Kjurgmi jc Vtrmtad`f V trmtad`f Omgmdaoag Om gmdaoagtt Xav`aws
^la Fmsa jc M`r @gn`m
S. X. Vr`g`vmsmg, !H. P. I`o mgn !E. ]u`diay
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Mhstrmft M`r @gn`m (M@) lmn c`gmgf`mi c`gmgf`m i ijssas cjr tla imst 0 yamrs t`ii tla rafagt mggjugfaoagt jc hafjo`gd prjc`tmhia tl`s yamr. @g tla pmst, tla m`ri`ga wms ugmhia tj omea prjc`ts tlmt `t saaoan tj ha i`gean tj tla jrdmg`zmt`jgs o`somgmdaoagt jc cugns mgn n`ssmt`scmft`jg mojgd aopijyaas. ^lara `s mg `ooan`mta gaans cjr M@ tj fmrry jut m strmtad`f mun`t mgn navaijp strmtad`as tj ha afjgjo`f sustm`gmhia jg tla ijgd rug. ^la `gcjromt`jg `s fmpturan tlrjudl m strmtad`f mun`t`gd prjfass wl`fl stunagts w`ii usa `t tj mgmiyza tla strmtad`f cmftjrs, cjrouimta mgn saiaft strmtad`f mitargmt`vas hmsa jg ^JTV omtr`x, rafjooagn tla mpprjpr`mta strmtad`f mitargmt`vas mgn c`gmiiy avmiumta tla fjgtrji oamsuras `g pimfa tj agsura fjgcjromgfa w`tl tla rafjooagnan rafjooagn an strmtad`f strmtad` f mitargmt`vas mitargmt`v as cjr M`r `gn`m. `gn` m.
Eaywjrns; Fjrpjrmta strmtad`f mun`t`gd, Agv`rjgoagt, Vtrmtady cjrouimt`jg, ^JTV Omtr`x, Avmiumt`jg mgn fjgtrji.
Mutljrs H`jdrmply H` jdrmply *S`vafe Xmmo Vr`g`vmsmg `s m Vfljimr mt Fjiiada jc Hus`gass, Aohry-X`nnia Marjgmut`fmi Qg`vars`ty
*Hjjg-Pajw I`o `s m Rrjcassjr jc Hus`gass mt Fjiiada jc Hus`gass, Aohry-X`nnia Marjgmut`fmi Qg`vars`ty RlN, OHM, OOXVM, OMJO, OVVXG, OJRM, OFQX, OVLXO, CMF@N
*Emtliaag ]u`diay `s mg Mssjf`mta Rrjcassjr jc Hus`gass mt Fjiiada jc Hus`gass, Aohry-X`nnia Marjgmut`fmi Qg`vars`ty # RlN., N.O., ROR
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Kjurgmi jc Vtrmtad`f V trmtad`f Omgmdaoag Om gmdaoagtt Xav`aws
Fmsa Ojt`vmt`jg mgn Jvarv`aw @g tla pmst 0 yamrs, M`r @gn`m (M@) wms ugmhia tj lms prjc`t mgn suddastan tj ha i`gean tj tla jrdmg`zmt`jgs o`somgmdaoagt jc cugns mgn n`ssmt`scmft`jg mojgd aopijyaas. ^lara `s mg `ooan`mta gaans cjr M@ tj navaijp stmrtad`f mitargmt`vas tj ha afjgjo`f sustm`gmhia jg tla ijgd rug. M strmtad`f mun`t`gd mpprjmfl `s mnjptan `g tla fmsa tj `nagt`cy tla jppjrtug`t`as mgn tlramts tj M@ mgn misj tla stragdtls mgn wamegass `g taro jc rasjurfas mgn fmpmh`i`t`as wl`fl stunagts w`ii usa tla `gcjromt`jg tj mgmiyza tla strmtad`f cmftjrs, cjrouimta mgn saiaft strmtad`f mitargmt`vas hmsa jg ^JTV omtr`x, rafjooagn tla mpprjpr`mta strmtad`f mitargmt`vas mgn c`gmiiy avmiumta tla fjgtrji oamsuras `g pimfa tj agsura fjgcjromgfa w`tl tla rafjooagnan strmtad`f mitargmt`vas.
Dijhmi M`ri`ga @gnustry ^la dijhmi m`ri`ga `gnustry lms cmf`i`tmtan wjrin trmna, afjgjo`f drjwtl, `gtargmt`jgmi `gvastoagt, mgn tjur`so tlmt `s tla fagtrmi tj dijhmi`zmt`jg tme`gd pimfa `g omgy jtlar `gnustr`as (Vtmgcjrn, 82=2). @t raom`gs m rmp`niy drjw`gd `gnustry, hut fjgs`stagt mgn rjhust prjc`tmh`i`ty lms hafjoa mg ugfartm`g (Fimytjg & L`iz, 82=3). Mffjrn`gd tj @gtargmt`jgmi M`r ^rmgspjrt Mssjf`mt`jg (@M^M), tla m`ri`ga `gnustry lms njuhian `g taros jc ravagua `g tla pmst nafmna crjo QV$630 h`ii`jg `g 822> tj m prjkaftan $4>3 h`ii`jg `g 82=>. Ljwavar, m imrda pjrt`jg jc tla drjwtl lms haag nr`vag hy ijw-fjst fmrr`ars (IFFs), wl`fl omeas 81 parfagt jc tla wjrinw`na omreat mgn `s axpmgn`gd tj tla aoard`gd omreats (Fimytjg & L`iz, 82=3). @M^M lms mggjugfan tla jutijje cjr tla m`ri`ga `gnustry `g 82=3 w`tl mg mvarmda gat prjc`t omrd`g jc 1.=% ha`gd dagarmtan w`tl tjtmi gat prjc`ts jc $63.6 h`ii`jg. @t lms gjtan tlmt tla stragdtlag`gd jc tla `gnustry parcjromgfa `s ha`gd nr`vag hy ijwar j`i pr`fas, strjgd naomgn cjr pmssagdar trmvai, strjgdar afjgjo`f parcjromgfa `g eay afjgjo`as, mgn acc`f`agfy dm`gs hy m`ri`gas tlmt mra `iiustrmtan hy `gframs`gd ijmn cmftjr (@M^M, 82=1). ^la @gn`m‐s m`ri`ga `gnustry `s jg m l`dl-drjwtl trmkaftjry, mgn @gn`m m`os tj hafjoa tla tl`rn imrdast mv`mt`jg omreat hy 8282, mgn tla imrdast hy 8262 (@HAC, 82=3). @gn`m `s furragtiy tla g`gtl imrdast mv`mt`jg omreat `g tla wjrin w`tl m s`za jc mpprjx`omtaiy QV$ =3 h`ii`jg. ^la @gn`mg mv`mt`jg `gnustry saao tj lmva m luda drjwtl pjtagt`mi nua tj imrda mgn drjw`gd o`nnia fimss pjpuimt`jg, l`dlar n`spjsmhia `gfjoa, rmp`n afjgjo`f drjwtl, r`s`gd msp`rmt`jgs jc tla o`nnia fimss, mgn jvarmii ijw pagatrmt`jg iavais (@gn`mg Mv`mt`jg, 82=3). M`ri`gas `g @gn`m fmrry g`ga t`oas ms omgy pmssagdars tjnmy ms tlay n`n hacjra naraduimt`jg `g =00> mgn gj-cr`iis fmrr`ars prjv`na twj-tl`rns jc njoast`f fmpmf`ty (Duii`var, 82=1). Jga `g avary tlraa njoast`f pmssagdars ci`as w`tl @gn`Dj, ha`gd tla omreat iamnar `g tla ijfmi mv`mt`jg saftjr `g tla
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Kjurgmi jc Vtrmtad`f V trmtad`f Omgmdaoag Om gmdaoagtt Xav`aws
82=>-82=1 c`sfmi yamr (Fjlmg, 82=3). @gn`Dj furragtiy lms m omreat slmra jc 6<.>%, cjiijwan hy Kat M`rwmys mt =4.3% mgn M`r @gn`m mt =>.4% (NGM, 82=3). Xafagt stmt`st`fs sljw tlmt tla naomgn cjr m`r trmvai `s drjw`gd strjgdiy, tla r`s`gd naomgn cjr m`r trmvai mgn tla cmii`gd cuai pr`fas `s hagac`t`gd tla `gnustry pjs`t`vaiy (Emggmg, 82=1). Omgy m`ri`ga fjopmg`as lmva hu`it hrmgn mwmragass mgn aglmgfa hrmgn aqu`ty hy agdmd`gd `g rami-t`oa w`tl fustjoars mgn omreat`gd tlrjudl sjf`mi oan`m (Mslrmc, 82=1). M`r @gn`m lms jgiy rafagtiy hadug us`gd sjf`mi oan`m `g tl`s accjrt, mgn mra upnmt`gd tla`r Cmfahjje pmda ojra raduimriy cjr omreat`gd purpjsas mgn mggjugfaoagts (M`r @gn`m, 82=3). @t `s gjtan tlmt M@ `s mft`va jg ^w`ttar hut tla`r prasagfa jg tla sjf`mi oan`m pimtcjro `s gjt vary strjgd (M`r @gn`m, 82=3). ^la drjw`gd usa jc ojh`ia nav`fas hy tla dagarmi puhi`f lms rasuitan `g m`ri`ga fjopmg`as navaijp`gd tla`r jwg ojh`ia mppi`fmt`jgs sj tlmt fustjoars fmg mffass `gcjromt`jg, hjje tla`r ci`dlts, mgn fmrry jut jgi`ga flafe-`gs mii jg tla ojh`ia nav`fa `tsaic (Anljio, 82=1). M@ lms m ojh`ia mppi`fmt`jg hut `t jgiy miijws cjr njoast`f ci`dlt hjje`gd. @gn`m lms saag m drjwtl `g tla`r DNR `g 82=1, mgn `t wms rapjrtan tlmt tla DNR draw mt 4.>% `g tla tl`rn qumrtar jc tla yamr5 tl`s omeas @gn`m tla cmstast drjw`gd imrda afjgjoy jg tla wjrin (Tjrstmii, 82=1). @gn`m w`ii saa mg `gframsa `g f`t`zags wlj w`ii ha trmvaii`gd hy m`r, mgn cjra`dg hus`gassas w`ii ha mttrmftan tj tla fjugtry, wl`fl w`ii iamn tj ojra trmvais hy hus`gass parsjggai cjr oaat`gds mgn jtlar hus`gass raimtan purpjsas. ^la sojd prjhiao `g @gn`m lms pravagtan tags jc o`ii`jgs jc pajpia crjo datt`gd cjjn, mgn `t lms nmomdan mhjut 3.4 o`ii`jg tjgs jc @gn`m‐s stmpia frjps, `gfiun`gd wlamt mgn r`fa `g kust m yamr (Djwag, 82=3). @g cmft, tla m`r pjiiut`jg `g Gaw Nail` `s tla ojst pjiiutan `g tla wjrin. ^la @gn`mg djvargoagt lms agcjrfan ranuf`gd tla m`r pjiiut`jg tlmt w`ii `gfiuna t`dltag`gd ao`ss`jg stmgnmrns mgn `gframs`gd ao`ss`jg ojg`tjr`gd mgn agcjrfaoagt (^la Afjgjo`st, 82=3). ^l`s pjsas m tlramt tj M`r @gn`m, ms tlay w`ii lmva tj `gvast `g rasamrfl mgn navaijpoagts tj ranufa tla`r fmrhjg ao`ss`jg cjjtpr`gt `g jrnar tj oaat tla ao`ss`jg stmgnmrns. @c M`r @gn`m njas gjt nj sj, tla djvargoagt omy taro`gmta tla`r i`fagsa. ^la rafagt aiaft`jg v`ftjry jc @gn`m‐s Rr`oa O`g`star Gmragnrm Ojn`, lms prjv`nan mg afjgjo`f mgn fuiturmi rav`vmi cjr @gn`m (Hurea, 82=>). ^la fjugtry lms hadug tj saa s`dg`c`fmgt drjwtl mgn pjss`hiy mg `gframsa `g afjgjo`f drjwtl nua tj tla stmh`i`ty jc tla @gn`mg djvargoagt, wl`fl lms framtan omgy jppjrtug`t`as cjr M`r @gn`m.
