0.2 +dirty +dirty yello yellow, w, 0.26 0.26 +grey +grey, , 0.A2 0.A2 +yello +yellow, w, 0., 0., 0.!! 0.!! and 0.! 0.! +all violet violet, , 0.
CONSTITUENTS :arsaponin, parallin, D-sitosterol, stigmasterol and their glucosides, daucosterol, isoseryl-:methyl-cysteamine sulphoxide and dihydrokaempferol-!-C- D-3- glucoside.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * #Eippu (ÞIŠ¹) C#$ai * #laku (Þô°), 3a@aBci ( õ#6C) #%a& * aBpam ((6ð‹) 'ri#& * #Eippu (ÞIŠ¹) Piri$# * +¡mamperukki (è£ñ‹ªð¼‚A), $kappii!ilakki ('ñèŠM>ô‚A ), C*+ai ymaiy¡kki (G8¬ñ£‚A), 4Ba@t@@i ("$!'(!&) IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS #racakanthi $euku (Þó-è‰F ªñ.°), %a@a-kippaBBai Craam ( ð#ƒAŠð6¬$ +ó,‹), %a@a-kippaBBai #rac¡yaEam ( ð#ƒAŠð6¬$ Þó-£0‹), %a@a-kippaBBai %ata-kam (ð#ƒAŠð6¬$ ð(ƒè‹) T!ERAPEUTIC USES Atikaiccal (ÜFèP*-%), Clai (+¬ô), +arapp¡E (èóŠð£9), +ir¡i (Aó£M), $¡ntam (ñ£‰(‹), 5rii!u (cBP:), 5r!Bkai (c˜'õ6¬è), %iGa!ai (3¬õ), %u (¹‡), 4ppicam ("Š-‹), 3ayi@@iraiccal (õO!&¬ó*-%), 3eBBai ( ªõ6¬$) DOSE 1 %oder 9 1 = " 162

53. PATHIRI VER (ROOT)

PËT!IRI '2R (Root) - ð£FK «õ˜ %¡thiri 3r is the dried root of &tereos$ermum (L.f.).) DC. DC. Syn. Syn. &. &tereos$ermum chelonoides chelonoides (L.f suaveolens (&o7b.) DC. (Fam. i"noniaceae), a lar"e deciduous tree upto : m. hi"h and :. m. in "irth ith a clear bole of about T m., found throu"hout throu"hout the moist parts of the country. #t "ros in +u@iPcithiai. SYNONYMS

amil (¹9è£@) Assamese en"ali Kn"lish /u'rati 0indi +annada $alayalam $arathi 2riya %un'abi Sanskrit elu"u

*

+aEEi (è9I), %¡Balimaram (ð£$@ñó‹), %¡Balam (ð£$ô‹), %uEk¡li

* * * * * * * * * * * *

%arul %arul &ose floer fra"rant %odal %adal %adramora %adiri %adal oro, %atulee %adal %atalai, Amo"ha, $adhuduti, +rsn!nta, amrapuspi +ali"ottu, +okkesa, %odira

DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic Root occurs in about 6 to  cm. long,  to .! cm. thick cut pieces, cylindrical, externally brown to creamy, rough due to vertical fissures, cracks, ridges and transverse fine lenticels, internally internally dark brown, brown, lamellation lamellation or stratification stratification due to presence of concentric concentric bands of fibres; fracture tough and fibrous; odour not distinct; taste bitter.

b) Microscopic Microscopic Root cork consists of 2! to A! layers of rectangular cells with A to ! stratified layers, lignification being more prominent where the stratification starts, arranged with  to A tangential rows of narrow cells alternating with A to ! tangential rows of wider cells; cork cambium composed of  or 2 layers of tangentially elongated cells; secondary cortex arranged more or less radially, becomes polyhedral to isodiametric in inner region, a few cells getting converted into stone cells 163

which are regular in shape and show proBection; secondary phloem wide, forms ceratenchyma between two obliMuely running rays; some rays and phloem cells get converted into irregular, polygonal stone cells, measuring 0 to !0 Hm in width, phloem parenchyma being intact; medullary rays multiseriate, being A or  cells wide, and  to ! cells high; fibres tapering, pointed pointed or slightly blunt, with a small peg-like proBection at both ends; sieve tube gets collapsed in outer region forming strips of ceratenchyma; a few small microsphenoidal crystals of calcium oxalate present in phloem parenchyma and rays; secondary xylem wide having usual elements; vessels simple, pitted, lignified; fibres large, pointed, aseptate; rays multiseriate, 2 or A cells wide. Po"d#r$

3ark brown; shows fragments of rectangular cork and phloem parenchyma cells; groups of single, thick walled, cubical to rectangular, lignified stone cells having striations and wide lumen; a number of microsphenoidal crystals of calcium oxalate, intact and scattered outside.


6 per cent, Appendi7  per cent, Appendi7 = per cent, Appendi7 : per cent, Appendi7 6 per cent, Appendi7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

T.".C. T.%.&. T.%.&. of 'lcoho 'lcoholic lic extract extract on silica silica gel I>I plate using using n-Juta n-Jutanol nol)) 'cetic 'cetic acid) =ater +))! +))! shows in visible light light three spots at Rf. 0.62, 0.! and 0.2 +all light light yellow. yellow. 4nder 4nder 45 +A66 nm five fluorescent Fones are visible at Rf. 0.<, 0.!A +both light blue, 0.62 +bluish pink, 0.< +blue +blue and 0.! +light green. green. Cn exposure exposure to iodine vapours seven spots spots appear at Rf. 0., 0.2 0.2,, 0.! 0.!,, 0.!A 0.!A,, 0.< 0.<,, 0.! 0.! and and 0.2 0.2 +all +all yello ellow w.. Cn spra spray ying ing with with !9 (eth (ethan anol olic ic-$hosphomolybdic acid reagent and heating the plate at 0!& until the colour develops, the plate shows four spots at Rf. 0.<, 0.<, 0.! and 0.2 +all bluish gre y.

CONSTITUENTS n-Triacontanol, D-sitosterol, lapachol, dehydro-K-lapachone, dehydrotectol, 6-0glucosylscutellarein and stereolensin.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * u!arppu (?õ˜Š¹) C#$ai * #laku (Þô°), 3a@aBci ( õ#6C) #%a& * aBpam ((6ð‹) 'ri#& * #Eippu (ÞIŠ¹) Piri$# * Ci@unrperukki (CÁc˜ªð¼‚A), 3eppaka@@i (ªõŠðè!&) C*+ai

164

IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS $aBr¡ti ABaikkuBinr (ñ‡Yó£F Ü¬$‚°/c˜), %ittacurak +uBinr (5(²ó‚ °/c˜) T!ERAPEUTIC USES Co@icira-ku (ª-£&Cóƒ°), Kriccal (NB*-%), Kru!¡y $uGai (N¼õ£8 º¬3), +arapp¡E (èóŠð£9), 5rii!u (cBP:), %u (¹‡)

Decoction 91 91 < ml tice tice daily. DOSE 1 %oder 6 1 <" par Decoction :< 1 9 " coarse poder in 6 ml of ater for preparin" decoction.

165

54. PAERARATTHAI (RHI#OME)

P2RARATTAI (R8iilld. (Fam. Win"iberaceae), a herb upto 6.< m. in hei"ht, bearin" perennial rhiUome, "roin" in eastern 0imalayas and southest #ndia and e7tensi!ely culti!ated all o!er #ndia. SYNONYMS

amil * en"ali * Kn"lish * /u'rati * 0indi * +annada * $alayalam * $arathi * 2riy 2riyaa * %un'abi * DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic

Arattai (Üó5¬() +ulan'an, +urachi 3ach /reater "alan"al, Na!a "alan"al +ulin'an Naanu, +olin'an +ulan'an, +ulin'an Doddarasa"adde, Dh Dhoomraasmi Aratta +ulinlan, +oshta +ulin'an, $othe kolan'an +ula +ulan' n'an ana, a, Su"a Su"and ndha hamu mula la,, $ala $alaya ya 3aca 3aca,, $aha $ahabh bhar arii 3aca 3aca,, &asn &asnaa (Sou (South th)) Dumparaastramu

Root - The roots are adventitious, in groups, fibrous, persistent in dried rhiFomes, about 0.! to 2 cm. long and 0. to 0.2 cm. in diameter and yellowish-brown in colour.

RhiFomee cylind cylindrica rical, l, branch branched, ed, 2 to  cm. in diamet diameter, er, longit longitudi udinal nally ly ridged ridged with with R3i6o*# - RhiFom prominent rounded warts +remnants of roots marked with fine annulations; scaly leaves arranged circularly; externally reddish-brown, internally orange yellow in colour; fracture hard and fibrous; surface rough; odour pleasant and aromatic; spicy and sweet in taste.

b) Microscopic Microscopic Root - Transverse section of root circular in outline, single layered epidermis with barrel shaped cells having unicellular root hairs, hypodermis A or  cells deep and sclerenchymatous, cortex parenchymatous, many cells deep, with well developed intercellular spaces; endodermis showing prominent casparian strips and IvI shaped thickening, followed by many celled sclerenchymatous pericycle; xylem and phloem in separate radial strands; centre occupied by a parenchymatous pith. R3i6o*# - Transverse section of young rhiFome circular in outline; epidermal cells small and angular, thick cuticle present, rhiFome differentiated into a wide cortex and a central cylinder, both region regionss having having irregul irregularly arly scatter scattered ed vascul vascular ar bundle bundles, s, each vascul vascular ar bundle bundle with with a promin prominent ent fibrou fibrouss sheath; sheath; inner inner limit limit of cortex cortex marked marked by rectan rectangul gular ar parenc parenchy hymato matous us cells; cells; stele stele with with 166

irregular, closely placed vascular bundles towards periphery, root traces present, schiFogenous canals and oil cells with suberiFed walls found in cortex and in central region; most of the parenchymatous cells filled with starch grains which are ellipsoidal to ovoid, sometimes beaked, simple, 0 to 6 Hm, hilum eccentric, circular or crescent shaped at the broad end, the narrow beaklike end become black when stained with dil. iodine water and chlor-Finc iodide but the remaining part become light blue or brown. (acerated preparation shows s hows vessels ! to <0 Hm long and  to 0 Hm broad, tracheidal fibres 6 to 20 Hm long and  to A0 Hm broad. Po"d#r$

Crange brown; spicy and sweet in taste; shows parenchyma cells containing starch +as described under microscopy of rhiFome, oil cells, schiFogenous canals; vessels with scalariform and reticulate thickenings and tracheidal fibres.

IDENTITY, PURITY AND STRENT! Forei"n matter 5ot more than 6 per cent, Appendi7 otal Ash 5ot more than < per cent, Appendi7 Acid1insoluble ash 5ot more than 6 per cent, Appendi7 Alcohol1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than = per cent, Appendi7 >ater1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than :9 per cent, Appendi7 Starch 5ot less than 66 percent, Appendi7 Kssential oil 5ot less than .; percent, Appendi7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8. 6.6.:9 6.6.:

T.".C. T.%.&. of the (ethanolic extract on silica gel I>I plate using Toluene) 7thyl acetate) (ethanol +0)20)0. shows under 45 +A66 nm. blue fluorescent Fones of yellow, yellow, green and blue at Rf.0.!, 0.2!, 0.6 0.6 respectively. Cn spraying with 'nisaldehyde 'nisaldehyde - :ulphuric acid reagent and heating the plate for five minutes at 0!&, six spots appear at Rf.0.! +greyish green, 0.A! +violet, 0. +greyish green, 0.6A +greyish green, 0.6 +green and 0. +violet.

CONSTITUENTS 7sential oil, containing a - pinene, O - pinene, limonene, cineol, linalool, cedrol, eugenol, terpinen -  -ol and a - terpineol. >alanganal, galanganol J and &, I-:-I-acetoxychavicol acetate, I:-I-acetoxyeugenol acetate, trans-parahydroxy-cinnamaldehyde, trans-para-coumaryl alcohol, trans-para-coumaryl acetate, galanolacetone, and di +p-hydroxy-cis-styryl methane.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) C#$ai * imai (F‡¬ñ) #%a& * 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) 'ri#& * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$# 167

* C*+ai (ªõŠðè!&)

+Iaiyaka@@i ('è£¬öè!&), %acitttBi (ðC5QG‡/), 3eppaka@@i

IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS +akku!¡E #Gakam (è‚°õ£9 Þ3è‹), ippili #r¡c¡yaEam (FŠ@ Þó£-£0‹),  tu!Gai 5ey (G?'õ¬3 ª48), 4Guntu ailam ("<‰? ¬(ô‹), 3¡tacurak +uBinr ( õ £(²ó‚ °/c˜) T!ERAPEUTIC USES Ctaka!ali (+(èõ@), Aiyacuram ( H²ó‹), $uppii (ºŠM), 5aPcu (4U²), 5 r@@am (c'ó!#‹), alaippu ((¬ôŠ¹‡), 4Bal 3ali ("$% õ@), 3aGi 5IykaG (õ2 '4 £8è;) DOSE 1 %oder : 1 9 "

168

55. PERUN$AYAM (OLEO'$UM'RESIN)

PERU@KËYAM (O3o-#&-rsi/) - !ð64è£ò‹ %eru-k %eru-k¡ya ¡yam m is the oleo1"um oleo1"um1re 1resin sin obtained obtained from from rhiUom rhiUomee and root of Ferula foetida &e"el., Ferula narthex oiss, oiss, and other species species of Ferula (Fam. Apiaceae), a perennial herb, occurrin" in %ersia and Af"hanistan. #ncisions are made at the upper part of tap root of more than fi!e year old plants and resin collected by scrappin" in $arch, April, after one or to days or after a fe fe eek eekss hen hen it "ets "ets hard harden ened edMM the the proc proces esss is repe repeat ated ed se!e se!era rall time times. s. #t "ro "ross in +u@iPcithiai. SYNONYMS

amil * Cantun¡cam (-‰?4£-‹), #-ku (Þƒ°), +anti (è‰F), +¡yam (è£‹), 3allkam (õ%gè‹) Assamese * 0in en"ali * 0in" Kn"lish * Asfoetida /u'rati * 0in", 3a"harni 0indi * 0in", 0in"da +annada * 0in"u, #n"u +ashmiri * Kn" $alayalam * +ayam $arathi * 0in", 0ira, 0in" 2riya * 0en"u, 0in"u %un'abi * 0in" Sanskrit * 0in"u, &amatha, Sahasra!edhi elu"u * #n"u!a 4rdu * 0itleet, 0in" DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic Rounded, flattened or masses of agglutinated tears, greyish-white to dull yellow, mostly 2 to 2! mm. in diameter; freshly exposed surface, yellowish and translucent or milky white, opaMue, slowly becoming pink, red, finally reddish brown; odour strong, characteristic and persistent; taste bitter and acrid.

