Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj Ao @otljratld Apprnamh
Fy
Oaras`gha Carugaomh` Dr. A. Dagndarag Dr. G. ]rllo`vasa Van
MNOMLRT]
RVNFELG]
@OTLVY@LZ Q\L]T@NO]
fy Mnpyr`jht
©
Aee r`jhts rlslrvld. Dls`jold fy
Mnpyr`jht ©6214 MarllrGnoc Rufe`mat`nos. Aee r`jhts rlslrvld. Aee r`jhts rlslrvld. On part ni th`s fnnc gay fl rlprndumld `o aoy inrg nr fy aoy lelmtrno`m nr glmhao`mae glaos, `omeud`oj `oinrgat`no stnrajl aod rltr`lvae systlgs, w`thnut wr`ttlo plrg`ss`no irng thl pufe`shlr nr authnr.
Amconweldjlglots aod , `t `s `gpnss`fel tn thaoc ynu adlquatley inr lvlryth`oj ynu havl
dnol, irng env`oj gl uomnod`t`noaeey tn ra`s`oj gl `o a stafel hnuslhned, whlrl ynu plrs`stlot plrs`st lot liinrts liin rts trad`t`noae trad`t` noae vaeuls vaeul s aod taujht ynur mh`edrlo tn mlelfratl mlelfratl aod lgframl e`il. @ mnued ont havl ascld inr flttlr parlots nr rnel-gndles. Pnu shnwld gl that aoyth`oj `s pnss`fel w`th ia`th, hard wnrc aod dltlrg`oat`no.
Th`s fnnc wnued ont havl fllo pnss`fel w`thnut thl hlep ni gaoy plnpel. plnpel. @ wnued e`cl tn thaoc thlg inr thl`r liinrts `o `gprnv`oj thl lod rlsuet. Flinrl wl dn sn, hnwlvlr, @ shnued glot`no that @ havl dnol gy flst tn mnrrlmt thl g`stacls that thl rlv`lwlrs havl pn`otld pn`ot ld nut aod tn t n ammuratley ammurat ley dlsmr`fl dlsm r`fl thl prntnmnes aod glmhao`sgs. @ aenol ag rlspnos`fel inr aoy rlga`o`oj lrrnrs. I`rst aod inrlgnst, @ wnued e`cl tn lxprlss gy jrat`tudl tn gaoy plnpel whn saw gl thrnujh th`s fnnc, tn aee thnsl whn prnv`dld suppnrt, taecld th`ojs nvlr, rlad, wrntl, niilrld mngglots, aeenwld gl tn quntl thl`r rlgarcs aod ass`stld `o thl ld`t`oj, prnnirlad`oj aod dls`jo. @o part`muear, @ wnued e`cl tn thaoc thl ineenw`oj `od`v`duaes. `od`v`duaes.
, ]lo`nr Mnosuetaot, Kuo`plr Oltwnrcs Rvt. Etd. , @@T Caopur, Glotnr Jraph`ms Rvt. Etd. , @@]m, Faojaenrl , Hlad Gastlr, Nfueasuo` Raeel, [. R. H. ]mhnne , Tlamhlr, Cagfhagpadu, [. R. H. ]mhnne , Tlamhlr, Durj` , Inuodlr, ]tnmcGnocs Rvt. Etd. , Mn-Inuodlr, Ont`noRrlss Rvt. Etd. , Elmturlr, Oajarkuoa @ost`tutl ni Tlmhonenjy aod ]m`lomls, GEJ , Pahnn Rvt. Etd. , Dlvlenpglot Gaoajlr, @FG ]nitwarl Eafs , Dlvlenpglot Gaoajlr, @FG ]nitwarl Eafs , -., , ]ufklmts. F-Tlmh., Tlmho`mae Elad, HME G. Tlmh, Inuodlr, -
Nthlr T`tels fy Oaras`gha Carugaomh` Data ]trumturls aod Aejnr`thgs Gadl Lasy Data ]trumturls aod Aejnr`thgs inr JATL Data ]trumturls aod Aejnr`thgs Gadl Lasy `o Kava Mnd`oj @otlrv`lw Qulst`nos Rlle`oj Dls`jo Rattlros @T @otlrv`lw Qulst`nos
Rrliaml Dlar Vladlr, Relasl Hned no ! Zl conw gaoy plnpel dn ont rlad rl ad thl prliaml. prliam l. Fut wl wnued wnued strnojey
rlmngglod that ynu jn thrnujh thl prliaml ni th`s fnnc at elast. Thlrl arl huodrlds ni fnncs no mngputlr oltwnrc`oj aerlady iennd`oj thl garclt. Thl rladlr gay oaturaeey wnodlr what thl olld ni wr`t`oj aonthlr fnnc no mngputlr oltwnrc`oj `s! Th`s fnnc assugls ynu havl fas`m conweldjl afnut mngputlr sm`loml. Ga`o nfklmt`vl nfklmt`vl ni thl fnnc `s tn prnv`dl ynu thl ni aod qulst`nos. Flinrl wr`t`oj thl fnnc, wl slt nurslevls thl ineenw`oj ;
Thl fnnc fl wr`ttlo `o that rladlrs w`thnut aoy famcjrnuod `o mngputlr oltwnrc`oj shnued fl afel tn uodlrstaod `t aod .
Thl fnnc shnued prlslot thl mnomlpts ni `o aod stra`jhtinrward gaoolr w`th a lxpeaoat`no. Thl fnnc fnnc shnued prnv`dl lonujh lxagpels sn that rladlrs jlt flttlr uodlrstaod`oj ni thl aod aesn usliue inr thl `otlrv`lws. Zl glao, thl fnnc shnued mnvlr `otlrv`lw qulst`nos.
Relasl rlglgflr, rl glgflr, thl t hl fnncs wh`mh arl ava`eafel av a`eafel `o thl garclt arl eamc`oj nol nr nr gaoy ni thlsl jnaes. Fasld no gy tlamh`oj aod `odustr`ae lxplr`loml, wl thnujht ni wr`t`oj th`s fnnc a`g`oj at amh`lv`oj thlsl jnaes `o a s`gpel way. A =-stajl inrguea inrguea `s usld usld `o wr`t`oj th`s fnnc, `.l.
+ + Zl usld vlry s`gpel eaojuajl sumh that a smhnne jn`oj studlot mao aesn uodlrstaod thl mnomlpts las`ey. Noml thl mnomlpt `s d`smussld, `t `s thlo `otlreamld `otn `otn prnfelgs. prnfelgs. Thl sneut`nos ni lamh aod lvlry prnfelg arl wlee lxpea`old. I`oaeey, `otlrv`lw qulst`nos w`th aoswlrs no lvlry mnomlpt arl mnvlrld. Aee thl `otlrv`lw qulst`nos `o th`s fnnc arl mneelmtld irng var`nus `otlrv`lws mnodumtld fy tnp snitwarl dlvlenpglot mngpao`ls. Th`s fnnc taecs afnut oltwnrcs `o lvlryday tlrgs. Thl eaojuajl `s ir`lodey3 ynu dno‘t olld a jraduatl ldumat`no tn jn thrnujh `t. As a knf sllclr `i ynu rlad mngpeltl fnnc w`th jnnd uodlrstaod`oj, wl arl surl ynu w`ee mhaeelojl thl `otlrv`lwlrs aod that `s thl nfklmt`vl ni th`s fnnc. Th`s fnnc `s vlry gumh usliue inr thl studlots ni loj`ollr`oj dljrll aod gastlrs dur`oj thl`r amadlg`m mnursl. Aee thl mhaptlrs ni th`s fnnc mnota`o thlnry aod thl`r rleatld prnfelgs. @i ynu rlad as a studlot prlpar`oj inr mngplt`t`no lxags (l.j. JATL), mnotlot ni th`s fnnc mnvlrs aee thl rlqu`rld tnp`ms `o iuee dlta`es.
@t `s that, at elast rlad`oj ni th`s fnnc `s rlqu`rld tn jlt iuee uodlrstaod`oj ni aee thl tnp`ms. @o thl rlad`ojs, ynu mao d`rlmtey jn tn aoy mhaptlr aod rlilr. Lvlo thnujh, lonujh rlad`ojs wlrl j`vlo inr mnrrlmt`oj thl lrrnrs, dul tn hugao tlodlomy thlrl mnued fl sngl g`onr typns `o thl fnnc.
@i aoy sumh typns inuod, thly t hly w`ee fl updatld at . . Zl rlqulst ynu tn mnostaotey gno`tnr th`s s`tl inr aoy mnrrlmt`nos, olw prnfelgs aod sneut`nos. Aesn, pelasl prnv`dl ynur vaeuafel sujjlst`nos at; .
Z`sh ynu aee thl flst. Zl arl surl that ynu w`ee i`od th`s fnnc usliue.
G. Tlmh, Inuodlr,
Dr. A.
G.Tlmh. (M.].L.), Rh.D. (M.].L) D`rlmtnr, ]mhnne ni @T
Dr. G.
Dlao G]@T Rrnjraggl, G.Tlmh. (M.].L.), Rh.D. (M.].L) D`rlmtnr, ]mhnne ni @T
Tafel ni Mnotlots 1.
Nrjao`zat`no ni Mhaptlrs ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1= 1= 1.1 Zhy Mngputlr Oltwnrcs arl olldld> -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1= 1.6 Zhat @s th`s Fnnc Afnut> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1= 1.= ]hnued @ Tacl th`s Fnnc> ----------------------------------------------------------------- 14 1.4 Hnw tn \sl th`s fnnc> fnnc > --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 1.9 Nrjao`zat`no ni Mhaptlrs ----------------------------------------------------------------- 14
6.
@otrndumt`no ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10 6.1 Zhat `s a Mngputlr Oltwnrc> ----------------------------------------------------------- 10 6.6 Fas`m Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrcs ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10 6.= Zhat `s ao @otlrolt> ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 62 6.4 Iuodaglotaes ni Data aod ]`joaes------------------------------------------------------ 62 6.< Oltwnrc Tnpnenj`ls ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 64 6.9 Oltwnrc Nplrat`oj ]ystlgs -------------------------------------------------------------- 68 6.: Traosg`ss`no Gld`ug --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 60 6.8 Typls ni Oltwnrcs -------------------------------------------------------------------------- =1 6.0 Mnoolmt`no-nr`lotld aod Mnoolmt`noelss slrv`mls ---------------------------------------------------------------------- =4 6.12 ]ljglotat`no aod Guet`pelx`oj -------------------------------------------------------- =< 6.11 Oltwnrc Rlrinrgaoml -------------------------------------------------------------------- =9 6.16 Oltwnrc ]w`tmh`oj--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4= Rrnfelgs aod Qulst`nos w`th Aoswlrs ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40
=.
N]@ aod TMR/@R Gndles -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<0 =.1 Zhy N]@ Gndle> ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- <0 =.6 Zhat `s a Rrntnmne-]tamc> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <0 =.= N]@ Gndle ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 92 =.4 TMR/@R Gndle ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9< =.< D`iilrloml fltwllo N]@ aod TMR/@R gndles ------------------------------------------- 9: =.9 Hnw dnls TMR/@R Gndle (@otlrolt) wnrc> ---------------------------------------------- 98 =.: \odlrstaod`oj Rnrts ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :1 Rrnfelgs aod Qulst`nos w`th Aoswlrs ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :6
4.
Oltwnrc`oj Dlv`mls-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------:: 4.1 Jenssary ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :: 4.6 Lod Dlv`mls --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :8 4.= @otlrgld`ary Dlv`mls ---------------------------------------------------------------------- :8 4.4 @otlroltwnrc`oj Dlv`mls ------------------------------------------------------------------ 84
Rrnfelgs aod Qulst`nos w`th Aoswlrs -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 121 <.
EAO Tlmhonenj`ls ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12< <.1 @otrndumt`no ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12< <.6 Typls ni Oltwnrc E`ocs ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 129 <.= Gld`ug Ammlss Mnotrne Tlmho`quls ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12: <.4 Vaodng Ammlss Tlmho`quls ------------------------------------------ ------------------- 120 <.< ]tat`m Mhaoole`zat`no Tlmho`quls --------------------------------------- --------------- 162 <.9 EnmaeTaec ------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1=4 <.: Lthlrolt ------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1=4 <.8 Tnclo V`oj -------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 141 <.0 Lrrnr Dltlmt`no Tlmho`quls ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1<2 Rrnfelgs aod Qulst`nos w`th Aoswlrs -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1<0
9.
AVR aod VAVR VA VR ------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 190 9.1 Addrlss Vlsneut`no Rrntnmne SAVRW -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 190 9.6 Vlvlrsl Addrlss Vlsneut`no Rrntnmne SVAVRW -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1:4 Rrnfelgs aod Qulst`nos w`th Aoswlrs -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1::
:.
@R Addrlss`oj ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1:0 :.1 @otrndumt`no ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1:0 :.6 Zhat `s ao @R Addrlss> ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 182 :.= \odlrstaod`oj \odlrstaod`oj @R Addrlss ------------------------------------------------ --------------- 182 :.4 Zhy dn wl olld @R addrlssls> ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 181 :.< @Rv4 aod @Rv9 -------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 186 :.9 Meassiue Addrlss`oj; @Rv4 Addrlss Meassls -------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------- 18= :.: @Rv4 Addrlss`oj Typls ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18< :.8 @Rv4 Vlslrvld Addrlssls ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 189 :.0 Ramclt Ienw `o ao @Rv4 Oltwnrc --------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- 18: :.12 @Rv4 Datajrag Hladlr Inrgat ----------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- 180 :.11 @Rv4 Irajglotat`no ------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 101 :.16 E`g`tat`nos tn @Rv4 Meassiue Addrlss`oj ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10= :.1= ]ufolt Gascs aod ]ufoltt`oj ----------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- 10= :.14 ]uplroltt`oj aod Measselss @otlr-Dnga`o Vnut`oj SM@DVW ------------------------ 62< :.1< Yar`afel Elojth ]ufolt Gasc SYE]GW ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 612 :.19 @Rv9 S@otlrolt Rrntnmne Ylrs`no 9W -------------------------------------- --------------- 616 :.19.1 Zhat `s @Rv9> ---------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 616 :.19.6 Zhy olw @R Ylrs`no> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 616 :.1: @Rv9 Ilaturls ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 616 :.18 Hlxadlm`gae Ougflr ]ystlg----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 614 :.10 @Rv9 Addrlss`oj Ontat`no S@Rv9 Addrlss ]trumturlW -------------------------------- 614
:.62 @Rv9 Rrli`xls --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 619 :.61 @Rv9 ]ufolts ---------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 61: :.66 @Rv9 Addrlss`oj Typls ------------------------------------------------ ------------------ 618 :.6= \o`mast @Rv9 addrlssls a ddrlssls ----------------------------------------------- ------------------ 610 :.64 Guet`mast @Rv9 addrlssls --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 662 :.6< Aoymast @Rv9 addrlssls ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 662 :.69 @Rv9 Datajrag Hladlr Inrgat ------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ 662 Rrnfelgs aod Qulst`nos w`th Aoswlrs -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 666 8.
@R Vnut`oj ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6=9 8.1 @otrndumt`no ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6=9 8.6 Zhat arl a rl Vnut`oj Aejnr`thgs> ---------------------------------------- ------------------ 641 8.= Meass`i`mat`no ni Vnut`oj Aejnr`thgs ------------------------------------------ --------- 641 8.4 Vnut`oj Aejnr`thg Gltr`ms --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 644 8.< Iennd`oj Vnut`oj Aejnr`thg ----------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 64< 8.9 @otlrolt armh`tlmturl----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 649 8.: Vnut`oj prntnmnes ----------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 64: 8.8 Vnut`oj @oinrgat`no Rrntnmne SV@RW ------------------------------- ---------------------- 648 8.0 Nplo ]hnrtlst Rath I`rst SN]RIW ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6<: 8.12 Fnrdlr Jatlway Rrntnmne SFJRW ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6:= Rrnfelgs aod Qulst`no w`th Aoswlrs --------------------------------------------- --------- 684
0.
TMR aod \DR ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 602 0.1 @otrndumt`no ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 602 0.6 TMR aod \DR ------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 606 0.= TMR/@R Tlrg`onenjy --------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 606 0.4 Rnrts aod ]nmclts ---------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- 60= 0.< \slr Datajrag Rrntnmne S\DRW ----------------------------------- ----------------------- 609 0.9 Traosg`ss`no Mnotrne Rrntnmne STMRW ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- =26 0.: Mngpar`sno ni TMR aod \DR --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- =18 0.8 Zhy ]ngl TMR/@R Appe`mat`nos \sl \DR> -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- =10 Rrnfelgs aod Qulst`no w`th Aoswlrs --------------------------------------------- --------- =62
12. TMR
Lrrnr Mnotrne ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- =60
12.1 @otrndumt`no ---------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- =60 12.6 TMR Vle`af`e`ty aod Amconweldjlglot ------------------------ ----------------------- =60 12.= Vnuod Tr`p T`gl aod T`glnut --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ==2 12.4 Dupe`matl ]ljglots ---------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- === 12.< Nut-ni-Nrdlr ]ljglots ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ==4 12.9 Enst nr G`ss`oj ]ljglots -------------------------------------------- ------------------ ==4 12.: Mnrruptld ]ljglots -------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ==<
12.8 AVQ Vltraosg`ss`no Tlmho`quls -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ==9 12.0 ]lelmt`vl Amconweldjglots (]AMC) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ==8 12.12 TMR Mhlmcsug Maemueat`no ------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- =42 Rrnfelgs aod Qulst`no w`th Aoswlrs ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- =4< 11. TMR
Ienw Mnotrne ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- =40
11.1 @otrndumt`no ---------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- =40 11.6 Zhat `s Ienw Mnotrne> ---------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- =40 11.= Ienw Mnotrne aod Lrrnr Mnotrne -------------------------------- ----------------------- =40 11.4 TMR aod Ienw Mnotrne ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- =<2 11.< ]tnp aod Za`t Ienw Mnotrne --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- =<2 11.9 Rns`t`vl Amconweldjglot aod Vltraosg`ss`no (RAV) ---------------------------------------------------------- =<6 11.: ]e`d`oj Z`odnw Glmhao`sg `o Data Traosg`ss`no -------------------------------------------------------------- =<6 11.8 Ienw Mnotrne w`th Advlrt`sld Z`odnw ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- =<< 11.0 ]ljglotat`no aod Oaje`oj ----- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- =<8 Rrnfelgs aod Qulst`nos w`th Aoswlrs -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- =91 16. TMR
Mnojlst`no Mnotrne-------------------Mnotrne---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- =94
16.1 @otrndumt`no ---------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- =94 16.6 Zhat `s Oltwnrc Mnojlst`no> ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- =94 16.= Typls ni Mnojlst`no --------------------------------------------- ------------------------ =9< 16.4 Ao Nvlrv`lw ni TMR Ienw Mnotrne ---------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ =9< 16.< Ienw Mnotrne vlrsus Mnojlst`no Mnotrne ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- =98 16.9 TMR ]lei-Menmc`oj--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- =90 16.: Mnojlst`no Mneeapsl Rrnfelg --------------------------------------- ------------------- =90 16.8 E`il ni a TMR Mnoolmt`no Ienw ----------------------------------------------- ---------- =:1 16.0 Mnojlst`no Avn`daoml vlrsus Mnojlst`no Mnotrne------------------------------------------------------------------ =:6 16.12 TMR Mnojlst`no Mnotrne Tlmho`quls ----------------------------------------------- - =:6 16.11 TMR Mnojlst`no Avn`daoml Tlmho`quls---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- =:9 16.16 Ramclt D`smard Tlmho`quls ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- =:0 16.1= Traii`m ]hap`oj Aejnr`thgs -------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- =82 Rrnfelgs aod Qulst`nos w`th Aoswlrs -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- =8= 1=.
]lss`no Eaylr ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- =01
1=.1 @otrndumt`no ---------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- =01 1=.6 Zhat dnls ]lss`no Eaylr glao> -------------------------------------------- ---------- =06 1=.= ]lss`no Eaylr Tascs --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- =06 1=.4 ]lss`no Eaylr ]lrv`mls --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- =06 1=.< Vlgntl Rrnmldurl Maee (VRM) Rrntnmne ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- =04 1=.9 Gaknr ]lss`no Eaylr Rrntnmnes --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- =08 14.
Rrlslotat`no Eaylr Rrntnmnes ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 421
14.1 @otrndumt`no ---------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 421 14.6 Zhat dnls Rrlslotat`no Eaylr glao> --------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- 426 14.= Rrlslotat`no Eaylr Tascs --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 426 14.4 Data Mnovlrs`no ---------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- 426 14.< Data Vlprlslotat`no ------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42= 14.9 Data Mngprlss`no ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 424 14.: Data Lomrypt`no ----------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42: Rrnfelgs aod Qulst`nos w`th Aoswlrs -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 420 1<.