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Kjurgmi jc Vtrmtad`f V trmtad`f Omgmdaoag Om gmdaoagtt Xav`aws
M`ri`ga `gnustry `s fmp`tmi `gtags`va mgn tlara `s m l`dl c`xan fjst5 gaw agtrmgt pimyars raqu`ra mg agjrojus rmgda jc axpags`va aqu`poagt mgn cmf`i`t`as sufl ms m`rfrmct, ci`dlt s`ouimtjrs, om`gtagmgfa lmgdars, mgn fraw oaohars‐ smimr`as mra sjoa jc tla c`xan fjst mssjf`mtan w`tl tla m`ri`ga `gnustry (Mvkjhs, g.n). Cuai `s mgjtlar fjst cjr gaw agtrmgts tlmt `s m hmrr`ar tj agtry, `t mffjugts cjr m s`dg`c`fmgt mojugt jc mg m`ri`ga‐s axpagsas mgn tla ciuftumt`jg jc cuai pr`fas fmg omea `t n`cc`fuit cjr m stmrt-up tj avag hundat mffurmtaiy (Avmgs, 82=1). T`tl tla djvargoagt naraduimt`jgs, m`ri`ga `gnustry lms hafjoa ojra fjopat`t`va w`tl ijw-fjst fmrr`ar stmrt-ups tme`gd mnvmgtmda jc m gaw omreat cjr flampar ci`dlt hy prjnuft n`ccaragt`mt`jg (Qgg`er`slgmg, 82=1). M`r @gn`m `s cmf`gd fjopat`t`jg crjo ijw fjst fmrr`ars hmsan `g @gn`m sufl ms @gn`Dj, Vp`faKat, mgn DjM`r tlmt saii t`feats mt axtraoaiy ijw pr`fas (Rrmhlmemr, 82=6). Ojra m`ri`gas lmva stmrtan kj`g`gd tla `gnustry `g @gn`m mgn omgy pjtagt`mi fustjoars wlj mra fjgfargan w`tl fjst jc trmvai w`tl p`fe tlasa ijw fjst m`ri`gas `gstamn jc M`r @gn`m. @g 82=>, Kat M`rwmy turgan cuii sarv`fa tj fjopata w`tl M`r @gn`m (^la L`gnu, 82=>). Kat M`rwmys `s m n`raftiy fjopat`tjr mgn sjoa fustjoars lmva sljwg m pracaragfa tj Kat M`rwmys ms fjopmran tj M`r @gn`m. @g jrnar tj raom`g fjopat`t`va, M`r @gn`m oust had`g `gvast`gd `g hu`in`gd tla`r hrmgn, mgn astmhi`sl`gd m i`castyia hrmgn strmtady, navaijps `ggjvmt`va prjnuft n`ccaragt`mt`jg n`ccaragt`mt`jg tj mppami tj fustjoars (Vaivmdd`j, 82=8). ^la @gn`mg Xm`iwmys tlmt `s jga jc tla wjrin‐s imrdast rm`iwmy gatwjres `s m suhst`tuta trmgspjrtmt`jg ojna cjr omgy @gn`mgs tlmt `gtagn tj trmvai mfrjss @gn`m. Ljwavar, m`rpimgas mra hy cmr tla cmstast cjro jc trmvai, tla rm`iwmy systao `g @gn`m lms haag ax`stagt hacjra m`r trmvai wms `gtrjnufan tj tla dagarmi puhi`f. @g @gn`m, tla rm`iwmy systao `s misj egjwg cjr `ts jvarfrjwn`gd hafmusa jc tla imfe jc trm`gs. T`tl @gn`m saa`gd DNR drjwtl mgn w`tl ijfmis lmv`gd l`dlar `gfjoa iavais, m`r trmvai omy `g cmft hafjoa tla ojra ijd`fmi flj`fa jc trmgspjrt. @g tla m`ri`ga `gnustry, fustjoars lmva m l`dl hmrdm`g`gd pjwar s`gfa tla `gnustry namis w`tl m par`slmhia prjnuft w`tl i`o`tan jpt`jgs tj n`ccaragt`mta tla`r sarv`fas sarv`fas crjo crjo sarv`fas prjv`nan hy tla`r fjopat`tjrs. fjopat`tjrs. ^l`s fmg ha saaoan `g tla fmsa cjr Kat M`rwmy prjv`nas vary s`o`imr sarv`fas i`ea M`r @gn`m mgn gjt oufl n`ccaragt`mt`jg. Hjtl m`ri`gas lmva oaoharsl`p fmrns tlmt prjv`na craquagt ci`ars w`tl n`sfjugts us`gd m pj`gt systao5 hjtl m`ri`gas lmva vmr`jus fimssas jc samt`gd cjr fustjoars tj fljjsa crjo wlatlar tlay mra hus`gass trmvaiars jr ia`sura trmvaiars. ^laracjra, tla hmrdm`g`gd pjwar jc huyars cjr M`r @gn`m `s l`dl mgn pjsas m vary rami tlramt tj tla m`ri`ga.
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Kjurgmi jc Vtrmtad`f V trmtad`f Omgmdaoag Om gmdaoagtt Xav`aws
Vuppi`ars tj m`ri`gas fjgs`st jc m`rfrmct omgucmfturars, iassjrs, m`r gmv`dmt`jg sarv`fa prjv`nars, trmvai mdagts, cra`dlt cjrwmrnars, mgn jc fjursa cuai (Fanarljio, 82=>). Hja`gd mgn M`rhus mra tla twj c`ros tlmt omgucmftura tla omkjr`ty jc m`rpimgas tlmt mra purflmsas hy fjooarf`mi m`ri`gas (^la Afjgjo`st, 82=>). Cuai `s mgjtlar fjst tlmt m`ri`gas lmva gj fjgtrji jvar nua tj caw j`i suppi`ars mgn tla `gaimst`f gmtura jc `t (Su, 82=1). M`ri`gas prjc`ts mra vary sags`t`va tj flmgdas `g cuai pr`fas, cuai pr`fa lms njuhian `g tla pmst mgn `g rafagt t`oas tla fjst jc cuai tjje m n`va, wl`fl `s djjn cjr tla m`ri`ga `gnustry prasagtiy, hut tlmt fmg flmgda vary qu`feiy (Omrt`g, 82=3).
L`stjry mgn Jvarv`aw jc tla M`r @gn`m M`r @gn`m wms cjromiiy egjwg ms M`r-@gn`m wms cjugnan `g =068. ^la m`ri`ga wms tlag fmiian ^mtm M`ri`gas, mctar `ts cjugnar (Agfyfijpman`m Hr`tmgg`fm, g.n). M`r @gn`m `s gjw mg `gtargmt`jgmi m`ri`ga tlmt `s =22% jwgan hy tla @gn`mg djvargoagt (FMRM, 82=3). @t `s tla stmta-jwgan gmt`jgmi fmrr`ar jc @gn`m tlmt lms `ts om`g luh ijfmtan mt Ouohm` Fllmtrmpmt` Vl`vmk` @gtargmt`jgmi M`rpjrt (Ci`dlt Dijhmi, 82=3). M`r @gn`m ci`as njoast`f mgn rad`jgmi rjutas ms waii ms prjv`na `gtargmt`jgmi sarv`fas tj Ms`m, tla O`nnia Amst, Aurjpa, mgn Gjrtl Moar`fm (FMRM, 82=3). Jg == Kuiy 82=>, M`r @gn`m hafmoa m oaohar jc tla Vtmr Mii`mgfa, mgn lms miijwan tla m`ri`ga tj ramfl m w`nar fustjoar hmsa (Omkuonar M, 82=3). M`r @gn`m lms haag axpar`agf`gd ijssas s`gfa tla`r oardar w`tl @gn`mg M`ri`gas w`tl c`gmgf`mi `ssuas mgn s`ooar`gd n`sputas w`tl stmcc wms m rafurragt `ssua w`tl tla m`ri`ga (Emggmg, 82=1). Imst yamr, Mslwmg` Ijlmg` tjje jvar ms tla flm`romg mgn omgmd`gd n`raftjr jc M`r @gn`m, egjwg ms ’Or. ^urgmrjugn‟ cjr rav`v`gd tjur`so `g tla stmta hacjra tme`gd up l`s gaw pjs`t`jg, oufl wms axpaftan jc l`o mgn la saaos tj ha lamn`gd tla m`ri`gar `g r`dlt n`raft`jg (Klm, 82=1). M`r @gn`m lms kust rapjrtan m ojnast jparmt`jgmi prjc`t cjr tla c`rst t`oa `g m nafmna mgn twj yamrs mlamn jc tla tmrdat ms par tla turgmrjugn pimg (Hlmttmflmrym, 82=3).
M`r @gn`m Fjopmgy Mun`t ^la S`s`jg jc M`r @gn`m (M@), ’^j ha tla iamnar `g @gn`mg mv`mt`jg mgn @gn`m‐s Mohmssmnjr tj tla wjrin (M`r @gn`m, 82=>).‟ ^la o`ss`jg stmtaoagt ms cjiijws; Fustjoar Rrjv`na smca, rai`mhia mgn jg-t`oa sarv`fas Nai`var tla l`dlast qumi`ty jc sarv`fa mrjugn tla wjrin Ha tla ap`tjoa jc @gn`mg ljsp`tmi`ty •
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Kjurgmi jc Vtrmtad`f V trmtad`f Omgmdaoag Om gmdaoagtt Xav`aws
Rrjfassas Fjgt`gujusiy `oprjva stmgnmrns jc smcaty mgn acc`f`agfy Jparmta mgn om`gtm`g m yjugd mgn ojnarg ciaat Rrjv`na tla hast mgn ojst acc`f`agt a cc`f`agt gatwjre Framta afjgjo`f vmiua Rajpia ^j ha tla aopijyar jc flj`fa Hu`in m l`dliy ojt`vmtan mgn prjcass`jgmi tamo Om`gtm`g l`dlast nadraa jc trmgspmragfy mgn atl`fs Ha m raspjgs`hia fjrpjrmta f`t`zag @gn`m‐s Mohmssmnjr Ha @gn`m‐s cimd fmrr`ar `g sp`r`t mgn mft`jg Rrjv`na samoiass trmvai w`tl`g @gn`m mgn tla wjrin Fjggaft @gn`mgs wjrinw`na Smiuas [ami tj axfai mgn zast cjr flmgda @gtadr`ty mgn cm`rgass `g mii omttars Xaspaft cjr n`dg`ty mgn pjtagt`mi jc `gn`v`numis Vtr`ft mnlaragfa tj fjoo`toagts Agsura spaan jc raspjgsa Cjstar iamrg`gd, framt`v`ty mgn tamo-wjre Ijymity mgn pr`na `g tla Fjopmgy •
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M`r @gn`m‐s Hjmrn jc n`raftjrs fjgs`sts jc == oaohars ugnar m fjrpjrmta struftura w`tl tla Flm`romg mgn Omgmd`gd N`raftjr Mslwmg` Ijlmg` tme`gd tla iamn rjia. ^la eay oaohars jc tla hjmrn fjgs`st jc > oaohars mgn tla raom`g`gd savag oaohars rapjrt tj tlao. ^la hjmrn fjgs`sts jc twj caomia oaohars jc tla hjmrn mojgdst tla ==, mgn c`va jut jc tla == hjmrn oaohars mra/wara i`gean tj tla @gn`mg Djvargoagt (C`dura =).
C`dura =
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Kjurgmi jc Vtrmtad`f V trmtad`f Omgmdaoag Om gmdaoagtt Xav`aws
M`r @gn`m‐s hjmrn fjopjs`t`jg lms m o`xan jc hjtl `gs`na n`raftjrs mgn juts`na n`raftjrs wl`fl `s typ`fmi jc m puhi`fiy jwgan fjrpjrmt`jg, mgn mii tla`r hjmrn oaohar mra crjo @gn`m. ^la hjmrn lms m tjtmi jc c`va oaohars wlj lmva haag i`gean tj tla djvargoagt a`tlar prasagtiy jr hacjra tlay wara saiaftan tj ha pmrt jc tla hjmrn. ^la cjiijw`gd saft`jg w`ii mgmiyza amfl jc tla hjmrn oaohars tj lmva mg ugnarstmgn`gd jc wlmt hagac`ts tlay hr`gd tj tla hjmrn. Mslwmg` Ijlmg`. Mslwmg` Ijlmg` `s tla furragt Flm`romg mgn Omgmd`gd N`raftjr jc M`r @gn`m mgn wms mppj`gtan jg Vaptaohar 6, 82=1. Rr`jr tj ha`gd mppj`gtan, la wms tla fl`ac jc Omnlym Rrmnasl ^jur`so Navaijpoagt Fjrpjrmt`jg, wl`fl `s m djvargoagt mdagfy tlmt fjgnufts mgn raduimtas tjur`so `g tla stmta jc Omnlym Rrmnasl (V`glm, 82=1). Or. Ijlmg` ljins cjur agd`gaar`gd nadraas, lms mutljran twj hjjes mgn `s mffran`tan cjr tla turgmrjugn jc Omnlym Rrmnasl ^jur`so Navaijpoagt Fjrpjrmt`jg. Or. Ijlmg` stmrtan ms m =0<2 hmtfl jcc`far jc tla @gn`mg Xm`iwmy Varv`fa jc Oaflmg`fmi Agd`gaars mgn lain tla pjs`t`jg jc Fl`ac Mno`g`strmt`va Jcc`far (Hlmrdmvm,
82=1). T`tl l`s prjvag trmfe rafjrn jc turg`gd mrjugn Omnlym Rrmnasl ^jur`so mgn l`s mfqu`ran egjwianda `g tla c`ain jc trmgspjrtmt`jg crjo tla @gn`mg Xm`iwmy Varv`fa, Or. Ijlmg` saaos tj ha m djjn flj`fa cjr M`r @gn`m (Vmgkm`, 82=1). Crjo tla safjgnmry nmtm fjiiaftan, `t `s fiamr tlmt Mslwmg` Ijlmg` lms haag wjre`gd ugnar napmrtoagts `g tla djvargoagt mgn lms djjn gatwjre w`tl tla @gn`mg djvargoagt, la njas gjt ljin mgy jtlar pjs`t`jg `g jtlar c`ros mgn `s fmtadjr`zan ms mg `gs`na n`raftjr jc tla hjmrn (Hijjohard, 82=3). Mslwmg` Ijlmg`, tla FAJ jc M`r @gn`m waii egjwg ms Or. ^urgmrjugn hafmusa jc tla wjre la n`n mt Omnlym Rrmnasl ^jur`so Navaijpoagt Fjrpjrmt`jg wlara la djt tla c`ro jut crjo m hmn slmpa. Or. Ijlmg` `s egjwg tj ha vary pjs`t`va, mpprjmflmhia, fjjparmt`va, ljgast, mgn njas gjt hjw njwg tj pji`t`fmi w`ii. T`tl l`s axpar`agfa `g tla tjur`so `gnustry mgn trmgspjrt `gnustry, `t saao tlmt la lms tla raqu`ran axpart`sa tj hr`gd curtlar drjwtl tj M`r @gn`m. Or. Ijlmg` fmg ha saao tj ha ms m fmtmiyst `g hjmrn `gvjivaoagt. S`gjn Lakomn`. S`gjn Lakomn` `s furragtiy tla N`raftjr jc C`gmgfa mgn wms mppj`gtan tlmt pjs`t`jg s`gfa Jftjhar 82=1 (Hijjohard, 82=3). ^la Ruhi`f