169

b) Microscopic Microscopic Id#nti/i.'tion

 /reshly broken broken surface surface when touched touched with with sulphuric sulphuric acid a bright bright red or reddish-bro reddish-brown wn colour is produced, changing to violet when acid is washed off with water. 2 Joil Joil 0.2 g with with 2 ml #ydroc #ydrochlo hloric ric acid for about about  minute, minute, cool, cool, dilute dilute with an eMual volume of water, and filter into A ml of dilute solution of 'mmonia; fluorescence is produced. A Tritur Triturate ate  g with with 0 ml of light $etrol $etroleum eum +b.p. +b.p. 0 to 60 60 for 2 minutes, minutes, filter filter into a test tube and add to the filtrate 0 ml of a fresh 0.! per cent w1v aMueous solution of copper acetate; shake well and allow the liMuids to separate; petroleum layer does not show any green colour, indicating absence of colophony resin.

IDENTITY, PURITY AND STRENT! Alcohol1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than >ater1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than Forei"n matter 5ot more than otal Ash 5ot more than Acid1insoluble ash 5ot more than

< < 6 :< 9


6.6.=. 6.6.8. 6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;.

ASSAY +'lcohol insoluble fraction 'bout ! g accurately weighed drug is placed in a small beaker furnished with a glass rod, and tared; !0 ml of 'lcohol 'lcohol +0 per cent is added and boiled boiled gently. gently. The hot solution solution is filtered through a tared filter paper the residue is boiled with further MuantitYies of alcohol +0 per cent; until all soluble soluble matter is removed, using using the glass rod to disintegrate disintegrate the insoluble insoluble matter. The filter paper paper is washed with with hot alcohol alcohol +0 +0 per cent cent and the paper paper is transferred transferred to the beaker, beaker, dried at 00&, and weighed. The residue weighs not more than !0 per cent of the original sample taken.

T.".C. T.%.&. of 'lcoholic extract of the drug on silica gel I>I plate using Toluene) 7thyl acetate +<)A v1v, shows eleven spots under 45 light +A66 nm. at Rf.0.2, 0.22, 0.A, 0.2, 0.!,0.!!, 0.!,0.!!, 0.!!, 0.60, 0.6<, 0.<<, 0.! and 0. +all blue. Cn spraying with 'nisaldehyde- :ulphuric acid reagent and heating the plate, for five minutes at 0!8& ten spots appear at Rf. 0.0! +violet, 0.2 +brown, 0.22+violet, 0.A2 +brown, 0.2 +violet, 0.! +pink, 0.60 +grey, 0.<< +pink, 0.! +pink and 0. +orange.

170

CONSTITUENTS 3imethyl trisulphide, 2- butyl methyl disulphide, 2- butyl methyl trisulphide, di- 2-butyl disulphide, di- 2-butyl trisulphide, di-2- butyl - tetrasulphide, asadisulphide, asacoumarin ' and J, R-2-butyl--propenyl disulphide, - +-- methyl thio propenyl--propenyl disulphide, ferulic acid, asaresinol ferulate, fenchone, linalool, foetidin, asafoetidin, O- caryophyllene, O- selinene, ferocolicin.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * +aippu (¬èŠ¹) C#$ai * +rmai (˜¬ñ) #%a& * 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) 'ri#& * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$# * AkaBBu!¡y!aka@@i (Üè6=õ£8õè!&), #ci!aka@@i (ÞCõè!& ), C*+ai 3eppamuB¡kki (ªõŠðº‡$£‚A ) IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS Akattiyar +uampu (Üè5F˜ °ö‹¹), AVB¡thic Craam ( ÜX$£F* +ó,‹), +uEmakuBIri $euku (°9ñ°'$£B ªñ.°), $c¡mparappa@@u (R-£‹ðóŠð!Á), ¡Gic¡thi Craam ((£2-£F +ó,‹) T!ERAPEUTIC USES Ctakaclai (+(è+¬ô), ppam (1Šð‹), +uEmam (°9ñ‹), $¡ntam (ñ£‰(‹), %allaBi 5IykaG (ð%ô/ '4£8è;), %eru!ayi@u (ªð¼õOÁ), 3aGi 5IykaG (õ2 '4£8è;) DOSE 1 %oder := 1 =< m"

171

56. PIRAMMI VA#HUKKAI (HOLE PLANT)

PIRAMMI 'ABUKKAI (78o3 P3a/t) - Có‹@ õD‚¬è %irammi 3aukkai is the dried hole plant of ,aco$a monnieri (L.) >ettst., Syn. Scrophulariaceae), a "labrous, succulent, small, prostrate +er$estis monniera monniera (L.) 0.. Y +. (Fam. Scrophulariaceae), or creepin" annual herb, found throu"hout #ndia in et and damp places. SYNONYMS

amil * Assamese * Kn"lish * /u'rati * 0indi * +annada * $alayalam * $arathi * 2riya * %un'abi * Sanskrit * elu"u * 4rdu * DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic

CaptaGai (-Š(¬3), 5rpirammi (c˜ó‹J) rahmi hyme lea!ed "ratiola 5eerbrahmi, amane!ari $anduka %arni, rahmi 5irubrahmi, 3alabrahmi, 2ndela"a, $andukaparni rahmi Nalnam, rahmi, irami rahmi rahmibuti rahmi, Sarasati, +apota!amka Sambarenu, Sambarani rahmi

Root - Thin, wiry, small, branched, creamish-yellow. St#* - Thin, green or purplish green, about  to 2 mm. thick, soft, nodes and internodes prominent, glabrous; taste slightly bitter. L#'/ - :imple, opposite, decussate, green, sessile,  to 2 cm. long, obovate-oblong; taste slightly bitter. Fo"#r - :mall, axillary and solitary, pedicels 6 to A0 mm. long, bracteoles shorter than pedicels. Frit - &apsules upto ! mm. long, ovoid and glabrous.

b) Microscopic Microscopic

172

Root - :hows a single layer of epidermis, cortex having large air cavities; endodermis single layered; pericycle not distinct; stele consists of phloem with a few sieve elements and isolated material from xylem shows vessels with reticulate thickenings. St#* - :hows single layer of epidermis followed by a wide cortex of thin-walled cells with very large intercellular spaces; endodermis single layered; pericycle consisting of  or 2 layers; vascular ring continuous, composed of a narrow Fone of phloem towards peripher y and a wide ring of xylem towards centre; centre occupied by a small pith with distinct intercellular spaces; starch grains simple, simple, round to oval, measuring measuring  to  mm in dia. in cortical cells and .0 to .0 x 2.! to .0 mm in dia., in a few cells of endodermis.

- :hows a single layer of upper and lower epidermis covered with thin cuticle; glandular hairs L#'/ sessile sessile,, subsid subsidiary iary cells presen presentt on both both surface; surface; a few prisma prismatic tic crystal crystalss of calcium calcium oxalate oxalate occasionally found distributed in mesophyll cells; mesophyll traversed by small veins surrounded by bundle sheath; no distinct midrib present. :tomatal index A to  for upper surface and 2 to 6 for lower surface; vein - islet number 6 to A per sMuare mm. Po"d#r$

"ellowish-brown; shows xylem vessels with reticulate thickening; glandular hairs; simple, round and oval starch grains, measuring . mm in diameter.


6 : = = :<


6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

T.".C. T.%.&. of the (ethanolic extract of the drug on silica gel I>I plate using Toluene) 7thyl 'cetate) (ethanol) glacial 'cetic 'cid +A))A) shows A spots at Rf. 0.A +yellowish brown ,0.6 +light brown and 0. +dark pink, bacoside ' marker on spraying with 209 :ulphuric acid in (ethanol and heating the plate at 0! & for five minutes.

CONSTITUENTS Jacosides ', 'A N J, monnierin, bacopasaponins ' - 3 and >, bacopasides * - 5, hersaponin, betulinic acid, herpestine, brahmine, brahmine, nicotin, luteolin and its <- glucoside, A-formyl -  - hydroxy - 2# - pyran, monnierasides * - ***, plantainoside J, O- sitosterol, stigmasterol and stigmastanol.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * +aippu (¬èŠ¹), u!arppu (?õ˜Š¹) C#$ai * Acai!u (Ü¬-:), #laku (Þô°) #%a& 173

* 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) 'ri#& * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$# * Ci@unrperukki (CÁc˜ªð¼‚A), +¡mamperukki (è£ñ‹ªð¼‚A), + C*+ai Iaiyaka@@i ('è£¬öè!&), $alamiGakki (ñôJ3‚A), Aalaka@@i ( Üöôè!&)

IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS

%iramminey (ó‹Jª48) T!ERAPEUTIC USES Aiya 5IykaG (H '4£8è;), $alakkaBBu (ñô‚è6=), 5rcurukku (c˜²¼‚°), 3 kkam ()‚è‹), %itt¡tikkam (5(£F‚è‹ ), 3alippu 5Iy (õ@Š¹ '4£8) DOSE 1 %oder : 1 9 "

174

57. PONNAN$ANI (HOLE PLANT)

PO99Ë@KË>I (78o3 P3a/t) - !ð£"A£4è£8 %oEE¡%oEE¡-k¡ k¡ii is the dried dried hole plant plant of Alternanthera Alternanthera sessilis (L.)&.r.,e7 DC. Syn. A. triandra Lam., A. denticulata denticulata &. r., A. nodiflora &. r., A. re$ens /mel., non Link. (Fam. Amaranthaceae), a small prostrate or ascendin" herb ith se!eral spreadin" branches "roin" throu"hout the armer parts of the country and freRuently found in et places especially around tanks and ponds.#t "ros in $arutham thiai. SYNONYMS

amil * en"ali * /u'rati * 0indi * +annada * $alayalam * $arathi * 2riya * Sanskrit * elu"u * DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic

Ctai (S¬(), +oBuppai (ªè£=Š¬ð) Sanchesak, Salincha Sak Nala'ambo /udari Sa" 0ona"onne soppu %onnankanni, +oUuppa +anchari $atsa"andha, Salincha Saa"a $atsyaksi, $atsya"andha, ahli, /andali, /artkalambuk %onna"anti +oora

Root - &ylindrical, 0. to 0.6 cm. diameter, cream to grey, numerous roots arising from the main tap root as lateral rootlets; fracture short; no characteristic odour and taste. St#* - #erbaceous, weak, mostly cylindrical occasionally sub-Muadrangular at the apical region, with spreading branches from the base; yellowish-brown to light-brown; nodes and internodes distinct; internodes 0.! to ! cm. long, often rooting at lower nodes; fracture short; no characteristic odour and taste. L#'/ - .A to <.! cm. long, 0.A to 2 cm. wide, sometimes reaching 0 cm. long, 2.! cm. wide, sessile, linear-oblong, or elliptic, obtuse or subacute; no characteristic odour and taste. Fo"#r - /lower in small axillary sessile heads, white often tinged with pink, bracteoles about a cm long, long, ovate, ovate, scariou scarious; s; perian perianth th 2.! to A mm. long, long, sepals sepals ovate, ovate, acute, thin, thin, ovary ovary obcord obcordate ate,, compressed, style very short, capitellate; no characteristic odour and taste. Frit - 4tricle .! mm. long, orbicular, compressed with thickened margins; no characteristic odour and taste. 175

b) Microscopic Microscopic Root - :hows circular outline consisting of ! to < layered, thin-walled tangentially elongated and sMuarish, radially arranged cork cells; secondary cortex narrow, consisting of thin-walled, round or oval, parenchymatous cells, vascular bundles radially arranged, numerous, consisting of thin-walled cells; xylem tissues lignified; conBunctive tissue between bundles consisting of oval, thin-walled, parenchymatous cells; anomalous secondary growth occurs in the form of succession of rings of vascular bundles which are bicollateral, open and exarch; in the pith there are two large vascular bundles composed of xylem xylem and phloem; pith consisting of thin-walled, round to oval, isodiametric, parenchymatous cells. St#* - :hows single layered epidermis consisting of round or oval, thin-walled cells covered with striated cuticle; cortex 6 to 0 layered consisting of thin-walled oval to round, parenchymatous cells and rosette crystals of calcium oxalate measuring upto 0 mm in diameter; vascular bundles arranged in a ring, with anomalous secondary growth; which are conBoint, bicollateral, open and endarch; phloem narrow consisting of thin-walled cells traversed by phloem rays; xylem consisting of usual elements traversed by xylem rays; there are two vascular bundles situated in the peripheral region of pith, each bundle consisting of xylem and phloem; pith distinct, composed of thin-walled, round to oval parenchymatous parenchymatous cells with intercellular intercellular spaces, a few parenchym parenchymatous atous cells contain contain rosette crystals of calcium oxalate. L#'/ Midri- - show showss singl singlee layere layered d epid epiderm ermis is on both both surfa surface ce,, cove covere red d with with stria striate ted d cuti cuticle cle;; collenchymatous cells, 2 to  layered towards ventral side forming  or 2 small patches,  or 2 layered towards dorsal side; parenchymatous cells, thin-walled round or oval, isodiametric cells, a few of them containing rosette crystals of calcium oxalate; vascular bundles three, each consisting of xylem and phloem, present in the centre. L'*in' L'*in' - 3orsiventral; shows single layered epidermis; stomata diacytic more on ventral side; upper epidermal cells with slightly wavy walls, lower with sinuous walls; palisade 2 or A layers; spongy spongy parenc parenchym hymaa A or  layered layered of oval or irregu irregular lar loosely loosely arranged arranged cells; cells; a few of them containing rosette crystals of calcium oxalate; stomatal index 20 to 26 in lower surface and 2 to 20 upper surface; palisade ratio A to !; vein -islet number 6 to 2 and veinlet termination number  to 0 per sMuare mm. Po"d#r$

Clive green; shows fragments of parenchymatous cells, wavy or undulate irregular epidemal cells in surface view, diacytic stomata; palisade cells; xylem vessels with pitted and reticulate thickening and rosette crystals of calcium oxalate.

IDENTITY, PURITY AND STRENT! Forei"n matter 5ot more than otal Ash 5ot more than Acid1insoluble ash 5ot more than Alcohol1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than 176

6 per cent, Appendi7 : per cent, Appendi7 ;.< per cent, Appendi7 9 per cent, Appendi7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=.