Oltwnrc ]lmur`ty-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 411
1<.1 Zhat `s Oltwnrc ]lmur`ty> -------------------------------------- ----------------------- 411 1<.6 Vlelvaot H`stnry ni @ostaomls ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 411 1<.= Zhy Dn Zl Olld ]lmur`ty> ----- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 416 1<.4 Zhat oltwnrc slmur`ty rlpnrts say> -------------------------------- ------------------ 416 1<.< H`stnry ni Oltwnrc ]lmur`ty --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41= 1<.9 Inur R`eears ni Oltwnrc ]lmur`ty ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 414 1<.< Jenssary ni Oltwnrc ]lmur`ty Tlrgs -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 414 1<.9 Oltwnrc ]lmur`ty Mngpnolots ----------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 410 1<.: Typls ni Attamcs ----------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 461 1<.8 D`smuss`no ni conwo ]lmur`ty Attamcs ------------------------------------- ---------- 46= 1<.0 Mryptnjraphy Mryptnjraphy ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4=2 1<.12 Typls ni M`phlrs --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4== 1<.11 Lomrypt`no aod Dlmrypt`no ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4=4 1<.16 Hash`oj; Glssajl @otljr`ty ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 442 1<.1= D`j`tae ]`joaturls ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 444 1<.14 Clrflrns Authlot`mat`no ]ystlg ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4<1 1<.1< I`rlwaees ------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 496 Rrnfelgs aod Qulst`nos w`th Aoswlrs -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4:4 19.
Appe`mat`no Eaylr Rrntnmnes -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4:0
19.1 @otrndumt`no ---------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4:0 19.6 Hyplrtlxt Traosilr Rrntnmne SHTTRW ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 481 19.= ]`gpel Ga`e Traosilr Rrntnmne S]OGRW ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 48= 19.4 I`el Traosilr Rrntnmne SITRW --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 48< 19.< Dnga`o Oagl ]lrvlr SDO]W --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 488 19.9 Tr`v`ae I`el Traosilr Rrntnmne STITRW -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40= 19.: Dyoag`m Hnst Mnoi`jurat`no Rrntnmne SDHMRW ----------- ----------------------------------------------------- 404 Rrnfelgs aod Qulst`nos w`th Aoswlrs -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <22 1:.
G`smleeaolnus Mnomlpts --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <29
1:.1 Hnw tramlrnutl (nr tramlrt) wnrcs> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ <29
1:.6 Hnw p`oj wnrcs>----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <2: 1:.= Zhat `s Qn]> ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- <2: 1:.4 Z`rlelss Oltwnrc`oj --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <28 Rrnfelgs aod Qulst`nos w`th Aoswlrs -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <20
Vlilrlomls ---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <12
Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj
Nrjao`zat`no ni Mhaptlrs
Mhaptlr
Nrjao`zat`no ni Mhaptlrs
1
1.1 Zhy Mngputlr Oltwnrcs arl olldld> Mngputlr oltwnrc`oj `s nol ni thl gnst lxm`t`oj aod `gpnrtaot tlmho`mae i`leds ni nur t`gl. @oinrgat`no aod mngguo`mat`no arl twn ni thl gnst `gpnrtaot stratlj`m `ssuls inr thl summlss ni lvlry lotlrpr`sl.
`s thl gnthlr ni `ovlot`no, aod whlolvlr wl rlaeey olld ol ld snglth`oj, snglth`oj, hugaos hugaos w`ee i`od a way tn jlt `t. Elt us `gaj`ol wl dn ont havl mngputlr oltwnrc`oj `o nur e`vls onw. Rlnpel mao mngguo`matl noey w`th lamh nthlr thrnujh phnol (nr iax). Inr lxagpel, shar`oj a pr`otlr fltwllo gaoy mngputlrs w`ee fl d`ii`muet as pr`otlr mafel gust fl attamhld tn thl mngputlr wh`mh rlqu`rls pr`ot`oj. Vlgnvafel gld`a sumh as d`sclttls nr thugf dr`vls gust fl usld `o nrdlr tn sharl i`els nr tn traosilr i`els irng nol gamh`ol tn aonthlr gamh`ol.
Kust `gaj`ol ynu olld tn traosilr a i`el tn nol thnusaod mngputlrs. Tn thlsl prnfelgs, mngputlr oltwnrcs arl . Mngputlr oltwnrcs aeenw thl uslr tn ammlss aod l`thlr ni thl sagl nrjao`zat`no nr irng nthlr lotlrpr`sls nr pufe`m snurmls. Mngputlr oltwnrcs prnv`dl iastlr mngguo`mat`no thao nthlr iam`e`t`ls. Gaoy appe`mat`nos nr snitwarl‘s arl aesn dlvlenpld inr lohaom`oj mngguo`mat`no. ]ngl lxagpels arl Lga`e, @ostaoml Glssajls, aod `otlrolt phnol.
1.6 Zhat @s th`s Fnnc Afnut> A uo`qul ilaturl ni th`s fnnc that `s g`ss`oj `o gnst ni thl ava`eafel fnncs no mngputlr oltwnrc`oj `s tn niilr a faeaoml fltwllo thlnrlt`mae, pramt`mae mnomlpts, prnfelgs aod `otlrv`lw qulst`nos.
+ + Th`s tlxt prnv`dls amadlg`m rlslarmhlrs, jraduatl studlots `o mngputlr sm`loml, mngputlr loj`ollr`oj, aod lelmtr`mae loj`ollr`oj, as wlee as pramt`t`nolrs `o `odustry aod rlslarmh loj`ollrs w`th ao uodlrstaod`oj ni thl splm`i`m dls`jo mhaeelojls aod sneut`nos inr mngputlr oltwnrcs.
Mnvlrs armh`tlmturl aod mngguo`mat`nos prntnmnes `o dlta`e w`th pramt`mae `gpelglotat`no lxagpels aod masl stud`ls.
1.1 Zhy Mngputlr Oltwnrcs arl olldld>
1=
Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj
Nrjao`zat`no ni Mhaptlrs
Rrnv`dls ao uodlrstaod`o uodlrst aod`oj j ni gutuae rleat`nosh`ps rleat`nosh`ps aod dlplodlom`ls dlplodlom`ls fltwllo d`iilrlot prntnmnes aod armh`tlmturae dlm`s`nos. Niilrs ao `o-dlpth `ovlst`jat`no ni rlelvaot prntnmne glmhao`sgs.
Thl fnnc niilrs niilrs a earjl ougflr ougflr ni qulst`nos qulst`nos tn pramt`ml lamh lxag nfklmt`vl aod w`ee hlep ynu asslss ynur conweldjl flinrl ynu wr`tl thl rlae lxag. Thl dlta`eld aoswlrs tn lvlry qulst`no w`ee hlep rl`oinrml ynur conweldjl afnut d`iilrlot `ssuls `ovnev`oj thl dls`jo aod mnoi`jurat`no ni oltwnrcs.
1.= ]hnued @ Tacl th`s Fnnc> Th`s fnnc `s inr a i`rst mnursl no mngputlr oltwnrc`oj. Aethnujh th`s fnnc `s gnrl prlm`sl aod aoaeyt`mae aoaey t`mae thao gaoy nthlr nthl r `otrndumtnry `otrndumt nry mngputlr oltwnrc`oj tlxt fnncs, `t rarley usls aoy gathlgat`mae mnomlpts that arl ont taujht `o h`jh smhnne. @ havl gadl ao liinrt tn t n avn`d us`oj aoy advaomld maemueus, prnfaf`e`ty, nr stnmhast`m prnmlss mnomlpts. Thl fnnc `s thlrlinrl apprnpr`atl inr uodlrjraduatl mnursls, prlparat`no aod inr i`rst-ylar jraduatl mnursls.
Th`s fnnc `s inr studlots whn tn elaro oltwnrc`oj mnomlpts aod aesn inr thnsl whn arl prlpar`oj inr mngplt`t`vl lxags e`cl JATL.
1.4 Hnw tn \sl th`s fnnc> @ wnued e`cl tn rlmngglod at elast twn t wn rlad`ojs ni th`s fnnc. \pno i`rst rlad`oj, ynu w`ee start tn fl`oj usld `o d`iilrlot oltwnrc`oj lov`rnglots.
@o thl slmnod rlad`oj, ynu'ee flj`o tn sll hnw thlsl prntnmnes mao hlep ynu `o ynur nwo oltwnrc dls`jos, aod gay aesn start tn sll olw prntnmnes ont e`stld `o thl fnnc. Nol ni thl gnst vaeuafel mnotr`fut`nos ni th`s fnnc `s that `t `s dls`jold ont glrley tn hlep ynu `dlot`iy prntnmnes, fut tn j`vl ynu a slosl ni wh`mh prntnmnes arl apprnpr`atl `o wh`mh mnotlxts. @o thl sufslqulot rlad`ojs, ynu mao d`rlmtey jn tn aoy mhaptlr aod rlilr.
1.9 Nrjao`zat`no ni Mhaptlrs
Thl mhaptlr ni th`s tlxt fnnc prlslots ao nvlrv`lw ni mngputlr oltwnrc`oj. Th`s mhaptlr `otrndumls gaoy cly mnomlpts aod tlrg`onenjy aod slts thl stajl inr thl rlst ni thl fnnc.
Aitlr mngpelt`no ni mhaptlr, @ rlmngglod rlad`oj rlga`o`oj mhaptlrs `o slquloml. Lamh ni thlsl mhaptlrs elvlrajls gatlr`ae irng thl prlmld`oj mhaptlrs. Thlrl arl on gaknr `otlr-dlplodlom`ls agnoj thl mhaptlrs, mhaptlrs, sn thly mao fl rlad `o aoy nrdlr. Thl mhaptlrs arl arraojld `o thl ineenw`oj ineenw`oj way; =.
;
Th`s mhaptlr j`vls ao `otrndumt`no aod olmlssary mnomlpts ni Nplo ]ystlgs @otlrmnoolmt`no (N]@) aod Traosg`ss`no Mnotrne Rrntnmne/@otlrolt Rrntnmne (TMR/@R) gndles wh`mh arl usld `o aee thl rlga`o`oj rlga`o`oj mhaptlrs. Thlrl arl slvlo eaylrs `o thl N]@ Gndle, aod inur `o thl TMR/@R gndle. Th`s `s flmausl TMR/@R assugls that appe`mat`nos w`ee tacl marl ni lvlryth`oj flynod thl Traospnrt eaylr. @t aesn mngparls fnth thlsl gndles. 4. ; Th`s mhaptlr prnv`dls dlta`eld nvlrv`lw ni oltwnrc`oj dlv`mls sumh as hufs, fr`djls, sw`tmhls, rnutlrs, jatlways, i`rlwaees ltm...
1.= ]hnued @ Tacl th`s Fnnc>
14
Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj
Nrjao`zat`no ni Mhaptlrs
<.
Hufs, sw`tmhls, rnutlrs, aod ammlss pn`ots arl tn mnoolmt mngputlrs tnjlthlr no a oltwnrc, fut lamh ni thlg has d`iilrlot mapaf`e`t`ls. Lamh ni thlsl dlv`mls nplratls at d`iilrlot eaylrs `o N]@ aod TMR/@R gndles. ; Enmae Arla Oltwnrc Ol twnrc (EAO) (EAO ) `o a data mngguo`mat`nos oltwnrc oltwnrc `s a tlmhonenjy usld inr mnoolmt`oj tlrg`oaes, mngputlrs aod pr`otlrs pr`otlrs w`th`o w`th`o a fu`ed`oj nr nthlr jlnjraph`maeey e`g`tld arlas. Th`s mhaptlr d`smussls gld`ug ammlss mnotrne tlmho`quls, raodng ammlss tlmho`quls, stat`m mhaoole`zat`no tlmho`quls, EnmaeTaec, Lthlrolt, Tnclo V`oj aod lods w`th lrrnr dltlmt`no tlmho`quls at data e`oc eaylr. ; Th`s mhaptlr inmusls no prntnmnes wh`mh dnls thl traoseat`no ni @R addrlssls tn GAM addrlssls aod v`ml vlrsa. AVR traoseatls @R addrlssls `otn hardwarl addrlssls (GAM) aod VAVR traoseatls gamh`ols addrlssls (GAM) `otn @R addrlssls. ; Th`s mhaptlr d`smussls afnut fas`ms ni @Rv4 aod @Rv9 addrlss`oj. addrlss`oj. @t prnv`dls aoaeys`s ni meassls ni @R addrlss`oj, sufolt gascs, sufoltt`oj, suplroltt`oj, Measselss @otlr-Dnga`o Vnut`oj SM@DVW, Yar`afel Elojth ]ufolt Gasc SYE]GW, aod glssajl inrgats ni fnth @Rv4 aod @Rv9. Th`s mhaptlr prlslots d`iilrlot oltwnrc rnut`oj prntnmnes. @t starts w`th nvlrv`lw ni oltwnrc rnut`oj aod thl`r meass`i`mat`no. Thl prntnmnes wh`mh wlrl d`smussld `o th`s mhaptlr `omeudls Iennd`oj Vnut`oj Aejnr`thg, Vnut`oj @oinrgat`no Rrntnmne, Nplo ]hnrtlst Rath I`rst SN]RIW, aod Fnrdlr Jatlway Rrntnmne. ; @o thl lare`lr mhaptlrs, wl d`smuss afnut thl dle`vlry ni data `o thl ineenw`oj twn ways;
9.
:.
8.
0.
1.
-- ; At thl - elvle, dle`vlry ni iragls tacl
peaml fltwllo twn ondls mnoolmtld fy a pn`ot-tn-pn`ot e`oc nr a EAO, fy us`oj thl data-e`oc eaylrs addrlss, say GAM addrlss. 6. - ; At thl elvle, dle`vlry ni datajrags mao tacl peaml fltwllo twn hnsts fy us`oj @R addrlss.
Irng uslr‘s pn`ot ni v`lw, thl TMR/@R-fasld TMR/@R-fasld @otlrolt mao fl mnos`dlrld as a slt ni appe`mat`no prnjrags that usl thl @otlrolt tn marry nut usliue mngguo`mat`no tascs. Gnst pnpuear `otlrolt appe`mat`nos `omeudl Lelmtrno`m ga`e (L-ga`e), I`el traosilr, aod Vlgntl enj`o. @R rnut`oj aeenws traosilr ni @R datajrags agnoj a ougflr ni stat`nos nr hnsts, whlrl thl datajrag `s rnutld thrnujh thl @otlrolt @ otlrolt fasld no thl @R addrlss ni thl dlst`oat`no. dlst`oat`no. Fut, Fut, `o th`s masl, slvlrae ( ) ruoo`oj s`guetaolnusey no a snurml hnst has tn mngguo`matl mnggu o`matl w`th w`t h thl mnrrlspnod`oj prnmlssls ruoo`oj ruoo`oj no a rlgntl dlst`oat`no hnst thrnujh thl @otlrolt. Th`s rlqu`rls ao add`t`noae glmhao`sg maeeld - dle`vlry, wh`mh `s `gpelglotld w`th thl hlep ni a prntnmne.
Thl traospnrt elvle prntnmne w`ee rlqu`rl ao add`t`noae addrlss, maeeld ougflr, tn slelmt a part`muear prnmlss agnoj guet`pel prnmlssls ruoo`oj no thl dlst`oat`no hnst. ]n, thlrl `s a rlqu`rlglot ni thl ineenw`oj th`rd typl ni dle`vlry systlg. =. Rrnmlss-tn-prn Rrnmlss -tn-prnmlss mlss dle`vlry; dl e`vlry; At thl traospnrt traospnrt elvle, mngguo`mat`no mngguo`mat`no mao tacl peaml fltwllo prnmlssls nr appe`mat`no prnjrags fy us`oj pnrt addrlssls Thl add`t`noae add`t`noae glmhao`sg olldld tn iam`e`tatl iam`e`tatl guet`pel guet`pel appe`mat`no appe`mat`no prnjrags `o d`iilrlot stat`nos tn mngguo`matl w`th lamh nthlr s`guetaolnusey mao fl prnv`dld fy a traospnrt elvle prntnmne sumh as \DR nr TMR, wh`mh `s thl tnp`m ni th`s mhaptlr. 1.9 Nrjao`zat`no ni Mhaptlrs
1<
Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj 12.
Nrjao`zat`no ni Mhaptlrs
TMR
`s a rle`afel traospnrt eaylr prntnmne. @t aeenws thl prnmlssls tn dle`vlr a strlag ni data (fytls) `o nrdlr, w`thnut lrrnr, aod w`thnut aoy a oy part enst nr dupe`matld. dupe`mat ld. @t prnv`dls glmhao`sgs inr inr dltlmt`oj lrrnrs lrrnrs `o;
Dupe`matl sljglots Nut-ni-Nrdlr sljglots Enst nr G`ss`oj sljglots Mnrruptld sljglots
Aesn, TMR prnv`dls a glmhao`sg inr lrrnr mnrrlmt`no. @o TMR, lrrnr dltlm dltlmt`no t`no aod mnrrlmt`no `o TMR `s amh`lvld fy; 1. Mhlmcsug 6. Amconweldjlglot =. T`glnut aod rltraosg`ss`no @o th`s mhaptlr, wl d`smuss slvlrae lrrnr mnotrne aejnr`thgs sumh as ]tnp aod Za`t AVQ, Jn Famc O AVQ, ]lelmt`vl Vlklmt AVQ ltm ... 11. ; TMR prnv`dls a way inr thl rlml`vlr tn mnotrne thl agnuot ni data slot fy thl slodlr. Ondls that slod aod rlml`vl TMR data sljglots mao nplratl at d`iilrlot data ratls flmausl ni d`iilrlomls `o MR\ aod oltwnrc faodw`dth. As a rlsuet, `t `s pnss`fel inr slodlr tn slod data at a iastlr ratl thao thl rlml`vlr mao haodel.
@i thl rlml`vlr `s senwlr thao thl slodlr, s lodlr, fytls w`ee havl tn fl drnppld irng thl rlml`vlr‘s rlml`v lr‘s se`d`oj w`odnw w`od nw fuiilr. TMR dlaes w`th th`s `ssul `s sul us`oj what `s `s conwo as .
As ao lxagpel, mnos`dlr a mnovlrsat`no w`th ynur ir`lod. Nol ni ynu e`stlos wh`el thl nthlr splacs. Pnu g`jht ond ynur hlad as ynu e`stlo nr ynu g`jht `otlrrupt`oj thl ienw w`th a "Zhna, senw dnwo, ynu arl taec`oj tnn iast!" Th`s `s amtuaeey ienw mnotrne. ]ngl ni us arl flttlr at `t thao nthlrs, fut wl aee dn `t tn sngl dljrll. Pnu ond tn `od`matl ynu uodlrstnnd aod arl rlady inr thl olxt statlglot ni `oinrgat`no nr ynu tlee ynur ir`lod whlo thly arl jn`oj tnn iast. That's mnotrne.
Th`s mhaptlr inmusls no sumh mnotrnee`oj aejnr`thgs inr mngputlr m ngputlr oltwnrcs ( glmhao`sg, aod ). 16. ; @o tnday‘s wnred, thl (TMR) marr`ls hujl @otlrolt traii`m, sn plrinrgaoml ni thl @ot lrolt dlplods tn a jrlat lxtlot no hnw wlee TMR wnrcs. TMR prnv`dls a rle`afel traospnrt slrv`ml fltwllo twn prnmlssls ruoo`oj no snurml aod dlst`oat`no ondls.
@o th`s mhaptlr, wl d`smuss aonthlr `gpnrtaot mngpnolot ni TMR3 glmhao`sg. Thl `gpnrtaot stratljy ni TMR `s tn slod pamclts `otn thl oltwnrc aod thlo tn rlamt tn that nmmur. TMR mnojlst`no mnotrne was `otrndumld `otn thl @otlrolt `o thl eatl 1082s fy 3 rnujhey l`jht ylars aitlr thl TMR/@R prntnmne stamc had flmngl nplrat`noae.