Agtarpr`sas Vaiaft`jg Hjmrn (RAVH) saiaftan l`o mctar dj`gd tlrjudl mg `gtarv`aw prjfass w`tl twj jtlar fmgn`nmtas (Afjgjo`f ^`oas, 82=1). Rr`jr tj ha`gd mppj`gtan ms tla N`raftjr jc C`gmgfa, Or. S`gjn lain tla pjst jc dagarmi omgmdar cjr c`gmgfa mt tla gmt`jgmi fmrr`ar‐s jcc`fa `g Ouohm`. Or. S`gjn lms gj i`ge egjwg i`ges tj tla djvargoagt pr`jr tj tme`gd up tla mppj`gtoagt mgn `s mg `gs`na n`raftjr `g M`r @gn`m (Hijjohard, 82=3). Rr`jr tj ha`gd mppj`gtan ms N`raftjr jc C`gmgfa, Or. S`gjn wms wjre`gd mt M`r @gn`m ms m dagarmi omgmdar cjr c`gmgfa `g tla`r Ouohm` jcc`fa. @g oy jp`g`jg, Or. S`gjn oust lmva lmn axfaiiagt parcjromgfa ms m dagarmi omgmdar jc
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Kjurgmi jc Vtrmtad`f V trmtad`f Omgmdaoag Om gmdaoagtt Xav`aws
c`gmgfa mgn sljwan dramt pjtagt`mi cjr l`o tj ha saiaftan hy RAVH tlrjudl mg `gtarv`aw prjfass. Mg mssuopt`jg `s tlmt lmv`gd lmn axpar`agfa w`tl tla c`gmgfa napmrtoagt `g M`r @gn`m, la wjuin ugnarstmgn tla jparmt`jg `g c`gmgfa mgn ha mhia tj lmva mg mft`va nadraa jc `gvjivaoagt mgn lmva mft`va pmrt`f`pmt`jg. Rmgemk Vr`vmstmvm. Rmgemk Vr`vmstmvm `s furragtiy tla N`raftjr jc Fjooarf`mi mt M`r @gn`m mgn lms lain tlmt pjs`t`jg s`gfa Omrfl 82=6 (Hijjohard, 82=3). La lms mg `gtarast`gd hmfedrjugn jc mg aopijyaa wlj lms fi`oh l`s wmy up tla fjrpjrmta imnnar. Or. Vr`vmstmvm lms m ijgd mgn vmr`an axpar`agfa `g tla m`ri`ga s`gfa l`s fmraar stmrtan `g =0<6 `g M`r @gn`m (Kjlg, 82=6). La lain raspjgs`hia pjs`t`jgs `g @gn`m mgn mhrjmn ms waii, lmv`gd haag stmt`jgan mt Djm, haag tla lamn jc tla rad`jg `g Duic mgn O`nnia Amst mgn dagarmi omgmdar-smias omreat`gd `g vmr`jus rad`jgs `g @gn`m (Afjgjo`f ^`oas, 82=6). Or. Vr`vmstmvm wms misj tla omg raspjgs`hia cjr suffasscuiiy `gtadrmt`gd tla smias mgn omreat`gd cugft`jgs mctar tla oardar jc M`r @gn`m mgn @gn`mg M`ri`gas
m`ri`gas (Kjlg, 82=6). Crjo tla safjgnmry nmtm, `t `s fiamr tlmt Or. Vr`vmstmvm `s mg `gs`na n`raftjr, la `s gjt `gvjivan w`tl mgy jtlar jrdmg`zmt`jg mgn wms m ijymi aopijyaa `g M`r @gn`m s`gfa tla stmrt jc l`s fmraar, l`s axpar`agfa mgn egjwianda `g M`r @gn`m w`ii d`va tla hjmrn mg ugnarstmgn`gd jc ljw tla c`ro jparmtas crjo l`s parspaft`va. La njas gjt saao tj lmva mgy i`ge tj tla djvargoagt ms waii. Or. Vr`vmstmvm lms haag wjre`gd `g tla c`ro cjr mhjut 66 yamrs, wlara la stmrtan ms m dagarmi omgmdar ugnar tla smias omreat`gd napmrtoagt `g vmr`jus rad`jgs. @g oy jp`g`jg, la lmv`gd haag stmt`jgan `g omgy rad`jgs wjuin lmva miijwan l`o tj lmva m lji`st`f ugnarstmgn`gd jc fjooarf`mi saftjr, misj ha`gd m ijymi aopijyaa cjr 66 yamrs sljws tlmt la lms `gtarast `g l`s kjh. @t `s mssuoan tlmt Or. Vr`vmstmvm wjuin lmva mg mft`va nadraa jc `gvjivaoagt hut mt gjo`gmi pmrt`f`pmt`jg ms la o`dlt gjt lmva tla raqu`ra se`iis gaanan `gciuagf`gd o`ss`jg, pji`f`as, mgn jhkaft`vas. G. Km`g. G. Km`g `s furragtiy tla N`raftjr jc Rarsjggai mt M`r @gn`m mgn lms lain tla pjs`t`jg crjo tla imtast nmta egjwg mt 82=6 (Hijjohard, 82=3). ^lara `s fijsa tj gj `gcjromt`jg mhjut Or. Km`g axfapt tlmt la wms m =0<3 hmtfl
jcc`far jc tla @gn`mg Xm`iwmy Rarsjggai Varv`fa, wl`fl jparmtas ugnar tla djvargoagt (GHVH, 82=6). ^laracjra, la `s i`gean w`tl tla djvargoagt, Or. Km`g njas gjt s`t `g mgy jtlar hjmrn mgn `s mg axafut`va mt M`r @gn`m, ome`gd l`o mg `gs`na n`raftjr tj M`r @gn`m. ^lara `s vary i`ttia `gcjromt`jg jg Or. Km`g mgn wlmt la lms mffjopi`slan jtlar tlmg ha`gd m hmtfl jcc`far jc tla @gn`mg Xm`iwmy Rarsjggai Varv`fa. ^l`s iamns oa tj hai`ava tlmt la omy gjt lmva mffjopi`slan mgytl`gd s`dg`c`fmgt `g l`s c`ain. ^ljudl tlara `s gj nac`g`ta wmy tj egjw w`tl safjgnmry nmtm mgn
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Kjurgmi jc Vtrmtad`f V trmtad`f Omgmdaoag Om gmdaoagtt Xav`aws
@t `s mssuoan tlmt tlmt Or. Km`g lms m ijw nadraa jc `gvjivaoagt i`eaiy mt o`g`omi rav`aw. Xmv`gnrmrm` Nljime`m. Xmv`gnrmrm` Nljime`m `s furragtiy m n`raftjr `g tla hjmrn cjr M`r @gn`m mgn lms lain tlmt pjs`t`jg s`gfa Omy 82=6 (Hijjohard, 82=3). Misj egjwg ms Rrjc. Xmv`gnrm, la lms mhjut 61 yamrs jc axpar`agfa `g tamfl`gd mt pjst drmnumta iavais mgn fjgnuft`gd mgn du`n`gd rasamrfl `g tla c`ain jc Afjgjo`fs mgn Rji`f`as, mgn lms wjrean w`tl guoarjus fjooug`t`as mppj`gtan hy tla Fagtrmi Djvargoagt jc @gn`m (@gvastjr Xaimt`jgs, g.n). Mffjrn`gd tj Hijjohard (82=3), Rrjc. Xmv`gnrm misj s`ts `g hjmrn jc cjur jtlar jrdmg`zmt`jgs. ^la safjgnmry nmtm sljws tlmt Rrjc. Xmv`gnrm njas saao tj lmva sjoa i`ge w`tl tla djvargoagt. La `s om`giy s`tumtan mt tla Qg`jg Hmge jc @gn`m mgn `s fjgs`naran mg juts`na n`raftjr tj M`r @gn`m.
T`tl Rrjc. Xmv`gnrm‐s axpar`agfa mgn axpart`sa `g Afjgjo`fs mgn Rji`t`fs, `t saaos tlmt la w`ii ha `gvjivan `g strmtad`f naf`s`jgs, hut ms mg juts`na n`raftjr l`s `gvjivaoagt omy gjt ms oufl. @t `s mssuoan tlmt Or. Xmv`gnrm lms mg mft`va nadraa jc `gvjivaoagt mt gjo`gmi pmrt`f`pmt`jg. Xaguem Xmogmtl. Xaguem Xmogmtl `s furragtiy m n`raftjr `g tla hjmrn cjr M`r @gn`m mgn lms lain tlmt pjs`t`jg s`gfa Omy 82=6 (Hijjohard, 82=3). Ors. Xaguem Xmogmtl cjugnan Ouit`pias Mitargmta Mssat Omgmdaoagt Rr`vmta I`o`tan `g 8220 mgn furragtiy sarvas ms `ts Omgmd`gd N`raftjr & Fl`ac Axafut`va Jcc`far (FAJ). Vla wms mppj`gtan tla pjs`t`jg tj jvarsaa tla c`gmgf`mi rastruftur`gd pimg cjr M`r @gn`m (Hrulmnaaswmrmg, 82=6). Ors. Xaguem Xmogmtl ljins m hmflaijr‐s nadraa `g Agd`gaar`gd mgn mg OHM w`tl MOR crjo Lmrvmrn Hus`gass Vfljji. ^la djvargoagt m`os tj usa lar axpart`sa `g `gvastoagt hmge`gd, pr`vmta aqu`ty, mgn strufturan c`gmgfa tj m`n M`r @gn`m (Hus`gass Vtmgnmrn, 82=6). Ors. Xaguem Xmogmtl `s mg juts`na n`raftjr tj M`r @gn`m mgn sla `s gjt i`gean tj tla djvargoagt.
Ors. Xaguem Xmogmtl w`ii om`giy ha `gvjivan `g strmtad`f naf`s`jgs radmrn`gd c`gmgf`mi `gvastoagts. T`tl lar pjs`t`jg ms FAJ mt lar jwg c`ro, sla o`dlt gjt ljwavar lmva succ`f`agt t`oa tj ha cuiiy `gvjivan. Oy mssuopt`jg `s tlmt sla w`ii ha ojra ojt`vmtan tj wjre lmrnar cjr lar jwg c`ro ms FAJ mgn omy gjt ha ms `gvjivan `g naf`s`jgs cjr M`r @gn`m, tlaracjra sla wjuin lmva m l`dl nadraa jc `gvjivaoagt mt gjo`gmi pmrt`f`pmt`jg mt M`r @gn`m. Rrao Srmt. Rrao Srmt `s furragtiy m n`raftjr `g tla hjmrn cjr M`r @gn`m mgn lms lain tlmt pjs`t`jg s`gfa Omy 82=6 (Hijjohard, 82=3). Rrjc. Rrao Srmt `s mg jutstmgn`gd mfmnao`f mgn `s tla Rrj-Flmgfaiijr5 Rrjcassjr jc Ao`gagfa mgn Fl`ac Oagtjr mt @^O Qg`vars`ty Durdmjg (GFQ, 82=3). La wms mppj`gtan mojgd c`va ao`gagt parsjgmi`t`as ms pmrt t`oa N`raftjr jg Hjmrn jc M`r @gn`m cjr l`s spaf`mi`zan se`iis mgn vmiumhia suddast`jgs cjr mfl`av`gd tla jhkaft`vas sat hy tla Djvargoagt jc @gn`m (Rrass @gcjromt`jg, 82=6). La lms mg axtags`va
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Kjurgmi jc Vtrmtad`f V trmtad`f Omgmdaoag Om gmdaoagtt Xav`aws
axpar`agfa jc ojra tlmg >4 yamrs `g tamfl`gd, rasamrfl, omgmdaoagt navaijpoagt mgn fjgsuitmgfy mgn lms haag jg tla Hjmrn jc Djvargjrs jc omgy taflg`fmi `gst`tut`jgs mgn ug`vars`t`as (GFQ, 82=3). Rrjc. Rrao Srmt `s mg juts`na n`raftjr tj M`r @gn`m mgn la `s gjt i`gean tj tla djvargoagt. Rrjc. Srmt lms mg axfaiiagt trmfe rafjrn mgn lms mg axtags`va mojugt jc axpar`agfa. @t saaos tlmt Rrjc. Srmt w`ii ha vary `gvjivan `g ojst strmtad`f naf`s`jg ome`gd, ms hjmrn oaohars w`ii nac`g`taiy wmgt tj lamr l`s jp`g`jgs mgn dat l`s mnv`fa jg `ssuas ha`gd cmfan. @t `s mssuoan tlmt Rrjc. Srmt w`ii lmva mg mft`va nadraa n adraa jc `gvjivaoagt mt mft`va pmrt`f`pmt`jg. E`slmg Gjlwmr. E`slmg Gjlwmr `s furragtiy m n`raftjr `g tla hjmrn cjr M`r @gn`m mgn lms lain tlmt pjs`t`jg s`gfa Omy 82=6 (Hijjohard, 82=3). La `s m vatarmg c`dltar p`ijt mgn wms mppj`gtan ms tla fl`ac jc tla @gn`mg M`r Cjrfa (@MC). Or. E`slmg `s m qumi`c`an ciy`gd `gstruftjr, c`dlt fjohmt iamnar, mgn mg miuogus jc Nacagsa Varv`fas Vtmcc Fjiiada mgn M`r Tmr Fjiiada `g tla Qg`tan Vtmtas
(GN^S, 82==). Crjo tla safjgnmry nmtm ratr`avan, Or. E`slmg wjres ugnar tla @MC, wl`fl `s djvargoagt i`gean mgn `s mg juts`na n`raftjr tj M`r @gn`m. Or. E`slmg lms axpar`agfa `g tla mv`mt`jg c`ain mgn `s tla fl`ac jc @gn`mg M`r Cjrfa. Or. E`slmg o`dlt ha rafa`v`gd jrnars crjo tla djvargoagt tj agsura tlmt naf`s`jgs omna hy tla hjmrn mi`dg w`tl o`i`tmry jhkaft`vas. ^l`s o`dlt fmusa o`smi`dgoagts `g jhkaft`vas cjr M`r @gn`m ms m fjooarf`mi m`ri`ga. @t `s mssuoan tlmt Or. E`slmg w`ii lmva mg mft`va nadraa jc `gvjivaoagt mt gjo`gmi pmrt`f`pmt`jg. Hmiw`gnar Hluiimr. Hmiw`gnar Hluiimr `s furragtiy m n`raftjr `g tla hjmrn cjr M`r @gn`m mgn lms lain tlmt pjs`t`jg s`gfa imtast egjwg 82=65 la `s misj Kj`gt Vafratmry `g tla O`g`stry jc F`v`i Mv`mt`jg (Hijjohard, 82=3). T`tl tl`s safjgnmry nmtm, `t `s fiamr tlmt Or. Hmiw`gnar lms i`ge tj tla djvargoagt mgn mffjrn`gd tla Hijjohard (82=3), la `s mg `gs`na n`raftjr tj M`r @gn`m.