>ater1soluble e7tracti!e

5ot less than

:T per cent, Appendi7

6.6.8.

T.".C. T.%.&. of 'lcoholic 'lcoholic extract of the drug on silica gel I>I plate using Toluene Toluene ) 7thyl acetate +) shows in visible light three spots at Rf. 0.6, 0.AA and 0. +all green. 4nder 45 +A66 nm. five fluorescent Fones are visible at Rf. 0.6, 0.AA, 0., 0.! and 0.6 +all red. Cn exposure to iodine vapours eight spots appear at Rf. 0., 0.2!, 0.A!, 0., 0.!, 0.!, 0., 0. and and 0.6 +all yellow. &CP:T*T47PT: a and b - spinasterols, stigmasterol, campesterol, O-sitosterol, !a- stigmast-<-en-A-ol, sterol palmitates, lupeol, 2-methylene cycloartanol,oeucalenol, oleanolic acid glycosides and robinetin-<-0-O-glucopyranoside.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * #Eippu (ÞIŠ¹) C#$ai * #laku (Þô°) #%a& * aBpam ((6ð‹) 'ri#& * #Eippu (ÞIŠ¹) Piri$# * +¡yaka@pam¡kki (è£è!ðñ£‚A), +uGircciyuB¡kki (°2˜*CE‡$£ C*+ai ‚A), 4Ba@t@@i ("$!'(!& ) IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS +aattailam (è,5¬(ô‹), %oEE¡-k¡it ailam (ªð£90£ƒè£M5 ¬(ô‹), %uGiy¡rai 5ey (¹2£¬ó ª48) T!ERAPEUTIC USES Aal 5IykaG (Üö% '4£8è;), Oral 5Iy (ó% '4£8), +ak¡cam (è‡è£-‹), 3¡y!u (õ£8:) DOSE 1 %oder 6 1 9 "

177

58. PODUDHALAI (HOLE PLANT)

PO5UT!A"AI (78o3 P3a/t) - !ð£-î¬ô %oButhalai is the dried hole plant of Phyla nodiflora (L.) /reene Syn. -i$$ia nodiflora (L.) A. $ich. (Fam. 3erbenaceae), a small creepin" perennial herb found commonly in sandy et, "rassy places alon" bunds of irri"ation channels, canal ed"es and ri!er banks almost throu"hout "reater part of #ndia and up to T m., on the hills.#t "ros in $arutham thiai. SYNONYMS

amil * en"ali * Kn"lish * /u'rati * 0indi * +annada * $alayalam * $arathi * 2riya * Sanskrit * elu"u * DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic

5rtippili (c˜FŠ@), %oButilai (ªð£=F¬ô), %@c¡tam (L!-£(‹) ukkana, +aanchadaa %urple lippia &ata!eliyo Nalpipali, %anisi"aa, huiokaraa 5elahippali 5irtippali, %o %odutalai Nalpippali, &ata!el 5ili, 5ila Nalapippali, Sa Saradi, $a $atsyadani, NNaalakana, 3a 3ashira okkena

Root - /ibrous, branched, brown in colour, 2 to 0 cm. in length and .0 to .! mm. in dia., nodal roots are smaller, 0.! to .0 cm. in length and unbranched. St#* - (uch branched, sub Muadrangular,  to 2 mm. in dia., rooting at nodes, more or less clothed with appressed, two armed, white hairs when seen under 0x, brownish-green, length of internode !.0 to .0 cm.

- Cpposite, sub-sessile, .! to A.< cm. long and  to 2 cm. broad, spathulate, cuneate at the L#'/ base, deeply and sharply serrate in the upper part, appressed appres sed by two armed, white minute hairs on both sides. Fo"#r - :essile, densely packed in long pedunculate axillary spikes, mature ones .0 to 2.0 cm long and 0. to 0.! cm. broad, flowering densely becoming oblong during fruiting; peduncles 2.! to <.! cm. long, bracts about 2.! mm. long, broadly elliptic or obovate, cuneate at base, mucronate, glabro glabrous; us; calyx calyx 2.0 mm. mm. long, long, membra membranou nous, s, bilobe bilobed, d, compre compressed ssed,, mitre-sh mitre-shape aped, d, pubesce pubescent nt undern underneath eath with with ordina ordinary ry tricho trichomes mes closely closely coverin covering g the fruit, fruit, the acumin acuminate ate lobes lobes proBect proBecting ing 178

beyond it; corolla 2.! to A.0 mm. long, white or light pink, bilipped, upper lip erect and bifid, lower lip A lobed of which the middle middle lobe largest, falling falling off as calyptra calyptra when fruit ripens; stamens stamens , didynamous, anthers 2-celled, dehiscing longitudinally, dorsifixed; ovary superior, bicarpellary, ovules in each cell solitary; style short, stigma obliMue, subcapitate. Frit - :mall, .! to 2.0 mm. long, globose, oblong, splitting into two -seeded planoconvex pyrenes; seeds exalbuminous about  mm. in siFe.

b) Microscopic Microscopic Root - Transverse section shows slightly wavy outline composed of a single layered epiblema; cortex 6 to  cells deep, most of the outer cortical cells in the nodal roots contain chloroplast; some of the cortical cells towards the inner side are thick walled; phloem cells are irregularly thick walled consisting of sieve tubes, companion cells and phloem parenchyma; xylem composed of vessels, tracheids, parenchyma and fibers; vessels are variable in siFe, range in diameter from 6 to 6! Hm; medullary rays about 2 or A cells in width, cells are pitted; pith absent. St#* - Transverse section shows a nearly Muardrant outline with ridges and deep furrows, striated cuticle, a single layer of epidermis with cells longer than broad; surface possesses unicellular trichomes with two uneMual arms which usually gets detached; cortex is about < cells deep in the furrow furrows, s, mainly mainly chlore chlorench nchym ymaa while while those those of ridges ridges are of collen collenchy chyma; ma; a few cells cells contain contain amorphous inclusions and many inner cells contain chloroplast; endodermis observed; pericycle 2 or A layers of cells, thick walled; phloem compressed and ! or 6 cells deep; xylem a continuous ring, broader broader at the troughs; pith large, composed composed of thin walled parenchym parenchymatous atous cells; central cells usually degenerated, but several others may occasionally contain a few chloroplasts. L#'/ 1 *sobilateral, *sobilateral, epidermis epidermis single single layered layered followed followed by a layer of palisade palisade cells; occasionally, occasionally, a layer of palisade palisade also occurs adBacent to the lower epidermis; epidermis; in surface view, the epidermal cells have straight walls; stomata diacytic, present on both lower and upper surface, but more in number on lower lower surface surface,, coverin covering g and glandula glandularr trichom trichomes es occur occur on both both the surface surface;; unicell unicellula ular, r, 2 uneMua uneMually lly armed armed warty warty trichom trichomes, es, with with pointe pointed d tips tips are freMue freMuent nt on both both the surfac surface; e; midrib midrib vascular bundle possess xylem on dorsal side and phloem on ventral side; stomatal index of upper and lower surface  to  and  to A0 respectively; the palisade ratio of upper surface 6 to  and that of lower  to A. Po"d#r$

>reenish- brown; fibrous, free flowing, characteriFed by the presence of glandular hairs, 2 armed trichomes which are usually attached to a epidermal cell from the slightly protruded stalk present in the middle, trichomes warty, leaf epidermis characteriFed by the presence of circular trichome scars, vessels and palisade cells.

IDENTITY, PURITY AND STRENT! Forei"n matter 5ot more than otal Ash 5ot more than Acid1insoluble ash 5ot more than Alcohol1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than >ater1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than 179

6 per cent, Appendi7 68 per cent, Appendi7 < per cent, Appendi7 ; per cent, Appendi7 :6 per cent, Appendi7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

T.".C. T.%.&. of (ethanol (ethanol extract on silica gel I>I plate using &hloroform) &hloroform) (ethanol +) shows five spots at Rf. 0.2, 0.26, 0.A, 0.0 and 0.< on spraying with 5anillin- :ulphuric acid reagent and heating the plate for ! minutes at 0!&.

CONSTITUENTS Podiflorin - ' and J, nodifloridinenodifloridine- ' and J, calamene, D- caryophyllene, - octen-A-ol, phenylethyl alcohol, linalool, p- cymen-Z-ol, cymen-Z-ol, methyl salicylate, 6- hydroxy luteolin-<-C-apioside, luteolin-<-C- glucoside, 6- hydroxyluteolin, nepetin, nodifloeretin lactose, maltose, glucose, fructose, xylose, lippiflorin ' and J.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * +aippu (¬èŠ¹), u!arppu (?õ˜Š¹) C#$ai * +rmai (˜¬ñ), 3a@aBci (õ#6C) #%a& * 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) 'ri#& * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$# * Ci@unrperukki (CÁc˜ªð¼‚A), +Iaiyaka@@i ('è£¬öè!&), C*+ai u!arppi (?õ˜Š), 4GGaal¡@@i ( ";3öô£!&), 4ram¡kki ("óñ£‚A), 3kka-karaicci ()‚èƒè¬ó*C) IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS A[Bapaira!am A[Bapaira!am (ÜX$¬ðóõ‹), +aric¡lai #Gakam ( èB-£¬ô Þ3è‹), %a@a-kippaBBai %ata-kam (ð#ƒAŠð6¬$ ð(ƒè‹) T!ERAPEUTIC USES Ctakkaiccal (S(‚èP*-% ), Clai 5Iy (+¬ô '4£8), #rumal (Þ¼ñ%), %eru-kaiccal (ªð¼ƒèP*-%), 3aGi 5IykaG ( õ2 '4£8è;), 3eGGai (ªõ;¬3)

91 < ml tice daily. daily. DOSE 1 Decoction 91 61 ; " coarse poder in 6 ml of ater for preparin" decoction.

180

5%. PUN$AM VERPATTAI (ROOT BARK)

PU@KAM '2RP5AI (Root bar+) - $4è‹ «õ˜Š†¬ì %u-kam %u-kam 3rpBJa 3rpBJaii is the dried dried root root bark bark of Pongamia $innata L. Syn. Syn. P. glabra 3ent. (Lam.) ennett (Fam. Fabaceae), Fabaceae), a "labrous "labrous tree, upto :m. or sometimes sometimes more in *erris indica (Lam.) hei"ht, found almost throu"hout the country upto an altitude of :6 :6 m. SYNONYMS


Amirta!alli (ÜJ˜(õ%@), %u-ku (¹ƒ°) +orach 5atakarna'a, Dahara +aran'a Smooth lea!ed pon"amia +ana'i +aran' 0on"e eru %on"u, 4n"u +aran'a +aran'a +aran' +aran'a, 5aktamala, 5aktah!a, /hrtakaran'a /anu"a, +anu"a +aran'

3rug 3rug occurs occurs in pieces pieces of varyi varying ng siFes; siFes; reddis reddish-b h-brow rown n extern externally ally and yello yellowish wish-wh -white ite internally; external surface rough, due to peeling off of outer thin skin and presence of numerous irregularly scattered and transversely arranged rows of lenticels; fracture fibrous; taste very bitter.

b) Microscopic Microscopic consisting of ! to ! rows of rectangular rectangular,, tangentially tangentially elongated elongated thinRoot 7'r8 - :hows cork consisting walled cells; secondary cortex wide composed of polygonal, tangentially elongated cells, most of the cells containing both simple and compound starch grains having 2 to ! components round to oval in shape, shape, A to mm in dia., a few cells contain contain yellowish-bro yellowish-brown wn contents contents and prismatic prismatic crystals crystals of calcium oxalate; stone cells found scattered scattered in this region in singles singles and groups, single cells of varying shape and siFe; secondary phloem very wide, composed of tangentially arranged fibres alternating with sieve tubes and phloem parenchyma, traversed by phloem rays; most of phloem parenchyma cells contain starch grains and crystals, similar to those present in secondary 181

cortex cortex;; phloem phloem rays rays many, many, mostly mostly straigh straight, t,  or 2 seriate, seriate, consist consisting ing of thin-wa thin-walle lled, d, radial radially ly elongated cells towards inner region and tangentially elongated towards periphery; most of ray cells contain starch grain, similar to those present in secondary cortex. Po"d#r$

Reddish brown; shows thin-walled, parenchymatous cells, cork cells; phloem fibres, stone cells and simple and compound starch grains measuring A to mm in diameter.


: per cent, Appendi7 :: per cent, Appendi7 6 per cent, Appendi7 9.< per cent, Appendi7 :8 per cent, Appendi7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

T.".C. T.%.&. T.%.&. of 'lcoholic 'lcoholic extract of the drug on silica gel I>I plate using Toluene) Toluene) 7thyl acetate +) shows shows under 45 light +A66 nm. eleven fluorescent fluorescent Fones at Rf. 0.0 +blue, 0.0 0.0 +greenish blue, 0.A+sky blue 0. +blue 0.2! +sky blue, 0.A +sky +s ky blue, 0.A< +greenish yellow, 0.2 +sky blue, 0.< +greenish yellow, 0.! +light blue, 0.0 +light blue. Cn exposure to iodine vapours nine spots appear at Rf. 0.0, 0., 0.A, 0.A<, 0.<, 0.<, 0.!, 0.0 and 0. +all yellow.

CONSTITUENTS $onganone * to S*, flavones, kanugin and demethoxy kanugin.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * +aippu (¬èŠ¹), u!arppu (?õ˜Š¹) C#$ai * +rmai (˜¬ñ) #%a& * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) 'ri#& * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$# * kkuippuukkolli (G‚°MŠ¹.‚ªè£%@), u!arppi (?õ˜Š), C*+ai 4Ba@t@@i ("$!'(!& ) IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS %u-kat ailam (¹ƒè5 ¬(ô‹) T!ERAPEUTIC USES

182

OGai (¬3), #rumal (Þ¼ñ%), $rccai ( R˜*¬-), %u (¹‡), 3a@aBcuram ( õ#6²ó‹), 3¡ta +uEmam (õ£( °9ñ‹), 3¡y!u (õ£8:) 91 < ml tice daily. daily. DOSE 1 Decoction 91 :< 1 9 " coarse poder in 6 ml of ater for preparin" decoction.