Tn addrlss thlsl `ssuls, guet`pel glmhao`sgs wlrl `gpelglotld `o TMR tn jnvlro thl ratl w`th wh`mh thl data mao fl slot `o fnth d`rlmt`nos ( aod ); , , aod . Thlsl arl thl sufklmt ni th`s mhaptlr. 1=. ; Thl slss`no slss` no eaylr rls`dls rls`dl s afnvl thl traospnrt tr aospnrt eaylr, aod prnv`dls vaeul addld slrv`mls tn thl uodlrey`oj traospnrt eaylr slrv`mls. Thl slss`no eaylr (aenoj w`th thl prlslotat`no eaylr) adds slrv`mls tn thl traospnrt eaylr that arl e`cley tn fl ni usl tn appe`mat`nos, sn that lamh appe`mat`no dnlso't havl tn prnv`dl `ts nwo `gpelglotat`no. Eaylr < ni thl N]@ rlilrloml gndle `s
1.9 Nrjao`zat`no ni Mhaptlrs
19
Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj
Nrjao`zat`no ni Mhaptlrs
slss`no eaylr. @t dnls ont add gaoy mngguo`mat`nos ilaturls/iuomt`noae`ty, aod `s thus tlrgld a vlry th`o eaylr. No gaoy systlgs, thl Eaylr < ilaturls arl d`safeld, fut ynu shnued onolthlelss conw what ia`eurls mao fl prlvlotld fy a slss`no eaylr. Thl slss`no eaylr prnv`dls thl ineenw`oj slrv`mls; slrv`mls; @. @@. @@@. @Y.
D`aenj gaoajlglot ]yomhrno`zat`no Amt`v`ty gaoajlglot Lxmlpt`no haode`oj
Th`s mhaptlr lods w`th d`smuss`no no gaknr slss`no eaylr prntnmnes sumh as AppelTaec Data ]trlag Rrntnmne (AD]R), AppelTaec ]lss`no Rrntnmne (A]R), Oltwnrc Fas`m @oput Nutput (OltF@N]), Rasswnrd Authlot`mat`no Rrntnmne (RAR), Vlgntl Rrnmldurl Maee Rrntnmne (VRM), aod ]lmurl ]hlee (]]H) Rrntnmne 14. ; Thl prlslotat` prls lotat`no no eaylr `s thl t hl s`xth eaylr eaylr ni thl N]@ N]@ gndle. @t rlspnods tn slrv`ml rlqulsts irng thl appe`mat`no eaylr aod `ssuls slrv`ml rlqulst tn thl slss`no eaylr. Thl prlslotat`no eaylr plrinrgs mlrta`o iuomt`nos that arl rlqulstld suii`m`lotey nitlo t n i`od`oj a jlolrae sneut`no inr uslrs, rathlr rat hlr thao eltt`oj eltt `oj lamh uslr usl r snevl thl prnfelgs. @o part`muear, part`muear, uoe`cl aee thl enwlr eaylrs, wh`mh arl kust `otlrlstld `o gnv`oj f`ts rle`afey irng hlrl tn thlrl, thl prlslotat`no eaylr eay lr `s mnomlrold w`th thl syotax aod slgaot`ms slgaot`ms ni thl `oinrgat`no traosg`ttld.
@o th`s mhaptlr wl d`smuss afnut lomrypt`no aod dlmrypt`no mnomlpts. Aesn, wl ennc at ao lxagpel lomrypt`no aejnr`thg; mnd`oj aejnr`thg. 1<. ; Oltwnrc slmur`ty rlilrs tn a slt ni amt`v`t`ls aod pne`m`ls usld fy a oltwnrc adg`o`stratnr tn prlvlot aod g no`tnr uoauthnr`zld ammlss ni a mngputlr oltwnrc. Thlsl amt`v`t`ls `omeudl prntlmt`oj thl usaf`e`ty, rle`af`e`ty, `otljr`ty, aod sailty ni mngputlr oltwnrc aod data.
Th`s mhaptlr starts w`th a h`stnry ni oltwnrc slmur`ty `ostaomls ineenwld fy jenssary ni slmur`ty tlrgs. Thlo, wl d`smuss afnut oltwnrc slmur`ty mngpnolots sumh as;
Authlot`mat`no Authnr`zat`no Data @otljr`ty Mnoi`dlot`ae`ty Ava`eaf`e`ty Ono-Vlpud`at`no
@t aesn inmusls inmus ls no d`iilrlot d`iilr lot typls typl s ni oltwnrc slmur`ty sl mur`ty attamcs. Th`s ineenwld w`th w`th d`smuss`no no m`phlr aejnr`thgs, `o dlta`eld aoaeys`s ni lomrypt`no aod dlmrypt`no aejnr`thgs, glssajl `otljr`ty, d`j`tae s`joaturls, aod Clrflrns authlot`mat`no systlg. 19. ; Thl appe`mat`no eaylr ni thl N]@ gndle prnv`dls thl i`rst stlp ni jltt`oj data notn thl oltwnrc. Appe`mat`no snitwarl `s thl snitwarl prnjrags usld fy plnpel tn mngguo`matl nvlr thl oltwnrc. Lxagpels ni appe`mat`no snitwarl arl HTTR, ITR, lga`e, aod nthlrs. Aethnujh thl TMR/@R prntnmne su`tl was dlvlenpld pr`nr tn thl dli`o`t`no ni thl N]@ gndle, thl iuomt`noae`ty ni thl TMR/@R appe`mat`no eaylr prntnmnes i`ts `otn t hl iraglwnrc ni thl tnp thrll eaylrs ni thl t hl N]@ gndle; appe`mat`no, prlslotat`no, prlslotat`no, aod aod slss`no. slss`no.
@o thl N]@ aod TMR/@R gndles, `oinrgat`no `s passld irng nol eaylr tn thl olxt, start`oj at thl appe`mat`no eaylr no thl traosg`tt`oj hnst aod prnmlld`oj dnwo thl h`lrarmhy tn thl phys`mae eaylr, thlo pass`oj nvlr thl 1.9 Nrjao`zat`no ni Mhaptlrs
1:
Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj
Nrjao`zat`no ni Mhaptlrs
mngguo`mat`nos mhaoole (phys`mae e`oc) tn thl dlst`oat`no hnst, whlrl thl `oinrgat`no prnmllds famc up thl h`lrarmhy, lod`oj at thl appe`mat`no eaylr. Thl appe`mat`no eaylr `s fu`et no thl traospnrt eaylr aod prnv`dls oltwnrc slrv`mls tn uslr appe`mat`nos. @t prnv`dls thl `otlriaml fltwllo thl appe`mat` appe`mat`nos nos wl usl tn mngguo`matl aod thl uodlrey`oj oltwnrc nvlr wh`mh nur glssajls arl traosg`ttld. traosg`t tld. Appe`mat`no Appe`m at`no eaylr prntnmnes prntn mnes arl usld tn lxmhaojl data data fltwllo prnjrags ruoo`oj no thl snurml aod dlst`oat`no hnsts. Appe`mat`no L-Ga`e Vlgntl tlrg`oae ammlss Zlf I`el traosilr ]trlag`oj guet`gld`a @otlrolt tlelphnoy @otlrolt mhat Hnst Mnoi`jurat`nos
Appe`mat`no Eaylr prntnmne ]GTR Tleolt HTTR ITR HTTR (lxagpel; PnuTufl) VTR (lxagpel; ]cypl) @VM (@otlrolt Vleay Mhat) DHMR (Dyoag`m Hnst Mnoi`jurat`no Rrntnmne)
\odlrey`oj Traospnrt prntnmne TMR TMR TMR TMR TMR nr \DR Typ`maeey \DR TMR \DR
Thl appe`mat`no eaylr `s fu`et no thl traospnrt eaylr aod prnv`dls oltwnrc slrv`mls tn uslr appe`mat`nos. @t prnv`dls thl `otlriaml fltwllo thl appe`mat` appe`mat`nos nos wl usl tn mngguo`matl aod thl uodlrey`oj oltwnrc nvlr wh`mh nur glssajls arl traosg`ttld. traosg`t tld. Appe`mat`no Appe`m at`no eaylr prntnmnes prnt nmnes arl usld tn lxmhaojl data data fltwllo prnjrags ruoo`oj no thl snurml aod dlst`oat`no hnsts. @o th`s mhaptlr, wl d`smuss aee thl inrl glot`nold prntnmnes `o dlta`e. 1:. ; Th`s mhaptlr mnvlrs nthlr `gpnrtaot tnp`ms ni mngputlr mngputlr oltwnrc`oj (sumh as SQn]W, nplrat`no, fas`ms ltm.) lvlo thnujh thly t hly arl nut ni smnpl ni th`s fnnc.
At thl lod ni lamh mhaptlr, a slt ni prnfelgs/qulst`nos arl prnv`dld inr ynu tn `gprnvl/mhlmc ynur uodlrstaod`oj ni thl mnomlpts. Zhlrlvlr appe`mafel, prntnmnes arl mngparld w`th nthlr s`g`ear prntnmnes. Thl lxagpels lxagpels `o th`s fnnc arl clpt clpt s`gpel s`gpel inr lasy uodlrstaod`oj. uodlrstaod`oj. Thl Thl nfklmt`vl `s tn lohaoml thl lxpeaoat`no ni lamh mnomlpt w`th lxagpels inr a flttlr uodlrstaod`oj.
1.9 Nrjao`zat`no ni Mhaptlrs
18
Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj
@otrndumt`no
Mhaptlr
6
@otrndumt`no
6.1 Zhat `s a Mngputlr Oltwnrc> A mngputlr oltwnrc `s a jrnup ni mngputlrs that arl mnoolmtld tnjlthlr aod mngguo`matl w`th nol aonthlr. Thlsl mngputlrs mao fl mnoolmtld fy thl tlelphnol e`ols, mn-ax`ae mafel, satlee`tl e`ocs nr sngl nthlr mngguo`mat`no tlmho`quls.
6.6 Fas`m Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrcs Gnrl aod gnrl, `t `s oltwnrcs that mnoolmt us. Rlnpel mngguo`matl noe`ol irng lvlrywhlrl. Zl inmus no thlsl asplmts ni thl `oinrgat`no oltwnrc;
Dlv`mls that gacl up thl oltwnrc (wnrc stat`nos, eaptnps, i`el slrvlrs, wlf slrvlrs, oltwnrc pr`otlrs, Yn@R phnols, slmur`ty maglras, RDAs, ltm..) Gld`a that mnoolmt thl dlv`mls Glssajls that arl marr`ld nvlr thl oltwnrc Vuels (prntnmnes) aod prnmlssls that mnotrne oltw nrc mngguo`mat`nos Tnnes aod mnggaods inr mnostrumt`oj aod aod ga`ota`o`oj oltwnrcs
Gld`ug
Oltwnrc Dlv`mls
Glssajl
Mngguo`mat`no flj`os w`th a glssajl that gust fl slot irng nol dlv`ml tn aonthlr. Rlnpel lxmhaojl `dlas us`oj gaoy d`iilrlot mngguo`mat`no glthnds. Aee ni thlsl glthnds havl lelglots `o mnggno.
Thl i`rst ni thlsl lelglots `s thl . Glssajl snurmls arl plnpel, nr lelmtrno`m dlv`mls, that olld tn slod a glssajl tn nthlr `od`v`duaes/dlv`mls.
6.1 Zhat `s a Mngputlr Oltwnrc>
10
Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj
@otrndumt`no
Thl slmnod lelglot ni mngguo`mat`no `s thl , ni thl glssajl. Thl dlst`oat`no rlml`vls thl glssajl aod `otlrprlts `t. A th`rd lelglot, maeeld a , mnos`sts ni thl gld`a that prnv`dls thl pathway nvlr wh`mh thl glssajl mao travle irng snurml tn dlst`oat`no.
@gpnrtaot Qulst`no Irng thl mhn`mls flenw, slelmt thl flst dli`o`t`no ni a oltwnrc. A. A mneelmt`no ni pr`otlrs w`th on gld`a. F. Dlv`mls `otlrmnoolmtld fy sngl mnggno mn gguo`mat`no mhaoole. M. A dlv`ml that slods mngguo`mat`no tn thl @otlrolt. D. A sharld inedlr stnrld no a slrvlr. Aoswlr; F.
6.= Zhat `s ao @otlrolt> Mnoolmt`oj twn nr gnrl oltwnrcs tnjlthlr `s maeeld ao @otlrolt `s a oltwnrc ni oltwnrcs.
. @o nthlr wnrds, ao
6.4 Iuodaglotaes ni Data aod ]`joaes
aod arl twn ni thl fas`m lelglots ni aoy mngputlr oltwnrc. A s`joae `s thl traosg`ss`no ni data. Fnth data aod s`joaes mao fl `o l`thlr aoaenj nr d`j`ta d`j`taee inrg, inrg, wh`mh j`vls us pnss`fel mngf`oat`nos; 1. 6. =. 4.
Traosg`tt`oj Traosg`tt`oj Traosg`tt`oj Traosg`tt`oj
d`j`tae data us`oj d`j`tae s`joaes d`j`tae data us`oj aoaenj s`joaes aoaenj data data us`oj d`j`tae s`joaes aoaenj data data us`oj aoaenj s`joaes
6.4.1 Aoaenj aod D`j`tae Data @oinrgat`no that `s stnrld w`th`o mngputlr systlgs aod traosilrrld nvlr a mngputlr oltwnrc mao fl d`v`dld `otn twn matljnr`ls; data aod s`joaes. Data arl lot`t`ls that mnovly glao`oj w`th`o a mngputlr nr mngputlr systlg. Data rlilrs rlil rs tn `oinrgat`no `oinr gat`no that th at mnovlys mnovl ys sngl glao`oj fasld no sngl gutuaeey ajrlld up ruels nr mnovlot`nos fltwllo a slodlr aod a rlml`vlr aod tnday `t mngls `o a var`lty ni inrgs sumh as tlxt, jraph`ms, aud`n, v`dln aod ao`gat`no. 6.= Zhat `s ao @otlrolt>
62
Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj
@otrndumt`no
Data mao fl ni twn typls;
data data Aoaenj data tacl vaeuls no sngl `otlrvae. Lxagpels ni aoaenj data arl
vn`ml aod v`dln. Thl data that arl mneelmtld irng thl rlae wnred w`th thl hlep ni traosdumlrs arl mnot`ounus-vaeuld nr aoaenj `o oaturl.
No thl mnotrary, d`j`tae data tacl vaeuls. Tlxt nr mharamtlr str`ojs mao fl mnos`dlrld as lxagpels ni d`j`tae data. Mharamtlrs arl rlprlslotld fy su`tafel mndls, l.j. A]M@@ mndl, whlrl lamh mharamtlr `s rlprlslotld fy a :-f`t mndl.
6.4.6 Aoaenj aod D`j`tae ]`joaes @i wl waot tn traosilr th`s data irng nol pn`ot tn aonthlr, l`thlr fy us`oj a phys`mae w`rl nr fy us`oj rad`n wavls, thl data has tn fl mnovlrtld `otn a s`joae. ]`joaes arl thl lelmtr`m nr lelmtrngajolt`m lomnd`oj ni data aod arl usld tn traos g`t data. ]`joaes (lelmtr`m s`joaes) wh`mh ruo thrnujh mnodumt`oj w`rls arl d`v`dld `otn thl ineenw`oj twn matljnr`ls. Aesn, a systlg usld whlo traosg`tt`oj s`joaes `s maeeld a .
6.4.= Aoaenj ]`joaes Aoaenj rlilrs tn phys`mae quaot`t`ls that vary mnot`ounusey `ostlad ni d`smrltley. Rhys`mae phlongloa typ`maeey `ovnevl aoaenj s`joaes. Lxagpels `omeudl tlgplraturl, splld, pns`t`no, prlssurl, vnetajl, aet`tudl, ltm. Tn say a s`joae `s aoaenj s`gpey glaos that thl s`joae `s mnot`ounus `o t`gl aod agpe`tudl. Tacl, inr lxagpel, ynur staodard glrmury jeass thlrgngltlr. Th`s dlv`ml `s aoaenj flmausl thl tlgplraturl rlad`oj `s updatld mnostaotey aod mhaojls at aoy t`gl `otlrvae. A olw vaeul ni tlgplraturl mao fl nfta`old whlthlr ynu ennc at thl thlrgngltlr nol slmnod eatlr, haei a slmnod eatlr, nr a g`ee`noth ni a slmnod eatlr, assug`oj tlgplraturl mao mhaojl that iast. Zavl Elojth
Ag e`tudl
T`gl
Thl rlad`ojs irng thl thlrgngltlr thlrgngltlr arl aesn mnot`ounus mnot`ounus `o agpe`tudl agpe`tudl.. Th`s glaos that assug`oj ynur lyls arl slos`t`vl lonujh tn rlad thl glrmury elvle, rlad`ojs ni =:, =:.4, nr =:.44218=4=6²M arl pnss`fel. @o amtuae`ty, gnst mard`am s`joaes ni `otlrlst arl aoaenj fy oaturl. Inr lxagpel, vnetajls rlmnrdld no thl fndy suriaml aod mard`am gnt`no `s mnot`ounus iuomt`nos `o t`gl aod agpe`tudl. @o th`s, s`joaes 2 aod 1 arl traosg`ttld as lelmtr`m wavls. A systlg ni traosg`tt`oj aoaenj s`joaes `s maeeld systlg.
6.4 Iuodaglotaes ni Data aod ]`joaes
61
Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj
@otrndumt`no
6.4.4 D`j`tae ]`joaes D`j`tae s`joaes mnos`st ni pattlros ni f`ts ni `oinrgat`no. Thlsl pattlros mao fl jlolratld `o gaoy ways, lamh prndum`oj a splm`i`m mndl. Gndlro d`j`tae mngputlrs stnrl aod prnmlss aee c`ods ni `oinrgat`no as f`oary pattlros. Aee thl p`mturls, tlxt, snuod aod v`dln stnrld `o th`s mngputlr arl hled aod gao`pueatld as pattlros ni f`oary vaeuls.
T`gl
Fas`maeey, mndl 1 `s traosg`ttld whlo appey`oj a splm`i`m vnetajl aod mndl 2 `s traosg`ttld `o thl masl ni 2 Y. A systlg ni traosg`tt`oj d`j`tae s`joaes `s maeeld systlg.
6.4.< Mnovlrt`oj Data `otn ]`joaes E`cl data, s`joaes s `joaes mao ma o fl aoaenj nr d`j`tae. d `j`tae. Typ`maeey, Ty p`maeey, d`j`tae s`joaes mnovly d`j`tae data, aod aoaenj s`joaes mnovly aoaenj data. Hnwlvlr, wl mao usl aoaenj s`joaes tn mnovly d`j`tae data dat a aod d`j`tae s`joae s`joaes s tn mnovly aoaenj aoae nj data. Thl mhn`ml ni us`oj l`thlr aoaenj nr d`j`tae s`joaes nitlo dlplods no thl traosg`ss`no lqu`pglot that `s usld aod thl lov`rnoglot `o wh`mh thl s`joaes gust travle.
6.4.9 Data Mndls Nol ni thl gnst mn mnggno ggno inrgs ni data traosg`ttld fltwllo a slodlr aod a rlml`vlr `s tlxtuae data. Th`s tlxtuae `oinrgat`no `s traosg`ttld as a slquloml ni mharamtlrs. Tn d`st`oju`sh nol mharamtlr irng aonthlr, lamh mharamtlr `s rlprlslotld fy a uo`qul f`oary pattlro ni 1s aod 2s. Thl slt ni aee tlxtuae mharamtlrs nr sygfnes aod thl`r mnrrlspnod`oj f`oary f`oary pattlros pattlros `s maeeld a . Thrll `gpnrtaot data mndls arl LFMD@M, A]M@@, aod \o`mndl.
6.4.: Irlqulomy Irlqulomy dlsmr`fls thl ougflr ni wavls that pass a i`xld peaml `o a j`vlo agnuot ni t`gl. ]n `i thl t`gl `t tacls inr a wavl tn pass `s 1/6 slmnod, thl irlqulomy `s 6 plr slmnod. @i `t tacls 1/122 ni ao hnur, thl irlqulomy `s 122 plr hnur. H`jh irlqulomy wavls
Enw irlqulomy wavls
\suaeey irlqulomy `s glasurld `o thl uo`t, oagld `o hnonr ni thl -mlotury Jlrgao phys`m`st Hl`or`mh Vudnei Hlrtz. Thl hlrtz glasurlglot, affrlv`atld Hz, `s thl ougflr ni wavls that pass fy plr slmnod.
6.4 Iuodaglotaes ni Data aod ]`joaes
66
Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj
@otrndumt`no
6.4.8 F`t Vatl Twn olw tlrgs, f`t `otlrvae (`ostlad ni ni plr`nd) aod f`t ratl (`ostlad ni irlqulomy) irlqulomy) arl usld tn dlsmr`fl d`j`tae s`joaes. Thl f`t `otlrvae `s thl t`gl rlqu`rld tn slod nol s`ojel f`t. Thl f`t ratl `s thl ougflr ni f`t `otlrvae plr slmnod. Th`s glao that thl f`t ratl `s thl ougflr ni f`ts slod `o nol slmnod, usuaeey lxprlssld `o f`ts p lr slmnod ( ) as shnwo `o i`jurl.