^lara `s vary i`ttia safjgnmry nmtm jg Or. Hmiw`gnar jgi`ga jtlar tlmg l`o sarv`gd ms Kj`gt Vafratmry `g tla O`g`stry jc F`v`i Mv`mt`jg. @t saaos tlmt la `s `g tla hjmrn om`giy tj agsura tlmt naf`s`jgs omna hy tla hjmrn mra `g i`ga w`tl raduimt`jg sat jut hy tla O`g`stry jc F`v`i Mv`mt`jg, la wjuin lmva m ijw nadraa jc `gvjivaoagt mt o`g`omi rav`aw. Dmrd` Emui. Dmrd` Emui `s furragtiy m n`raftjr `g tla hjmrn cjr M`r @gn`m mgn lms lain tlmt pjs`t`jg s`gfa imtast egjwg 82=65 sla misj sarvas ms Kj`gt Vafratmry & C`gmgf`mi Mnv`sjr cjr tla O`g`stry jc F`v`i Mv`mt`jg mgn N`raftjr mt Rmwmg Lmgs I`o`tan, wl`fl `s m iamn`gd lai`fjptar fjopmgy (Hijjohard, 82=3). Rr`jr tj tlmt, sla sarvan `g Jn`slm ms Rr`gf`pmi Mffjugtmgt Dagarmi (@gn`mg Omgnmr`gs, 82=1). T`tl tl`s safjgnmry nmtm, `t `s fiamr fiamr tlmt Dmrd` Dmrd` Emui `s djvargoagt i`gean mgn tlmt sla `s mg juts`na n`raftjr tj M`r @gn`m.
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Kjurgmi jc Vtrmtad`f V trmtad`f Omgmdaoag Om gmdaoagtt Xav`aws
Dmrd` Emui `s ljin`gd omgy pjs`t`jgs mt furragt5 sla saaos tj lmva tla axpart`sa `g tla mv`mt`jg c`ain. Ljwavar, `t mppamrs tlmt sla w`ii ha gjt ha mhia tj fjgtr`huta m ijt hafmusa jc lar `gvjivaoagts `g jtlar c`ros. @t `s mssuoan tlmt Dmrd` Emui w`ii lmva mg mft`va nadraa jc `gvjivaoagt mt gjo`gmi pmrt`f`pmt`jg. Durflmrmg Nms. Durflmrmg Nms `s furragtiy m n`raftjr `g tla hjmrn cjr M`r @gn`m mgn lms lain tlmt pjs`t`jg s`gfa Omy 82=6 (Hijjohard, 82=3). Or. Nms `s mg mutljr, fjiuog`st, fjooagtmtjr mgn omgmdaoagt fjgsuitmgt5 la wms misj tla cjroar FAJ jc Rrjftar & Dmohia @gn`m mgn S`fa Rras`nagt `g Ms`m. Or. Nms drmnumtan w`tl mg ljgjrs nadraa crjo Lmrvmrn Qg`vars`ty `g Rl`ijsjply mgn Rji`t`fs mgn imtar mttagnan Lmrvmrn Hus`gass Vfljji ms waii (^la @gs`dlt Huramu, g.n). Mffjrn`gd tj Hijjohard (82=3), la lms 62 yamrs jc axpar`agfa wjre`gd `g s`x fjugtr`as `g mnv`s`gd fjopmg`as jg fjrpjrmta strmtad`as. T`tl tla safjgnmry nmtm ratr`avan, `t `s fiamr tlmt Or. Nms `s gjt i`gean tj tla
djvargoagt mgn `s mg juts`na n`raftjr tj M`r @gn`m. Or. Nms lms 62 yamrs jc axpar`agfa `g mnv`s`gd fjopmg`as jg fjrpjrmta strmtad`as5 l`s axpar`agfa mgn egjwianda jc hus`gass, tla hjmrn w`ii ijje tj l`o cjr l`s tljudlts jg strmtad`f naf`s`jgs `t wmgts tj fmrry jut. @t `s mssuoan tlmt Or. Nms w`ii lmva mg mft`va nadraa jc `gvjivaoagt mt mft`va pmrt`f`pmt`jg. M`r @gn`m lms n`vars`c`an tla`r hus`gass ug`ts `g tla mv`mt`jg `gnustry ms waii ms tla tjur`so `gnustry w`tl tla`r navaijpoagts jc ljtais. @g taros jc n`raft`jgmi strmtady, tla ojst w`naiy usan mra strmtad`as nas`dgan tj mfl`ava drjwtl `g smias, mssats, prjc`ts, jr sjoa fjoh`gmt`jg jc `t. ^la twj drjwtl strmtad`as mra fjgfagtrmt`jg mgn n`vars`c`fmt`jg, cjr M`r @gn`m tlay lmva om`giy cjfusan jg tla fjgfagtrmt`jg strmtady tlmt namis w`tl tla`r furragt prjnuft i`ga. M`r @gn`m mfl`avan vart`fmi drjwtl hy tme`gd jvar tla om`gtagmgfa cugft`jg, tlay lmva tla`r jwg `gcrmstruftura cjr OXJ wl`fl laips tlao tj ranufa fjst, mgn dm`g fjgtrji jvar wlmt `s fjgs`naran m sfmrfa rasjurfa mgn dumrmgtaa qumi`ty jc tla OXJ fjopiatan. M`r @gn`m lms misj mfl`avan ljr`zjgtmi drjwtl hy axpmgn`gd tla`r ci`dlt sarv`fas dijhmiiy, tl`s wms mfl`avan hy tlao `gframsa tla guohar jc `gtargmt`jgmi rjutas tlay ciaw ms waii ms tla`r strmtad`f mii`mgfa w`tl Vtmr Mii`mgfa `g 82=>. M`r @gn`m‐s pl`ijsjply `s tj fjgt`gujusiy str`va tj mfl`ava l`dlar iavais jc mffjugtmh`i`ty, trmgspmragfy, raspjgs`h`i`ty mgn cm`rgass `g mii mspafts jc `ts jparmt`jgs. M`r @gn`m lms raom`gan fjoo`ttan tjwmrns tla prjtaft`jg mgn aglmgfaoagt jc `ts jvarmii ijgd-taro vmiua cjr mii `ts stmealjinars, wl`fl `gfiuna fustjoars, iagnars, aopijyaas mgn tla sjf`aty. ^la fjopmgy misj ugnarstmgns `ts raspjgs`h`i`ty tjwmrns tla sjf`aty mt imrda mgn mft`vaiy aohmres upjg vmr`jus `g`t`mt`vas. M`r @gn`m fjgt`guas `ts pursu`t jc mfl`av`gd
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Kjurgmi jc Vtrmtad`f V trmtad`f Omgmdaoag Om gmdaoagtt Xav`aws
tlasa jhkaft`vas tlrjudl tla mnjpt`jg jc fjopat`t`va fjrpjrmta strmtad`as, prunagt fjrpjrmta mgn hus`gass pji`f`as mgn pimgs, strmtad`f ojg`tjr`gd mgn o`t`dmt`jg jc r`ses, wl`ia mt tla smoa t`oa, framt`gd flafes mgn hmimgfas `g mg jrdmg`zmt`jg tlmt vmiuas pajpia, prjpr`aty, aqu`ty mgn cm`r pimy. M`r @gn`m‐s ciaats s`za mgn mda `s jga jc `ts eay rasjurfas, tla m`ri`ga lms jga jc tla ojst upnmtan ciaat mgn pimgs tj purflmsa ojra tj raom`g fjopat`t`va mojgd tla`r r`vmis, M`r @gn`m lms m strjgd cjfus jg fjgt`guan ciaat ragawmi (Cijttmu, 82=1). Mffjrn`gd tj FMRM (82=>), Cjroar M`r @gn`m‐s n`raftjr jc c`gmgfa Vr`g`vmsm Sagemt sm`n tlmt tla M`r @gn`m Drjup lmn m tjtmi ciaat jc =81 m`rfrmct w`tl tla mvarmda mda jc <.= yamrs ms jc 8<-Cah-82=>. Ms M`r @gn`m fjgt`guas `g `ts accjrts tj agsura tla yjutlcuigass jc tla ciaat, tlay rafagtiy mggjugfan tla`r pimgs tj `gnuft 62 M`rhus M682 m`rfrmct, tl`s `s nua tj tla rjhust drjwtl `g njoast`f m`r trmcc`f, wl`fl w`ii omea M`r @gn`m‐s tjtmi ciaat s`za ramfl tj mrjugn =12 pimgas hy tla gaxt tlraa c`gmgf`mi yamrs (Klm, 82=3). @g mnn`t`jg tj tl`s, M`r @gn`m pimgs rapimfa tla`r jinar ciaat w`tl gaw cuai-acc`f`agt M6>2 gajs (gaw agd`ga jpt`jg). ^la mnn`t`jg jc tlasa pimgas w`tl laip M`r @gn`m tj axpmgn `ts jparmt`jgs, hjtl njoast`f mgn `gtargmt`jgmi, w`tl tla djmi tj `gframsa prjc`ts hy ciy`gd tj ojra nast`gmt`jgs mgn fmrry`gd ojra pmssagdars (Eugnu, 82=1). M`r @gn`m aohjn`as tla sp`r`t jc @gn`m hy axtagn`gd wmro ljsp`tmi`ty (Vtmr Mii`mgfa, 82=1). Ha`gd tla gmt`jgmi fmrr`ar jc @gn`m d`vas M`r @gn`m m djjn hrmgn pjs`t`jg`gd mojgd `ts ijfmi fjopat`tjrs sufl ms Kat M`rwmys, misj tlay lmva tla fjopat`t`va mnvmgtmda fmiian tla c`rst-ojvar mnvmgtmda. @t `s m fjopat`t`va mnvmgtmda tlmt m fjopmgy amrgs hy ha`gd tla c`rst tj agtar m spaf`c`f omreat jr `gnustry ms `t miijws tla fjopmgy tj mfqu`ra supar`jr hrmgn rafjdg`t`jg mgn fustjoar ijymity (@gvastjpan`m, g.n). M`r @gn`m kj`gan Vtmr Mii`mgfa `g Kuiy 82=>, `g m ojva tlmt lms hrjudlt savarmi hagac`ts cjr tla gmt`jgmi fmrr`ar (Vtmr Mii`mgfa, 82=1). Vtmr Mii`mgfa lms m wjrin‐s imrdast gatwjre jc m`ri`gas w`tl 8< oaohars wjre`gd `g lmrojgy dijhmiiy. M`r @gn`m oaohars lmva haag agkjy`gd amrg-mgn-hurg o`ias jg mgy oaohar fmrr`ar mgn ojra `opjrtmgtiy tla samoiass fjggaft`v`ty mfrjss tla dijha mgn lmv`gd mffass tj m`rpjrt ijugdas wlag trmgs`t`gd (V`glm, 82=>). Kj`g`gd tla Vtmr Mii`mgfa lms jpagan =,622 nast`gmt`jgs tlmt pmssagdars ciy`gd w`tl M`r @gn`m fmg dj tj, `t lms miramny pm`n r`fl n`v`nagns tj tla m`ri`gar ms pmssagdar trmgscars crjo drjup oaohars lmva ojra tlmg njuhian mgn ravaguas crjo sufl trmgscars w`tgassan ojra tlmg twj-cjin `gframsa. @g mnn`t`jg tj tl`s, M`r @gn`m lms m kj`gt vagtura w`tl V`gdmpjra M`rpjrt ^aro`gmi Varv`fas (VM^V) w`tl tla mfrjgyo M@VM^V, `t lms mg aqu`ty rmt`j 12;12 `g prjv`n`gd lmgni`gd sarv`fas tj m`ri`gas mt fartm`g oatrj m`rpjrts. Mt yamr agn 6=st Omrfl 82=>, M@VM^V prjc`tan mpprjx`omtaiy QVN$ 3.6 o`ii`jg (M`r @gn`m, 82=>).