183

. P#/a& $itt8#

PU@KAM 'IT!T!U (S4) - $4è‹ Mˆ¶

%u-kam 3iththu is the seed Pongamia $innata L. Syn. P. glabra 3ent. *erris indica (Lam.) ennett (Fam.Fabaceae), a medium siUed "labrous tree ith a short bole and spreadin" cron and found almost throu"hout #ndia upto an altitude of :6 m. SYNONYMS


Amirta!alli (ÜJ˜(õ%@), %u-ku (¹ƒ°) +orach Dahara +aran'a, 5ata +aran'a Smooth lea!ed pon"amia +ana'i, +ana'o Dithouri, +aruaini 0on"e, 0ula"ilu A!ittal, 4n"u, 4nu, %un"u +aran'a +arn'a +aran' 5aktah!a, 5a 5aktamala, +a +aran'aka, /r /rtakaran'a +anu"a, Lami"a +aran'

:eed usually one and rarely two per fruit, elliptic or reniform reniform in shape, shape, .< to 2.0 cm. long and .2 to . cm. broad, wrinkled with reddish leathery testa; micropylar end of cotyledons slightly depressed while other side semicircular in shape.

b) Microscopic Microscopic Tran Transv svers ersee secti section on of seed seed show showss layers layers of testa testa comp compos osed ed of pali palisad sadee - like like oute outerr epidermis, filled with brown pigment, pigment, covered externally with a thick cuticle; this is followed followed by a layer of large, thin walled, somewhat rectangular cells, 2 to  layers of thick-walled parenchyma cells, and a few rows of cells with small intercellular spaces, a few layers of spongy parenchyma having large intercellular spaces and a number of parenchyma cells containing brown pigments; cotyledons composed of outer layer of epidermis with cylindrical cells, externally covered with thin cuticle; epidermis followed by rectangular to polygonal cells of mesophyll, filled with globules, also present scattered in this region.

184

Po"d#r$

&reamish- brown, oily; shows fragments of palisade - like testa cells; parenchyma cells containing brownish content and oil globules.


: per cent, Appendi7 9 per cent, Appendi7 .: per cent, Appendi7 69 per cent, Appendi7 :9 per cent, Appendi7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

T.".C. T.%.&. of the 'lcoholic extract on aluminium plate precoated with silica gel 60 / 2! 2! +7. (erck 0.2 mm. thickness using Toluene) 7thyl acetate +<0)A0 v1v shows under 45 +A66 nm. nine flurescent spots at Rf. 0.2 +blue, 0.A +blue, 0.A +blue, 0.2 +yellow, 0.6 +blue, 0.! +sky blue, 0.6< +sky blue, 0.< +yellow, 0.0 +yellow. =ith 'nisaldehyde - :ulphuric acid reagent and heating the plate for about ten minutes at 08& six spots appear at Rf. 0.A +violet, 0. +violet, 0.! +yellow, 0.<0 +yellowish blue, 0. +violet and 0.0+violet.

CONSTITUENTS >labrachrom >labrachromene, ene, glabrachrom glabrachromene ene **, O- sitosterol, sitosterol, karangin, karangin, pongamol pongamol,, pongaglabr pongaglabrone, one, pongapin, kanBone, demethoxy kanugin, karanBachromene, 6- methoxy - -oxo- 2- phenylfuro +2,A+2,A- h -- benFop benFopyr yran, an, pongol pongol,, glabra glabracha chalco lcone, ne, isolon isoloncho chocar carpin pin gamati gamatin, n, pinnat pinnatin, in, glabri glabrin, n, lanceolatin- J pongarotene, isoponga isoponga flavone, isoponga chromene 2I- methoxy- furano +2II, AII) <,  flavone, !I- methoxy-furano - +2II- AII) <, flavone, AI -dimethoxy - +2II, AII) <,  - furano flavon flavone, e, 2I- methox methoxy y - O- hydro hydroxy xyll +2II +2II AII) AII) I AI furano furano chalco chalcone, ne, karang karangin, in, lanceo lanceolati latinn- J, pongaglabroic lipids, palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, amino acids and fatty acids.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * +aippu (¬èŠ¹), u!arppu (?õ˜Š¹) C#$ai * +rmai (˜¬ñ) #%a& * 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) 'ri#& * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$# * u!arppi (?õ˜Š), 4Ba@t@@i ("$!'(!& ), 3eppamuB¡kki C*+ai (ªõŠðº‡$£‚A ) IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS +ak¡ca $¡ttirai (è‡è£- ñ£5F¬ó) 185

T!ERAPEUTIC USES CaEEi (-9I), +a 5Iy (è‡ '4£8), +arapp¡E (èóŠð£9), %aBai (ð¬$) DOSE 1 %oder 6< m" Decoction 91 < ml tice daily. 61 ; " coarse poder in 6 ml of ater for preparin" decoction.

186

61. POOVARASAM POOVARASAM PATTA PATTAII (STEM BARK)

P?'ARACAM PA5AI (St& bar+) - Eõó‹ ð†¬ì %!aracam %aBJai is the stem bark of #hes$esia $o$ulnea (L.) Soland. e7 Correa Syn. +ibiscus $o$ulneus $o$ulneus L. (Fam. $al!aceae), a fast "roin", medium1siUed e!er"reen tree, upto : m. tall ith yello, cup1shaped floers ha!in" maroon centre and distributed throu"hout coastal forests forests of #ndia and also lar"ely lar"ely "ron as a roadside tree.#t tree.#t "ros "ros in $ullai $ullai , $arutham $arutham and 5eythal thiai. SYNONYMS

amil * £ðF) en"ali * Kn"lish * /u'rati * 0indi * +annada * $alayalam * $arathi * Sanskrit * elu"u * DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic

Ammai (Ü‹¬ñ), %Gam (L3‹), %u!ir¡caE (¹>ó£-9), ar¡pati ((ó /a'ashundi, %a %araasapipula %ortia tree, 4mbrella tree %aaraspipalo %aaraspipal 0u!arasi %u!arasa, %upparutti %arasa pimpala +apitana, %arisah, +andarala, %halisah, /ardabhandah /anyaraa!i, $uni"an"araa!i

Jark occurs in flat to slightly curved pieces, varying in thickness according to age and parts of tree tree from from where where it is taken; taken; external external surface surface rough rough due to numero numerous us irregul irregularly arly scattered scattered lentice lenticels, ls, fissure fissured, d, exfoli exfoliatin ating g in irregul irregular ar scales, scales, greyi greyish-b sh-brow rown; n; inner inner surfac surface, e, lamina laminated, ted, foliaceous, reddish-brown; fracture fibrous; no characteristic odour; taste astringent.

b) Microscopic Microscopic :hows outer exfoliating layer in hard, woody, older barks; cork cells, thin-walled, 0 to 20 layered layered,, rectang rectangular ular;; cortex cortex many many layered layered,, outer outer cortex cortex consist consisting ing of closely closely packed packed,, small, small, polygonal cells, inner cortex composed of large, rectangular to polygonal cells; bast fibres, abundant abundant in groups, groups, outer groups groups radially radially elongated elongated and inner tangentially tangentially;; medullary medullary rays of two types, types, narrow narrow,, uni to triseri triseriate ate of slightly slightly elonga elongated ted rectan rectangul gular ar cells cells and wide, wide, multis multiseria eriate, te, irregularly irregularly arranged; large ducts in cortex filled with yellow to orange orange contents; contents; yellow inclusions inclusions present in the cells of outer cortex; rosette calcium oxalate crystals scattered in cortex and medullary rays; starch grains, simple or compound in phloem region. 187

Po"d#r$

Reddish-brown; shows stratified cork tissue; numerous fibres in groups with narrow lumen and bluntl bluntly y pointe pointed d ends; ends; phloem phloem parenc parenchy hyma ma cells cells with with large large single single rosette rosette calcium calcium oxalat oxalatee crystal; starch grains, simple to 2 or A compound; hilum, distinct.


6 per cent, Appendi7 :9 per cent, Appendi7 6 per cent, Appendi7 9 per cent, Appendi7 6 per cent, Appendi7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

T.".C. T.%.&. of the 'lcoholic extract on aluminium plate precoated with silica gel 60 / 2! 2! +7. (erck 0.2 mm. thickness using &hloroform) (ethanol) /ormic acid +00)2.!) shows spots at Rf. 0.2 +brown, 0. +brown, 0.2 +brown and 0.6 +reddish when hot turns yellowish on cooling with 5anillin- :ulphuric acid reagent and heating the plate at 0!& for about five minutes.

CONSTITUENTS +Q >ossypol, flavonoids, steroids and sesMuiterpenoidal Muinones.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * +aippu (¬èŠ¹), u!arppu (?õ˜Š¹) C#$ai * #laku (Þô°), 3a@aBci ( õ#6C) #%a& * 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) 'ri#& * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$# * %uukkolli (¹.‚ªè£%@), ymaiy¡kki (G8¬ñ£‚A) C*+ai IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS $kan¡tat ailam ('ñè4£(5 ¬(ô‹) T!ERAPEUTIC USES +¡¡kaBi (è£,£è/), 5aPcu (4U²), %eru!ayi@u (ªð¼õOÁ), 3kkam ()‚è‹)

91 < ml tice daily. daily. DOSE 1 Decoction 91 6 1 9 " coarse poder in 6 ml of ater for preparin" decoction. 188

62. THAMARAI THAMARAI MALA MALAR R (FLOER)

TËMARAI MA"AR (3or) - î£ñ¬ó ñô˜ ¡marai $alar is the dried floers (de!oid of stalk) of elumbo nucifera /aertn. Syn. elumbium s$eciosum >illd. (Fam. 5ymphaeaceae), a lar"e, aRuatic herb ith creepin" stem, occurr occurrin" in" throu throu"ho "hout ut arme armerr parts parts of the countr countryy upto an altitu altitude de of : : m. #t "ros in $arutham thiai (ponds and tanks). SYNONYMS

amil * Ara!intam (Üó>‰(‹), CriyanaBpu (+B46¹), +amalam (èñô‹), $uBakam (º‡$è‹), 5aGiEam ( 420‹), Ampu (Ü‹¹), ¡maraipp ( (£ñ¬óŠL) Assamese * %odum en"ali * %adma phool, Salaphool Kn"lish * Lotus /u'rati * +amal 0indi * +amal, +anal +annada * +amal, a!are, 5aidile, a!are"edd $alayalam * amara, 3enthamara, Chenthamara, Senthamara $arathi * +omala 2riya * %adma %un'abi * +anal, %amposh Sanskrit * +amala, Ab Ab'a, Ar Ara!inda, %a %adma, +a +alhara, Si Sitotpala, %a %anka'a elu"u * +alu!a, amarapu!o 4rdu * +amal DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic 3rug 3rug occurs occurs as entire entire or pieces pieces of flowers flowers,, compri comprisin sing g of calyx, calyx, coroll corolla, a, androe androeciu cium, m, gynoecium and thalamus; entire flower 0 to ! cm. in dia., yellowish-brown; sepals leaf-like, crimpled, A to ! cm. long, .A to 2 cm. wide, dark brown, broken pieces also occur; petals numerous, numerous, crimpled, crimpled, elliptic, elliptic, obtuse, membranou membranous, s, finely veined, veined, 2 to  cm. long, .2 to 2 cm. wide yellowish-brown; anther, erect, linear . to 2 cm. long, extended into clavate appendages; gynoecium gynoecium apocarpous apocarpous;; carpels many, free, embedded embedded in a creamy, creamy, top- shaped shaped fleshy thalamus +torus A to ! cm. long and 2.! to A cm. wide; fruit an etaerio of achenes, becoming loose in their sockets when ripe; seed hard, black, starchy and large.

189

b) Microscopic Microscopic P#t' - :hows single layered epidermis on both surfaces, consisting of rectangular cells covered with striated cuticle; ground tissue consisting of polygonal, parenchymatous cells with wide air sacs. St'*#n$ Fi'*#nt- /ilament appears circular in outline, consisting of single layered epidermis covered with striated striated cuticle; cuticle; followed followed by ground tissue of oval, angular, angular, parenchym parenchymatous atous cell; vascular vascular bundle bundle single, present in centre consisting of usual elements of xylem and phloem tissues. Ant3#r - :hows four chambered anther, two on either sides, connected by parenchymatous cells containing vascular bundle; anther consists of a single layer of epidermis, composed of thin walled, rectangular, parenchymatous cells followed by single layer of endothecium consisting of thinwalled, columnar, parenchymatous cells; spore sac contains yellow, spherical pollen grains with smooth exine and intine walls, measuring !0 to 6 mm in diameter. Po"d#r)

3usty -brown; shows fragments of vessels with spiral thickening; spherical, yellow pollen grains, measuring !0 to 6 mm in diameter having smooth exine and intine.


6 per cent, Appendi7 :6 per cent, Appendi7 9 per cent, Appendi7 = per cent, Appendi7 :; per cent, Appendi7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

T.".C. T.%.&. of the (ethanolic extract of the drug on aluminium plate precoated with silica gel 60 /2! +7. (erck 0.2 mm. thickness using Toluene) 7htyl acetate) /ormic acid +!)!) shows under 45 light +2! nm. four spots at Rf. 0., 0.A,0.6 and 0.!! +gallic acid marker. 4nder 45 light +A66 +A66 nm. nm. shows shows two spots at Rf. 0.6 +light +light black black,, 0.!! 0.!! +black +black,, gallic gallic acid acid marker marker. . 'fter 'fter derivatiFation with 'nisaldehyde -:ulphuric acid reagent and heating the plate at 00& until the colour develops, the plate shows four spots at Rf. 0.6 +light brown, 0.!! +light brown, gallic acid marker, 0.A +violet and 0.6 +light brown.

CONSTITUENTS Pelumbine, ,-dimethoxy benFene, , , -cineole terpinen--ol and linalool.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * #Eippu (ÞIŠ¹), u!arppu (?õ˜Š¹) C#$ai * #laku (Þô°) #%a& 190

* aBpam ((6ð‹) 'ri#& * #Eippu (ÞIŠ¹) Piri$# * +Iaiyaka@@i ('è£¬öè!&), +uGircciyuB¡kki (°2˜*CE‡$£‚A), C*+ai u!arppi (?õ˜Š), 3eppaka@@i (ªõŠðè!&) IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS $ak¡!acanta +ucum¡karam ( ñè£õ-‰( °²ñ£èó‹) T!ERAPEUTIC USES CuramH+¡yccal CuramH+¡yccal (²ó‹7è£8*-%), +a Kriccal (è‡ NB*-%), 5r!Bkai (c˜'õ6¬è)

91 < ml tice daily. daily. DOSE 1 Decoction 91 6< 1 < " coarse poder in 6 ml of ater for preparin" decoction.