12 f`ts plr slmnod7 12 fps 1
2
1
1
1
2
T`gl
2
2
1
2
Thl splld ni thl data data `s lxprlssld `o f`ts plr slmnod (f`ts/s, f`ts plr slmnod nr fps). Thl data ratl `s a iuomt`no ni thl durat`no ni thl f`t nr f`t t`gl;
Vatl `s aesn maeeld
M. @i thl f`t t`gl `s 12 , thl data ratl lquaes; V7 7 fps nr 122 g`ee`no f`ts/slm
Th`s `s usuaeey lxprlssld as 122 Gf`ts/s. Gf`ts/s.
6.4.0 Faud Vatl
Thl faud ratl ratl ni a data mngguo`mat`nos mngguo`mat`nos systlg `s thl ni plr traosilrrld. A sygfne gay havl gnrl thao twn statls, sn `t gay rlprlslot gnrl thao nol f`oary f`t (a f`oary f`t aeways rlprlslots lxamtey twn statls). Thlrlinrl thl faud ratl gay ont lquae thl f`t ratl, lsplm`aeey `o thl masl ni rlmlot gndlgs, wh`mh mao havl (inr lxagpel) up tn o`ol f`ts plr sygfne. Faud ratl `s a tlmho`mae tlrg assnm`atld w`th gndlgs, d`j`tae tlelv`s`nos, aod nthlr tlmho`mae dlv`mls. @t `s aesn maeeld as aod . Thl tlrg rnujhey glaos thl splld that data `s traosg`ttld, aod `t `s a dlr`vld vaeul fasld no thl ougflr ni sygfnes traosg`ttld plr slmnod.
nr . Faud mao fl
Thl uo`ts inr th`s ratl arl l`thlr dltlrg`old fy us`oj thl ineenw`oj inrguea;
7 Th`s mao fl usld tn traoseatl faud `otn a f`t f`t ratl us`oj thl ineenw`oj inrguea;
Faud mao fl affrlv`atld us`oj thl shnrtlold inrg whlo fl`oj usld inr tlmho`mae
purpnsls.
Thl s`jo`i`maoml ni thlsl inrgueas inrgueas `s that h`jhlr faud ratls lquatl lquatl tn jrlatlr jrlatlr agnuots agnuots ni data traosg`ss`no, as enoj as thl f`ts plr sygfne arl thl sagl. A systlg us`oj 4822 faud gndlgs that has 4 f`ts plr sygfne w`ee slod elss data thao a systlg systlg us`oj us`oj 6.4 Iuodaglotaes ni Data aod ]`joaes
6=
Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj
@otrndumt`no
0922 faud gndlgs that aesn has 4 f`ts plr s ygfne. ]n, aee nthlr th`ojs fl`oj lquae, a h`jhlr ratl `s jlolraeey prlilrrld.
6.4.12 Attlouat`no
(aesn maeeld ) `s a jlolrae tlrg that rlilrs tn aoy rldumt`no `o thl
strlojth ni a s`joae. Attlouat`no nmmurs w`th aoy typl ni s`joae, whlthlr d`j`tae nr aoaenj. @t usuaeey nmmurs wh`el traosg`tt`oj aoaenj nr d`j`tae s`joaes nvlr enoj d`staomls.
6.4.11 ]`joae tn On`sl Vat`n
glasurls thl elvle ni thl aud`n s`joae mngparld tn thl elvle ni
on`sl prlslot `o thl s`joae. ]`joae tn on`sl rat`n splm`i`mat`nos arl mnggno `o gaoy mngpnolots, `omeud`oj agpe`i`lrs, phnonjraph peaylrs, MD/DYD peaylrs, tapl dlmcs aod nthlrs. On`sl `s dlsmr`fld as h`ss, as `o tapl dlmc, nr s`gpey jlolrae lelmtrno`m famcjrnuod on`sl inuod `o aee mngpnolots.
Hnw `s `t lxprlssld> As thl oagl sujjlsts, s`joae tn on`sl rat`n `s a mngpar`sno nr rat`n ni thl agnuot ni s`joae tn thl agnuot ni on`sl aod `s lxprlssld `o dlm`fles. ]`joae tn on`sl rat`n `s affrlv`atld aod h`jhlr ougflrs glao a flttlr splm`i`mat`no. A mngpnolot w`th a s`joae tn on`sl rat`n ni 122 dF glaos that th l elvle ni thl aud`n s`joae `s 122 dF h`jhlr thao thl elvle ni thl on`sl aod `s a flttlr splm`i`mat`no thao a mngpnolot w`th a ]/O rat`n ni 02 dF.
]`joae-tn-on`sl rat`n `s dli`old as thl pnwlr rat`n fltwllo a s`joae aod on`sl. on`sl. @t mao fl dlr`vld irng thl inrguea
whlrl `s thl s`joae glao nr lxplmtld vaeul thl staodard dlv`at`no ni thl on`sl 6.< Oltwnrc Tnpnenj`ls
@o a mngputlr oltwnrc, thl way `o wh`mh thl dlv`mls arl e`ocld `s maeeld . Tnpnenjy `s thl phys`mae eaynut ni mngputlrs, mafels, aod nthlr mngpnolots no a oltwnrc. Ineenw`oj arl ilw typls ni tnpnenj`ls wh`mh wl w`ee ennc at; • • • •
Fus tnpnenjy ]tar tnpnenjy Glsh tnpnenjy V`oj tnpnenjy
6.<.1 Fus Tnpnenjy
A fus tnpnenjy usls nol mafel (aesn maeeld a , a , aod a ) tn mnoolmt guet`pel systlgs. Gnst ni thl t`gl, T-mnoolmtnrs (flmausl thly arl shapld e`cl thl elttlr T) arl usld tn mnoolmt t n thl mafeld sljglot. Jlolraeey, mnax`ae mafel `s usld `o fus tnpnenj`ls.
Aonthlr cly mngpnolot ni a fus tnpnenjy `s thl olld inr . Tn prlvlot pamclts irng fnuom`oj up aod dnwo thl mafel, dlv`mls maeeld gust fl attamhld tn fnth lods ni thl mafel. A tlrg`oatnr afsnrfs ao lelmtrno`m s`joae aod 6.< Oltwnrc Tnpnenj`ls
64
Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj
@otrndumt`no
melars thl mafel sn that nthlr mngputlrs mao slod pamclts no thl oltwnrc. @i thlrl `s on tlrg`oat`no, thl lot`rl oltwnrc ia`es. Ondl
E`oc Noey nol mngputlr at a t`gl mao traosg`t a pamclt no a fus tnpnenjy. ]ystlgs ]ystlg s `o a fus tnpnenjy e`stlo tn aee traii`m no thl oltwnrc fut ammlpt noey thl pamclts that arl addrlssld tn thlg. Frnadmast pamclts arl ao lxmlpt`no flmausl aee mngputlrs no thl oltwnrc ammlpt thlg. Zhlo a mngputlr slods nut a pamclt, `t travles `o fnth d`rlmt`nos irng thl mngputlr. Th`s glaos that thl oltwnrc `s nmmup`ld uot`e thl dlst`oat`no mngputlr ammlpts thl pamclt. Thl ougflr ni mngputlrs no a fus tnpnenjy oltwnrc has a gaknr `oieuloml no thl plrinrgaoml ni thl oltwnrc. A fus `s a pass`vl tnpnenjy. Thl mngputlrs no a fus tnpnenjy noey e`stlo nr slod data. Thly dn ont tacl data aod slod `t no nr rljlolratl `t. ]n `i nol mngputlr no thl oltwnrc ia`es, thl oltwnrc `s st`ee up.
Advaotajls
Nol advaotajl ni a fus tnpnenjy `s . Thl fus tnpnenjy usls elss mafel thao nthlr tnpnenj`ls. Aonthlr advaotajl `s thl lasl ni . Z`th thl fus tnpnenjy, wl s`gpey mnoolmt thl systlg tn thl mafel sljglot. Zl olld noey thl agnuot ni mafel tn mnoolmt thl wnrcstat`nos wl havl. Thl lasl ni wnrc`oj w`th a fus tnpnenjy aod thl g`o`gug agnuot ni mafel gacl th`s thl gnst lmnong`mae mhn`ml inr a oltwnrc tnpnenjy. @i a mngputlr ia`es, thl oltwnrc stays up.
D`sadvaotajls
Thl ga`o d`sadvaotajl ni thl fus tnpnenjy `s thl d`ii`muety ni . Zhlo thl oltwnrc jnls dnwo, usuaeey `t `s irng a frlac `o thl mafel sljglot. Z`th a earjl oltwnrc th`s mao fl tnujh tn `sneatl. A mafel frlac fltwllo mngputlrs no a fus tnpnenjy wnued tacl thl lot`rl oltwnrc dnwo. Aonthlr d`sadvaotajl ni a fus tnpnenjy `s that thl thl traii`m, thl thl oltwnrc.
]maeaf`e`ty ]maeaf`e` ty `s ao `gpnrtaot mnos`dlrat`no mnos`d lrat`no w`th thl dy dyoag`m oag`m wnred ni oltwnrc`oj. Fl`oj afel tn gacl mhaojls las`ey w`th`o thl s`zl aod eaynut ni ynur oltwnrc mao fl `gpnrtaot `o iuturl prndumt`v`ty nr dnwot`gl. Thl fus tnpnenjy `s ont vlry smaeafel.
6.<.6 ]tar Tnpnenjy @o star tnpnenjy, aee systlgs arl mnoolmtld thrnujh nol mlotrae huf nr sw`tmh, as shnwo `o i`jurl. Th`s `s a vlry mnggno oltwnrc smloar`n.
E`oc
Huf Ondl 6.< Oltwnrc Tnpnenj`ls
6<
Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj
@otrndumt`no
Advaotajls Nol advaotajl ni a start tnpnenjy `s thl mlotrae`zat`no ni mafe`oj. Z`th a huf, `i nol e`oc ia`es, thl rlga`o`oj systlgs arl ont aiilmtld e`cl thly arl w`th nthlr tnpnenj`ls, wh`mh wl w`ee ennc at `o th`s mhaptlr. Mlotrae`z`oj oltwnrc mngpnolots mao gacl ao adg`o`stratnr‘s e`il gumh las`lr las`lr `o thl enoj ruo. Mlotrae`zld gaoajlglot aod gno`tnr`oj ni oltwnrc traii`m mao fl v`tae tn oltwnrc summlss. Z`th th`s typl ni mnoi`jurat`no, `t `s aesn lasy tn add nr mhaojl mnoi`jurat`nos w`th aee thl mnoolmt`nos mng`oj tn a mlotrae pn`ot.
D`sadvaotajls No thl ie`p s`dl tn th`s `s thl iamt that `i thl huf ia`es, thl lot`rl oltwnrc, nr a jnnd pnrt`no ni thl oltwnrc, mngls dnwo. Th`s `s, n i mnursl, ao las`lr i`x thao t hao try`oj tn i`od i`od a frlac `o a mafel `o a fus tnpnenjy. Aonthlr d`sadvaotajl ni a star tnpnenjy `s mnst; tn mnoolmt lamh systlg tn a mlotrae`zld huf, wl havl tn usl gumh gnrl mafel thao wl dn `o a fus tnpnenjy. t npnenjy.
6.<.= V`oj Tnpnenjy @o r`oj tnpnenjy lamh systlg `s attamhld olarfy systlgs no a pn`ot tn t n pn`ot fas`s sn that thl lot`rl systlg `s `o thl inrg ni a r`oj. ]`joaes travle `o nol d`rlmt`no no a r`oj tnpnenjy. E`oc Ondl
As shnwo `o i`jurl, thl r`oj tnpnenjy `s a m`rmel that has on start aod on lod. Tlrg`oatnrs arl ont olmlssary `o a r`oj tnpnenjy. tnpnenjy. ]`joaes travle `o nol d`rlmt`no no a r`oj wh`el thly arl passld irng nol systlg tn thl olxt. Lamh systlg mhlmcs thl pamclt inr `ts dlst`oat`no aod passls `t no as a rlplatlr wnued. @i nol ni thl systlgs ia`es, thl lot`rl r`oj oltwnrc jnls dnwo.
Advaotajls Thl o`ml th`oj afnut a r`oj tnpnenjy `s that lamh mngputlr has lquae ammlss tn mngguo`matl mngguo`m atl no thl oltwnrc. oltwn rc. (Z`th fus aod star tnpnenj`ls, tnpnenj `ls, noey nol wnrcstat`no mao mngguo`matl no thl oltwnrc at a t`gl.) Thl r`oj tnpnenjy prnv`dls jnnd plrinrgaoml inr lamh systlg. Th`s glaos that t hat fus`lr systlgs that slod nut a ent ni `oinrgat`no dn ont `oh`f`t nthlr nt hlr systlgs syst lgs irng mngguo`mat mn gguo`mat`oj. `oj. Aonthlr advao advaotajl tajl ni thl r`oj tnpnenjy tnpnenjy `s that s`joae dljlolrat`no `s enw.
D`sadvaotajls Thl f`jjlst f`jjlst prnfelg prnfelg w`th a r`oj r`oj tnpnenjy tnpnenjy `s that `i nol systlg ia`es ia`es nr nr thl mafel e`oc e`oc `s frnclo thl lot`rl oltwnrc mnued jn dnwo. Z`th olwlr tlmhonenjy th`s `so‘t aeways thl masl. T hl hl mnomlpt ni a r`oj tnpnenjy t npnenjy `s that thl r`oj `so‘t frnclo aod thl s`joae hnps irng systlg tn systlg, mnoolmt`no tn mnoolmt`no.
6.< Oltwnrc Tnpnenj`ls
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Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj
@otrndumt`no
Aonthlr d`sadvaotajl `s that `i wl gacl a mafe`oj mhaojl tn thl oltwnrc nr a systlg mhaojl, sumh s umh as a gnvl, thl t hl fr`li d`smnoolmt d`sm noolmt`no `no mao `otlrrupt nr fr`oj dnwo dnwo thl lot`rl lot`rl oltwnrc.
6.<.4 Glsh Tnpnenjy
E`oc Ondl A glsh tnpnenjy `s ont vlry mnggno `o mngputlr oltwnrc`oj. Thl glsh tnpnenjy `s gnrl mnggnoey sllo w`th snglth`oj e`cl thl oat`noae phnol oltwnrc. Z`th thl glsh tnpnenjy, lvlry systlg has a mnoolmt`no tn lvlry nthlr mngpnolot ni thl oltwnrc. ]ystlgs `o a glsh tnpnenjy arl aee mnoolmtld tn lvlry nthlr mngpnolot ni thl oltwnrc. @i wl havl 4 systlgs, wl gust havl s`x mafels — thrll thrll mng`oj irng lamh systlg tn thl nthlr systlgs. Twn ondls arl mnoolmtld fy dld`matld pn`ot-pn`ot e`ocs fltwllo t hlg. ]n thl tntae ougflr ni e`ocs tn mnoolmt ondls wnued fl
SRrnpnrt`noae tn W Advaotajls Thl f`jjlst advaotajl ni a glsh tnpnenjy `s iauet tnelraoml. @i thlrl `s a frlac `o a mafel sljglot, traii`m mao fl rlrnutld. Th`s iauet tnelraoml glaos that thl oltwnrc jn`oj dnwo dul tn a mafel iauet `s aegnst `gpnss`fel.
D`sadvaotajls A glsh tnpnenjy `s vlry hard tn adg`o`stlr aod gaoajl flmausl ni thl ouglrnus mnoolmt`nos. Aonthlr d`sadvaotajl `s mnst. Z`th a earjl oltwnrc, thl agnuot ni mafel olldld tn mnoolmt aod thl `otlriamls no thl wnrcstat`nos wnued fl vlry lxplos`vl.
6.<.< Trll Tnpnenjy Vlplatlr-1
Vlplatlr-6
Vlplatlr-=
Th`s tnpnenjy mao fl mnos`dlrld as ao lxtlos`no tn fus tnpnenjy. tnpnenjy. @t `s mnggnoey usld `o masmad`oj lqu`pglot‘s. Inr lxagpel, wl havl a rlplatlr fnx w`th 8-pnrt, 8-pnrt, as iar as 6.< Oltwnrc Tnpnenj`ls
6:
Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj
@otrndumt`no
wl havl l`jht stat`nos, th`s mao fl usld `o a onrgae iash`no. Fut `i wl olld tn add gnrl stat`nos thlo wl mao mnoolmt twn nr gnrl rlplatlrs `o a h`lrarmh`ma h`lrarmh`maee inrgat (trll (trll inrgat) aod mao add gnrl stat`nos. @o thl i`jurl Vlplatlr-1 rlilrs tn rlplatlr nol aod sn no aod lamh rlplatlr `s mnos`dlrld tn havl 8-pnrts.
6.<.9 \omnostra`old Tnpnenjy
Aee thl tnpnenj`ls d`smussld sn iar arl syggltr`m aod mnostra`old fy wlee-dli`old `otlrmnoolmt `otlrmn oolmt`no `no pattlro. pattlro . Hnwlvlr, snglt`gls sn glt`gls on dli`o`tl pattlro `s ineenwld aod ondls arl `otlrmnoolmtld `o ao arf`trary gaoolr us`oj pn`ot-tn-pn`ot e`ocs. \omnostra`old tnpnenjy aeenws a ent ni mnoi`jurat`no ielx`f`e`ty fut suiilrs irng thl mngpelx rnut`oj prnfelg. Mngpelx rnut`oj `ovnevls uowaotld nvlrhlad aod dleay.
6.9 Oltwnrc Nplrat`oj ]ystlgs Oltwnrc nplrat`oj systlg ON] `s ao nplrat`oj systlg systl g that `omeudls splm`ae iuomt`nos iuomt`nos inr mnoolmt`oj mngputlrs aod dlv`mls `otn a enmae arla oltwnrc (EAO). Ilw staodaenol nplrat`oj systlgs, sumh as G`mrnsnit Z`odnws OT, mao aesn amt as oltwnrc nplrat`oj systlgs. ]ngl ni thl gnst wlee -conwo oltwnrc nplrat`oj systlgs `omeudl G`mrnsnit Z`odnws ]lrvlr 622=, G`mrnsnit Z`odnws ]lrvlr 6228, E`oux aod Gam N] X.
6.9.1 Rllr-tn-pllr
Rllr tn Rllr Oltwnrc
arl
gnrl mnggnoey `gpelglotld whlrl elss thao tlo mngputlrs arl `ovnevld aod whlrl str`mt slmur`ty `s ont olmlssary. Aee mngputlrs havl havl thl sagl status, hloml thl tlrg , aod thly mngguo`matl w`th lamh nthlr no ao lquae innt`oj. I`els, sumh as wnrd prnmlss`oj nr sprladshllt dnmuglots, mao fl sharld amrnss thl oltwnrc aod aee thl mngputlrs no thl oltwnrc mao sharl dlv`mls, sumh as pr`otlrs nr smaoolrs, wh`mh arl mnoolmtld tn aoy nol mngputlr.
6.9 Oltwnrc Nplrat`oj ]ystlgs
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Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj
@otrndumt`no
6.9.6 Me`lot/slrvlr oltwnrcs I`el ]lrvlr
Nthlr lqu`pglot
arl gnrl su`tafel inr earjlr oltwnrcs. A mlotrae mngputlr, nr , amts as thl stnrajl enmat`no inr i`els aod appe`mat`nos sharld no thl oltwnrc. \suaeey thl slrvlr `s a h`jhlr thao avlrajl plrinrgaoml mngputlr.
Thl slrvlr aesn mnotrnes thl oltwnrc ammlss ni thl nthlr mngputlrs wh`mh arl rlilrrld tn as thl 'me`lot' mngputlrs. Typ`maeey, tlamhlrs aod studlots `o a smhnne w`ee usl thl me`lot mngputlrs inr thl`r wnrc aod noey thl oltwnrc adg`o`stratnr (usuaeey a dls`joatld staii glgflr) w`ee havl ammlss r`jhts tn thl slrvlr Si`jurl no r`jht s `dlW.
6.: Traosg`ss`no Gld`ug
Mngguo`mat`no amrnss a oltwnrc `s marr`ld no a . Thl gld`ug prnv`dls thl mhaoole thrnujh wh`mh thl data travles irng snurml tn dlst`oat`no. Thlrl arl slvlrae typls ni gld`a, aod thl slelmt`no ni thl r`jht gld`a dlplods no gaoy iamtnrs sumh as mnst ni traosg`ss`no gld`a, lii`m`lomy ni data traosg`ss`no aod thl traosilr ratl. D`iilrlot typls ni oltwnrc gld`a havl d`iilrlot ilaturls aod floli`ts.
6.:.1 Twn w`rl nplo e`ol Th`s `s thl s`gpelst ni aee thl traosg`ss`no gld`a. @t mnos`sts ni a s`gpel pa`r ni gltaee`m w`rls gadl ni mnpplr nr snglt`gls aeug`ougs ni fltwllo 2.4 aod 1gg d`agltlr, aod lamh w`rl `s `osueatld irng thl nthlr. Thlrl arl var`at`nos tn th`s s`gpelst inrg w`th slvlrae pa`rs ni w`rl mnvlrld `o a s`ojel prntlmtld mafel maeeld a nr gnedld `o thl inrg ni a .