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Kjurgmi jc Vtrmtad`f V trmtad`f Omgmdaoag Om gmdaoagtt Xav`aws
M`r @gn`m‐s eay fmpmh`i`ty `s `g tla`r axpart`sa `g rapm`rs mgn om`gtagmgfa, m OXJ cmf`i`ty lms haag navaijpan hy M`r @gn`m Agd`gaar`gd Varv`fas I`o`tan (M@AVI) mt Xmk`v Dmgnl` @gtargmt`jgmi M`rpjrt `g Lynarmhmn, mgn axfius`vaiy sarvas tla M`r @gn`m ciaat, prjv`n`gd cuii M`rfrmct hmsa om`gtagmgfa sarv`fa, i`ga om`gtagmgfa, agd`gaar`gd mgn taflg`fmi suppjrt, fjopjgagt mgn cuii omtar`mi suppjrt, m`rfrmct agd`ga sarv`fas, mgn taflg`fmi trm`g`gd sarv`fas jg mii omkjr m`rfrmct typas (Rrass Xaiamsa, 82=1). ^l`s pmrt`fuimr fmpmh`i`ty d`vas M`r @gn`m m fjopat`t`va anda mojgd tla`r r`vmis `g @gn`m. @g 8224, M`r @gn`m sat jut tj framta s`x sapmrmta hus`gass ug`ts, tla om`g m`ri`ga hus`gass, `ts ijw-fjst fmrr`ar jparmt`jg, fmrdj, agd`gaar`gd mgn om`gtagmgfa, drjugn lmgni`gd, mgn raimtan hus`gass i`ea @^ mgn safur`ty ( Djv`gnmsmoy, 8220). 8220). Amfl hus`gass ug`t jparmtas `gnapagnagtiy w`tl `ts jwg fjst fagtars mgn `s mffjugtmhia cjr `ts jwg prjc`tmh`i`ty. ^la pimg tj nj sj wms `g mg accjrt tj ranufa fjst tj tla Gmt`jgmi Mv`mt`jg Fjopmgy jc M`r @gn`m. Mffjrn`gd tj Djv`gnmsmoy (8220), tlasa mra tla fjra fjopatagf`as tlmt M`r @gn`m lms, w`tl sapmrmta hus`gass ug`ts, amfl n`v`s`jg lms dramtar mutjgjoy tj omea naf`s`jgs tlmt w`ii rasuit `g ijwar fjst, l`dlar ravaguas mgn tlaracjra hattar jvarmii prjc`tmh`i`ty. ^l`s hus`gass struftura `s M`r @gn`m‐s strmtad`f mnvmgtmda tlmt miijws tlao tj raom`g fjopat`t`va `g `ts `gnustry. @g taros jc rasjurfas, M`r @gn`m lms 88,222 aopijyaas ms jc 82=> tlmt saao tj lmva surpius jc aopijyaas5 tla m`ri`ga lms haag dj`gd tlrjudl luomg rasjurfa `ssuas pimduan hy str`eas hy p`ijts mgn drjugn stmcc (Hus`gass Vtmgnmrn, 82=1). ^lara mra st`ii ugrasjivan `ssuas s`gfa tla M`r @gn`m-@gn`mg M`ri`ga oardar, wl`fl lms fmusan ijw ojrmia mgn `gtargmi cmft`jgmi`so (Hus`gass Vtmgnmrn, 82=1). ^lara lms haag n`spmr`ty `g pmy sfmias, miijwmgfas mgn fmraar prjdrass`jg, cjroar @gn`mg M`ri`ga p`ijts wara om`giy ciy`gd njoast`f rjutas wl`ia tla M`r @gn`m p`ijts ciaw om`giy `gtargmt`jgmi rjutas, tl`s oamgt tlmt tla imttar drjup rafa`van mnn`t`jgmi `gfagt`vas i`ea `gtargmt`jgmi miijwmgfas, stmy mgn jtlar hagac`ts (Emggmg, 82=8). M`r @gn`m mgn @gn`mg M`ri`gas lmn m oardar `g Omrfl 8224 mgn lms s`gfa saag a`dlt suffass`va yamrs jc ijss, w`tl tla mffuouimtan ijss ramfl`gd QVN$4.6 h`ii`jg (Rmt`i, 82=1). ^la oardar turgan jut tj ha m kj`g`gd jc twj `gfjopmt`hia pmrtgars tlmt ian tj hmn hijjn mgn luomg rasjurfa prjhiaos ms waii. Tlmt omna `t wjrsa wms tlmt tla oardar fj`gf`nan w`tl m dijhmi rafass`jg mgn r`s`gd cuai pr`fas. M`r @gn`m mgn @gn`mg M`ri`gas misj naf`nan tj huy === pimgas `g tla yamr 8223, wl`fl ian tj mg mfuta fmsl-cijw prjhiao (V`gdl, 82=8). @g 82=8, M`r @gn`m wms axpaftan tj ha tla wjrst parcjroar `g tla @gn`mg m`ri`ga `gnustry mgn rapjrtan m ijss jc QVN$8.8< h`ii`jg, `g 82=6 tlay omgmdan tj ranufa tla ijst tlay omna mgn wms ast`omtan tj lmva lmn m fjoh`gan ijss jc QVN$=.31 h`ii`jg (FMRM, 82=8). M`r @gn`m stmrtan tj sljw s`dgs jc rafjvary `g c`gmgf`mi parcjromgfa. V`gfa tlag M`r @gn`m lms tmeag fjst futt`gd oamsuras tlmt `gfiunan rmt`jgmi`zmt`jg jc `ts njoast`f mgn `gtargmt`jgmi rjuta gatwjre, ra-
+%
Kjurgmi jc Vtrmtad`f V trmtad`f Omgmdaoag Om gmdaoagtt Xav`aws
mssass`gd `ts luomg rasjurfa, `gframs`gd hmsa njoast`f cmras, mgn fmgfaii`gd mdagt fjoo`ss`jg (FMRM, 822<). Ijwar cuai pr`fas tjdatlar w`tl `oprjvan jparmt`jgmi parcjromgfa lms miijwan M`r @gn`m cjr pjst jparmt`gd prjc`ts cjr tla c`rst t`oa `g m nafmna. ^lay mra tmrdat`gd cjr mg jparmt`jgmi prjc`t jc Xs. 3 frjra, wl`fl `s mpprjx`omtaiy QVN$= h`ii`jg (Vr`vmstmvm, 82=1). ^la `ssua radmrn`gd M`r @gn`m‐s fjst struftura `s tlmt `ts iadmfy fjst struftura raom`gs mt m l`dl wl`ia tla njoast`f mgn `gtargmt`jgmi fjopat`t`jg `g tla @gn`m m`ri`ga `gnustry `s `gframs`gd qu`feiy (Klm, 82=1). ^la rm`sa jc fjopat`t`jg lms puslan cmra pr`fas njwg `g tla njoast`f omreat mgn wl`ia M`r @gn`m fmg jccar flampar cmra pr`fas ms waii, tla`r jparmt`jgmi fjst w`ii raom`g l`dl, wl`fl `s fjst tlao tj omea ijssas `g tla njoast`f rjutas (FMRM, 82=6). @g m omreat wlara cmras pimy m v`tmi rjia `g trmvai naf`s`jgs, M`r @gn`m‐s l`dl cmra struftura `s gjt dj`gd tj surv`va ugiass `ts hus`gass ojnai ugnardjas m flmgda (O`slrm, 82==). @g jrnar tj ranufa tl`s l`dl-fjst struftura, M`r @gn`m w`ii ijje `gtj rmt`jgmi`z`gd tla`r njoast`f mgn `gtargmt`jgmi rjutas tj fmgfai rjutas tlmt mra iass prjc`tmhia cjr tla m`ri`gar, w`tl tlmt tlay w`ii misj ranufa spagn`gd‐s jg luomg rasjurfa hy jpt`o`z`gd tla`r jparmt`jgs mgn `oprjv`gd acc`f`agfy jc tlao.
M`r @gn`m‐s I`qu`n`ty Xmt`j ^la i`qu`n`ty rmt`j mgmiyzas tla mh`i`ty cjr M`r @gn`m tj pmy jcc hjtl `ts furragt i`mh`i`t`as ms tlay hafjoa nua ms waii ms tla`r ijgd-taro i`mh`i`t`as ms tlay hafjoa furragt.
Furragt Xmt`j ? Furragt Mssats/ Furragt I`mh`i`t`as ? 3=,=48.0/836, <40 ? 2.86 ^la furragt rmt`j laips `gvastjrs mgn fran`tjrs ugnarstmgn tla i`qu`n`ty jc m fjopmgy mgn ljw ams`iy tlmt fjopmgy w`ii ha mhia tj pmy jcc `ts furragt i`mh`i`t`as. ^la naf`omi jc 2.86 sljws tla M`r @gn`m lms agjudl furragt mssats tj pmy jcc jgiy 86 parfagt jc `ts furragt i`mh`i`t`as, wl`fl oamgs tla jrdmg`zmt`jg `s l`dliy iavarmdan mgn r`sey.
Mf`n ^ast Xmt`j ? Furragt Mssats ‖ @gvagtjry/ Furragt I`mh`i`t`as ? 3=,=48.0 ‖ 82,0=3.8/836, <40 ? 2.=1 ^la mf`n tast rmt`j `s m i`qu`n`ty rmt`j tlmt oamsuras tla mh`i`ty jc m fjopmgy tj pmy jcc `ts furragt i`mh`i`t`as ms tlay fjoa nua w`tl jgiy qu`fe mssats. ^la rmt`j jc .=1 sljws tlmt M`r @gn`m fmg jgiy pmy jcc =1 parfagt jc `t furragt i`mh`i`t`as w`tl qu`fe mssats.
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Kjurgmi jc Vtrmtad`f V trmtad`f Omgmdaoag Om gmdaoagtt Xav`aws M`r @gn`m‐s Rrjc`tmh`i`ty Xmt`j ^la prjc`tmh`i`ty rmt`j fjopmras `gfjoa stmtaoagt mffjugts mgn fmtadjr`as tj sljw m fjopmgy‐s mh`i`ty tj dagarmta prjc`ts crjo `ts jparmt`jgs. ^la ojst
fjoojgiy usan prjc`tmh`i`ty rmt`j `s tla Xaturg jg @gvastoagt (XJ@) Xaturg jg `gvastoagt (XJ@) ? Gat prjc`t mctar tmxas/ ^jtmi mssats ? (38,403)/=02,06>.0 ? - 2.66 ^la raturg jg `gvastoagt cjr M`r @gn`m `s m gadmt`va parfagtmda jc 66%, tl`s `s hafmusa M`r @gn`m n`n gjt omea prjc`ts mgn `s 66% wjrsa jcc `g `gvastoagts. ^l`s oamgs tla `gvastoagts n`n gjt parcjro waii.
Fjoojg-s`za Vtmtaoagt ^la fjoojg-s`za stmtaoagt `s mg `gfjoa stmtaoagt `g wl`fl njiimr c`duras
mra fjgvartan mgn raprasagtan `g parfagtmdas (Xacar tj C`dura 8). ^la stmtaoagt `s usan tj `nagt`cy tragns `g amfl jc tla fmtadjr`as. Lmva njga tla fjoojg-s`za stmtaoagt cjr M`r @gn`m‐s Rrjc`t mgn Ijss Vtmtaoagt, `s fmg ha saag tlmt <2.<% jc M`r @gn`m‐s smias fjoa crjo sflanuian trmcc`f sarv`fas, `t fmg misj ha jhsarvan tlmt tla imrdast axpagsa cjr M`r @gn`m `s jg M`rfrmct cuai mgn j`i wl`fl omeas up 61.4% jc tla fjopmgy‐s axpagsas.
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Kjurgmi jc Vtrmtad`f V trmtad`f Omgmdaoag Om gmdaoagtt Xav`aws
C`dura 8
@t lms ijgd haag tla fmsa tlmt M`r @gn`m lms haag ijs`gd o`ii`jgs jc njiimrs nua tj fjrrupt`jg mgn o`somgmdaoagt `g tla`r jutsjurf`gd jc rapm`rs tj jvarsams vagnjrs hy `ts agd`gaar`gd napmrtoagt fmusan hy tla agd`gaar`gd tamo cm`i`gd tj pusl tljudl wmrrmgty fim`os prjpariy mgn mt t`oas nai`harmtaiy naimy`gd cjiijw ups tj miijw tla wmrrmgty par`jn tj axp`ra (Rmggu, 82=8). @g mnn`t`jg tj tlmt, M`r @gn`m lmva c`ran p`ijts ms m rasuit jc tla `gqu`ry, wl`fl ugfjvaran tlmt p`ijts cmis`c`an tla`r ciy`gd rafjrns, flamtan jg ci`dlt axmos mgn pm`n hr`has tj tast`gd jcc`f`mis (^`oojgs, 82==). Tl`ia M`r @gn`m lms haag struddi`gd tj surv`va `g tla pmst caw yamrs tlara lms haag fmsas wlara aopijyaas stami i`qujr, fmv`mr, mgn jtlar iuxury djjns crjo m`rfrmct (Oalnun`m, 82=8). Mgn `t dats wjrsa, avag tjp omgmdaoagt lmva haag cjugn tj ha o`sus`gd tla`r pjwar. Avag tljudl `t lms haa g jcc`f`miiy prjl`h`tan cjr M`r @gn`m jcc`f`mis tj jffupy waii-mppj`gtan cimts jc M`r @gn`m Fjijgy `g Nail`, tlay fjgt`gua tj nj sj. ^lara lmva misj haag miiadmt`jgs jc aohazziaoagt jc cugns tlmt mra fjiiaftan yamriy cjr om`gtm`g`gd tlasa cimts (V`gdl, 82=>). Mffjrn`gd tj O`g`stars, imrda sfmia omiprmft`fa rmg tlrjudl jut tla m`ri`ga, `g cmft O`g`star jc Vtmta cjr F`v`i Mv`mt`jg Omlasl Vlmrom sm`n tlmt ms omgy ms =66 fmsas wara pagn`gd w`tl radmrns tj `gn`sf`pi`ga, o`somgmdaoagt mgn fjrrupt`jg, mojgd jtlar fjopim`gts kust `g 82=> (FMRM, 82=1).
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Kjurgmi jc Vtrmtad`f V trmtad`f Omgmdaoag Om gmdaoagtt Xav`aws
^la @gn`mg m`ri`ga `gnustry `s l`dliy fjopat`t`va w`tl m`ri`gas fjgvard`gd `g taros jc pr`f`gd mgn prjnuft (FMRM, 82=6). Ljwavar, tl`s pjsas mg `ssua cjr M`r @gn`m, ugi`ea tla jtlar m`ri`gas `g tla `gnustry, M`r @gn`m njas gjt lmva m ijwfjst struftura mgn `t `s gjt sustm`gmhia tj tlao. M`r @gn`m, wl`fl jccars prao`uo trmvai `s cmf`gd fjopat`t`jg crjo ijw-fjst fmrr`ars i`ea @gn`dj, Vp`faKat, mgn DjM`r (Djv`gnmsmoy, T`ieas, & Flmttarkaa). ^la ijw fjst fmrr`ars lmva fjrgaran twj tl`rns jc tla njoast`f omreat `g @gn`m (FMRM, 82=6). @c tlmt `s gjt agjudl, M`r @gn`m lms tj c`dlt cjr `ts omreat slmra w`tl tla i`eas jc Kat M`rwmys, S`stmrm, mgn omgy jtlar m`ri`gas `g tla `gtargmt`jgmi omreat. @g jrnar tj fjugtar tl`s, M`r @gn`m `s mnn`gd ojra rjutas mgn ijje tj `oprjva jg-ci`dlt agtartm`goagt sarv`fas `g jrnar tj ha raom`g mttrmft`va `g `ts omreat (G`eea` Ms`mg Xav`aw, 82=1). ^la m`ri`ga `s misj ijje`gd tj tmp `gtj tla njoast`f omreat ms @gn`m‐s DNR drjwtl lms ian tj r`s`gd `gfjoas mgn lms omna m`r trmvai ojra mccjrnmhia.