191

63. THAMARAI THAMARAI KI#HAN$U (RHI#OME)

TËMARAI KIBA@KU (R8i
amil * Ara!intam (Üó>‰(‹), CriyanaBpu (+B46¹), +amalam (èñô‹), $uBakam (º‡$è‹), 5aGiEam ( 420‹), ¡marai 3aGaiyam ( (£ñ¬ó õ¬3‹) Assamese * +amal +akdi Kn"lish * Lotus /u'rati * Loda 0indi * +amal +and, +amal +akdi +annada * a!are +anda $alayalam * amara +iUan"u $arathi * +amal +and 2riya * %adma %un'abi * +aul, hein Sanskrit * +amala, %adnakanda, Saluka, Ambhoruha elu"u * amara /adda 4rdu * +anal +akdi DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic 3rug occurs as cut pieces of rhiFome with distinct nodes and internodes, cylindrical, 0.! to 2.! cm. in dia., longitudinally marked with brown patches, smooth, yellowish-white to yellowish brown; root adventitious, less developed, 0.! to  mm. thick, attached to node of rhiFome; dark brown.

b) Microscopic Microscopic R3i6o*# - :hows a single layered layered epidermis epidermis followed internally internally by 2 to  layered layered lignified cells; cortex differentiated into three regions; outer cortex consisting of a wide Fone of isodiametric thinwalled walled cells cells of which which outer outer ! or 6 layers layers collen collenchy chymat matous ous and rest parenc parenchy hymat matous ous,, having having intercellular spaces and groups of fibres; middle cortex mostly composed of air cavities traversed by trabeculae of thin-walled small and nearly isodiametric cells; inner cortex forming central core, 192

consists of spherical cells enclosing large intercellular spaces; vascular strands consists of scattered closed vascular bundles surrounded by thin-walled, lignified sclerenchymatous fibres, resembling a monoc monocoty otyledo ledonou nouss structu structure; re; vessels vessels having having spiral spiral and spirospiro-ret reticu iculate late thicke thickenin ning; g; phloem phloem composed of sieve tubes and companion cells; air cavities large, elliptic or rounded, largest at middle middle cortex cortex and smalle smallerr toward towardss inner inner cortex cortex;; air cavitie cavitiess lined lined by thin-w thin-wall alled, ed, elonga elongated ted,, parenchymatous epithelial cells; starch grains abundant, rounded to oval, mostly simple, rarely compound measuring  to 2< Hm in dia., loaded in cells. 'ppears ars more more or less less circ circul ular ar in outl outlin ine, e, epid epiderm ermis is cons consist istss of oval oval,, thin thin-w -wal alle led d Root - 'ppe parenchymatous cells; cortex composed of ! to  layers of oval to polygonal, thin-walled parenchymatous cells, vascular elements surrounded by slightly lignified endodermis; phloem cells, xylem fibres aseptate with blunt ends; vessels with spiral thickening, rounded to oval, poorly deve develo lope ped d and and cons consist istin ing g of usua usuall eleme elements nts;; xylem xylem comp compos osed ed of vesse vessels ls,, trach trachei eids ds and and parenchyma; vessels and tracheids have simple pits. Po"d#r$

%ight brown; shows groups of oval to elongated, parenchyma cells; xylem fibres aseptate with blunt ends; vessels with spiral thickening, rounded to oval simple starch grains measuring  to 2< Hm in dia.


6 per cent, Appendi7 :; per cent, Appendi7 9.< per cent, Appendi7 :.< per cent, Appendi7 =.< per cent, Appendi7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

T.".C. T.%.&. of the 'lcoholic extract on silica gel I>I plate using &hloroform) (ethanol +) shows in visible light one spot at Rf. 0.< +light yellow. 4nder 45 +A66 nm. seven fluorescent Fones are visible at Rf. 0.06 +blue, 0.A +blue 0.A +blue 0.!! +blue, 0.< +blue 0. +blue and 0. +reddish. Cn exposure to iodine vapours vapours eight spots appear at Rf. 0.A, 0.A, 0.A, 0.!, 0.6, 0.6, 0.<6, 0.6, 0.A and 0.6 +all yellow. yellow. Cn spraying with !9 !9 (ethanolic- :ulphuric acid and heating the the plate at 0!& until the colour develops, four spots appear at Rf. 0.0 +grey, 0.6 +brown, 0.<6 +brown and 0.6 +brown.

CONSTITUENTS %inalool, nonadecane, phytol and raffinose.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * #Eippu (ÞIŠ¹), u!arppu (?õ˜Š¹) C#$ai * imai (F‡¬ñ), 3a@aBci ( õ#6C) #%a& * aBpam ((6ð‹) 'ri#& 193

Piri$# C*+ai

* *

#Eippu (ÞIŠ¹) 4GGaal¡@@i (";3öô£!&)

IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS #laku CantaE¡thi ailam (Þô° -‰(0£F ¬(ô‹), $ak¡ l¡thi +uGikai (ñè£ 1ô£F °2¬è), 5¡cirIka 5¡cattailam ( 4£C'ó£è 4£-5¬(ô‹), %a@a-kippaBBai #rac¡yaEam (ð#ƒAŠð6¬$ Þó-£0‹), ir¡Bc¡ticcraam (Fó£6-£F*+ó,‹) T!ERAPEUTIC USES #rumal (Þ¼ñ%), %¡r!ai $a-kal (ð£˜¬õ ñƒè%), a!aGai Co@i ( (õ¬3 ª-£&), 3ayi@@ukkaBuppu (õO!Á‚è=Š¹), 3eppu 5Iy (ªõŠ¹ '4£8) DOSE 1 %oder 9 1 < "

194

64. THANRIKKAY (FRUIT)

TË9IKKËY (r#it) - î£"/‚è£) ¡E@ik ¡E@ikk¡y k¡y is the perica pericarp rp of dried ripe fruit de!oid de!oid of seeds, seeds, of #erminal #erminalia ia belerica belerica (/aertn.) &o7b. Syn.#.$uneta &o7b., "yrobalanus "yrobalanus belerica ./aertn. (Fam. Combretaceae), a handsome tree, upto ; m hi"h, commonly found in plains and deciduous forests upto T m ele!ationM fruits ripen durin" 5o!ember 1February.#t "ros in +u@iPciand $arutham thiai. SYNONYMS

amil * Akkantam (Ü‚è‰(‹), Amutam (Üº(‹), KrikaBpalam (NBè6ðô‹), ¡Eikk¡y ((£I‚è£8) Assamese * homora, homra, haira en"ali * ayda, aheda Kn"lish * eleric myrobalan /u'rati * ahedan 0indi * ahera +annada * are kai, Shanti +ayi +ashmiri * abelo, alali $alayalam * annikka $arathi * aheda 2riya * aheda %un'abi * ahera Sanskrit * ibhitaka, 3ibhita, Aksa, Aksaka elu"u * hanikkaya 4rdu * ahera DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic /ruit nearly spherical to ovoid, 2.! to .0 cm. in diameter. Ripe fruits slightly silvery or with whitish shiny pubescent surface; mature fruits grey or greyish-brown with slightly wrinkled appearance; rind of fruit shows variation in thickness from A to ! mm.; taste astringent.

b) Microscopic Microscopic Transverse Transverse section of fruit shows an outer epicarp consisting consisting of a layer of epidermis, most of epidermal cells elongate to form hair like protuberance protuberance with swollen base; composed composed of a Fone of parenchymatous cells, slightly tangentially elongated and irregularly arranged, intermingled with 195

stone cells of varying shape and siFe; elongated stone cells found towards periphery and spherical in the inner Fone of mesocarp in groups of A to 0; mesocarp traversed in various directions by numerous numerous vascular strands; bundles collateral, endarch; endarch; simple starch grains and some stone cells found in most of mesocarp cells; a few peripheral layers devoid of starch grains; rosettes of calcium oxalat oxalatee and stone stone cells cells presen presentt in parenc parenchy hymat matous ous cells; cells; endosp endosperm erm compos composed ed of stone stone cells cells running longitudinally as well as transversely. Po"d#r$

"ell "ellow owish ish-br -brow own; n; show showss frag fragme ment ntss of epid epiderm ermal al cell cellss of epic epicarp arp havi having ng hair hair-l -lik ikee proBection; large, lignified pitted stone cells with wide lumen; cluster crystals of calcium oxalate; parenchyma cells with oil globules; numerous simple, oval to rounded starch grains, measuring 6 to  Hm in diameter having 2 to  components.


6 per cent, Appendi7 8 per cent, Appendi7 : per cent, Appendi7  per cent, Appendi7 9< per cent, Appendi7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

T.".C. T.%.&. T.%.&. of 3iethyl 3iethyl ether extract of the drug drug on silica silica gel I>I plate using Toluene) 7thyl acetate) /ormic 'cid +!)) v1v, shows under 45 light +2! nm. five fluorescent Fones at Rf. 0.20 +blue, 0.2A +blue, 0.AA +dark blackish blue, 0.A +blue and 0.60 +blue. Cn spraying with !9 (ethanolic ferric chloride reagent four spots appear at Rf. 0.20 +blackish blue, 0.2A +blackish blue and 0.AA +dark blackish blue.

CONSTITUENTS >allic acid, ellagic acid, ethyl gallate, galloyl glucose and chebullagic acid, belleric acid, belericoside, arBungenin and its glycoside, arBunglucoside, cannogenol - A- 0- OO- 3galactopyranosyl- +9 -0 -V- %- rhamnopyranoside, bellericanin, phyllemblin, termilignan, thaninilignan, <- hydroxy-AI, I +methylenedioxy flavan and anolignan J and O- sitosterol.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * u!arppu (?õ˜Š¹) C#$ai * #laku (Þô°), 3a@aBci ( õ#6C) #%a& * 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) 'ri#& * #Eippu (ÞIŠ¹) Piri$# * +Iaiyaka@@i ('è£¬öè!&), $alamiGakki (ñôJ3‚A), u!arppi C*+ai (?õ˜Š), 4ram¡kki ("óñ£‚A) IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS 196

Ci!ataic Craam (Cõ¬(* +ó,‹), +antaka #rac¡yaEam ( è‰(è Þó-£0‹), @@¡EkoBBai #Gakam ('(!#£9ªè£6¬$ Þ3è‹), ippili #r¡c¡yaEam (FŠ@ Þó££0‹), iripalaic Craam ( FBð¬ô* +ó,‹) T!ERAPEUTIC USES ?ku@ippu (Ý‡°&Š¹‡), CilantinaPcu (Cô‰F4U²), +uruti Aal (°¼F Üö%) DOSE 1 %oder 6 1 ; "

197

65. THIPPILI (FRUIT)

T!IPPI"I (r#it) - FŠC< hippili is the dried, immature, catkin1like fruits ith bracts of Pi$er longum L. (Fam. %iperace %iperaceae), ae), a slender, slender, aromatic aromatic climber climber ith perennial perennial oody roots, occurrin" occurrin" in hotter hotter parts of #ndia from Central 0imalayas to Assam. upto loer hills of >est en"al and e!er"reen forests of >estern "hats as ild, and also culti!ated in 5orth Kast and many parts of the South. #t "ros in +u@iPcithiai. SYNONYMS

amil * Ampu (Ü‹¹), Aricittippili (ÜBC5FŠ@ ), ?timaruntu (ÝFñ¼‰?), +aai (è¬,), +Iaiya@ukki ('è£¬öÁ‚A), +uB¡ri (°$£B) Assamese * %ipali en"ali * %ipul Kn"lish * Lon" pepper /u'rati * Lindi %eeper, %ipali 0indi * %ipar +annada * 0ippali $alayalam * %ippali $arathi * %impali, Lendi pimpali 2riya * %ipali, %ippali %un'abi * $a"h, $a"h %ipali Sanskrit * %ippali, +ana, $a"adhi, $a"adha, +rsna, Saundi. elu"u * %ippalu 4rdu * Filfil daraU DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic /rui /ruitt gree greeni nish sh-b -bla lack ck to black black,, cyli cylind ndri rical cal,, 2.! 2.! to ! cm. cm. long long and and 0. 0. to  cm. cm. thic thick, k, consisting consisting of minute minute sessile fruits, arranged around an axis; surface rough and composite; composite; broken broken surface shows a central axis and 6 to 2 fruitlets arranged around an axis; taste pungent producing numbness on the tongue; odour aromatic.

b) Microscopic Microscopic &atkin shows 6 to 2 fruits, arranged in circle on a central axis, each having an outer epidermal layer of irregular cells filled with deep brown content and covered externally with a thick 198

cuticle; mesocarp consists of larger cells, usually collapsed, irregular in shape and thin-walled; a number of stone cells in singles or in groups present; endocarp and seed coat fused to form a deep Fone, outer layer of this Fone composed of thin-walled thin-walled cells and colourless, colourless, inner layer composed of tangentially elongated cells, having reddish-brown content; most of the endocarp cells filled with starch grains, round to oval measuring A to  Hm in dia. Po"d#r$

3eep moss green; shows fragments of parenchyma cells, oval to elongated stone cells; oil globules and round to oval starch grains, measuring A to  Hm in diameter.

IDENTITY, PURITY AND STRENT! Forei"n matter 5ot more than otal Ash 5ot more than Acid1insoluble ash 5ot more than Alcohol1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than >ater1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than ASSAY

6 per cent, Appendi7 8 per cent, Appendi7 .< per cent, Appendi7 < per cent, Appendi7 8 per cent, Appendi7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

#igh performance thin layer chromatographic +#$T%& assay of piperine. So(#nt s)st#*

Toluene) 3iethyl ether) 3ioxane +62.! ) 2.! ) 6. TLC P't#s

'luminium plate precoated with silica gel 60 / 2! +7. (erck 0.2 mm. thickness. St'nd'rd Sotion

0 mg of piperine piperine is dissolved in 0 ml of (ethanol in a volumetric flask. /rom this stock solution solution standard standard solutions solutions of 00 -000 -000 Hg1ml are prepared by taking taking aliMuots +0. to .0 ml of stock solution and adBusting the volume to .0 ml with (ethanol. S'*%# %r#%'r'tion

20 g of powdered drug is extracted with !0 ml of n-#exane in a :oxhlet apparatus to defat the material. material. /urther /urther the drug is extracted with (ethano (ethanoll for  to 0 hr. The solvent is removed under reduced pressure. 20 mg of (ethanolic extract is dissolved in  ml of (ethanol. C'i-r'tion .r(#

0 Hl of each of the standard solutions is applied on a T%& plate. The plate is developed in twin trough trough chamber chamber to a distance distance of  cm. and scanned scanned densitometric densitometrically ally at A66 nm. The peak areas are recorded and the calibration curve is obtained by plotting peak area vs concentration of piperine applied.