Lxagpel; Lelmtr`m pnwlr traosg`ss`no Th`s e`ol mnos`sts ni twn w`rls that arl jlolraeey spamld irng 6 tn 9 `omhls apart fy `osueat`oj spamlrs. Th`s typl ni e`ol `s gnst nitlo usld inr pnwlr e`ols. Th`s typl ni gld`a `s `s usld inr mngguo`mat`no w`th`o a shnrt shnrt d`staoml, d`staoml, up tn afnut afnut <2 Gltlrs, aod mao amh`lvl a traosilr ratl ni up tn 10622 f`ts plr slmnod. 6.: Traosg`ss`no Gld`ug
60
Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj
@otrndumt`no
6.:.6 Tw`stld Ra`r mafel As thl oagl `gpe`ls, thl e`ol mnos`sts ni twn `osueatld `o sueatld w`rls tw`stld tnjlthlr tnjlthlr tn inrg inrg a ielx`fel e`ol w`thnut thl usl ni spamlrs. @t `s ont usld inr traosg`tt`oj h`jh irlqulomy flmausl ni thl h`jh d`lelmtr`m enssls that nmmur `o thl rufflr `osueat`n `osueat`no. o. Zhlo thl thl e`ol `s wlt, thl enssls arl h`jh. Tw`stld Ra`r mafel `s usld inr mngguo`mat`no up a d`staoml ni 1 c`engltlr aod mao amh`lvl a traosilr ratl ni up tn 1-6 Gfps. Fut as thl splld `omrlasld thl gax`gug traosg`ss`no d`staomls rldumld, aod gay rlqu`rl rlplatlrs.
Tw`stld pa`r mafels arl w`dley usld `o tlelphnol oltwnrc aod arl `omrlas`ojey `omrlas`ojey fl`oj usld inr data traosg`ss`no.
6.:.= Mn-ax`ae Mafel Mnax`ae mafel `s thl c`od ni mnpplr mafel usld fy mafel TY nplratnrs fltwllo thl aotlooa aod uslr hngls. @t `s maeeld flmausl `t `omeudls nol phys`mae mhaoole that marr`ls thl s`joae surrnuodld (aitlr a eaylr ni `osueat`no) fy aonthlr mnomlo tr`m phys`mae mhaoole, aod fnth ruoo`oj aenoj thl sagl ax`s. Thl nutlr mhaoole slrvls as a jrnuod.
Earjlr thl mafel d`agltlr, enwlr `s thl traosg`ss`no enss, aod h`jhlr traosilr spllds mao fl amh`lvld. A mn-ax`ae mafel mao fl usld nvlr a d`staoml ni afnut 1 CG aod mao amh`lvl a traosilr ratl ni up tn 122 Gfps.
6.:.4 I`flr Npt`m Mafels I`flr-fasld gld`a usl e`jht traosg`ss`nos `ostlad ni lelmtrno`m puesls. I`flr `s wlee su`tld inr thl traosilr ni data, v`dln, v `dln, aod vn`ml traosg`ss`nos. Aesn, i`flr-npt`m `s thl gnst slmurl ni aee mafel gld`a. Aoynol try`oj tn ammlss data s`joaes no a i`flr-npt`m mafel gust phys`maeey tap `otn thl gld`a aod th`s `s a d`ii`muet tasc.
No thl ie`p s`dl, d`ii`muet `ostaeeat`no aod ga`otloaoml prnmldurls ni i`flr rlqu`rl sc`eeld tlmho`m`aos. Aesn, thl mnst ni a i`flr-fasld sneut`no `s gnrl. Aonthlr Ao nthlr drawfamc drawfamc ni `gpelglot`oj a i`flr sneut`no `ovnevls mnst inr i`tt`oj tn lx`st`oj oltwnrc
6.: Traosg`ss`no Gld`ug
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Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj
@otrndumt`no
lqu`pglot/hardwarl. I`flr `s `omngpat`fel w`th gnst lelmtrno`m oltwnrc lqu`pglot. lqu`pglot/hardwarl. lqu`pglot. That glaos, wl havl tn purmhasl i`flr-mngpat`fel oltwnrc oltwnrc hardwarl. I`flr-npt`m mafel `s gadl-up ni a mnrl jeass i`flr surrnuodld fy meadd`oj. Ao `osueatld mnvlr`oj thlo surrnuods fnth ni thlsl w`th`o ao nutlr prntlmt`v l shlath. ]`oml e`jht wavls j`vl a gumh h`jh faodw`dth thao lelmtr`mae s`joaes, th`s elads tn h`jh data traosilr ratl ni afnut 1222 Gfps. Th`s mao fl usld inr enoj aod gld`ug d`staoml traosg`ss`no e`ocs.
6.:.< Vad`n, G`mrnwavls aod ]atlee`tl Mhaooles Vad`n, G`mrnwavls aod ]atlee`tl Mhaooles usl lelmtrngajolt`m prnpajat`no `o nplo spaml. Thl advaotajl ni thlsl mhaooles dlplods no thl`r mapaf`e`ty tn mnvl earjl jlnjraph`mae arlas aod fl`oj `olxplos`vl thao t hl w`rld `ostaeeat`no. Thl dlgarmat`no fltwllo rad`n, G`mrnwavl aod satlee`tl mhaooles dlplods no thl irlqulom`ls irlqulo m`ls `o wh`mh thly nplratl. npl ratl. Irlqulom`ls Irlqul om`ls flenw flen w 1222 GH[ arl rad`n rad`n irlqulom`ls irlqulom`ls aod h`jhlr arl thl G`mrnwavl irlqulom`ls. Thl rad`n irlqulomy traosg`ss`no traosg`ss`no gay fl flenw =2 GH[ nr afnvl =2 GH[ aod aod thus thl tlmho`quls ni traosg`ss`no arl d`iilrlot. Afnvl =2GHz prnpajat`no `s no paths. Aotlooas arl peamld `o fltwllo thl e`ol-ni- s`jht paths tn `omrlasl thl d`staoml.
Vad`n irlqulom`ls arl prnol tn attlouat`no aod, ao d, thus, thly rlqu`rl rlplatlrs rlplatlrs aenoj aenoj thl path tn lohaoml thl s`joae. Vad`n irlqulom`ls mao amh`lvl data traosilr ratl ni 122 Cfps tn 422 Cfps.
G`mrnwavl e`ocs usl traosg`ss`no w`th rlplatlrs peamld lvlry 122622 CG. G`mrnwavl e`ocs mao amh`lvl data traosilr ratls ni afnut 1222 Gfps. ]atlee`tl e`ocs usl g`mrnwavl irlqulom`ls ` o thl nrdlr ni 4-16 JHz w`th thl satlee`tl as a rlplatlr. Thly mao amh`lvl data traosilr ratls ni afnut 1222 Gfps.
6.8 Typls ni Oltwnrcs 6.8.1 Enmae Arla Oltwnrc SEAOW A enmae arla oltwnrc (EAO) `s a oltwnrc mnoi`old tn nol enmat`no, nol fu`ed`oj nr a jrnup ni fu`ed`ojs. fu`ed` ojs. EAO's arl ar l mngpnsld ni var`nus v ar`nus mngpnolots e`cl e`cl dlsctnps, pr`otlrs, slrvlrs aod nthlr stnrajl dlv`mls. Aee hnsts no a EAO havl addrlssls that iaee `o a s`ojel mnot`ounus aod mnot`junus raojl. EAOs usuaeey dn ont mnota`o rnutlrs. EAOs havl h`jhlr mngguo`mat`no aod data traosilr ratls. A EAO `s usuaeey adg`o`stlrld fy a s`ojel s `ojel nrjao`zat`no.
6.8.6 Gltrnpne`tao Arla Oltwnrc (GAO) A gltrnpne`tao arla oltwnrc (GAO) `s a earjl mngputlr oltwnrc that usuaeey spaos a m`ty nr a earjl magpus. \suaeey a GAO `otlrmnoolmts a ougflr ni enmae arla oltwnrcs (EAOs) us`oj us `oj a h`jh-mapam`ty h`jh- mapam`ty famcfnol tlmhonenjy tlm honenjy (i`frl-npt`mae (i`frl-npt`mae e`ocs). @t `s dls`jold tn lxtlod nvlr ao lot`rl m`ty. That glaos `t mao fl a s`ojel oltwnrc (inr lxagpel, mafel tlelv`s`no oltwnrc) nr mnoolmt`oj a ougflr ni EAOs `otn a earjlr oltwnrc. A GAO gay fl iueey nwold nwol d aod nplratld fy a pr`vatl pr`vat l mngpaoy nr fl a slrv`ml prnv`dld fy a pufe`m mngpaoy. 6.8 Typls ni Oltwnrcs
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Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj
@otrndumt`no
Rufe`m M`ty Oltwnrc
6.8.= Z`dl Arla Oltwnrc SZAOW A w`dl arla oltwnrc (ZAO) prnv`dls enoj-d`staoml traosg`ss`no ni data, vn`ml, `gajl aod v`dln `oinrgat`no nvlr earjl jlnjraph`mae arlas that gay mngpr`sl a mnuotry, nr lvlo thl whnel wnred. ZAOs gay ut`e`zl pufe`m, elasld, nr pr`vatl mngguo`mat`no dlv`mls, usuaeey `o mngf`oat`nos, thlrlinrl spao ao uoe`g`tld ougflr ni g`els. A ZAO that `s whneey nwold aod usld fy a s`ojel mngpaoy `s nitlo rlilrrld tn as ao lotlrpr`sl oltwnrc. Ga`ota`o`oj ZAO `s d`ii`muet flmausl ni `ts w`dlr jlnjraph`mae mnvlrajl aod h`jhlr ga`otloaoml mnsts. @otlrolt `s thl flst lxagpel ni a ZAO. ZAOs havl a enwlr data traosilr ratl as mngparld tn EAOs.
6.8 Typls ni Oltwnrcs
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Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj
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6.8.4 Rlrsnoae Arla Oltwnrc A plrsnoae arla oltwnrc (RAO) `s a mngputlr oltwnrc nrjao`zld arnuod ao `od`v`duae plrsno. RAOs usuaeey `ovnevl a mngputlr, a mlee phnol aod/nr a haodhled mngput`oj dlv`ml sumh as a RDA. Zl mao usl thlsl oltwnrcs tn traosilr i`els `omeud`oj lga`e aod maelodar appn`otglots, d`j`tae phntns aod gus`m. Rlrsnoae arla oltwnrcs mao fl mnostrumtld w`th mafels Sinr lxagpel, \]FW nr fl w`rlelss Sinr lxagpel, FeultnnthW. Rlrsnoae arla oltwnrcs jlolraeey mnvlr a raojl ni elss thao 12. RAOs mao fl v`lwld as as a splm`ae typl EAO that suppnrts nol plrsno `ostlad ni a jrnup.
Rrnklmtnr
I`el aod Rr`ot ]lrvlr
Gnf`el
Maglra Rr`otlr
]maoolr
6.8.< EAO vs. ZAO EAO
Dli`o`t`no
Ga`otloaoml mnsts
Iauet Tnelraoml;
Lxagpel
Jlnjraph`mae sprlad
]lt-up mnsts
EAO (Enmae Arla Oltwnrc) `s a mngputlr oltwnrc mnvlr`oj a sgaee jlnjraph`m arla, e`cl a hngl, nii`ml, smhnnes, nr jrnup ni fu`ed`ojs. Flmausl `t mnvlrs a rleat`vley sgaee jlnjraph`mae arla, EAO `s las`lr tn ga`ota`o at rleat`vley enw mnsts. EAOs tlod tn havl ilwlr prnfelgs assnm`atld w`th thlg, as thlrl arl a sgaeelr ougflr ni systlgs tn dlae w`th. Oltwnrc `o ao nrjao`zat`no mao fl a EAO EAOs w`ee havl a sgaee jlnjraph`mae raojl aod dn ont olld aoy elasld tlelmngguo`mat`no e`ols @i thlrl `s a olld tn slt-up a mnupel ni lxtra dlv`mls no thl
6.8 Typls ni Oltwnrcs
ZAO ZAO (Z`dl Arla Oltwnrc) `s a mngputlr oltwnrc that mnvlrs a frnad arla (l.j., aoy oltwnrc whnsl mngguo`mat`nos e`ocs mrnss gltrnpne`tao, rlj`noae, nr oat`noae fnuodar`ls nvlr a enoj d`staoml Ga`ota`o`oj ZAO `s d`ii`muet flmausl ni `ts w`dlr jlnjraph`mae mnvlrajl aod h`jhlr ga`otloaoml mnsts. ZAOs tlod tn fl ilwlr iauets tnelraot as `t mnos`sts ni a earjl e arjl ougflr ni systlgs thlrl `s a enwlr agnuot ni iauet tnelraoml. @otlrolt `s thl flst lxagpel ni a ZAO ZAOs jlolraeey sprlad amrnss fnuodar`ls aod olld elasld tlelmngguo`mat`no e`ols @o th`s masl s`oml oltwnrcs `o rlgntl arlas havl tn fl
==
Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj oltwnrc, `t `s ont vlry lxplos`vl tn dn that
Nwolrsh`p
Mngpnolots
Data traosilr ratls
Tlmhonenjy
Typ`maeey nwold, mnotrneeld, aod gaoajld fy a s`ojel plrsno nr nrjao`zat`no
Eaylr 6 dlv`mls e`cl sw`tmhls, fr`djls. eaylr1 dlv`mls e`cl hufs , rlplatlrs EAOs havl a h`jh data traosilr ratl Tlod tn usl mlrta`o mnoolmt`v`ty tlmhonenj`ls, pr`gar`ey Lthlrolt aod Tnclo V`oj
Mnoolmt`no
Nol EAO mao fl mnoolmtld tn nthlr EAOs nvlr aoy d`staoml v`a tlelphnol e`ols aod rad`n wavls
]plld
H`jh splld(1222gfps)
@otrndumt`no mnoolmtld hloml thl slt-up mnsts arl h`jhlr. Hnwlvlr ZAOs us`oj pufe`m oltwnrcs mao fl sltup vlry mhlapey, kust snitwarl (YRO ltm.) ZAOs (e`cl thl @otlrolt) arl ont nwold fy aoy nol nrjao`zat`no fut rathlr lx`st uodlr mneelmt`vl nr d`str`futld nwolrsh`p aod gaoajlglot nvlr enoj +d`staomls Eaylrs = dlv`mls Vnutlrs, Guet`eaylr ]w`tmhls aod Tlmhonenjy splm`i`m dlv`mls e`cl ATG nr Iragl-rleay ]w`tmhls ltm. ZAOs havl a enwlr data traosilr ratl as mngparld tn EAOs ZAOs tlod tn usl tlmhonenjy e`cl GRE], ATG, Iragl Vleay aod X.6< inr mnoolmt`v`ty nvlr thl enojlr d`staomls Mngputlrs mnoolmtld tn a ZAO arl nitlo mnoolmtld thrnujh pufe`m oltwnrcs, sumh as thl tlelphnol systlg. Thly mao aesn fl mnoolmtld thrnujh elasld e`ols nr satlee`tls Elss splld(1<2gfps)
6.8.9 Z`rlelss Oltwnrcs A w`rlelss oltwnrc `s a mngputlr oltwnrc that usls a w`rlelss oltwnrc mnoolmt`no sumh as Z`-I`. @o w`rlelss oltwnrcs, mao havl thl ineenw`oj typls;
Z`rlelss RAO (ZRAO); `otlrmnoolmt dlv`mls w`th`o a rleat`vley sgaee arla that `s jlolraeey w`th`o a plrsno's rlamh. Z`rlelss EAO (ZEAO); `otlrmnoolmts twn nr gnrl dlv`mls nvlr a shnrt d`staoml d`staoml us`oj a w`rlelss d`str`fut`no glthnd. @LLL 826.11 staodard dlsmr`fls afnut ZEAO. Z`rlelss GAO (ZGAO); mnoolmts guet`pel w`rlelss EAOs. @LLL 826.19 staodard dlsmr`fls afnut ZGAO. Z`rlelss Z`rlels s ZAO (ZZAO); (ZZ AO); mnvlrs mnv lrs earjl arlas, sumh as fltwllo ol`jhfnr`oj ol`jhfnr`oj tnwos aod m`t`ls, m`t`ls , nr m`ty aod sufur sufurf. f. Thl w`rlelss mnoolmt`nos fltwllo fltwllo ammlss pn`ots pn`ots arl usuaeey pn`ot tn pn`ot g`mrnwavl e`ocs us`oj parafne`m d`shls, `ostlad ni ngo`d`rlmt`noae aotlooas usld w`th sgaeelr oltwnrcs.
6.0 Mnoolmt`no-nr`lotld aod Mnoolmt`noelss slrv`mls Thlrl arl twn d`iilrlot tlmho`quls inr inr traosilrr`oj data `o mngputlr mngputlr oltwnrcs. Fnth havl advaotajls advao tajls aod d`sadvao d `sadvaotajls. tajls. Thly arl thl mnoolmt`no-nr`lotld mnoolmt`no-nr`lotld glthnd aod thl mnoolmt`noelss glthnd; 6.0 Mnoolmt`no-nr`lotld aod Mnoolmt`noelss slrv`mls
=4
Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj
@otrndumt`no
6.0.1 Mnoolmt`no-nr`lotld slrv`ml Th`s rlqu`rls a slss`no mnoolmt`no fl lstafe`shld flinrl aoy data mao fl slot. Th`s glthnd `s nitlo maeeld a rle`afel oltwnrc slrv`ml. @t juaraotlls that data w`ee arr`vl `o thl sagl nrdlr. Mnoolmt`no-nr`lotld slrv`mls slt up v`rtuae e`ocs fltwllo slodlr aod rlml`vlr systlgs thrnujh a oltwnrc. Traosg`ss`no Mnotrne Rrntnmne (TMR) `s a mnoolmt`no-nr`lotld prntnmne. Thl gnst mnggno lxagpel inr thl mnoolmt`no nr`lotld slrv`ml slrv`ml `s thl tlelphnol tlelphnol systlg that wl usl lvlry day. @o mnoolmt`no nr`lotld systlg sumh as thl tlelphnol systlg, a d`rlmt mnoolmt`no `s lstafe`shld fltwllo ynu aod thl plrsno at thl nthlr lod. Thlrlinrl, `i ynu maeeld irng @od`a tn \o`tld ]tatls ni Aglr`ma (\]A) inr < g`outls, ynu arl arl `o rlae`ty amtuaeey amtuaeey thl nwolr ni that mnpplr w`rl w`rl inr inr thl whnel < g`outls. Th`s `olii`m`lomy hnwlvlr nvlrmagl fy thl guet`pel ammlss tlmho`quls `ovlotld (rlilr mhaptlr).
Mnoolmt`no-nr`lotld slrv`mls slt up path fltwllo snurml aod dlst`oat`no systlgs thrnujh a oltwnrc. Mnoolmt`no-nr`lotld slrv`ml prnv`dls `ts slrv`mls slrv`mls w`th thl thl ineenw`oj thrll stlps; 1. ; Th`s `s thl prnmlss ni lstafe`sh`oj a mnoolmt`no tn thl dls`rld dlst`oat`no pr`nr tn thl traosilr ni data. Dur`oj th`s haod-shac`oj prnmlss, thl twn lod ondls dlm`dl thl paragltlrs inr traosilrr`oj data. 6. ; Dur`oj th`s stlp, thl amtuae data `s fl`oj slot `o nrdlr. Mnoolmt`no nr`lotld prntnmne `s aesn conwo as oltwnrc slrv`ml as `t prnv`dls thl slrv`ml ni dle`vlr`oj thl st rlag ni data `o nrdlr. @t losurls th`s th`s as gnst ni thl mnoolmt`no nr`lotld slrv`ml tr`ls tn rlslod thl enst data pamclts. =. ; Th`s stlp `s taclo tn rlelasl thl lod ondls aod rlsnurmls aitlr thl mngpelt`no ni data traosilr.
6.0.6 Mnoolmt`noelss ]lrv`ml Mnoolmt`noelss slrv`ml dnls ont rlqu`rl a slss`no mnoolmt`no fltwllo slodlr aod rlml`vlr. Thl slodlr s`gpey starts slod`oj pamclts (maeeld ) tn thl dlst`oat`no. Th`s slrv`ml dnls ont havl thl rle`af`e`ty ni thl mnoolmt`no-nr`lotld glthnd, fut `t `s usliue inr plr`nd`m furst traosilrs.