Vuddastan N`sfuss`jg tj Fmsa Xaqu`raoagts Xaqu`raoagt =. Mgmiyza tla strmtad`f cmftjrs cjr M@. Gmt`jgmi Fmrr`ar M`r @gn`m aohjn`as tla sp`r`t jc @gn`m hy axtagn`gd wmro ljsp`tmi`ty (Vtmr Mii`mgfa, 82=1). Ha`gd tla gmt`jgmi fmrr`ar jc @gn`m, `t d`vas m djjn hrmgn pjs`t`jg`gd mojgd `ts ijfmi fjopat`tjrs sufl ms Kat M`rwmys, misj tlay lmva tla fjopat`t`va mnvmgtmda fmiian tla c`rst-ojvar mnvmgtmda. @t `s m fjopat`t`va mnvmgtmda tlmt m fjopmgy amrgs hy ha`gd tla c`rst tj agtar m
spaf`c`f omreat jr `gnustry ms `t miijws tla fjopmgy tj mfqu`ra supar`jr hrmgn rafjdg`t`jg mgn fustjoar ijymity (@gvastjpan`m, g.n). Hus`gass N`vars`c`fmt`jg M`r @gn`m sat jut tj framta s`x sapmrmta hus`gass ug`ts, tla om`g m`ri`ga hus`gass, `ts ijw-fjst fmrr`ar jparmt`jg, fmrdj, agd`gaar`gd mgn om`gtagmgfa, drjugn
lmgni`gd, mgn raimtan hus`gass i`ea @^ mgn safur`ty (Djv`gnmsmoy, 8220). Amfl hus`gass ug`t jparmtas `gnapagnagtiy w`tl `ts fjst fagtars mgn `s mffjugtmhia cjr `ts jwg prjc`tmh`i`ty. Mffjrn`gd tj Djv`gnmsmoy (8220), tlasa mra tla fjra fjopatagf`as tlmt M`r @gn`m lms, w`tl sapmrmta hus`gass ug`ts, amfl n`v`s`jg lms dramtar mutjgjoy tj omea naf`s`jgs tlmt w`ii rasuit `g ijwar fjst, l`dlar ravaguas mgn tlaracjra hattar jvarmii prjc`tmh`i`ty. ^l`s hus`gass struftura `s M`r @gn`m‐s strmtad`f mnvmgtmda tlmt miijws tlao tj raom`g fjopat`t`va `g `ts `gnustry. OXJ @gcrmstruftura M`r @gn`m‐s eay fmpmh`i`ty `s `g tla`r axpart`sa `g rapm`rs mgn om`gtagmgfa, m OXJ cmf`i`ty lms haag navaijpan hy M`r @gn`m Agd`gaar`gd Varv`fas I`o`tan
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Kjurgmi jc Vtrmtad`f V trmtad`f Omgmdaoag Om gmdaoagtt Xav`aws
(M@AVI) mt Xmk`v Dmgnl` @gtargmt`jgmi M`rpjrt `g Lynarmhmn, mgn axfius`vaiy sarvas tla M`r @gn`m ciaat. ^l`s pmrt`fuimr fmpmh`i`ty d`vas M`r @gn`m m fjopat`t`va anda mojgd tla`r r`vmis `g @gn`m. Luomg Xasjurfa M`r @gn`m lms 88,222 aopijyaas ms jc 82=> mgn `t `s jvarstmccan. ^lara mra st`ii ugrasjivan `ssuas s`gfa tla M`r @gn`m-@gn`mg M`ri`ga oardar, wl`fl lms fmusan ijw ojrmia mgn `gtargmi cmft`jgmi`so (Hus`gass Vtmgnmrn, 82=1). M`r @gn`m `s st`ii c`x`gd `ssuas radmrn`gd luomg rasjurfa hy futt`gd aopijyaas jcc ms jc gjw, hut gjtl`gd lms haag oagt`jgan mhjut ljw tlay w`ii `oprjva tla jvarmii ojrmia jc tla`r aopijyaas. Fjrrupt`jg/O`somgmdaoagt M`r @gn`m lms haag ijs`gd o`ii`jgs jc njiimrs nua tj fjrrupt`jg mgn o`somgmdaoagt `g tla`r jutsjurf`gd jc rapm`rs tj jvarsams vagnjrs hy `ts agd`gaar`gd napmrtoagt (Rmggu, 82=8). @t lms haag ugfjvaran tlmt p`ijts
cmis`c`an tla`r ciy`gd rafjrns, flamtan jg ci`dlt axmos mgn pm`n hr`has tj tast`gd jcc`f`mis (^`oojgs, 82==). Avag tjp omgmdaoagt lms haag cjugn tj ha o`sus`gd tla`r pjwar. Avag tljudl `t lms haag jcc`f`miiy prjl`h`tan cjr M`r @gn`m jcc`f`mis tj jffupy waii-mppj`gtan cimts jc M`r @gn`m Fjijgy `g Nail`, tlay fjgt`gua tj nj sj. ^lara lmva misj haag miiadmt`jgs jc aohazziaoagt jc cugns hy tlao. L`dl-fjst Vtruftura M`r @gn`m‐s iadmfy fjst struftura raom`gs mt m l`dl wl`ia tla njoast`f mgn `gtargmt`jgmi fjopat`t`jg `g tla @gn`m m`ri`ga `gnustry `s `gframs`gd qu`feiy (Klm, 82=1). ^la rm`sa jc fjopat`t`jg lms puslan cmra pr`fas njwg `g tla njoast`f omreat mgn wl`ia M`r @gn`m fmg jccar flampar cmra pr`fas ms waii, tla`r jparmt`jgmi fjst w`ii raom`g l`dl. M`r @gn`m‐s l`dl cmra struftura `s gjt dj`gd tj surv`va ugiass `ts hus`gass ojnai ugnardjas m flmgda (O`slrm, 82==). @g jrnar tj ranufa tl`s l`dl-fjst struftura, M`r @gn`m w`ii ijje `gtj rmt`jgmi`z`gd tla`r njoast`f mgn `gtargmt`jgmi rjutas tj fmgfai rjutas tlmt mra iass prjc`tmhia cjr
tla m`ri`gar, w`tl tlmt tlay w`ii misj ranufa spagn`gd‐s jg luomg rasjurfa hy jpt`o`z`gd tla`r jparmt`jgs mgn `oprjv`gd acc`f`agfy jc tlao. @gn`m‐s DNR Drjwtl @gn`m lms saag vary prjo`s`gd drjwtl `g tla`r DNR `g 82=1, `t wms rapjrtan tlmt tla DNR draw mt 4.>% `g tla tl`rn qumrtar jc tla yamr (Tjrstmii, 82=1). Ms DNR
drjwtls, @gn`m w`ii saa ijw ugaopijyoagt rmtas, wmda `gframsas (@gvastjpan`m, g.n). Ms sufl, @gn`m w`ii saa mg `gframsa `g f`t`zag wlj fmg trmvai hy m`r, hus`gassas w`ii ha mttrmftan tj tla fjugtry, wl`fl w`ii misj iamn tj ojra trmvais hy hus`gass parsjggai‐s cjr oaat`gds mgn jtlar hus`gass raimtan purpjsas.
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Kjurgmi jc Vtrmtad`f V trmtad`f Omgmdaoag Om gmdaoagtt Xav`aws Rji`t`fmi Vtmh`i`ty @gn`m smw tj v`ftjry jc gjw @gn`m‐s Rr`oa O`g`star Gmragnrm Ojn`, tla L`gnu gmt`jgmi`st wjg hy m imgnsi`na mgn lms prjo`san afjgjo`f mgn fuiturmi
rav`vmi cjr @gn`m (Hurea, 82=>). Lmv`gd pji`t`fmi stmh`i`ty w`ii jpag omgy njjrs cjr M`r @gn`m, ms tla fjugtry had`gs tj saa s`dg`c`fmgt drjwtl mgn pjss`hiy mg `gframsa `g afjgjo`f drjwtl nua tj tla stmh`i`ty jc tla djvargoagt. Fjopat`t`jg M`r @gn`m cmfas fjopat`t`jg crjo ijw fjst fmrr`ars hmsan `g @gn`m sufl ms @gn`Dj, Vp`faKat, mgn DjM`r tlmt saii t`feats mt axtraoaiy ijw pr`fas (Rrmhlmemr, 82=6). @t `s m fr`t`fmi tlramt tj M`r @gn`m `c ojra m`ri`gas stmrt tj kj`g tl`s miramny st`ci`gd fjopat`t`jg `g @gn`m ms pjtagt`mi fustjoars wlj mra fjgfargan w`tl fjst jc trmvai w`tl p`fe tlasa ijw fjst m`ri`gas `gstamn jc tlao. Kat M`rwmys mra tla`r n`raft fjopat`tjrs mgn sjoa fustjoars lmva sljwg m pracaragfa tj Kat M`rwmys ms fjopmran tj M`r @gn`m. @g jrnar tj raom`g fjopat`t`va, M`r @gn`m oust had`g `gvast`gd `g hu`in`gd tla`r hrmgn, mgn
astmhi`sl`gd m i`castyia hrmgn strmtady, navaijps `ggjvmt`va n`ccaragt`mt`jg n`ccaragt`mt`jg tj mppami tj fustjoars (Vaivmdd`j, 82=8).
prjnuft
Imfe jc N`ccaragt`mt`jg @g tla m`ri`ga `gnustry, fustjoars lmva m l`dl hmrdm`g`gd pjwar s`gfa tla `gnustry namis w`tl m par`slmhia prjnuft w`tl i`o`tan jpt`jgs tj n`ccaragt`mta tla`r sarv`fas crjo sarv`fas prjv`nan hy tla`r fjopat`tjrs. ^l`s `s tla fmsa cjr M`r @gn`m ms m`ri`gas sufl ms Kat M`rwmy prjv`na vary s`o`imr sarv`fas mgn gjt oufl n`ccaragt`mt`jg. M`ri`gas `g tla `gnustry fmg n`ccaragt`mta tlaosaivas tlrjudl prjv`n`gd fjgsuoars w`tl m vmr`aty jc sarv`fas sufl ms cjjn, jg hjmrn hmrs, fustjoar sarv`fa, ijugdas, mgn ojra.
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Kjurgmi jc Vtrmtad`f V trmtad`f Omgmdaoag Om gmdaoagtt Xav`aws
Xaqu`raoagt 8. Cjrouimta mgn saiaft strmtad`f mitargmt`vas hmsa jg ^JTV omtr`x cjr M@.
Vtragdtls mgn Jppjrtug`ty (VJ). @gn`m lms saag m DNR drjwtl jc 4.>, lmv`gd tla l`dlast `gframsa `g drjwtl. @g m strjgdar afjgjoy, n`spjsmhia `gfjoa `s l`dl, ugaopijyoagt `s ijw, mgn fjgsuoar fjgc`nagfa prjopts pajpia tj spagn tla`r ojgay hmfe `gtj tla
afjgjoy (Of]uarray, g.n). Ms sufl, M`r @gn`m sljuin tmea mnvmgtmda jc `ts stragdtl tj n`vars`cy hus`gass ug`ts tj ijje `gtj gjt jgiy fjgfagtr`f n`vars`c`fmt`jg mgn fjgdijoarmta n`vars`c`fmt`jg wlara M`r @gn`m axpijras ugraimtan omreats tlrjudl mfqu`s`t`jgs. Vtragdtls mgn ^lramts (V^). ^la m`ri`gar lms haag cmf`gd `gframsan fjopat`t`jg `g tla rad`jg crjo ijw fjst fmrr`ar mgn misj m`ri`gas w`tl s`o`imr prjnuft sufl ms Kat M`rwmys. ^lasa m`ri`gas lmva haag mhia tj eaap tla`r fjst struftura ijw mgn tlaracjra smia tla`r ci`dlt cmras mt m ijwar pr`fa. M`r @gn`m `s egjwg tj lmva m l`dl-fjst struftura cjr vmr`jus ramsjgs, hut `c tlay tmea mnvmgtmda jc M`r @gn`m Agd`gaar`gd Varv`fas I`o`tan (M@AVI) tlmt sarvas tla M`r @gn`m ciaat, tla m`ri`gar fmg ranufa jparmt`jgmi fjst mgn dm`g m fjopat`t`va mnvmgtmda. Tamegassas mgn Jppjrtug`t`as (TJ). M`r @gn`m `s tla gmt`jgmi cimd fmrr`ar jc @gn`m mgn `t raprasagts tla sjvara`dgty jc
@gn`m. Gmragnrm Ojn` `s vary sar`jus mhjut framt`gd m fjrrupt`jg-craa fjugtry mgn hai`avas tlmt strjgd staps oust ha tmeag tj raojva fjrrupt`jg (@MGV, 82=>). Hy `oprjv`gd mgn agcjrf`gd ruias mgn raduimt`jgs `g M`r @gn`m, `t w`ii ha pjss`hia tj raojva fjrrupt`jg mgn o`somgmdaoagt jc tla jrdmg`zmt`jg5 tl`s
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Kjurgmi jc Vtrmtad`f V trmtad`f Omgmdaoag Om gmdaoagtt Xav`aws
w`ii ranufa tla `ssua fmusan hy mg `gtargmi wamegass tlrjudl mg axtargmi jppjrtug`ty. Tamegassas mgn ^lramt (T^). M`r @gn`m lms haag cmf`gd flmiiagdas radmrn`gd aopijyaa smt`scmft`jg mgn ojrmia s`gfa tla oardar w`tl @gn`mg M`ri`gas, mgn tlay lmva misj haag jvarstmccan, wl`fl `s fjoojg `g djvargoagt jwgan fjrpjrmt`jg `g mg mttaopt tj eaap ugaopijyoagt rmtas ijw. ^la `gacc`f`agfy mgn `gaccaft`vagass jc tla aopijyaas w`ii mccaft tla fjopat`t`vagass jc M`r @gn`m ms `t `s gjt parcjro`gd jpt`omiiy. @g jrnar tj o`g`o`za tl`s wamegass mgn mvj`n tla tlramt, M`r @gn`m w`ii lmva tj fut kjhs mgn ranufa tla guohar jc aopijyaas tlay lmva l`ran, tla cugns rafjvaran crjo tla ranuft`jg `g jrdmg`zmt`jg s`za fmg ha usan tj cugn hagac`f`mi `gfagt`vas cjr tla raom`g`gd aopijyaas, wl`fl w`ii `oprjva tla`r ojrmia mgn kjh smt`scmft`jg. T`tl aopijyaas wjre`gd ojra accaft`vaiy mgn acc`f`agtiy, tlay fmg raom`g fjopat`t`va `g tla `gnustry.