199

Esti*'tion o/ %i%#rin# in t3# dr+

0 El of the sample solution in triplicate is applied on a T%& plate. The plate is developed in the solvent system and the peak area of piperine is recorded as described above for calibration curve. The amount amount of piperine present present in the sample is calculated calculated from the calibration calibration curve of piperine. The percentage of piperine ranges from 0.2 to 0.A.

T.".C. T.%.&. T.%.&. of the 'lcoholic 'lcoholic extract of the drug drug on silica gel I>I plate using using Toluene) Toluene) 7thyl acetate +) as mobile mobile phase, under under 45 +A66 nm. shows six fluorescent Fones at Rf.. 0.!, 0.26, 0.26, 0.A, 0.A, 0.A, 0.!0 and 0.0. 0.0. Cn exposure exposure to iodine vapours, vapours, seven spots appear appear at Rf. 0.0, 0.!, 0.26, 0.A, 0.A, 0.!0 and 0.A +all yellow. yellow. Cn spraying with 5anillin5anillin- :ulphuric acid reagent and heating the plate at 0!& for five minutes five spots appear appear at Rf. 0.0, 0.0, 0.22, 0.A!, 0.A and 0.2. Cn spraying with 3ragendorff reagent three red orange spots appear at Rf. 0.!, 0.26 and 0.A +all orange.

CONSTITUENTS D-caryophyllene; piperine, pipernonaline, piperundecalidine, piperlatine, sesamine, dihydriostifransterol, piplasterol and futoamide.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * +aippu (¬èŠ¹), u!arppu (?õ˜Š¹) C#$ai * #laku (Þô°), 5oymai (ª4£8¬ñ) #%a& * 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) 'ri#& * #Eippu (ÞIŠ¹) Piri$# * AkaBBu!¡y!aka@@i (Üè6=õ£8õè!&), 3eppamuB¡kki (ªõŠðº‡$ C*+ai £‚A) IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS AVB¡thic Craam ( ÜX$£F* +ó,‹), Ci!aE¡r Amirtam (Cõ0£˜ ÜJ˜(‹), +akku!¡E #Gakam (è‚°õ£9 Þ3è‹), +uEmakuBIri $euku (°9ñ°'$£B ªñ.°), %¡lacaPc!i $¡ttirai (ð£ô-US> ñ£5F¬ó), ippili #r¡c¡yaEam (FŠ@ Þó£-£0‹) T!ERAPEUTIC USES Cu!aiyiEmai (²¬õO9¬ñ), #raippu (Þ¬óŠ¹), #rumal (Þ¼ñ%), Aiyappii (HŠM), +a +¡tu $kku 5IykaG ( è‡ è£? R‚° '4£8è;), +uEmam (°9ñ‹) DOSE 1 %oder < m" 1 :" 200

66. VAIVIDAN$AM (FRUIT)

'ËY'I5A@KAM (r#it) - õ£)Mì4è‹ 3¡y!iBa-kam is the dried mature fruit of 'mbelia ribes $yrsinaceae), lar"e ribes urm. f. (Fam. $yrsinaceae), scandent shrub ith lon", slender, fle7ible branches, distributed throu"hout hilly parts of #ndia upto := m.#t "ros in +u@iPci +u@iPci , $ullai $arutham thiai. SYNONYMS

amil * +raGam ('èó3‹), 3araEai (õó¬0), 3arEaEai (õ˜0¬0), 3¡yu!iGa -kam (õ£E>3ƒè‹) Assamese * 3idan" en"ali * 3idan" /u'rati * 3a!adin", 3a!din", 3aya!adan" 0indi * aberan", habhiran"a n"a, 3aya!idan"a +annada * 3ayu!idan"a, 3ayu!ilan"a +ashmiri * abadin" $alayalam * 3iUhalari, 3iUalari $arathi * 3a!adin", 3a!din" 2riya * idan"a, 3idan"a %un'abi * abrun", 3a!arin" Sanskrit * 3idan"a, Nantu"hna, +rmi"hna, 3ella, +rmihara, +rmiripu elu"u * 3ayu!idan"alu 4rdu * aobaran", abran" DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic /ruit brownish-black, globular, 2 to  mm. in diameter, warty surface with a beak like proBection at apex, often short, thin pedicel and persistant calyx with usually A or ! sepals present; pericarp brittle enclosing a single seed covered by a thin membrane; entire seed reddish and covered with yellowish spots, odour slightly aromatic; taste astringent.

b) Microscopic Microscopic Transv Transverse erse section section of fruit fruit shows shows epicarp epicarp consistin consisting g of single single row of tabula tabularr cells cells of epider epidermis mis,, usually usually oblite obliterate rated; d; in surface surface view view cells cells rounde rounded d with with wrinkle wrinkled d cuticle cuticle;; mesoca mesocarp rp consists of a number of layers of reddish-brown coloured cells and numerous fibrovascular bundles and rarely a few prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate; inner part of mesocarp and endocarp composed of stone cells; endocarp consisting of single layered, thick-walled, large, palisade-like 201

stone cells; seed coat composed of 2 or A layered reddish-brown coloured cells; endosperm cells irregular in shape, thick-walled, containing fixed oil and proteinous masses; embryo small when present otherwise most of the seeds sterile. Po"d#r$

Reddish; shows reddish parenchyma cells and stone cells. Id#nti/i.'tion$1

+  g of the powdered powdered seeds seeds is shaken shaken with 20 ml of solven solventt 7ther 7ther for five minutes minutes and filtered. filtered. To a portion of the filtrate filtrate ! per cent v1v solution of :odium :odium #ydroxide #ydroxide is added and a deep violet colour is developed in the the aMueous layer. To the other portion 2 drops drops of dilute 'mmonia solution is added and a bluish violet precipitate is obtained. +2 ! g of the powdered powdered seeds is boiled boiled with 2! ml 'lcohol 'lcohol and filtered. filtered. The deep red coloure coloured d filtrate filtrate is divided divided into two portions. portions. To one portion, portion, solution solution of %ead 'cetate is added, a dirty green green precipitate precipitate is produced. To the other portion, portion, solution solution of /erric &hloride &hloride is added a reddish-brown precipitate is produced.


6 per cent, Appendi7 = per cent, Appendi7 :.< per cent, Appendi7 : per cent, Appendi7 T per cent, Appendi7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

ASSAY &ontains not less than 2 per cent w1w of embelin +limits .! to 2.! when assayed as follows)'bout 'bout 0 g of powder powder +0 mesh is accurately accurately weighed and and transfered transfered to a !00 ml glass stoppered stoppered flask. *t is shaken occasionally occasionally for thirty minutes minutes with !0 ml of solvent 3iethyl 3iethyl ether. The whole mass is packed in a percolator and macerated for thirty minutes and extracted with solvent 3iethyl ether, till the ethereal solution ceases to give a pink colour with a drop of 'mmonia :oluti :olution. on. The The 7ther 7ther is disti distilled lled off, off, and the resid residue ue is treat treated ed with with small small Muant Muantity ity of of light light $etroleum +b.p. 0 to 60 and cooled in ice. The precipitate is filtered under suction and the filtrate is reBected. The residue is washed with further small Muantities of cooled light $etroleum. The residue is transfered to a tared beaker with sufficient Muantity of the solvent light $etroleum and dried, to constant weight at 0. The melting range of embelin is 2 to . .

T.".C. T.%.&. T.%.&. of 'lcoholic 'lcoholic extract extract on silica silica gel I>I plate using Toluene) 7thyl acetate +<)A v1v, on exposur exposuree to iodine iodine vapou vapours rs shows eight spots at Rf. 0.06, 0.06, 0., 0., 0.!, 0.!, 0.!, 0.!, 0.<6, 0.<6, 0.2, 0.2, 0.6 0.6 and 0.! +all yellow. Cn spraying with 'nisaldehyde- :ulphuric acid reagent and heating the plate

202

for five minutes at 0!8& six spots appear at Rf. 0.06,0.,0.!, 0.!, 0.<6 +all grey, and 0.! +violet.

CONSTITUENTS 7mbelin, Muercitol, tannin, christembine, embelic acid and vilangin.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * +aippu (¬èŠ¹) C#$ai * #laku (Þô°), +rmai (˜¬ñ), 3a@aBci ( õ#6C) #%a& * 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) 'ri#& * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$# * AkaBBu!¡y!aka@@i (Üè6=õ£8õè!&), %acitttBi (ðC5QG‡/),  C*+ai kkuippuukkolli (G‚°MŠ¹.‚ªè£%@), 3eppamuB¡kki (ªõŠðº‡$£‚A ) IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS +aruBaEkia-ku Key (è¼$9Aöƒ° N‡ª,8), $ak¡!all¡ti #Gakam ( ñè£õ%ô£F Þ3è‹), 5¡kkuppcci(+olli) +uBinr (4£‚°ŠL*C[ªè£%@\ 4£‚°ŠL*C[ªè£%@\ °/c˜), 5ila!¡kaic Craam (Vôõ£¬è* +ó,‹), %iraBai 3aBakam ( ó‡¬$ õ$è‹) T!ERAPEUTIC USES +uEmam (°9ñ‹), 5aPcu (4U²), 5upuukkaG (T‡¹.‚è;), 3¡y!u (õ£8:), 3eGuppu 5IyH%¡Bu (ªõ<Š¹ '4£87ð£‡=) DOSE 1 %oder < 1 : "

203

67. VALMILA$U (FRUIT)

'Ë"MI:AKU (r#it) - õ£(@1. 3¡lm 3¡lmiG iGak akuu is the the matu mature re,, drie driedd frui fruitt of Pi$er cubeba L. f. (Fam. %iperaceae), oody, climbin", dioeceous perennialM dioeceous perennialM female spike ith small floers, often cur!edM culti!ated to a small e7tent in #ndia, specially in the +arnataka stateM fruits collected hen mature but still unripe and carefully dried.#t "ros in +u@iPcithiai. SYNONYMS amil * Assamese * en"ali * Kn"lish * /u'rati * 0indi * +annada * +ashmiri * $alayalam * $arathi * 2riya * %un'abi * Sanskrit * elu"u * 4rdu * DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic

+aBamiGaku (è‡$J3°), La-kcam (ôƒ'è-‹) +akkol, +ababcheni +ababchini, Su"andhamaricha Cubebs, ailed pepper Chanakabab, Chinikabab Seetalchini, +ababchini /andhamenasu, alamenasu +ushfal, +ababchini Cheenamulaku, akkolam, 3almulaku +ankol +ababchini +ababchini, Sardchini +ankola, Lankesa, Cinatiksna, +akkola, +ankolika Chala!amiriyalu, okamiriyalu +ababchini

/ruit wrinkled, rounded, ! to < mm. in diameter, light brown to dark brown, about < mm. long stalk attached; pericarp red to slightly brown, testa fused with pericarp; fruit hard and stony; albumin white and oily; odour aromatic and characteristic; taste pungent and slightly bitter.

b) Microscopic Microscopic Transverse section of fruit shows an outer layer of epidermis, externally covered with thick cuticle, a row of 2 to ! small, crushed, brown and thick-walled cells below; mesocarp composed of large, thin-walled parenchymatous cells, oil cells and vascular bundles; endocarp of multi-layered sclereids heavily lignified with narrow lumen; testa and tegmen composed of elongated cells, tegmen cells hyaline and kernel cells greyish in colour.

204

Po"d#r$

3ark brown, oily; shows fragments of parenchyma cells, elongated testa cells, sclereids; starch grains numerous, rounded with centric hilum measuring A to ! Hm in diameter having 2 or A components.


6  : :; ::


6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

T.".C. T.%.&. T.%.&. of $etroleum $etroleum ether +0- 608 extract of the drug on aluminium aluminium plate precoated precoated with silica gel 60 /2! +7. (erck 0.2 mm. thickness using Toluene) 7thyl acetate +<)A, on exposure to iodine iodine vapours six spots appear appear at Rf. 0.!A, 0.66, 0.66, 0.
CONSTITUENTS :esMirterpenehydrocarbons-Muiphellandrane,-epibicycloseMuiphellandrene, cyclohexane, piperenol ' N J and Feylenol.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) C#$ai * #laku (Þô°), +rmai (˜¬ñ) #%a& * 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) 'ri#& * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$# * AkaBBu!¡y!aka@@i (Üè6=õ£8õè!&), Ci@unrperukki C*+ai (CÁc˜ªð¼‚A), +Iaiyaka@@i ('è£¬öè!&), 3eppamuB¡kki (ªõŠðº‡$£‚A ) IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS C¡mpir¡ipp %ata-kam (-£‹ó£MŠL ð(ƒè‹), #mp@al #Gakam ( Þ‹L#% Þ3è‹), +aa@cit ailam (èö!C5 ¬(ô‹), +u-kumapp $¡ttirai (°ƒ°ñŠL ñ£5F¬ó), $ak¡ l¡thi +uGikai (ñè£ 1ô£F °2¬è), 5¡rathtai #Gakam (4£ó5¬( Þ3è‹), tu!Gai 5ey (G?'õ¬3 ª48)

205

T!ERAPEUTIC USES Aal 5IykaG (Üö% '4£8è;), Aiya 5IykaG (H '4£8è;), +uEmam (°9ñ‹), 5 r!Bkai (c˜'õ6¬è), 3aGi 5IykaG (õ2 '4£8è;), 3eGGai (ªõ;¬3) DOSE 1 %oder : 1 6 "

206

68. VALU#HUVAI (SEED)

'Ë"UBU'AI (S4) - õ£GD¬õ 3¡luu!ai is the dried, bronish1oran"e, ripe seeds, de!iod of capsule all of Celastrus Celastrus $aniculatus $aniculatus >illd. (Fam. Celastraceae), a lar"e climbin" shrub, mostly found all o!er the hilly parts of the country upto upto an altitude of :6 m.#t "ros "ros in +u@iPciand $ullai thiai. SYNONYMS

amil * Assamese * Kn"lish * /u'rati * 0indi * +annada * $alayalam * $arathi * 2riya * %un'abi * Sanskrit * elu"u * 4rdu * DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic

Atipa@iccam (ÜFð&*-‹) +apalphotla Staff tree $alkan"ani $alkan"ani Doda"anu"ae, /a /an"un"e e ee'a, +a +an"ondiballi Ceruppunnari, 4U 4Uhin'a $alkan"oni $alkan"uni, Nyotishmati $alkan"oni Nyotismati $alkan"ani, %eddama!eru $alkan"ani.