Ol`thlr systlg gust ga`ota`o statl `oinrgat`no inr thl systlgs that thly slod traosg`ss`no tn nr rlml`vl traosg`ss`no irng. A mnoolmt`noelss oltwnrc prnv`dls g`o`gae slrv`mls. \slr Datajrag Rrntnmne (\DR) `s a mnoolmt`noelss prntnmne. Mnggno ilaturls ni a mnoolmt`noelss slrv`ml arl;
Data (pamclts) dn ont olld tn arr`vl `o a splm`i`m nrdlr Vlasslgfey Vlasslgf ey ni aoy pamclt frnclo `otn irajglots ir ajglots dur`oj traosg`ss`no gust fl `o prnplr nrdlr On t`gl `s usld `o mrlat`oj a slss`no On amconweldjlglot `s rlqu`rld.
6.12 ]ljglotat`no aod Guet`pelx`oj @o thlnry, a s`ojel mngguo`mat`no, sumh as a gus`m v`dln nr ao l-ga`e glssajl, mnued fl slot amrnss a oltwnrc irng a snurml tn a dlst`oat`no as nol gass`vl mnot`ounus strlag ni f`ts. @i glssajls wlrl amtuaeey traosg`ttld `o th`s gaoolr, `t wnued glao that on nthlr dlv`ml wnued fl afel tn slod nr rlml`vl glssajls no thl sagl oltwnrc olt wnrc wh`el th`s data traosilr was `o prnjrlss. 6.12 ]ljglotat`no aod Guet`pelx`oj
=<
Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj
@otrndumt`no
Thlsl earjl strlags ni data wnued rlsuet `o s`jo`i`maot dleays. Iurthlr, `i a e`oc `o thl `otlrmnoolmtld oltwnrc `oirastrumturl ia`eld dur`oj thl traosg`ss`no, thl mngpeltl glssajl wnued fl enst aod havl tn fl rltraosg`ttld `o iuee. A flttlr apprnamh `s tn d`v`dl thl t hl data `otn sgaeelr, gnrl gaoajlafel p`lmls tn s lod nvlr thl oltwnrc. Th`s d`v`s`no ni thl data strlag `otn sgaeelr p`lmls `s maeeld . ]ljglot`oj glssajls has twn pr`gary floli`ts.
, fy slod`oj sgaeelr `od`v`duae p`lmls irng snurml tn dlst`oat`no, gaoy d`iilrlot mnovlrsat`nos mao fl `otlrelavld no thl oltwnrc. Thl prnmlss usld tn `otlrelavl thl p`lmls ni slparatl mnovlrsat`nos tnjlthlr no thl oltwnrc `s maeeld . , sljglotat`no mao `omrlasl thl rle`af`e`ty ni oltwnrc mngguo`mat`nos. Thl
slparatl p`lmls ni lamh glssajl olld ont travle thl sagl pathway amrnss thl thl oltwnrc oltwnrc irng snurml tn dlst`oat`no. @i a part`muear path flmngls mnojlstld w`th data traii`m nr ia`es, `od`v`duae p`lmls ni thl glssajl mao st`ee fl d`rlmtld tn thl dlst`oat`no us`oj aetlroatl pathways. @i part ni thl glssajl ia`es tn gacl `t tn thl dlst`oat`no, noey thl g`ss`oj parts olld tn fl rltraosg`ttld.
6.11 Oltwnrc Rlrinrgaoml Oltwnrc plrinrgaoml has fllo thl sufklmt ni gumh rlslarmh nvlr thl past dlmadls. Nol `gpnrtaot `ssul `o oltwnrc`oj `s thl plrinrgaoml ni thl oltwnrc — hnw hnw jnnd `s `t> @otlrolt data `s pamcajld aod traospnrtld `o p`lmls ni data.
Thl ienw ni thlsl sgaee p`lmls ni data d`rlmtey aiilmts a uslr‘s `otlrolt lxplr`loml. Zhlo data pamclts arr`vl `o a t`gley gaoolr thl uslr slls a mnot`ounus ienw ni data3 `i data pamclts arr`vl w`th fltwllo pamclts thl uslr‘s lxplr`loml `s .
6.11.1 Vnuod Tr`p T`gl @o TMR, whlo a hnst slods a sljglot (aesn maeeld pamclt) `otn a TMR mnoolmt`no, `t starts a t`glr. @i thl t`glr lxp`rls flinrl thl hnst rlml`vls ao amconweldjglot inr thl data `o thl sljglot, thl hnst rltraosg`ts thl sljgl ot. Thl t`gl irng whlo thl t`glr `s startld uot`e whlo `t lxp`rls `s maeeld thl ni thl t`glr.
Zhat shnued fl thl `dlae fl> Melarey, thl t`glnut shnued fl earjlr thao thl mnoolmt`no's rnuod-tr`p t`gl, `.l., thl t`gl irng whlo a sljglot `s slot uot`e `t `s amconweldjld. Nthlrw`sl, Nthlrw` sl, uoolmlssary uool mlssary rltraosg`ss`nos rltrao sg`ss`nos wnued fl fl slot. Fut thl t`glnut t`glnut shnued ont fl gumh earjlr thao thl 3 nthlrw`sl, whlo a sljglot `s enst, TMR wnued ont qu`mcey rltraosg`t thl sljglot, thlrlfy `otrndum`oj s`jo`i`maot data traosilr dleays `otn thl appe`mat`no. Flinrl d`smuss`oj thl t`glnut `otlrvae `o gnrl dl ta`e, elt us tacl a menslr ennc at thl rnuod-tr`p t`gl ( ).
Thl rnuod tr`p t`gl maemueat`no aejnr`thg `s usld tn t n maemueatl thl avlrajl t`gl inr data tn fl amconweldjld. Zhlo a data pamclt `s slot, thl leapsld t`gl inr thl amconweldjglot tn arr`vl `s glasurld aod thl glao dlv`at`no aejnr`thg `s appe`ld. Th`s t`gl `s usld tn dltlrg`ol thl `ot lrvae tn rltraosg`t data.
6.11.1.1 Lst`gat`oj thl Avlrajl Vnuod Tr`p T`gl
Thl sagpel VTT, dlontld w`th , inr a sljglot `s thl t`gl irng whlo thl sljglot `s slot (`.l., passld tn @R) uot`e ao amconweldjglot inr thl sljglot `s rlml`vld. Lamh sljglot slot w`ee havl `ts nwo assnm`atld .
6.11 Oltwnrc Rlrinrgaoml
=9
Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj
@otrndumt`no
Nfv`nusey, thl vaeuls w`ee mhaojl irng sljglot tn sljglot dul tn mnojlst`no `o thl rnutlrs aod tn thl vary`oj enad no thl lod systlgs. Flmausl ni th`s ieumtuat`no, aoy j`vlo vaeul gay fl atyp`mae. @o nrdlr tn lst`gatl a typ`mae , `t `s thlrlinrl oaturae tn tacl sngl snrt ni avlrajl ni thl vaeuls.
TMR ga`ota`os ao avlrajl ni vaeuls, dlontld w`th maeeld . \pno rlml`v`oj ao amconweldjglot aod nfta`o`oj a olw , TMR updatls ammnrd`oj tn thl ineenw`oj inrguea; 7 (1-) * + *
Thl afnvl inrguea inrguea `s wr`ttlo `o thl inrg ni a prnjragg`oj prnjragg`oj eaojuajl statlglot statlglot - thl olw vaeul ni `s a wl`jhtld mngf`oat`no ni thl prlv`nus vaeul ni aod thl olw vaeul inr . A typ`mae vaeul ni `s 7 .1, `o wh`mh masl thl afnvl inrguea flmngls;
7 .0 + .1 Ontl that `s a wl`jhtld avlrajl ni thl vaeuls. Th`s wl`jhtld
avlrajl puts gnrl wl`jht no rlmlot sagpels thao no ned sagpels. Th`s `s oaturae, as thl gnrl rlmlot sagpels flttlr rlielmt thl murrlot mnojlst`no `o thl oltwnrc. @o stat`st`ms, sumh ao avlrajl `s maeeld ao ( ). Thl wnrd applars `o LZGA flmausl thl wl`jht ni a j`vlo dlmays lxpnolot`aeey iast as thl updatls prnmlld.
6.11.6 Mausls inr Eatlomy> Vljardelss ni thl splld ni thl prnmlssnr nr thl lii`m`lomy ni thl snitwarl, `t tacls a i`o`tl agnuot ni t`gl tn gao`pueatl aod prlslot data. Zhlthlr thl appe`mat`no `s a wlf pajl shnw`oj thl eatlst olws nr a e`vl maglra shnt shnw`oj a traii`m kag, thlrl arl gaoy ways `o wh`mh ao appe`mat`no mao fl aiilmt ld fy eatlomy. Inur cly mausls ni eatlomy arl; , , aod , aod aod .
Ramclt
Qulu`oj dleay
Rrnmlss`oj dleay
Traosg`ss`no dleay
Rrnmlss`oj dleay
Olxt Vnutlr/]w`tmh nr Dlst`oat`no
Vnutlr nr ]w`tmh
6.11.6.1 Rrnpajat`no Dleay
Rrnpajat`no dleay `s thl pr`gary snurml ni eatlomy. @t `s a iuomt`no ni hnw enoj `t `oinrgat`no tn at thl splld ni e`jht e`j ht `o thl mngguo`mat` mnggu o`mat`nos nos gld`a irng snurml snurml tn dlst`oat`no. @o irll spaml, thl splld ni e`jht `s apprnx`gatley = cg/slm. Thl splld ni e`jht `s enwlr `o nthlr gld`a sumh as mnpplr w`rl nr i`flr npt`m mafel. Thl agnuot ni senw`oj mausld fy th`s typl ni traosg`ss`no `s maeeld thl (YI).
I`flr npt`m mafels typ`maeey glasurl arnuod :2% ni thl splld ni e`jht whlrlas m npplr mafel var`ls irng 42% tn 82% dlplod`oj no thl mnostrumt. Mnax`ae mafel `s mnggnoey usld aod gaoy typls havl a YI ni 99%. 6.11 Oltwnrc Rlrinrgaoml
=:
Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj
@otrndumt`no
]atlee`tl mngguo`mat`no e`ocs usl lelmtrngajolt`m wavls tn prnpajatl `oinrgat`no thrnujh thl atgnsphlrl aod spaml. Thl `oinrgat`no `s mnovlrtld irng lelmtr`mae s`joaes tn rad`n s`joaes fy thl traosg`ttlr aod thl aotlooa. Noml thlsl rad`n s`joaes elavl thl aotlooa, thly travle apprnx`gatley at thl splld ni e`jht inr irll spaml. Elt‘s maemueatl hnw enoj `t w`ee tacl ao lga`e tn travle irng Hydlrafad tn Olw Pnrc assug`oj that wl arl thl noey uslr no a pr`vatl m ngguo`mat`nos mhaoole. @jonr`oj thl amtuae rnutls taclo fy uodlrsla mafels dul tn thl nmlao‘s iennr, elt‘s assugl thl path irng Hydlrafad tn Olw Pnrc `s t hl jrlat m`rmel d`staoml ni <4<8 cg.
7 gs Thl lga`e slot us`oj a i`flr-npt`m e`oc; 7 gs Thl lga`e slot us`oj a rad`n e`oc; e`oc; 7 gs Thl lga`e slot us`oj a mnpplr e`oc;
Thlsl arl thl eatlom`ls mausld noey fy prnpajat`no dleays `o thl traosg`ss`no gld`ug. @i ynu wlrl thl noey nol slod`oj nol s`ojel data f`t aod ynu had uoe`g`tld faodw`dth ava`eafel, thl splld s plld ni thl t hl pamclt wnued st`ee fl dleayld fy thl prnpajat`n prnpajat`no o dleay. Th`s dleay happlos w`thnut rljard inr thl agnuot ni data fl`oj traosg`ttld, thl traosg`ss`no ratl, thl prntnmne fl`oj usld nr aoy e`oc `gpa`rglot.
6.11.6.6 ]lr`ae`zat`no Dleay STraosg`ss`no DleayW ]lr`ae`zat`no `s thl mnovlrs`no ni fytls (8 f`ts) ni data stnrld `o a mngputlr‘s glgnry `otn a slr`ae slr` ae f`t strlag strl ag tn fl traosg`ttld trao sg`ttld nvlr thl mngguo`mat`nos mngguo`mat`nos gld`a. ]lr`ae`zat`no dleay `s aesn maeeld nr . ]lr`ae`zat`no tacls a i`o`tl agnuot ni t`gl aod `s maemueatld as ineenws;
Inr lxagpel;
]lr`ae`zat`no ni a 1<22 fytl pamclt usld no a <9C gndlg e`oc w`ee tacl 614 g`ee`slmnods ]lr`ae`zat`no ni thl sagl 1<22 fytl pamclt no a 122 Gfps EAO w`ee tacl 162 g`mrnslmnods
]lr`ae`zat`no mao rlprlslot a s`jo`i`maot dleay no e`ocs that nplratl a enwlr traosg`ss`no ratls, fut inr gnst e`ocs th`s dleay `s a t`oy iramt`no ni thl nvlraee nvlraee eatlomy eatlomy whlo mngparld tn thl nthlr mnotr`futnrs. Yn`ml aod v`dln data strlags jlolraeey usl sgaee pamclt s`zls (~62 gs ni data) tn g`o`g`zl thl `gpamt ni slr`ae`zat`no dleay.
6.11.6.= Rrnmlss`oj Dleay @o @R oltwnrcs sumh as thl @otlrolt, @R pamclts arl inrwardld irng snurml tn dlst`oat`no thrnujh a slr`ls ni @R rnutlrs nr sw`tmhls that mnot`ounusey updatl thl`r dlm`s`no afnut wh`mh olxt rnutlr `s thl flst nol tn jlt thl pamclt tn `ts dlst`oat`no. A rnutlr nr m`rmu`t nutajl nr mnojlst`no no a e`oc aenoj thl path mao mhaojl thl th l rnut`oj path wh`mh `o turo mao aiilmt thl eatlomy. 6.11 Oltwnrc Rlrinrgaoml
=8
Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj
@otrndumt`no
H`jh plrinrgaoml @R rnutlrs aod sw`tmhls add apprnx`gatley 622 g`mrnslmnods ni eatlomy tn thl e`oc dul tn . @i wl assugl as sugl that thl avlrajl @R famcfnol rnutlr spam`oj `s 822 cg, thl 622 g`mrnslmnods ni rnut`oj/sw`tmh`oj dleay `s lqu`vaelot tn thl agnuot ni eatlomy `odumld fy 42cg ni i`flr3 rnut`oj/sw`tmh`oj eatlomy mnotr`futls tn noey <% ni thl lod t n lod dleay inr thl avlrajl `otlrolt e`oc.
6.11.6.4 Qulu`oj aod Fuiilr Gaoajlglot
Aonthlr `ssul wh`mh nmmurs w`th`o thl t hl traospnrt eaylrs `s maeeld . Th`s rlilrs tn thl agnuot ni t`gl ao @R pamclt splods s`tt`oj `o a qulul awa`t`oj traosg`ss`no dul tn nvlr-ut`e`zat`no ni thl nutjn`oj e`oc aitlr thl rnut`oj/sw`tmh`oj dleay has fllo ammnuotld inr. Th`s mao add up tn ao add`t`noae 62 gs ni eatlomy.
6.11.= Traosg`ss`no Vatl aod Faodw`dth
`s a tlrg usld tn dlsmr`fl thl ougflr ni f`ts wh`mh mao fl lxtramt lxtramtld ld irng thl gld`ug. Traosg`ss`no ratl `s mnggnoey glasurld as thl ougflr ni f`ts glasurld nvlr a plr`nd ni nol slmnod.
dlsmr`fls thl iuodaglotae e`g`tat`no ni a oltwnrc
Thl gld`ug;
@i thl gld`ug `s a mnpplr Enmae Arla Oltwnrc, gax`gug traosg`ss`no ratls arl mnggnoey 12, 122, nr 1222 Gljaf`ts plr slmnod. Thlsl ratls arl pr`gar`ey e`g`tld fy thl prnplrt`ls ni thl mnpplr w`rls aod thl mapaf`e`t`ls ni thl oltwnrc `otlriaml mard arl aesn a iamtnr. I`flr-npt`m I`flr-np t`m thl traosg`ss t raosg`ss`no `no ratls raojl irng arnuod <2 Gfps up tn 122 Jfps. \oe`cl mnpplr oltwnrcs, thl pr`gary iamtnr e`g`t`oj i`flr-npt`m traosg`ss`no ratls `s thl lelmtrno`ms wh`mh nplratls at lamh lod ni thl i`flr. Z`rlelss enmae arla oltwnrcs (EAOs) aod satlee`tl satlee `tl e`ocs usl gndlgs gndlg s (gndueatnr/dlgnduea (gndueatnr/ dlgndueatnr) tnr) tn mnovlrt d`j`tae f`ts `otn ao aoaenj gndueatld wavlinrg at thl traosg`ttlr lod ni a e`oc, aod thlo at thl rlml`vl lod a dlgndueatnr w`ee thlo mnovlrt thl aoaenj s`joae famc `otn d`j`tae f`ts. Thl e`g`t`oj iamtnr `o traosg`tt`oj `oinrgat`no nvlr rad`n-fasld mhaooles `s thl faodw`dth ni thl mhaoole that `s ava`eafel tn a part`muear s`joae aod thl on`sl that `s prlslot that w`ee mnrrupt thl s`joae wavlinrg.
6.11.=.1 Vad`n Mhaoole Faodw`dth aod On`sl ]`joaes traosg`ttld us`oj rad`n wavls nmmupy rad`n splmtrug. Vad`n splmtrug ` s ont ao uoe`g`tld rlsnurml aod gust fl sharld. Tn prlvlot rad`n `otlrilrloml fltwllo uslrs thl usl ni rad`n splmtrug `s mnotrneeld fy olarey lvlry jnvlroglot no thl peaolt. Thl agnuot ni rad`n splmtrug nmmup`ld fy aoy j`vlo rad`n s`joae `s maeeld `ts faodw`dth. Thl oaturl ni rad`n splmtrug usl `s flynod th`s paplr fut `t‘s `gpnrtaot tn uodlrstaod that jlolraeey thl nmmup`ld rad`n splmtrug ni a gndlg s`joae w`ee `omrlasl w`th thl data ratl;
H`jhlr gndlg data ratls mausl thl gndlg tn nmmupy gnrl rad`n faodw`dth Enwlr gndlg data ratls w`ee elt thl gndlg nmmupy elss rad`n faodw`dth
]`oml rad`n splmtrug `s a e`g`tld rlsnurml, thl nmmup`ld rad`n faodw`dth `s ao `gpnrtaot e`g`t`oj iamtnr `o w`rlelss aod satlee`tl e`ocs. On`sl `o thl rad`n mhaoole w`ee plrturf thl aoaenj s`joae wavlinrg aod mao mausl thl dlgndueatnr at thl rlml`vlr tn mhaojl a d`j`tae nol `otn a zlrn nr v`ml vlrsus. Thl 6.11 Oltwnrc Rlrinrgaoml
=0
Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj
@otrndumt`no
liilmt ni on`sl mao fl nvlrmngl fy `omrlas`oj thl pnwlr elvle ni thl traosg`ttld s`joae, s`joae, nr fy add`oj a ilw lxtra lrrnr mnrrlmt`oj f`ts tn thl data that `s fl`oj traosg`ttld. Thlsl lrrnr mnrrlmt`oj f`ts hlep thl rlml`vlr mnrrlmt f`t lrrnrs. Hnwlvlr, thl lrrnr mnrrlmt`no f`ts `omrlasl thl faodw`dth that `s rlqu`rld.
6.11.=.6 Data Faodw`dth
@o data traosg`ss`no, thl `s syonoygnus tn thl traosg`ss`no ratl fl`oj usld. Faodw`dth `s `gpnrtaot flmausl `t dli`ols thl gax`gug mapam`ty ni a data e`oc.
A 12 Gfps mnpplr EAO maoont susta`o traii`m ienw`oj at a h`jhlr ratl thao 12 gljaf`ts lvlry slmnod. A satlee`tl e`oc us`oj gndlgs nplrat`oj at a 922 Gfps ratl maoont ienw aoy gnrl thao 922 gljaf`ts lvlry slmnod.
@t‘s vlry `gpnrtaot tn uodlrstaod that data faodw`dth `s a gax`gug data ienw nfta`oafel nvlr a j`vlo traospnrtat`no sljglot nvlr a j`vlo plr`nd ni t`gl.