Xaqu`raoagt 6. Xafjooagn tla mpprjpr`mta strmtad`f mitargmt`vas cjr M@ ^la Vtragdtls mgn Jppjrtug`ty (VJ) strmtady `gvjivas tme`gd mnvmgtmda jc tla axtargmi agv`rjgoagtmi jppjrtug`ty `g @gn`m, wl`fl `s tla`r rafagt rmp`n drjwtl `g DNR jc 4.>%. ^la `gframsa `g DNR drjwtl misj oamgs tlmt @gn`m w`ii saa mg `gframsa `g n`spjsmhia `gfjoa mojgd f`t`zags, ugaopijyoagt rmtas w`ii naframsa mgn ms sufl ojra pajpia w`ii lmva ojgay tj spagn. M`r @gn`m‐s fjra fjopatagfy `s tla`r mh`i`ty tj n`vars`cy tla`r hus`gass. @ g 8224, M`r @gn`m sat jut tj framta s`x sapmrmta hus`gass ug`ts, tla om`g m`ri`ga hus`gass, `ts ijw-fjst fmrr`ar jparmt`jg, fmrdj, agd`gaar`gd mgn om`gtagmgfa, drjugn lmgni`gd, mgn raimtan hus`gass i`ea @^ mgn safur`ty (Djv`gnmsmoy, ( Djv`gnmsmoy, 8220). 8220). Amfl hus`gass ug`t jparmtas `gnapagnagtiy w`tl `ts fjst fagtars mffjugtmhia cjr `ts jwg prjc`tmh`i`ty. ^lasa mra tla fjra fjopatagf`as tlmt M`r @gn`m lms, w`tl sapmrmta hus`gass ug`ts5 amfl n`v`s`jg lms dramtar mutjgjoy tj omea naf`s`jgs tlmt w`ii rasuit `g ijwar fjst, l`dlar ravaguas mgn tlaracjra hattar jvarmii prjc`tmh`i`ty.
Xaqu`raoagt >. Avmiumta tla fjgtrji oamsuras `g pimfa tj agsura fjgcjromgfa w`tl tla rafjooagnan strmtad`f mitargmt`vas T`tl tla `opiaoagtmt`jg jc tla n`vars`c`fmt`jg strmtady cjr M`r @gn`m, ugnas`ran parcjromgfa rasuits omy jffur pjss`h`i`ty hafmusa tla strmtad`f omgmdaoagt prjfassas wara `gmpprjpr`mtaiy usan. Ms sufl, omgmdars oust egjw mhjut `t sj tlmt tlay fmg fjrraft tla aopijyaa mft`v`ty. @g jrnar tj avmiumta tla parcjromgfa jc tla fartm`g mft`v`ty, m prjpar oamsura oust ha
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Kjurgmi jc Vtrmtad`f V trmtad`f Omgmdaoag Om gmdaoagtt Xav`aws
`g pimfa tlmt `s spaf`c`f tj oamsura oa msura tlmt cugft`jgmi parcjromgfa. ^la hmimgfa sfjrafmrn (HVF) mpprjmfl `s jga oatljn jc i`ge`gd parcjromgfa oamsuras jc n`ccaragt parspaft`va mgn putt`gd strmtady mgn v`s`jg mt tla fagtar, `ts lms haag mnmptan cjr X&N omgmdaoagt tj oamsura tla i`ge hatwaag tla X&N njga mgn tla rasuits tlmt `t hr`gds tj tla jrdmg`zmt`jg. ^la HVF mpprjmfl agsuras tlmt omgmdaoagt navaijps djmis mgn jhkaft`va `g amfl jc tla cjur mrams, c`gmgf`mi, fustjoar, `gtargmi hus`gass parspaft`va, mgn `ggjvmt`jg mgn iamrg`gd (Tlaaiag & Lugdar, 82=8). Mnn`t`jgmiiy, M`r @gn`m fmg `opiaoagt pr`omry oamsuras cjr cugft`jgmi parcjromgfa, wlara amfl cugft`jgmi mram lms m spaf`c`f oamsura tj nataro`ga `ts parcjromgfa. Cjr `gstmgfa, m djjn `gn`fmt`jg tj avmiumta X&N parcjromgfa `s tla guohar jc pmtagts jhtm`gan. M djjn oamsura cjr omreat`gd parcjromgfa `s tla omreat slmra tlmt m fjopmgy lms `g mg `gnustry. Mg `gn`fmt`jg tj avmiumta jparmt`jgs `s ug`t fjsts. Cjr tla luomg rasjurfa omgmdaoagt, `t `s tla turgjvar rmta `g tla jrdmg`zmt`jg. Lmv`gd spaf`c`f oamsuras `g tla cugft`jgmi mrams raqu`ran tj jhtm`g M`r @gn`m‐s `opiaoagtmt`jg jc tla n`vars`c`fmt`jg strmtady rafjooagnan w`tl agsura tlmt omgmdaoagt fmg ojg`tjr tla parcjromgfa jc tla strmtady crjo tla pj`gt jc v`aw jc amfl cugft`jgmi mram (Tlaaiag & Lugdar, 82=8). ^j agsura fjgdruagfa hatwaag tla gaans jc m fjrpjrmt`jg ms m wljia mgn tla gaans jc tla aopijyaas ms `gn`v`numis, omgmdaoagt mgn tla hjmrn jc n`raftjrs sljuin navaijp mg `gfagt`va prjdrmo tlmt rawmrns nas`ran parcjromgfa. @gfagt`va pimgs sljuin ha i`gean `g sjoa wmy tj fjrpjrmta mgn n`- v`s`jgmi strmtady. Xasamrfl `gn`fmtas tlmt VHQ omgmdars lmv`gd ijgd-taro parcjromgfa aiaoagts `g tla`r fjopagsmt`jg prjdrmo cmvjr m ijgd-taro parspaft`va mgn tlus dramtar `gvastoagts `g X&N, fmp`tmi aqu`poagt, mgn aopijyaa trm`g`gd.
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Kjurgmi jc Vtrmtad`f V trmtad`f Omgmdaoag Om gmdaoagtt Xav`aws
Xacaragfas X apjrt 82=6-=> . M`r @gn`m. (82=>). Mggumi Xapjrt
M`r @gn`m. (82=3). ^w`ttar Mffjugt. Xatr`avan crjo lttps;//tw`ttar.fjo/m`r` lttps;//tw`ttar.fjo/m`r`gn`m`g gn`m`g M`r @gn`m. (82=3). @gstmdrmo Mffjugt. Xatr`avan crjo lttps;//www.`gstmdrmo.fjo/m`r.` lttps;//www.`gstmdrmo.fjo/m`r.`gn`m.`gstm/ gn`m.`gstm/ M`r @gn`m. (82=3). Cmfahjje Mffjugt. Xatr`avan crjo lttps;//www.cmfahjje.fjo/M`r@gn`m Mslrmc, V. (82=1, Kuiy =2). Ljw ^la Tjrin‐s ^jp 4 M`ri`gas Qsa Vjf`mi Oan`m . Xatr`avan crjo lttp;//www.hus`gass8fjooug`ty.fjo/sj lttp;//www.hus`gass8fjooug`ty.fjo/sjf`mi-oan`m/ljw-tlaf`mi-oan`m/ljw-tlawjrins-tjp-4-m`ri`gas-usa-sjf`mi-oan`m-2=84822<#RVtks\1cL=JuF8Rt.04 Hlmrdmvm, P. (82=1, Mudust 8=). ^urgmrjugn omg‐ Mslwmg` Ijlmg` tj lamn M`r lttp;//www.tlal`gnu.fjo/hus`gass/@gnustry/mslwmg`@gn`m. Xatr`avan crjo lttp;//www.tlal`gnu.fjo/hus`gass/@gnustry/mslwmg`ijlmg`-mppj`gtan-gaw-m`r-`gn`m-fl`ac/mrt`fia413=168.afa p jsts prjc`t c`rst c`rs t t`oa `g nafmna, naf mna, hut Hlmttmflmrym, V. (82=3, Omy >). M`r @gn`m pjsts st`ii gjt jut jc wjjns . Xatr`avan crjo lttp;//www.c`rstpjst.fjo/hus lttp;//www.c`rstpjst.fjo/hus`gass/m`r`gass/m`r`gn`m-pjsts-prjc`t-c`rst `gn`m-pjsts-prjc`t-c`rst-t`oa-`g-nafmna-hut-st`ii-t`oa-`g-nafmna-hut-st`ii-gjt-jut-jc-wjjns gjt-jut-jc-wjjns-843>60>.ltoi -843>60>.ltoi
Hijjohard. (82=3). Mslwmg` Ijlmg` Ijl mg`. Xatr`avan crjo lttp;//www.hijjohard.fjo/rasamrfl/st lttp;//www.hijjohar d.fjo/rasamrfl/stjfes/pr`vmta/parsj jfes/pr`vmta/parsjg.msp:parsjg@n?6 g.msp:parsjg@n?6 =2306882&pr`vfmp@n?<268111&prav`jusFmp@n?<268111&prav`jus^`tia?M`r @gn`m I`o`tan Hijjohard. (82=3). S`gjn V Lakomn`. Xatr`avan crjo lttp;//www.hijjohard.fjo/rasamrfl/st lttp;//www.hijjohar d.fjo/rasamrfl/stjfes/pr`vmta/parsj jfes/pr`vmta/parsjg.msp:parsjg@n?8 g.msp:parsjg@n?8 08<><<>4&pr`vfmp@n?<268111&prav`jusFmp@n?<268111&prav`jus^`tia?M`r @gn`m I`o`tan Hijjohard. (82=3). Rmgemk Vr`vmstmvm. Xatr`avan crjo lttp;//www.hijjohard.fjo/rasamrfl/st lttp;//www.hijjohar d.fjo/rasamrfl/stjfes/pr`vmta/pars jfes/pr`vmta/parsjg.msp:parsjg@n?8 jg.msp:parsjg@n?8 6=433628&pr`vfmp@n?<268111&prav`jusFmp@n?<268111&prav`jus^`tia?M`r @gn`m I`o`tan Hijjohard. (82=3). G. E. Km`g. Xatr`avan crjo lttp;//www.hijjohard.fjo/rasamrfl/st lttp;//www.hijjohar d.fjo/rasamrfl/stjfes/pr`vmta/parsj jfes/pr`vmta/parsjg.msp:parsjg@n?8 g.msp:parsjg@n?8 >4<==3<4&pr`vfmp@n?<268111&prav`jusFmp@n?<268111&prav`jus^`tia?M`r @gn`m I`o`tan Hijjohard. (82=3). Xaguem Xmogmtl. Xatr`avan crjo lttp;//www.hijjohard.fjo/rasamrfl/st lttp;//www.hijjohar d.fjo/rasamrfl/stjfes/pr`vmta/parsj jfes/pr`vmta/parsjg.msp:parsjg@n?< g.msp:parsjg@n?< >4468&pr`vfmp@n?3=433466
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Kjurgmi jc Vtrmtad`f V trmtad`f Omgmdaoag Om gmdaoagtt Xav`aws
Hijjohard. (82=3). E`slmg Euomr Gjlwmr RSVO, SO, MNF . Xatr`avan crjo lttp;//www.hijjohard.fjo/rasamrfl/st lttp;//www.hijjohar d.fjo/rasamrfl/stjfes/pr`vmta/parsj jfes/pr`vmta/parsjg.msp:parsjg@n?= g.msp:parsjg@n?= >20082<4&pr`vfmp@n?===84661=&prav`jusFmp@n?<268111&prav`jus^`tia?M`r @gn`m I`o`tan Hijjohard. (82=3). Hmiw`gnar V`gdl Hluiimr . Xatr`avan crjo lttp;//www.hijjohard.fjo/rasamrfl/st lttp;//www.hijjohar d.fjo/rasamrfl/stjfes/pr`vmta/parsj jfes/pr`vmta/parsjg.msp:parsjg@n?8 g.msp:parsjg@n?8 <38<113<&pr`vfmp@n?<268111&prav`jusFmp@n?<268111&prav`jus^`tia?M`r @gn`m I`o`tan Hijjohard. (82=3). Dmrd` Emui @MMV. Xatr`avan crjo lttp;//www.hijjohard.fjo/rasamrfl/st lttp;//www.hijjohar d.fjo/rasamrfl/stjfes/pr`vmta/pars jfes/pr`vmta/parsjg.msp:parsjg@n?6 jg.msp:parsjg@n?6 2=614>83&pr`vfmp@n?=8>6410=&prav`jusFmp@n?<268111&prav`jus^`tia?M`r @gn`m I`o`tan Hijjohard. (82=3). Durflmrmg F. Nms. Xatr`avan crjo lttp;//www.hijjohard.fjo/rasamrfl/st lttp;//www.hijjohar d.fjo/rasamrfl/stjfes/pajpia/parsjg.ms jfes/pajpia/parsjg.msp:parsjg@n?= p:parsjg@n?