3ried ripe seeds more or less covered by orange-red crusty aril, seed without aril also present, measuring ! to 6 mm. in length and 2.! to A.A! mm. in breadth, a few roughly three sided being convex on the sides, and a few two sided with one convex and other more or less flat side; one edge of many seeds show a faint ridge or raphe on the entire margin; surface generally smooth and hard; colour light to dark brown; odour unpleasant; taste bitter.

b) Microscopic Microscopic S##d - :hows single layered epidermis covered externally with thick cuticle and filled with tannin, followed by  to 6 layers of thin-walled, collapsed, parenchymatous cells and layer of radially elongated stone cells; parenchyma of top one or two layers longer than of the below with triangular interce intercellu llular lar spaces; spaces; inner inner most most layer layer of parenc parenchy hyma ma contain containing ing prisma prismatic tic crystal crystalss of calcium calcium oxalate; beneath stone cells layer Muadrangular to octagonal, tangentially elongated cells filled with brownish contents; endosperm composed of polygonal, thin-walled, parenchymatous cells having 207

oil globules and aleurone grians; embryo spathulate in fleshy endosperm containing oil globules and aleurone grains. Po"d#r$ Cily, Cily, dark brown; shows groups of endospermi endospermicc parenchym parenchyma, a, stone cells; oil globules globules and aleurone grains.

IDENTITY, PURITY AND STRENT! 2il contents 5ot less than Forei"n matter 5ot more than otal Ash 5ot more than Acid1insoluble ash 5ot more than Alcohol1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than >ater1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than

;< per cent, Appendi7 6 per cent, Appendi7 = per cent, Appendi7 :.< per cent, Appendi7 6 per cent, Appendi7 T per cent, Appendi7

6.6.. 6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

T.".C. T.%.&. of 'lcoholic 'lcoholic extract of the drug on silica gel I>I plate using Toluene Toluene ) 7thyl acetate +) shows two spots at Rf. 0.2 +pink N 0. +yellow in visible light. 4nder 45 +A66 nm. four fluorescent Fones visible at Rf. 0.!, 0.2 0., +all blue and 0. +yellow. Cn exposure to iodine vapours eight spots appear at Rf. 0.0, 0.!, 0.20, 0.20, 0.A!, 0.!, 0.!, 0.6A, 0.6A, 0.2 and 0. + all yellow. yellow. Cn spraying with 5anillin- :ulphuric :ulphuric acid reagent and heating the plate at 0!8 & for five minutes four spots appear at Rf. 0.A!, 0.! +both blue, 0.2, 0. +both greenish blue.

CONSTITUENTS (alkangunin, celapanin, celapanin, celapanigin, celapagin, celapagin, pristimerin, Feylasterone N Feylasteral, fatty oil with palmitic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * +aippu (¬èŠ¹) C#$ai * +rmai (˜¬ñ), 3emmai (ªõ‹¬ñ) #%a& * 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) 'ri#& * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$# * +¡mamperukki (è£ñ‹ªð¼‚A), 5arampu 4ram¡kki ( 4ó‹¹ "óñ£‚A), C*+ai 4Bal!eppaka@@i ("$%ªõŠðè!&), 3eppamuB¡kki (ªõŠðº‡$£‚A ), 3iyar!aiyuB¡kki (>˜¬õE‡$£‚A ) IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS Ci!aE¡r 3mpu +uGittailam (Cõ0£˜ 'õ‹¹ °25¬(ô‹), #Bi!all¡thi $euku (Þ/õ%ô£F ªñ.°), +aruBaEkia-ku Key ( è¼$9Aöƒ° N‡ª,8) 208

T!ERAPEUTIC USES CtakanIykaG (+(è'4£8è;), #rumal (Þ¼ñ%), Aiya 5IykaG ( H '4£8è;), +l!¡yu (e%õ£E), +urutikkaiccal (°¼F‚èP*-%), %u (¹‡), %erump¡Bu (ªð¼‹ð£=) DOSE 1 %oder : 1 6 "

209

6%. VENDHAYAM (SEED)

'ENT!AYAM (S4) - !õ+îò‹ 3enthayam is the seed of #rigonella foenumgraecum foenumgraecum L. (Fam. Fabaceae), an aromatic, 9 to = cm. tall, annual herb, culti!ated throu"hout the country. SYNONYMS

amil * Kn"lish * /u'rati * 0indi * +annada * $alayalam * $arathi * %un'abi * Sanskrit * elu"u * 4rdu * DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic

$entiyam (ªñ‰F‹), $ti ('ñF) Fenu"reek $ethi $ethi $ente, $enthe 4lu!a $ethi $ethi $ethi, $ethini $entulu $ethi

:eed oblong, rhomboidal with a deep furrow running obliMuely from one side dividing seed into a larger and smaller part, 0.2 to 0.! cm. long, 0.! to 0.A! cm. broad, smooth, very hard; dull yellow; seed becomes mucilaginous when soaked in water; odour pleasant; taste bitter.

b) Microscopic Microscopic :eed shows shows a layer layer of thick-wal thick-walled led,, colum columnar nar palisade, palisade, covered covered externall externally y with with thick thick S##d - :eed cuticle; cells flat at base, mostly pointed but a few flattened at apex, supported internally by a tangentially wide bearer cells having radial rib-like thickenings; followed by  or ! layers of tangentially tangentially elongated, elongated, thin-walled thin-walled parenchymatou parenchymatouss cells; endosperm consists of a layer of thickthickwalled cells containing containing aleurone grains, several layers layers of thin-walled, thin-walled, mucilaginous mucilaginous cells, varying varying in siFe, long axis radially elongated in outer region and tangentially elongated in inner region present; cotyledons consists of A or  layers of palisade cells varying in siFe with long axis and a few layers of rudimentary spongy tissue; rudimentary vascular tissue situated in spongy mesophyll; cells of cotyledon contain aleurone grains and oil globules. Po"d#r$

"ell "ellow ow;; show showss grou groups ps of pali palisad sadee paren parench chym ymaa cell cells; s; aleu aleuro rone ne grai grains ns,, oil oil glob globul ules; es; endosperm and epidermal cells of testa. 210

IDENTITY, PURITY AND STRENT! Forei"n matter 5ot more than otal Ash 5ot more than Acid1insoluble ash 5ot more than Alcohol1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than

6 per cent, Appendi7 ; per cent, Appendi7 .< per cent, Appendi7 < per cent, Appendi7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=.

T.".C. T.%.&. of the (ethanolic extract of the drug on aluminium plate precoated with silica gel 60 /2! +7. (erck 0.2 mm. thickness using n-#exane) 7thyl acetate +) shows four spots at Rf. 0.A6 +greenish brown, diosgenin marker, 0.+blue, 0.!+blue and 0. +dark blue after spraying with 'nisald 'nisaldehy ehydede- :ulphu :ulphuric ric acid acid reagen reagentt and heating heating the plate plate at 00 - 0!& 0!& until until the colour colour develops.

CONSTITUENTS 3iosgenin, tigogenin, neotigogenin, yamogenin, gitogenin, neogitogenin, s onilagenin, sarsasaposanin, vitexin, isovitexin, vicenin  and 2, trigonellin, kaempferol, luteolin, Muercetin, Ositosterol, furostanol glycosides, tetrosides J and &, fenugini J, trigoneosides - Sa, Sb, S*b, S**a, S**b, S***a , methyl protodioscin, methyl protodeltonin and - hydroxy- isoleucine.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * +aippu (¬èŠ¹) C#$ai * 5oymai (ª4£8¬ñ) #%a& * aBpam ((6ð‹) 'ri#& * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$# * AkaBBu!¡y!aka@@i (Üè6=õ£8õè!&), Ci@unrperukki C*+ai (CÁc˜ªð¼‚A), +¡mamperukki (è£ñ‹ªð¼‚A), u!arppi (?õ˜Š), 4GGaal¡@@i (";3öô £!&), 4ram¡kki ("óñ£‚A), 3a@aBciyaka@@i (õ#6Cè!& ) IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS CuBai!a@@al Craam (²‡¬$õ!#% +ó,‹), +aattailam ( è,5¬(ô‹), +ap¡Ba $¡tthirai (èð£$ ñ£5F¬ó), +IrIcaEaittukaG ('è£'ó£-¬05?è;) T!ERAPEUTIC USES

211

#Gaippu 5Iy (Þ¬3Š¹ '4£8), Ctakkaiccal (S(‚èP*-% ), +uruti Aal (°¼F Üö%), 5rii!u (cBP:), 5r!Bkai (c˜'õ6¬è), 4Bal Kriccal ( "$% NB*-%), 3eGGai (ªõ;¬3) DOSE 1 %oder 9 1 = "

212

7!. VEPPAM PA#HAM (FRUIT)

'2PPAMPABAM (r#it) (r#it) - «õŠð‹ð‹ 3ppampaam is the hole dried fruit includin" seeds of Azadirachta indica A. Nuss. Syn. "elia azadirachta L. (Fam. $eliaceae), a medium to lar"e e!er"reen tree attainin" a hei"ht of :< to 6 m. or more under fa!ourable conditions and found throu"hout the plains of #ndia upto an altitude of T m. and also culti!ated as a!enue trees. SYNONYMS amil * AriBBam (ÜB6$‹), 5impam (V‹ð‹), uBBai (?6¬$), 3¡t¡ri (õ£( £B), 3mpu ('õ‹¹) en"ali * 5im, 5im"ach Kn"lish * $ar"osa tree, 5eem tree, #ndian lilac /u'rati * Leemade 0indi * 5eem +annada * urakbe!u, 0u 0uchchabe!u, Ch Chikkabe!u $alayalam * 3eppu, Ari!eppu $arathi * +aduninba, 5imb 2riya * 5eemo, 5imba %un'abi * 5imb, 5im Sanskrit * 5imba, %i %icumaradah, Ar Aristah, %i %icumandah, %r %rabhadrah elu"u * 3emu, 3epa 4rdu * 5eem DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic >labrous, dark reddish-bro reddish-brown, wn, ovoid ovoid to ellipsoid drupes. drupes. 0.! to 2 cm. long, over one cm Frit - >labrous, wide; indehiscent, deeply wrinkled, enclosing a single seed in a brownish leathery pulp; odour strong; taste bitter. S##d - Jrownish, dorsally dorsally convex; upto .! cm. long and 0.6 cm. wide; seed coat thin, brownish, brownish, shell-like, cracks to touch, inside of cracked pieces golden yellow; seed kernel, light brown, oily; odour strong; taste bitter.

b) Microscopic Microscopic Frit - $ericarp well differentiated into epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp; epidermis more than one layered layered;; sMuari sMuarish sh to rectan rectangul gular ar cells cells contain containing ing yellow yellowishish-bro brown wn conten contents ts and oil drople droplets; ts; mesocarp, many layered of loosely packed cells with large elongated sclereids scattered in outer 213

layers; endocarp of two distinct layers, outer of closely packed lignified stone cells, inner fibrous, loosely packed, lignified. S##d - :eed kernel shows a thin brown testa of isodiametric stone cells overlying integument of loosely loosely packed packed parenchym parenchymatous atous cells; cotyledon cotyledon consisting consisting of parenchym parenchymatous atous cells containing containing abundant oil droplets. Po"d#r$

3ark brown; shows abundant brachysclereids, columnar sclereids and pitted stone cells with wide lumen and distinct wall striations; groups of lignified fibres, thin-walled, arranged in network of loose strands; parenchymatous cells of cotyledon containing aleurone grains and oil globules; fragmen fragments ts of testa testa showin showing g distin distinctly ctly striate striated d isodiam isodiametri etricc stone stone cells; cells; a few scatte scattered red rosette rosette crystals of calcium oxalate.


6  6 := :T


6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

T.".C. T.%.&. of the 'lcoholic 'lcoholic extract on silica gel I>Iplate using &hloroform) 'cetone +.!).! +.!).! on spraying with 9 5anillin- :ulphuric acid reagent and heating the plate at 0!& 0!& for about five minutes minutes shows ten spots at Rf. 0. +greyi +greyish sh violet, violet, 0.6 +yellow +yellow,, 0. +green, +green, 0.2 0.2 +violet, +violet, 0.2 +grey, 0.AA +mustard yellow, 0.2 +pink, 0. +greyish black, 0.!< +violet and 0.<6 +light purple.

CONSTITUENTS Pimbin, gedunin, aFadirachtin; nimbidin, salanin. 6-0- acetylnimbandiol, acetylnimbandiol, Adasacetylsalannin, aFadirachtol, nimolinone, nimolicinol, aFadirachtin-', K- # aFadirachtin, #,  D- # aFadirachtin #, salimuFFalin, aFadirolic acid, aFadiradionol, aFadironol nimbochalcin and nimbocetin.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * Ci@uiEippu (CÁÞIŠ¹), +aippu (¬èŠ¹) C#$ai * #laku (Þô°), +rmai (˜¬ñ), 5oymai (ª4£8¬ñ) #%a& * aBpam ((6ð‹) 'ri#& * #Eippu (ÞIŠ¹) Piri$# * $u@ai!eppaka@@i (º¬#ªõŠðè!& ), 4ram¡kki ("óñ£‚A) C*+ai IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS 3i[ucakkara $¡ttirai ( >Xi-‚èó ñ£5F¬ó) 214

T!ERAPEUTIC USES Il 5IykaG ('(£% '4£8è;) DOSE 1 %oder : 1 6 " , 2il < 1 : drops.