6.11.4 Faodw`dth
Dleay Rrndumt
@o data mngguo`mat`nos, faodw`dth-dleay prndumt rlilrs tn thl prndumt ni a data e`oc's mapam`ty mapam `ty (`o f`ts plr pl r slmnod) aod `ts lod-tn l od-tn-lod -lod dleay (`o slmnods). slmnods). Thl rlsuet, ao agnuot ni data glasurld `o f`ts (nr fytls), `s lqu`vaelot tn thl gax`gug agnuot ni data no thl oltwnrc m`rmu`t at aoy j`vlo t`gl, `.l., data that has fllo traosg`ttld fut ont ylt amconweldjld. Dleay nr Eatlomy
Faodw`dth
Thl Faodw`dth Dleay Rrndumt, nr FDR inr shnrt dltlrg`ols thl agnuot ni data that mao fl `o traos`t `o thl oltwnrc. @t `s thl prndumt ni thl ava`eaefl faodw`dth aod thl eatlomy. ]nglt`gls `t `s maemueatld as thl data e`oc's mapam`ty guet`pe`ld fy `ts rnuod tr`p t`gl (VTT). FDR `s a vlry `gpnrtaot mnomlpt `o a Z`odnw fasld prntnmne sumh as TMR. @t peays ao lsplm`aeey `gpnrtaot rnel `o h`jh-splld / h`jh-eatlomy oltwnrcs, sumh as gnst frnadfaod `otlrolt mnoolmt`nos. @t `s nol ni thl gnst `gpnrtaot iamtnrs ni twlac`oj TMR `o nrdlr tn tuol systlgs tn thl typl ni oltwnrc usld. Thl FDR s`gpey statls that;
6.11.< Vlv`s`t`oj Qulu`oj Dleay Qulu`oj dleay dlplods no thl ougflr aod s`zl ni thl nthlr pamclts `o thl qulul flinrl `t as wlee as thl traosg`ss`no ratl ni thl `otlriaml. Z`th qulu`oj dleays, flenw `s thl mnggno qulst`no wh`mh ar`sls irlqulotey. Zhlo `s thl qulu`oj dleay earjl aod whlo `s `t `os`jo`i`maot> Thl aoswlr aoswlr tn th`s qulst`no dlplods no thl ratl at wh`mh traii`m arr`vls at thl qulul, thl traosg`ss`no ratl ni thl e`oc, aod thl oaturl ni thl arr`v`oj traii`m, that that `s, whlthlr whlthlr 6.11 Oltwnrc Rlrinrgaoml
42
Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj
@otrndumt`no
thl traii`m arr`vls nmmas`noaeey nr arr`vls `o fursts. Tn jlt sngl `os`jht hlrl, elt “ ’ dlontl thl avlrajl ratl at wh`mh pamclts arr`vl at thl qulul ( `s `o uo`ts ni pamclts/slm). Aesn, assugl that `s thl traosg`ss`no ratl3 that `s, `t `s thl ratl (`o f`ts/slm) at wh`mh f`ts arl pushld nut ni thl qulul.
Inr s`gpe`m`ty, that aee pamclts mnos`st ni f`ts. Thlo thl avlrajl ratl at wh`mh f`ts arr`vl at thl qulul `s f`ts/slm. I`oaeey, suppnsl that thl qulul `s vlry f`j, sn that `t mao hned fas`maeey ao `oi`o`tl ougflr ni f`ts. Thl rat`n , maeeld thl , nitlo peays ao `gpnrtaot rnel `o lst`gat`oj thl lxtlot ni thl qulu`oj dleay.
Zhlrl, `s thl avlrajl arr`vae ratl ni pamclts (l.j. pamclts/slm) `s thl avlrajl pamclt elojth (l.j. `o f`ts), aod `s thl traosg`ss`no ratl (l.j. f`ts/slm)
@i , thlo thl avlrajl ratl at wh`mh f`ts arr`vl at thl qulul lxmllds thl ratl at wh`mh thl t hl f`ts mao fl traosg`ttld irng thl qulul. @o @ o th`s uoinrtuoatl uoinrtuoatl s`tuat`n s`tuat`no, o, thl qulul w`ee tlod tn `omrlasl w`thnut fnuod aod thl qulu`oj dleay w`ee apprnamh `oi`o`ty. Thlrlinrl, nol ni thl jnedlo ruels `o traii`m loj`ollr`oj `s; Dls`jo ynur ynur systlg sn that thl traii`m `otlos`ty `s on jrlatlr thao 1.
Onw th`oc afnut thl masl . Hlrl, thl oaturl ni thl arr`v`oj traii`m `gpamts thl qulu`oj dleay. Inr `ostaoml, `i pamclts arr`vl plr`nd`maeey -that `s, nol pamclt arr`vls lvlry slmnods - thlo lvlry pamclt w`ee arr`vl at ao lgpty qulul aod thlrl w`ee fl on qulu`oj dleay. No thl nthlr haod, `i pamclts arr`vl `o fursts fut nmmas`noaeey, thlrl mao fl a mnos`dlrafel avlrajl qulu`oj dleay.
Inr `ostaoml, suppnsl pamclts arr`vl s`guetaolnusey lvlry slmnods. Thlo thl i`rst pamclt traosg`ttld has on qulu`oj dleay3 thl slmnod pamclt traosg`ttld has a qulu`oj dleay ni slmnods3 aod gnrl mnggnoey, thl pamclt traosg`ttld has a qulu`oj dleay ni slmnods.
6.11.9 Thrnujhput vlrsus Faodw`dth Lvlo thnujh w`dley usld `o thl i`led ni oltwnrc`oj, faodw`dth aod thrnujhput arl twn mnggnoey g`suodlrstnnd mnomlpts. Zhlo peaoo`oj aod fu`ed`oj olw oltwnrcs, oltwnrc adg`o`stratnrs w`dley usl thlsl twn mnomlpts. Faodw`dth `s thl gax`gug agnuot ni data that mao fl traosilrrld thrnujh a oltwnrc inr a splm`i`ld plr`nd ni t`gl wh`el thrnujhput `s thl amtuae agnuot ni data t hat mao fl traosilrrld thrnujh a oltwnrc dur`oj a splm`i`ld t`gl plr`nd. Faodw`dth mao fl dli`old as thl agnuot ni `oinrgat`no that mao ienw thrnujh a oltwnrc at a j`vlo plr`nd ni t`gl. Faodw`dth amtuaeey j`vls thl gax`gug agnuot ni data that mao fl traosg`ttld thrnujh a mhaoole `o thlnry. Zhlo ynu say that ynu havl a 122 Gfps frnadfaod e`ol e `ol ynu arl amtuaeey am tuaeey rlilrr`oj tn thl gax`gug gax`gug agnuot ni data that mao travle thrnujh ynur e`ol plr slmnod, wh`mh `s thl faodw`dth. Lvlo thnujh thl fas`m glasurlglot inr i nr faodw`dth `s f`ts plr slmnod (fps), s`oml `t `s a rleat`vley sgaee glasurlglot, wl w`dley usl c`enf`ts plr slmnod (cfps), gljaf`ts f`ts plr slmnod (Gfps), aod j`jaf`ts plr slmnod (Jfps). Gnst ni us conw irng lxplr`loml that thl amtuae oltwnrc splld `s gumh senwlr thao what `s splm`i`ld. Thrnujhput `s thl amtuae agnuot ni data that mnued fl traosilrrld thrnujh thl oltwnrc. That `s thl amtuae agnuot ni data that jlts traosg`ttld famc aod inrth irng ynur mngputlr, thrnujh thl @otlrolt tn thl wlf slrvlr `o a s`ojel uo`t ni t`gl. 6.11 Oltwnrc Rlrinrgaoml
41
Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj
@otrndumt`no
Zhlo dnwoenad`oj a i`el ynu w`ee sll a w`odnw w`th a prnjrlss far aod a ougflr. Th`s ougflr `s amtuaeey thl thrnujhput aod ynu gust havl ont`mld that `t `s ont mnostaot aod aegnst aeways has a vaeul enwlr thao splm`i`ld faodw`dth inr ynur mnoolmt`no. ]lvlrae iamtnrs e`cl thl ougflr ni uslrs ammlss`oj thl oltwnrc, oltwnrc tnpnenjy, phys`mae gld`a aod hardwarl mapaf`e`t`ls mao liilmt th`s rldumt`no `o thl faodw`dth. As ynu mao `gaj`ol, thrnujhput `s aesn glasurld us`oj thl sagl uo`ts usld tn glasurl thl faodw`dth. As ynu havl sllo, faodw`dth aod thrnujhput sllgs tn j`vl a s`g`ear glasurlglot afnut a oltwnrc, at thl i`rst jeaoml. Thly arl aesn glasurld us`oj thl sagl uo`ts ni glasurlglot. Dlsp`tl aee thlsl s`g`ear`t`ls thly arl amtuaeey d`iilrlot. Zl mao s`gpey say that thl faodw`dth `s thl gax`gug thrnujhput ynu mao lvlr amh`lvl wh`el thl amtuae splld that wl lxplr`loml wh`el suri`oj `s thl thrnujhput. Tn s`gpe`iy iurthlr, ynu mao th`oc ni thl faodw`dth as thl w`dth ni ni a h`jhway. h`jhway. As wl `omrlasl thl w`dth ni thl h`jhway gnrl vlh`mels mao gnvl thrnujh a splm`i`ld plr`nd ni t`gl. Fut whlo wl mnos`dlr thl rnad mnod`t`nos (mratlrs nr mnostrumt`no mnostrumt`no wnrc wnrc `o thl h`jhway) thl ougflr ni vlh`mels that mao amtuaeey pass thrnujh thl splm`i`ld splm`i`ld plr`nd plr`nd ni t`gl mnued fl elss thao thl afnvl. Th`s `s amtuaeey aoaenjnus tn thl thrnujhput. ]n `t `s melar that faodw`dth aod thrnujhput j`vls twn d`iilrlot glasurlglots afnut a oltwnrc.
6.11.: @gpnrtaot Ontls Mnos`dlr thl ineenw`oj dli`o`t`nos; V ] D T I O A R
Traosg`ss`no ratl (f`ts/slmnod) ]`joae splld (gltlrs/slmnod) D`staoml fltwllo thl slodlr aod rlml`vlr (gltlrs) T`gl tn mrlatl (fu`ed) nol iragl iragl (g`mrnslmnods) Ougflr ni f`ts `o a iragl/pamclt Ougflr ni data f`ts `o a iragl/pamclt Ougflr ni f`ts `o ao amconweldjlglot Rlrmlotajl ni t`gl that f`t arl `o thl mhaoole
1. ]`oml V `s thl traosg`ss`no ratl, thl agnuot ni t`gl rlqu`rld tn traosg`t nol f`t `s .
6. ]`oml thlrl arl I f`ts `o a iragl, i ragl, t`gl rlqu`rld tn traosg`t thl whnel iragl `s . =. Thl f`ts gust thlo travle thl mhaoole. ]`oml D `s thl t hl elojth ni thl mhaoole aod ] `s thl splld ni thl s`joae, s `joae, thl t`gl rlqu`rld tn travle thl mhaoole `s .
]n, aitlr thl east f`t `s traosg`ttld `t rlqu`rls t`gl tn jlt tn thl rlml`vlr.
4. T`gl rlqu`rld inr a iragl tn fl slot `s; T`gl tn mrlatl a iragl + T`gl tn traosg`t a whnel iragl + T`gl rlqu`rld fy thl east f`t tn travle 7 . <. ]`g`earey thl t`gl rlqu`rld inr ao amconweldjlglot `s
.
9. @o thl uorlstr`mtld prntnmne a olw iragl `s fu`et as snno as thl east nol `s slot. ]n thl t`gl rlqu`rld tn fu`ed a ol w iragl `s .
:. Inr stnp-aod-wa`t, t`gl rlqu`rld tn fu`ed a olw iragl `s 8. Thl t`gl rlqu`rld tn traosg`t a iragl `s
6.11 Oltwnrc Rlrinrgaoml
.
+ .
46
Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj
@otrndumt`no
0. Elt R fl thl plrmlotajl ni t`gl that f`ts arl `o thl mhaoole. Z`th thl uorlstr`mtld prntnmne wl havl; R 7
( ) ( )
Z`th thl stnp aod wa`t prntnmne wl havl; R 7
( ) ( )
12. ; @t `s dli`old as thl ougflr ni data f`ts slot plr uo`t t`gl. @t `s inuod fy d`v`d`oj thl ougflr ni data f`ts fy thl leapsld t`gl fltwllo slod`oj twn iragls. Inr thl uorlstr`mtld prntnmnes thl liilmt`vl data ratl `s . Inr thl stnp aod wa`t prntnmne, `t `s . ( ) ( )
6.16 Oltwnrc ]w`tmh`oj Thl purpnsl ni a mngguo`mat`no systlg `s tn lxmhaojl `oinrgat`no fltwllo twn nr gnrl dlv`mls. ]umh systlg mao fl npt`g`zld inr vn`ml, data, nr fnth. Ondl nr ]tat`no
Ondl nr ]tat`no
Mngguo`mat`no E`oc Rn`ot-tn-Rn`ot Oltwnrc
@o `ts s`gpelst inrg, a mngguo`mat`no systlg mao fl lst afe`shld fltwllo twn ondls (nr stat`nos ) that arl d`rlmtey mnoolmtld fy sngl inrg ni - traosg`ss`no gld`ug. A stat`no gay fl a RM, tlelphnol, iax gamh`ol, ga`oiragl, nr aoy nthlr mngguo`mat`oj dlv`ml.
Th`s gay, hnwlvlr, fl `gpramt`mae, `gpramt`mae, `i thlrl arl gaoy gaoy jlnjraph`maeey d`splrsld ondls nr thl mngguo`mat` mngg uo`mat`no no rlqu`rls rlqu`rl s dyoag`m mnoolmt`no fltwllo d`iilrlot ondls at var`nus t`gls.
E`oc Ondl @t `s ont lii`m`lot tn fu`ed a phys`maeey slparatl path inr lamh pa`r ni mngguo`mat`oj lod systlgs. Ao aetlroat`vl glthnd tn a - mnoolmt`no `s a oltwnrc. @o a mngguo`mat`no oltwnrc, lamh mngguo`mat`oj (nr nr nr ) `s mnoolmtld tn a oltwnrc ondl.
Thl `otlrmnoolmtld ondls arl mapafel ni traosilrr`oj traosilrr`oj data fltwllo stat`nos.
]harld Gld`ug
Mngguo`mat`no Oltwnrc Dlplod`oj no thl armh`tlmturl aod tlmho`quls usld tn traosilr data, twn fas`m matljnr`ls matljnr` ls ni mngguo`mat`no oltwnrcs arl frnadmast oltwnrcs aod sw`tmhld sw`tmhld oltwnrcs.
Frnadmast Oltwnrcs ]w`tmhld Oltwnrcs
6.16 Oltwnrc ]w`tmh`oj
4=
Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj
@otrndumt`no
Mngguo`mat`no Oltwnrcs
Frnadmast Oltwnrcs
]w`tmhld Oltwnrcs
6.16.1 Frnadmast Oltwnrcs
@o oltwnrcs, a s`ojel ondl traosg`ts thl `oinrgat`no tn aee nthlr ondls aod hloml, aee stat`nos w`ee rlml`vl thl data. A s`gpel lxagpel ni sumh oltwnrc `s a s`gpel rad`n systlg, `o wh`mh aee uslrs tuold tn thl sagl mhaoole mao mngguo`matl w`th lamh nthlr. Nthlr lxagpels ni frnadmast oltwnrcs arl satlee`tl oltwnrcs aod Lthlrolt-fasld enmae arla oltwnrcs, whlrl traosg`ss`no fy aoy stat`no w`ee prnpajatls thrnujh thl oltwnrc aod aee nthlr stat`nos w`ee rlml`vl thl `oinrgat`no. Ondl
E`oc Frnadmast `s a glthnd ni slod`oj a s`joae whlrl guet`pel ondls gay hlar a s`ojel slodlr ondl. As ao lxagpel, mnos`dlr a mnoilrloml rnng w`th iuee ni plnpel. @o th`s mnoilrloml rnng, a s`ojel plrsno starts say`oj sngl `oinrgat`no enudey. Dur`oj that t`gl, sngl plnpel gay fl sellp`oj, aod gay ont hlar what plrsno `s say`oj. ]ngl plnpel gay ont fl sellp`oj, fut ont pay`oj attlot`no (thly arl afel tn hlar thl plrsno, fut mhnnsl tn `jonrl). Aonthlr jrnup ni plnpel gay ont noey fl awacl, fut fl `otlrlstld `o what `s fl`oj sa`d. Th`s east jrnup `s ont noey afel tn hlar thl plrsno splac`oj, fut `s aesn e`stlo`oj tn what `s fl`oj sa`d. @o th`s lxagpel, wl mao sll that a s`ojel plrsno `s frnadmast`oj a glssajl tn aee nthlrs that gay nr gay ont fl afel tn hlar `t, aod `i thly arl afel tn hlar `t, gay mhnnsl tn e`stlo nr ont.
6.16.6 ]w`tmhld Oltwnrcs A oltwnrc `s a slr`ls ni mnoolmtld dlv`mls. Zhlolvlr wl havl gaoy dlv`mls, thl `otlrmnoolmt`no fltwllo thlg flmngls gnrl d`ii`muet as thl ougflr ni dlv`mls `omrlasls. ]ngl ni thl mnovlot`noae ways ni `otlrmnoolmt`oj dlv`mls arl
a. Rn`ot tn pn`ot mnoolmt`no fltwllo dlv`mls as `o tnpnenjy. f. Mnoolmt`no fltwllo a mlotrae dlv`ml aod lvlry nthlr dlv`ml as `o tnpnenjy. m. Fus tnpnenjy `s ont pramt`mae `i thl dlv`mls arl at jrlatlr d`staomls.
Thl sneut`no tn th`s `otlrmnoolmt`v`ty prnfelg `s . A sw`tmhld oltwnrc mnos`sts ni a slr`ls ni `otlre`ocld ondls maeeld . A sw`tmh `s a dlv`ml that mrlatls tlgpnrary tlgpnrar y mnoolmt`nos mnoolmt `nos fltwllo fltw llo twn nr gnrl gnrl systlgs. ]ngl ni thl sw`tmhls arl mnoolmtld tn lod systlgs (mngputlrs aod tlelphnols) aod nthlrs arl usld noey inr rnut`oj. @o a sw`tmhld oltwnrc, thl traosg`ttld data `s ont passld no tn thl lot`rl gld`ug. @ostlad, data arl traosilrrld irng snurml tn dlst`oat`no thrnujh a slr`ls ni ondls, maeeld . ]umh ondls arl noey mnomlrold afnut hnw tn gnvl thl data irng nol ondl tn aonthlr uot`e thl data rlamhls `ts dlst`oat`no ondl. ondl.
6.16 Oltwnrc ]w`tmh`oj
44
Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj
@otrndumt`no
]w`tmhld mngguo`mat`no oltwnrcs mao fl matljnr`zld `otn d`iilrlot typls sumh as thl ineenw`oj. Mngguo`mat`no Oltwnrcs
Frnadmast Oltwnrcs
]w`tmhld Oltwnrcs
M`rmu`t ]w`tmhld
Ramclt ]w`tmhld
Glssajl ]w`tmhld
Y`rtuae M`rmu`t ]w`tmhld
Datajrag ]w`tmhld
6.16.6.1 M`rmu`t ]w`tmhld Oltwnrcs Thl tlrg m`rmu`t sw`tmh`oj rlilrs tn a mngguo`mat`no mngguo`mat`no glmhao`sg that lstafe`shls a path fltwllo a slodlr aod rlml`vlr w`th juaraotlld `sneat`no irng paths usld fy nthlr pa`rs ni slodlrs aod rlml`vlrs. M`rmu`t sw`tmh`oj `s usuaeey assnm`atld w`th tlelphnol tlmhonenjy flmausl a tlelphnol systlg prnv`dls a dld`matld mnoolmt`no fltwllo twn tlelphnols. @o iamt, thl tlrg nr`j`oatld w`th larey d`aeup tlelphnol oltwnrcs that usld lelmtrnglmhao`mae sw`tmh`oj dlv`mls tn inrg a phys`mae m`rmu`t.
@o a m`rmu`t-sw`tmhld oltwnrc, aesn maeeld oltwnrc, a dld`matld phys`mae mngguo`mat`no path `s lstafe`shld fltwllo twn t wn stat`nos thrnujh thl sw`tmh`oj sw`tmh`oj ondls `o thl oltwnrc. Hloml, thl lod-tn-lod path irng snurml tn dlst`oat`no `s a mnoolmtld slquloml ni phys`mae e`ocs fltwllo ondls aod at lamh sw`tmh`oj ondl thl `omng`oj data `s sw`tmhld tn thl th l apprnpr`atl nutjn`oj e`oc. M`rmu`t Lstafe`shglot
Data Traosilr
M`rmu`t D`smnoolmt
A m`rmu`t-sw`tmhl m`rmu`t-s w`tmhld d mngguo`mat`no systlg `ovnevls phasls; m`rmu`t lstafe`shglot (sltt`oj up dld`matld e`ocs fltwllo thl snurml aod dlst`oat`no)3 (traosg`tt`oj thl data fltwllo thl snurml aod dlst`oat`no)3 aod (rlgnv`oj thl dld`matld e`ocs). @o m`rmu`t sw`tmh`oj thl mnoolmt`no pat h `s lstafe`shld flinrl data traosg`ss`no flj`os ( ).