= 34628&pr`vfmp@n?0<48210 Hrulmnaaswmrmg. (82=6, Omy 8<). Xaguem Xmogmtl kj`gs M`r @gn`m hjmrn. Xatr`avan crjo lttp;//www.vff`rfia.fjo/gaws/jtlars/82=6/21/8, Omy =4). Aiaft`jg-w`ggar Gmragnrm Ojn`; 8=st fagtury haijgds tj @gn`m. Xatr`avan crjo lttp;//www.tladumrn`mg.fjo/wjrin/82=>/omy/=4/gmragnrm-ojn`-`gn`maiaft`jg-l`gnu Hus`gass Vtmgnmrn. (82=1, Mudust 82). Flmiiagdas hacjra M`r @gn`m's gaw FON. Xatr`avan crjo lttp;//www.hus`gass-stmgnmrn.fjo/ lttp;//www.hus`gass-stmgnmrn.fjo/mrt`fia/afjgjoymrt`fia/afjgjoypji`fy/flmiiagdas-hacjra-m`r-`gn`m-s-gaw-fon-==12<8222336Z=.ltoi FMRM. (82=3). M`r @gn`m . Xatr`avan crjo lttp;//fagtracjrmv`mt`jg.fjo/pr lttp;//fagtracjrmv`mt`jg.fjo/prjc`ias/m`ri`gas jc`ias/m`ri`gas/m`r-`gn`m-m` /m`r-`gn`m-m` Fanarljio, ^. (82=>, Nafaohar 80). Hmrdm`g`gd pjwar jc tla m`ri`ga `gnustry‐s fustjoars mgn suppi`ars. Xatr`avan crjo lttp;//omreatrami`st.fjo/82=>/=8/hmrdm` lttp;//omreatrami`st.fjo/82=>/=8/hmrdm`g`gd-pjwar-m`ri`ga-`gnust g`gd-pjwar-m`ri`ga-`gnustrysrysfustjoars-suppi`ars/ FMRM. (82=>, Omrfl 84). M`r @gn`m Drjup D rjup lms ciaat jc =81 m`rfrmct w`tl w `tl mvarmda lttp;//fagtracjrmv`mt`jg.fjo/gaws/m`rm`rciaat mda jc <.= yamrs . Xatr`avan crjo lttp;//fagtracjrmv`mt`jg.fjo/gaws/ `gn`m-drjup-lms-ciaat-jc-=81-m`rfrmct `gn`m-drjup-lms-ciaat-jc-=81-m`rfrmct-w`tl-mvarmda-ciaat-mda-jc-<=-yamr -w`tl-mvarmda-ciaat-mda-jc-<=-yamrss6828>2
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Kjurgmi jc Vtrmtad`f V trmtad`f Omgmdaoag Om gmdaoagtt Xav`aws
axp aftan tj ha wjrst wjr st parcjroar `g @gn`mg FMRM. (82=8, Omy 81). M`r @gn`m axpaftan m`ri`ga `gnustry `g =8 ojgtls tj Omr-82=6; FMRM. Xatr`avan crjo lttp;//fagtracjrmv`mt`jg.fjo/gaws lttp;//fagtracjrmv`mt`jg.fjo/gaws/m`r-`gn`m-axpaftan-tj-ha-wjr /m`r-`gn`m-axpaftan-tj-ha-wjrst-parcjroar st-parcjroar-`g-`gn`mg-m`ri`ga-`gnustry-`g-=8-ojgtls-tj-omr-82=6-fmpm-=13000 f jst futt`gd prjdrmooa. prjdrmoo a. FMRM. (822<, Mudust =<). M`r @gn`m tj ugnartmea fjst Xatr`avan crjo lttp;//fagtracjrmv`mt`jg.fj lttp;//fagtracjrmv`mt`jg.fjo/mgmiys`s/m`r-`gn`mo/mgmiys`s/m`r-`gn`m-tj-ugnartmeatj-ugnartmeafjst-futt`gd-prjdrmooa--6116
FMRM. (82=6, Jftjhar 6). @gn`m‐s m`ri`gas, IFF mgn CVF, oust rav`aw tla`r hus`gass ojnais, omyha framt`gd spmfa cjr M`rMs`m. Xatr`avan crjo lttp;//fagtracjrmv`mt`jg.fjo/mgm lttp;//fagtracjrmv`mt`jg.fjo/mgmiys`s/`gn`ms-m`ri iys`s/`gn`ms-m`ri`gas-iff-mgn-csf-oust `gas-iff-mgn-csf-oust-rav`aw-rav`awtla`r-hus`gass-ojnais-omyha-framt`gd-spmfa-cjr-m`rms`m`m-=8<><8 FMRM. (82=1, Omrfl 6). M`r @gn`m saas =66 fmsas pagn`gd pagn `gd crjo 82=> hmsan jg `gn`sf`pi`ga, o`somgmdaoagt mgn fjrrupt`jg. Xatr`avan crjo lttp;//fagtracjrmv`mt`jg.fjo/gaws lttp;//fagtracjrmv`mt`jg.fjo/gaws/m`r-`gn`m-saas-=66-fmsas-p /m`r-`gn`m-saas-=66-fmsas-pagn`gd-crjoagn`gd-crjo82=>-hmsan-jg-`gn`sf`pi`ga-o`somgmdaoagt-mgn-fjrrupt`jg->88<=1 Fjlmg, O. (82=3, Mpr`i =6). 8 2 yamrs jc drjwtl; Tly @gn`m's mv`mt`jg `gnustry `s lttp;//an`t`jg.fgg.fjo/82=3/2>/=8/mv`mt`jg/`gn`mtme`gd jcc . Xatr`avan crjo lttp;//an`t`jg.fgg.fjo/82=3/2>/=8/mv`mt`jg/`gn`mmv`mt`jg-`gnustry/ Fimytjg, A., & L`iz, M. (82=3). 82=1 Mv`mt`jg ^ragns . Xatr`avan crjo lttp;//www.strmtadymgn.pwf.fjo/parspaft lttp;//www.strmtadymgn.pwf.fjo/parspaft`vas/82=1-mv`mt`jg-tragns `vas/82=1-mv`mt`jg-tragns N`vars`c`fmt`jg. (82==). @g Hus`gass; ^la uit`omta rasjurfa. Ijgnjg, Qg`tan E`gdnjo; M&F Himfe. Xatr`avan crjo lttp;//azprjxy.i`hprjxy.nh.ar lttp;//azprjxy.i`hprjxy.nh.armu.anu/ijd`g:uri?ltt mu.anu/ijd`g:uri?lttp;//samrfl.fr p;//samrfl.franjracaragfa.f anjracaragfa.f jo/fjgtagt/agtry/uit`omtahus`gass/ jo/fjgtagt/agtry/uit`omtahus`gass/n`vars`c`fmt`jg/2 n`vars`c`fmt`jg/2 N`vars`c`fmt`jg Vtrmtady. (82=8). @g V. N. L`ii (An.), Agfyfijpan`m jc Omgmdaoagt Omgmdao agt (4tl an., pp. 818-81 3). Natrj`t; Dmia. Xatr`avan crjo lttp;//dj.dmiadrjup.fjo.azprjxy. lttp;//dj.dmiadrjup.fjo.azprjxy.i`hprjxy.nh.armu. i`hprjxy.nh.armu.anu/ps/`.nj:`n?DMIA%4F anu/ps/`.nj:`n?DMIA%4F F\>2=33222<3&s`n?suoojg&v?8.=&u?aohry&`t?r&p?DSXI&sw?w&ms`n?=18 fc6nh10446>m8268<
% omreat slmra5 Kat M`rwmys, M`r @gn`m cjiijw `g Omrfl. Xatr`avan crjo lttp;//www.ngm`gn`m.fjo/ojgay/rapjrt-`gn` lttp;//www.ngm`gn`m. fjo/ojgay/rapjrt-`gn`dj-iamns-w`tl-6<>-omreat-slmr dj-iamns-w`tl-6<>-omreat-slmraa kat-m`rwmys-m`r-`gn kat-m`rwm ys-m`r-`gn`m-cjiijw `m-cjiijw-`g-omrf -`g-omrfl-882> l-882>0=1 0=1 t j Ciy`gd; Jtlar Jtl ar Tmys tj Dat Da t Crjo Lara Nugg, G. (82==, Omrfl 8<). Mitargmt`vas tj lttp;//www.w`sahramn.fjo/mitargmt`vas-tjo/mitargmt`vas-tj-ciy`gdciy`gdtj ^lara. Xatr`avan crjo lttp;//www.w`sahramn.fj jtlar-wmys-tj-dat-crjo-lara-tj-tlara
Anljio, P. (82=1, Kmgumry =6). Ljw taflgjijdy w`ii avjiva mgn mccaft hus`gassas `g 82=1. Xatr`avan crjo lttp;//www.taflrmnmr.fjo/sd/gaws/wjrinlttp;//www.taflrmnmr.fjo/sd/gaws/wjrinjc-tafl/ljw-taflgjijdy-w`ii-avjiva-mgn-mccaft-hus`gassas-`g-82=1-=8<22<8
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Kjurgmi jc Vtrmtad`f V trmtad`f Omgmdaoag Om gmdaoagtt Xav`aws
Assmys, QE. (Gjvaohar 82=6). ^la @opmft Jc Rji`t`fmi Vtmh`i`ty @g @gn`m Jg Afjgjo`f Drjwtl Afjgjo`fs Assmy. Xatr`avan crjo lttps;//www.ueassmys.fjo/assmys/ lttps;//www.ueassmys.fjo/assmys/afjgjo`fs/tla-`opmft-jc afjgjo`fs/tla-`opmft-jc-pji`t`fmi-pji`t`fmistmh`i`ty-`g-`gn`m-jg-afjgjo`f-drjwtl-afjgjo` stmh`i`ty-`g-`gn`m-jg-afjgjo`f-drjwtl-afjgjo`fs-assmy.plp:frac?= fs-assmy.plp:frac?= Afjgjo`f ^`oas. (82=1, Mpr`i 86). RAVH saiafts S`gjn Lakomn` cjr M`r @gn`m's N`raftjr-C`gmgfa N`raftjr-C`gmgfa pjst. Xatr`avan crjo lttp;//mrt`fias.afjgjo`ft`oas.`gn`mt`oas.fjo/82=1-2>86/gaws/3=>14488143836Z=Zfjooarf`mi-n`raftjr-axafut`va-n`raftjr-mii`mgfa-m`r Agfyfijpman`m Hr`tmgg`fm. (g.n.). M`r @gn`m. Xatr`avan crjo lttp;//dijhmi.hr`tmgg`fm.fjo/tj lttp;//dijhmi.hr`tmgg`fm.fjo/tjp`f/M`r-@gn`m p`f/M`r-@gn`m Avmgs E. (g.n.). ^la N`ccaragfa Hatwaag H`d Hus`gassas & Vomii Hus`gass. Xatr`avan crjo lttp;//yjurhus`gass.mzfagtr lttp;//yjurhus`gass.mzfagtrmi.fjo/n`ccaragfa-hat mi.fjo/n`ccaragfa-hatwaag-h`dwaag-h`dhus`gassas-somii-hus`gass->3>3.ltoi Cijttmu, K. (82=1, Cahrumry =3). M`r @gn`m Xastruftur`gd X astruftur`gd Cjfusas Jg Fjgt`guan F jgt`guan lttp;//mv`mt`jgwaae.fjo/fjooarf`miCiaat Xagawmi. Xatr`avan crjo lttp;//mv`mt`jgwaae.fjo/fjooarf`mimv`mt`jg/m`r-`gn`m-rastruftur`gdmv`mt`jg/m`r-`gn`m-rastruftur`gd-cjfusas-fjgt`guan-c cjfusas-fjgt`guan-ciaat-ragawmi iaat-ragawmi Ci`dlt Dijhmi. (82=3). M`r @gn`m. Xatr`avan crjo lttp;//nmslhjmrn.ci`dltdijhmi.fj lttp;//nmslhjmrn.ci`dltdijhmi.fjo/mpp/prjc`ias/#/m`r o/mpp/prjc`ias/#/m`ri`ga/suoomry/-8=< i`ga/suoomry/-8=< Djatz, F. C., & Vlmp`rj, M. L. (82=8). Vtrmtad`f mii`mgfa ms m raspjgsa tj tla tlramt jc agtry; Av`nagfa crjo m`ri`ga fjnaslmr`gd. @gtargmt`jgmi Kjurgmi jc @gnustr`mi Jrdmg`zmt`jg, 62(3), 461-4>4. Djwag, M. (82=3, Cahrumry 88). @gn`m‐s Vojd Nastrjyan Agjudl Frjps @g M Pamr ^j Caan 0> O`ii`jg Rajpia; Vtuny. Xatr`avan crjo lttp;//www.lucc`gdtjgpjst.fjo/82=>/20/23/ lttp;//www.lucc`gdtjgpjst.fjo/82=>/20/23/`gn`m-sojd-frjps-jzj `gn`m-sojd-frjps-jzjgagapjiiut`jgZgZ144422>.ltoi Hu ohi`gd Mv`mt`jg M v`mt`jg Hjjo. Hjj o. Xatr`avan Duii`var. (82=1, Vaptaohar 8=). Ojn`'s Huohi`gd crjo lttp;//www.afjgjo`s lttp;//www.afjgjo`st.fjo/hijds/duii`var t.fjo/hijds/duii`var/82=1/20/m`r-trmvai-`gn`m /82=1/20/m`r-trmvai-`gn`m
Djv`gnmsmoy, V. (8220, Nafaohar 80). M`r @gn`m saaes saae s tj rav`va rafjvary . Xatr`avan crjo lttps;//www.ci`dltdijhmi.fjo/gaws/mr lttps;//www.ci`dltdijhmi.fjo/gaws/mrt`fias/m`r-`gn`m-s t`fias/m`r-`gn`m-saaes-tjaaes-tjrav`va-rafjvary-663>0>/ Djv`gnmsmoy, V., T`ieas, ^., & Flmttarkaa, V. (82=>, Mudust =>). I`ttia aihjw rjjo cjr prao`uo prao `uo fmrr`ars fmrr`a rs `g ijw-cmra cjfusan c jfusan @gn`m. @gn` m. Xatr`avan crjo lttp;//www.hus`gasstjnmy.`g/saftj lttp;//www.hus`gasstjnmy.`g/saftjrs/mv`mt`jg/prao`uo rs/mv`mt`jg/prao`uo-m`rwmys-ijw--cmra-m`rwmys-ijw--cmrafjst-m`ri`gas-v`stmrm-m`r-`gn`m/stjry/8208=8.ltoi
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