215

71. VEPPAM PATTAI (STEM BARK)

'2PPAM PA5AI (St& bar+) - «õŠð‹ ð†¬ì 3ppam %aBJai is the stem bark of Azadirachta indica indica A. Nuss. Syn. "elia azadirachta azadirachta L. (Fam. $eliaceae), $eliaceae), a medium to lar"e e!er"reen tree attainin" a hei"ht of :< to 6 m. or more under fa!ourable conditions and found throu"hout the plains of #ndia upto an altitude of T m., and also culti!ated as a!enue trees. SYNONYMS

amil * AriBBam (ÜB6$‹), 5impam (V‹ð‹), uBBai (?6¬$), 3¡t¡ri (õ£( £B), 3mpu ('õ‹¹) en"ali * 5im, 5im"acha Kn"lish * #ndian lilac, $ar"osa tree, 5eem tree /u'rati * +ad!o Limbdo 0indi * 5im, 5imb +annada * 5imba, e!u, 2ile!e!u, +ahibe!u $alayalam * Ari!eppu, 3eppu $arathi * alantanimba, Limba, +adunimb 2riya * 5imba %un'abi * 5im, 5imba Sanskrit * 5imba, Arista, %icumarda elu"u * 3emu, 3epa 4rdu * 5eem DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic Jark varies much in thickness according to age and parts of tree from where it is taken; external external surface rough, fissured and rusty-grey; rusty-grey; laminated inner surface surface yellowish yellowish and foliaceous; foliaceous; fracture fibrous; odour characteristic; taste bitter.

b) Microscopic Microscopic - :hows outer exfoliating pieces hard, woody, considerably thick in older barks; almost St#* 7'r8 entirely dead elements of secondary phloem, alternating with discontinuous tangential bands of compressed cork tissue, former composed of several layers of stone cells occurring in regularly arranged groups together with collapsed phloem elements filled with brown contents; in between the successive Fones of cork tissue A to ! layers of fibre groups with intervening thin-walled and often collapsed phloem elements present; each Fone of cork tissue consists of several layers of 216

regular, thin-walled cells occasionally with a few compressed rows of thick-walled cells towards outer surface; within exfoliating portion a number of layers of newly formed cork composed of thin-walled, rectangular cells and one or two layers of cork cambium, below which a wide Fone of secondary phloem present; secondary cortex absent in most cases; secondary phloem commonly composed of well-developed fibre bundles traversed by 2 to  seriate phloem rays and transversely separated by bands of parenchymatous tissue of phloem; phloem elements of outer bark mostly collapsed; a few fairly large secretory cavities also occur in phloem; most of phloem parenchyma contain starch grains and prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate; starch grains, simple, round with central central hilum, hilum, measuring measuring 2.
Reddish-brown; shows numerous prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate; phloem fibres with narrow lumen and pointed ends; cork cells, stone cells mostly in groups, lignified rectangular to polygonal, having wide lumen and distinct striations; simple s imple starch grains, measuring 2.
IDENTITY, PURITY AND STRENT! Forei"n matter 5ot more than otal Ash 5ot more than Acid1insoluble ash 5ot more than Alcohol1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than >ater1soluble e7tracti!e 5ot less than T.".C.

6 per cent, Appendi7 8 per cent, Appendi7 :.< per cent, Appendi7 = per cent, Appendi7 < per cent, Appendi7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

T.%.&. of 'lcoholic extract of the drug on silica gel I>I plate using &hloroform) 7thyl acetate; /ormic acid +!)) shows under 45 +A66 nm. three fluorescent Fones at Rf. 0.<2 +blue, 0.6 +blue, and 0.0 +green. +green. Cn spraying with !9 (ethanolic- $hosphomolybdic $hosphomolybdic acid reagent and heating the plate until the colour develops , the plate shows four spots at Rf. 0.20, 0.!, 0.6A and 0.0 +all blue.

CONSTITUENTS Pimbin, nimbinin, nimbidin, sugiol, essential oil, D-sitosterol and tannin.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * Ci@utu!arppu (CÁ?õ˜Š¹), +aippu (¬èŠ¹) C#$ai * #laku (Þô°), 3a@aBci ( õ#6C) #%a& * 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) 'ri#& * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$# * $u@ai!eppaka@@i (º¬#ªõŠðè!& ), 4ram¡kki ("óñ£‚A), u!arppi C*+ai (?õ˜Š)

217

IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS Cnthil 5ey (S‰F% ª48), Crakac Craam ( Sóè* +ó,‹), $aBr¡ti ABaikkuBinr (ñ‡Yó£F Ü¬$‚°/c˜) T!ERAPEUTIC USES CuramH+¡yccal CuramH+¡yccal (²ó‹7è£8*-%), Curatt¡l 4B¡kum 4Bal haGarcci ( ²ó5(£% "‡$£ °‹ "$% (3˜*C), +uEmam (°9ñ‹), $¡ntam (ñ£‰(‹), $lam (Rô‹), Il 5IykaG ('( £% '4£8è;), 3aGi 5IykaG (õ2 '4£8è;) DOSE 1 %oder 6 1 ; "

218

72. VEPPAM POO (FLOER)

'2PPAM P? (3or) - «õŠð‹ E 3ppam 3ppam % is the dried floer and floer bud of Azadirachta indica A. Nuss. Syn. "elia azadirachta L. (Fam. $eliaceae), a medium to lar"e e!er"reen tree attainin" a hei"ht of :< to 6 m. or more under fa!ourable fa!ourable conditions and found throu"hout throu"hout the plains of #ndia upto an an altitude of T m. and also culti!ated as a!enue trees. SYNONYMS amil * AriBBam (ÜB6$‹), 5impam (V‹ð‹), uBBai (?6¬$), 3¡t¡ri (õ£( £B), 3mpu ('õ‹¹) en"ali * 5im, 5im"ach Kn"lish * #ndian lilac, $ar"osa tree, 5eem tree /u'rati * +ohumba, Limba, Limbado, Limado 0indi * 5im, 5imba +annada * e!u, 5imba, 2ile!e!u, +ahibe!u, e!inama $alayalam * Ari!eppu, 3eppu $arathi * alantanimba, Limba, +adunimb, 5im 2riya * 5imba %un'abi * 5im, 5imb Sanskrit * 5imba, %icumarda, Arista elu"u * 3emu, 3epa 4rdu * 5eem DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic 3ried flowers are brown to deep brown; individual flower ! to 6 mm. long and 6 to  mm. wide, pentamerous, bisexual, regular and hypogynous; calyx !, short, united at base; corolla !, free, spathulate, spreading, .! to !.! mm. long 2 mm. wide; stamens 0, monoadelphous, staminal tube inserted at base of corolla; gynoecium tricarpellary, syncarpous, superior, trilocular, two ovules in each locule, style , stigma A-lobed; taste mildly bitter) odour indistinct.

b) Microscopic Microscopic C'): - :epal shows thin walled walled polygonal polygonal papillose epidermis; epidermis; elongated elongated thin walled unicellular unicellular conical trichomes of varying lengths; rosette crystals in cells of epidermis.

219

P#t's - $etal shows epidermis of rectangular rectangular cells papillose papillose at margins, margins, non-glandu non-glandular lar unicellular unicellular trichomes, over !0 Hm long, tubular and hyaline; glandular trichomes of about 20 Hm, numerous rosette crystals in epidermal cells. Andro#.i* - 7pidermis 7pidermis of staminal staminal tube composed composed of thick walled rectangular rectangular parenchymatous parenchymatous cells and the endothecium of the anther walls. G)no#.i* - :tigma sticky, parenchymatous epidermal cells, elongated into extensive papillae, style thin walled, rectangular, ovary superior, trilocular. Po#n Gr'in - $orous, -colporate, spherical 0! to 6 Hm in dia., with a smooth exine. Po"d#r$

"ellow "ellowish ish-bro -brown; wn; fragmen fragments ts of parenc parenchy hymat matous ous papill papillose ose epider epidermal mal cells; cells; trichom trichomes; es; numerous vessels; rosette calcium oxalate crystals and yellowish-brown pollen grains.


6 per cent, Appendi7 :; per cent, Appendi7 < per cent, Appendi7 < per cent, Appendi7 :6 per cent, Appendi7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

T.".C. T.%.&. of the 'lcoholic extract on silica gel I>I plate using &hloroform) &hloroform) 'cetone +20) on spraying with 9 5anillin- :ulphuric acid reagent followed by heating the plate at 0!& for about five minutes shows eight spots at Rf. 0.2 +violet, 0.< +light pink, 0.AA +violet, 0.! +purple, 0.6 +dark purple, 0.0 +light purple, 0.! +light purple, 0.2 +purple. &CP:T*T47PT: Ponacosane, neeflone, aFharone.

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * +aippu (¬èŠ¹) C#$ai * #laku (Þô°) #%a& * 3eppam (ªõŠð‹) 'ri#& * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$# * 5rii!u %Ikki (cBP: 'ð£‚A), %acitttBi (ðC5QG‡/), 4ram¡kki C*+ai ("óñ£‚A), 3eppamuB¡kki (ªõŠðº‡$£‚A )

220

IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS ¡mpiraccentram ¡mpiraccentram ((£‹ó*ª-‰Gó‹) T!ERAPEUTIC USES Aal 5IykaG (Üö% '4£8è;), Cu!aiyiEmai (²¬õO9¬ñ), +uBa@puu (°$!¹.), $rccai (R˜*¬-), 5¡!a@aBci ( 4£õ#6C), 5Bitta 3aGinIy (c/5( õ2'4£8), 3¡nti (õ£‰F) DOSE 1 %oder : 1 6 "

221

73. VILVA VER (ROOT)

'I"'A '2R (Root) - M(õ «õ˜ 3il! 3il!aa 3r 3r is the dried dried root root of Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. (Fam. &utaceae), an armed, medium siUed tree, occurrin" in the plains and upto : m. in the hills, as ell as culti!ated throu"hout the country, particularly in sacred "roo!es. #t "ros in $arutham thiai. SYNONYMS

amil * 5iEmali (V9ñ@) Assamese * en"ali * Kn"lish * /u'rati * 0indi * +annada * $alayalam * $arathi * 2riya * %un'abi * Sanskrit * elu"u * 4rdu * DESCRIPTION

Ci!atturumam (Cõ5?¼ñ‹), +!iGam (>3‹), $¡luram (ñ£Dó‹), ael, 3ael ela, il!a ael root, en"al Ruince ili!aphal, ill, ilum el, ela, Sriphal il!a +oo!alam aela, el ela il il!a, Sriphala $aredu el

a) Macroscopic Root cream yellow or pale yellowish-brown, thin, irregularly and shallowly ridged due to formation formation of longitudi longitudinal nal and transverse transverse lenticels, surface ruptured, ruptured, peeling off in layers, internal internal surface cream to light yellow; fracture short; taste sweet.

b) Microscopic Microscopic Root - :hows lignified and stratified cork consisting of A or  alternating bands of  to  layers of smaller cells and a few layers of larger cells having golden yellow contents; secondary cortex, a wide Fone, consisting of large, polyhedral, parenchymatous cells and stone cells of varying shapes and siFes, thick-walled, lignified, scattered throughout region; secondary phloem consists of sieve 222

elements, fibres, parenchyma and crystals fibres traversed by phloem rays; some sieve elements compressed, forming tangential bands of ceratenchyma alternating with bands of lignified phloem fibres in outer phloem phloem region, but intact in inner phloem region; region; phloem parenchyma parenchyma radially radially and transversely elongated; phloem fibre groups arranged in concentric rings, fibre groups in inner phloem region extend tangentially tangentiall y from one meduallary ray to another, each group consisting of 2 to A! or more cells; fibres long, lignified generally with tapering ends but occasionally forked; some have wavy walls; crystal crystal fibres numerous, numerous, long, about  to A0 chambered, chambered, each containing containing a prismatic crystal of calcium oxalate; medullary rays uni to triseriate in inner region while bi to pentaseriate in outer region of phloem; cambium consists of A to < rows of tangentially elongated to sMuarish cells; secondary xylem consists of vessels tracheids, fibres and xylem parenchyma; vessels scattered throughout xylem region, in groups of 2 to !; single vessels also found, varying in shape and siFe, mostly drum-shaped, with bordered pits some having a pointed, tail-like process at one end; end; fibres fibres thick-w thick-wall alled ed with with blunt blunt or pointe pointed d tips; tips; xylem xylem parenc parenchy hyma ma rectang rectangula ularr in shape; shape; medullary rays uni to triseriate, bi and triseriate rays more common, triseriate rays 2 to 0 cells high, high, uniseriate rays  to 0 cells high; prismatic prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate oxalate present; starch grains simple, ! to  Hm in dia., mostly round to oval with centric hilum; compound starch grains having 2 to A components present in inner few layers of cork cells, secondary cortex, phloem and xylem rays. Po"d#r$

>rey >rey to greyi greyish-b sh-brow rown; n; shows shows thick-w thick-wall alled, ed, angula angularr cells cells of cork; cork; numero numerous us prisma prismatic tic crystal of calcium oxalate, oxalate, crystal fibres; starch grains simple, ! to  Hm in dia., mostly mostly round to oval with centric hilum; compound starch grains having 2 or A components; fragments of xylem vessels with bordered pits and thick-walled xylem fibres.


: per cent, Appendi7 = per cent, Appendi7 : per cent, Appendi7 8 per cent, Appendi7 8 per cent, Appendi7

6.6.6. 6.6.9. 6.6.;. 6.6.=. 6.6.8.

T.".C. T.%.&. T.%.&. of the 'lcoholic 'lcoholic extract on silica silica gel I>I plate using n- Jutanol) Jutanol) 'cetic acid) =ater +))! shows under under 45 +A66 nm. three fluorescent Fones at Rf. 0.! +bright sky blue. 0. +light sky blue blue and 0.A 0.A +bright +bright sky blue. blue. Cn exposure exposure to iodine iodine vapours vapours seven spots spots appear appear of Rf. 0.!, 0.!, 0.2<, 0.!, 0.!, 0.6<, 0.6<, 0.< and and 0.A +all yellow. yellow. Cn spraying spraying with !9 (ethanolic(ethanolic- :ulphuri :ulphuricc acid reagent and heating the plate until the colour develops, the plate shows eight spots at Rf.0.!, 0.2<, 0.A2, 0.A +all grey, 0.! +yellow 0.6<, 0. +light grey and 0.A +brown.

CONSTITUENTS %upeol, -phenyl-<-hydroxy-tetrahydro-MuinaFolin--one, skimmianine, marmin and marmelide. 223

PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS * +aippu (¬èŠ¹), u!arppu (?õ˜Š¹) C#$ai * #laku (Þô°) #%a& * aBpam ((6ð‹) 'ri#& * +¡rppu (è£˜Š¹) Piri$# * +¡mamperukki (è£ñ‹ªð¼‚A) C*+ai IMPORTANT ORMU"ATIONS ORMU"ATIONS Carapu-ka 3il!¡ti #Gakam ( -ó¹ƒè >%õ£F Þ3è‹), %ittacurak +uBinr (5(²ó‚ °/c˜), 3il!¡ti #Gakam (>%õ£F Þ3è‹) T!ERAPEUTIC USES CuramH+¡yccal CuramH+¡yccal (²ó‹7è£8*-%), +uEmam (°9ñ‹), $ayakkam (ñ‚è‹), $ukku@@akBu (º‚°!#'è= ), 5r!Bkai (c˜'õ6¬è), 4Bal +aBuppu ( "$% è=Š¹)

91 < ml tice daily. daily. DOSE 1 Decoction 91 : 1 :< " coarse poder in 6 ml of ater for preparin" decoction.

224

The Siddha Pharmacopoeia of India

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