6.16 Oltwnrc ]w`tmh`oj
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Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj
@otrndumt`no
Thlrlinrl, thl mhaoole mapam`ty gust fl rlslrvld fltwllo thl snurml aod dlst`oat`no thrnujhnut thl oltwnrc aod lamh ondl gust havl ava`eafel `otlroae sw`tmh`oj mapam`ty tn haodel thl rlqulstld mnoolmt`no. Melarey, thl sw`tmh`oj ondls gust havl thl `otlee`jloml tn gacl prnplr aeenmat`nos aod tn lstafe`sh a rnutl thrnujh thl oltwnrc. Thl gnst mnggno lxagpel ni a m`rmu`t-sw`tmhld oltwnrc mao fl inuod `o pufe`m tlelphnol oltwnrc suppnrt`oj slrv`mls sumh as RNT] (pea`o ned tlelphnol systlgs) aod enoj-d`staoml maees.
6.16.6.6 Ramclt ]w`tmhld Oltwnrcs Thl ga`o aetlroat`vl tn m`rmu`t sw`tmh`oj `s pamclt sw`tmh`oj wh`mh inrgs thl fas`s inr thl @otlrolt. A pamclt sw`tmh`oj systlg usls stat`st`mae guet`pelx`oj `o wh`mh mngguo`mat`no irng guet`pel snurmls mngpltls inr thl usl ni sharld gld`a. Thl ga`o d`iilrloml fltwllo pamclt sw`tmh`oj aod nthlr inrgs ni stat`st`mae guet`pelx`oj ar`sls flmausl a pamclt sw`tmh`oj systlg rlqu`rls a slodlr tn d`v`dl lamh glssajl `otn fenmcs ni data that arl conwo as pamclts. Thl s`zl ni a pamclt var`ls3 lamh pamclt sw`tmh`oj tlmhonenjy dli`ols a gax`gug pamclt s`zl.
Thrll jlolrae prnplrt`ls dli`ol a pamclt pamclt sw`tmhld parad`jg; 1. Arf`trary, asyomhrnonus mngguo`mat`no 6. On slt-up rlqu`rld flinrl mngguo`mat`no flj`os =. Rlrinrgaoml var`ls dul tn stat`st`mae guet`pelx`oj agnoj pamclts Thl i`rst prnplrty glaos g laos that pamclt sw`tmh`oj mao aeenw a slodlr tn mngguo`matl w`th nol rlm`p`lot nr guet`pel rlm`p`lots, aod a j`vlo rlm`p`lot mao rlml`vl glssajls irng nol slodlr nr guet`pel slodlrs. Iurthlrgnrl, mngguo`mat`no mao nmmur at aoy t`gl, aod a slodlr mao dleay arf`trar`ey enoj fltwllo summlss`vl mngguo`mat`nos. Thl slmnod prnplrty prnplrty glaos glaos that, that, uoe`cl a m`rmu`t m`rmu`t sw`tmhld sw`tmhld systlg, a pamclt sw`tmhld systlg rlga`os rlady tn dle`vlr a pamclt tn aoy dlst`oat`no at aoy t`gl. Thus, a slodlr dnls ont olld tn plrinrg `o`t`ae`zat`no flinrl mngguo`mat`oj, aod dnls ont olld tn ont`iy thl uodlrey`oj systlg whlo m ngguo`mat`no tlrg`oatls. Thl th`rd prnplrty glaos that guet`pelx`oj nmmurs agnoj pamclts rathlr rathlr thao agnoj agnoj f`ts nr fytls. That `s, noml a slodlr ja`os ammlss tn thl uodlrey`oj mhaoole, thl slodlr traosg`ts ao lot`rl pamclt, aod thlo aeenws nthlr slodlrs tn traosg`t a pamclt. Zhlo on nthlr slodlrs arl rlady tn traosg`t a pamclt, a s`ojel slodlr mao traosg`t rlplatldey.
6.16 Oltwnrc ]w`tmh`oj
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Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj
@otrndumt`no
Hnwlvlr, `i slodlrs lamh havl a pamclt tn slod, a j`vlo slodlr w`ee traosg`t apprnx`gatley ni aee pamclts.
@o pamclt sw`tmh`oj, pamclts mao fl haodeld `o twn ways; 1. Datajrag 6. Y`rtuae M`rmu`t
6.16.6.6.1 Datajrag Ramclt ]w`tmh`oj
Datajrag pamclt-sw`tmh`oj `s a sw`tmh`oj tlmhonenjy. Lamh pamclt `s rnutld `odlplodlotey thrnujh thl oltwnrc. Lamh pamclt mao tacl aoy pramt`mae rnutl tn thl dls`rld dlst`oat`no. Thlrlinrl pamclts mnota`o a hladlr w`th thl iuee `oinrgat`no afnut thl dlst`oat`no. Thl `otlrgld`atl ondls lxag`ol thl hladlr ni a pamclt aod slelmt ao apprnpr`atl e`oc tn aonthlr ondl wh`mh `s olarlr tn thl dlst`oat`no. @o @ o th`s systlg, thl pamclts dn ont ineenw a prl-lstafe`shld rnutl, aod thl `otlrgld`atl ondls dn ont rlqu`rl pr`nr conweldjl ni thl rnutls that w`ee fl usld. Thl pamclts gay arr`vl nut ni nrdlr aod thly gay jn g`ss`oj. Thl rlml`vlr w`ee tacl marl ni rl-nrdlr`oj thl pamclts aod rlmnvlr irng g`ss`oj pamclts. @o th`s tlmho`qul, thlrl `s on olld inr sltt`oj up a mnoolmt`no. Zl kust olld tn gacl surl lamh pamclt mnota`os lonujh `oinrgat`no tn jlt `t tn dlst`oat`no. Tn j`vl `gpnrtaoml tn mr`t`mae pamclts, pr`nr`t`ls mao fl attamhld tn lamh pamclt. Thl `od`v`duae pamclts wh`mh inrg a data strlag gay ineenw d`iilrlot paths fltwllo thl snurml aod thl dlst`oat`no. As a rlsuet, t hl pamclts gay arr`vl at thl dlst`oat`no nut ni nrdlr. Zhlo th`s nmmurs, thl pamclts w`ee havl tn fl rlasslgfeld tn inrg thl nr`j`oae glssajl. Flmausl lamh pamclt `s sw`tmhld `odlplodlotey, t hlrl `s on olld inr mnoolmt`no sltup aod on olld tn dld`matl faodw`dth `o thl inrg ni a m`rmu`t. Datajrag pamclt sw`tmhls usl a var`lty ni tlmho`quls tn inrward traii`m3 thly arl d`iilrlot`atld fy hnw enoj `t tacls thl pamclt tn pass thrnujh thl sw`tmh aod thl`r af`e`ty tn i`etlr nut mnrruptld pamclts. Thl gnst mnggno datajrag oltwnrc `s thl @otlrolt, wh`mh usls thl @R oltwnrc prntnmne. Appe`mat`nos wh`mh dn ont rlqu`rl gnrl thao a flst liinrt slrv`ml mao fl suppnrtld fy d`rlmt usl ni pamclts `o a datajrag oltwnrc, us`oj thl \slr Datajrag Rrntnmne (\DR) traospnrt prntnmne. Appe`mat`nos e`cl vn`ml aod v`dln mngguo`mat`nos aod ont`iy`oj glssajls tn aelrt a uslr that shl/hl has rlml`vld olw lga`e arl us`oj \DR. Appe`mat`nos e`cl l-ga`e, wlf frnws`oj aod i`el upenad aod dnwoenad olld rle`afel mngguo`mat`nos, sumh as juaraotlld dle`vlry, lrrnr mnotrne aod slquloml mnotrne. Th`s rle`af`e`ty losurls that aee thl data `s rlml`vld `o thl mnrrlmt nrdlr w`thnut lrrnrs. @t `s prnv`dld fy a prntnmne sumh as t hl Traosg`ss`no Mnotrne Rrntnmne (TMR) nr thl I`el Traosilr Rrntnmne (ITR). Tn inrward thl pamclts, lamh sw`tmh mrlatls a tafel (gaps dlst`oat`n dlst`oat`nos os tn nutput pnrt). pnrt). Zhlo a pamclt w`th a dlst`oat`no addrlss `o thl tafel arr`vls, `t pushls `t nut no thl apprnpr`atl nutput pnrt. Zhlo a pamclt w`th a dlst`oat`no addrlss ont `o thl tafel arr`vls, `t w`ee i`od thl npt`gae rnutl fasld no rnut`oj aejnr`thgs.
6.16.6.6.6 Y`rtuae M`rmu`t Ramclt ]w`tmh`oj Y`rtuae m`rmu`t sw`tmh`oj `s a pamclt sw`tmh`oj glthndnenjy whlrlfy a path `s lstafe`shld fltwllo thl snurml aod thl i`oae dlst`oat`no thrnujh wh`mh aee thl pamclts w`ee fl rnutld dur`oj a maee. Th`s path `s maeeld a v`rtuae m`rmu`t flmausl tn thl
6.16 Oltwnrc ]w`tmh`oj
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Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj
@otrndumt`no
uslr, thl mnoolmt`no applars tn fl a dld`matld phys`mae m`rmu`t. Hnwlvlr, nthlr mngguo`mat`nos gay aesn fl shar`oj thl parts ni thl sagl path. Thl `dla ni v`rtuae m`rmu`t sw`tmh`oj `s tn mngf`ol thl advaotajls ni ni m`rmu`t sw`tmh`oj w`th thl advaotajls ni datajrag sw`tmh`oj. @o v`rtuae m`rmu`t pamclt sw`tmh`oj, aitlr a sgaee mnoolmt`no sltup phasl noey shnrt (mngparld tn iuee addrlssls) mnoolmt`no `dlot`i`lr arl usld plr pamclt3 th`s rldumls thl addrlss`oj nvlrhlad plr pamclt. Flinrl thl data traosilr flj`os, thl snurml aod dlst`oat`no `dlot`iy a su`tafel su`tafel path inr thl v`rtuae m`rmu`t. Aee `otlrgld`atl ondls fltwllo thl twn pn`ots put ao lotry ni thl rnut`oj `o thl`r rnut`oj tafel inr thl maee. Add`t`noae paragltlrs, sumh as thl gax`gug pamclt s`zl, arl aesn lxmhaojld fltwllo thl snurml aod thl dlst`oat`no dur`oj maee sltup. Thl v`rtuae m`rmu`t `s melarld aitlr thl data traosilr `s mngpeltld. Y`rtuae m`rmu`t pamclt sw`tmh`oj `s mnoolmt`no nr`lotatld. Th`s `s `o mnotrast tn datajrag sw`tmh`oj, wh`mh `s a mnoolmt`no elss pamclt sw`tmh`oj glthndnenjy.
6.16.6.6.6.1 Advaotajls ni Y`rtuae M`rmu`t ]w`tmh`oj Advaotajls ni v`rtuae m`rmu`t sw`tmh`oj arl;
Ramclts arl dle`vlrld `o nrdlr, s`oml thly aee tacl thl sagl rnutl3 Thl nvlrhlad nvlrhlad `o `o thl pamclts `s sgaeelr, s`oml thlrl thlrl `s on olld inr lamh pamclt pamclt tn mnota`o thl iuee addrlss3 Thl mnoolmt`no mnoolmt`no `s gnrl rle`afel, oltwnrc rlsnurmls arl aeenmatld at maee maee sltup sn that lvlo dur`oj t`gls ni mnojlst`no, prnv`dld that a maee has fllo sltup, thl sufslqulot pamclts shnued jlt thrnujh3 F`ee`oj `s las`lr, s`oml f`ee`oj rlmnrds olld noey fl jlolratld plr maee aod ont plr pamclt.
6.16.6.6.6.6 D`sadvaotajls ni Y`rtuae M`rmu`t ]w`tmh`oj D`sadvaotajls ni a v`rtuae m`rmu`t sw`tmhld oltwnrc arl;
Thl sw`tmh`oj lqu`pglot ollds tn fl gnrl gnrl pnwlriue, s`oml lamh sw`tmh ollds tn stnrl dlta`es ni aee thl maees that arl pass`oj thrnujh `t aod tn aeenmatl mapam`ty inr aoy traii`m that lamh maee mnued jlolratl3 Vls`e`loml tn thl enss ni a truoc `s gnrl d`ii`muet, s`oml `i thlrl `s a ia`eurl aee thl maees gust fl dyoag`maeey rl-lstafe`shld nvlr a d`iilrlot rnutl.
6.16.6.= Glssajl ]w`tmhld Oltwnrcs Rr`nr tn advaomls `o pamclt sw`tmh`oj, glssajl sw`tmh`oj was `otrndumld as ao liilmt`vl aetlroat`vl tn m`rmu`t sw`tmh`oj. @o glssajl sw`tmh`oj, lod-uslrs mngguo`matl fy slod`oj lamh nthlr a glssajl, wh`mh mnota`os thl lot`rl data fl`oj dle`vlrld irng thl snurml tn dlst`oat`no ondl. As a glssajl `s rnutld irng `ts snurml tn `ts dlst`oat`no, lamh `otlrgld`atl sw`tmh w`th`o thl oltwnrc stnrls thl lot`rl glssajl, prnv`d`oj a vlry rle`afel slrv`ml. @o iamt, whlo mnojlst`no nmmurs nr aee oltwnrc rlsnurmls arl nmmup`ld, nmm up`ld, rathlr thao thao d`smard`oj d`smard`oj thl traii`m, thl glssajl-sw`tmhld oltwnrc w`ee stnrl aod dleay thl traii`m uot`e suii`m`lot rlsnurmls arl ava`eafel inr summlssiue dle`vlry ni thl glssajl. Thl glssajl glssajl stnr`oj mapaf`e`ty mao aesn aesn elad elad tn rldum`oj thl mnst ni traosg`ss`no3 inr lxagpel, glssajls mao fl dle`vlrld at o`jht whlo traosg`ss`no mnsts arl typ`maeey enwlr.
6.16 Oltwnrc ]w`tmh`oj
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Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj
@otrndumt`no
Glssajl sw`tmh`oj tlmho`quls wlrl nr`j`oaeey usld `o data mngguo`mat`nos. Larey lxagpels ni glssajl sw`tmh`oj appe`mat`nos arl Lelmtrno`m ga`e (L-ga`e) aod vn`ml ga`e. Tnday, glssajl sw`tmh`oj `s usld `o gaoy oltwnrcs, `omeud`oj adhnm slosnr oltwnrcs, satlee`tl mngguo`mat`nos oltwnrcs, aod g`e`tary oltwnrcs. Glssajl-sw`tmhld data oltwnrcs arl hnp-fy-hnp systlgs that suppnrt twn d`st`omt mharamtlr`st`ms; aod .
@o a glssajl-sw`tmhld oltwnrc, thlrl `s on d`rlmt mnoolmt`no fltwllo thl snurml aod dlst`oat`no ondls. @o sumh oltwnrcs, thl `otlrgld`ary ondls (sw`tmhls) havl thl rlspnos`f`e`ty ni mnovly`oj thl rlml`vld glssajl irng nol ondl tn aonthlr `o thl oltwnrc. Thlrlinrl, lamh `otlrgld`ary ondl w`th`o thl oltwnrc gust stnrl aee glssajls flinrl rltraosg`tt`oj thlg nol at a t`gl as prnplr rlsnurmls flmngl ava`eafel. Th`s mharamtlr`st`m `s maeeld . @o glssajl sw`tmh`oj systlgs (aesn maeeld systlgs), thl rlspnos`f`e`ty ni thl glssajl dle`vlry `s no thl olxt hnp, as thl glssajl travles thrnujh thl path tnward `ts dlst`oat`no. Hloml, tn losurl prnplr dle`vlry, lamh `otlrgld`atl sw`tmh sw`tmh gay ga`ota`o ga`ota`o a mnpy ni thl glssajl uot`e `ts dle`vlry tn thl olxt hnp `s juaraotlld.
@o masl ni glssajl frnadmast`oj, guet`pel mnp`ls gay fl stnrld inr lamh `od`v`duae dlst`oat`no ondl. Thl stnrl-aod-inrward prnplrty ni glssajl-sw`tmhld oltwnrcs `s d`iilrlot irng qulu`oj , `o wh`mh glssajls arl s`gpey stnrld uot`e thl`r prlmld`oj glssajls arl prnmlssld. Z`th stnrl-aod-inrward mapaf`e`ty, a glssajl w`ee noey fl dle`vlrld `i thl olxt hnp aod thl e`oc mnoolmt`oj tn `t arl fnth ava`eafel. Nthlrw`sl, thl glssajl `s stnrld `odli`o`tley. Inr lxagpel, mnos`dlr a ga`e slrvlr that `s d`smnoolmtld irng thl oltwnrc aod maoont rlml`vl thl glssajls d`rlmtld tn `t. @o th`s masl, thl `otlrgld`ary slrvlr gust stnrl aee glssajls uot`e thl ga`e slrvlr `s mnoolmtld aod rlml`vls thl l-ga`es. Thl stnrl-aod-inrward tlmhonenjy `s aesn d`iilrlot irng adg`ss`no mnotrne tlmho`quls `gpelglotld `o pamclt-sw`tmhld nr m`rmu`t sw`tmhld oltwnrcs. \s`oj adg`ss`no mnotrne, thl data traosg`ss`no mao tlgpnrar`ey fl dleayld tn avn`d nvlrprnv`s`no`oj thl rlsnurmls. Hloml, a glssajl-sw`tmhld oltwnrc mao aesn `gpelglot ao adg`ss`no mnotrne glmhao`sg tn rlduml oltwnrc‘s plac enad. Thl glssajl dle`vlry `o glssajl-sw`tmhld oltwnrcs `omeudls wrapp`oj thl lot`rl `oinrgat`no `o a s`ojel glssajl aod traosilrr`oj `t irng thl snurml tn thl t hl dlst`oat`no ondl. Thl glssajl gl ssajl s`zl s`z l has on upplr fnuod3 fnuod 3 aethnujh sngl glssajls mao fl as sgaee as a s`gpel datafasl qulry, nthlrs mao fl vlry earjl. Inr lxagpel, glssajls gls sajls nfta`old nfta`old irng a gltlnrnenj`mae gltl nrnenj`mae datafasl d atafasl mlotlr m lotlr mao m ao mnota`o slvlrae g`ee`no fytls fytls ni f`oary f`oary data. Rramt`mae e`g`tat`nos `o stnrajl dlv`mls aod sw`tmhls, hnwlvlr, mao loinrml e`g`ts no glssajl elojth. Lamh glssajl gust fl dle`vlrld w`th a hladlr. Thl hladlr nitlo mnota`os thl glssajl rnut`oj `oinrgat`no, `omeud`oj thl snurml aod dlst`oat`no, pr`nr`ty elvle, lxp`rat`no t`gl. @t `s wnrth glot`no`oj that wh`el a glssajl `s fl`oj stnrld at thl snurml nr aoy nthlr `otlrgld`ary `ot lrgld`ary ondl `o thl oltwnrc, `t mao fl f l fuodeld nr nr ajjrljatld ajjrljatld w`th nthlr glssajls jn`oj tn thl olxt o ndl. Th`s `s maeeld . Nol `gpnrtaot advaotajl ni glssajl `otlrelav`oj `s that `t mao rlduml thl agnuot ni nvlrhlad jlolratld `o thl oltwnrc, rlsuet`oj `o h`jhlr e`oc ut`e`zat`no.
Rrnfelgs aod ulst`nos w`th Aoswlrs Qulst`no 1; ]uppnsl that a mngputlr that `s usld as a sw`tmh mao prnmlss =2,222 pamclts/slmnod. J`vl a raojl ni pnss`fel f`t ratls that travlrsl t hl @/N fus aod ga`o glgnry.
6.16 Oltwnrc ]w`tmh`oj
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Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj
@otrndumt`no
; Thl =2,222 =2, 222 pamclts/slmnod pamc lts/slmnod prnmlss`oj splld glaos =2,222 pamclts pamclts arl jn`oj `o aod =2,222 pamclts arl mng`oj nut ni thl sw`tmh lvlry slmnod. Thlrlinrl thl @/N fus splld `s 92,222 pamclts/slmnod.
Avlrajl @R pamclt s`zl <22 fytls F`t ratl 7 92,222<228 7 642 Gfps Gax`gug Lthlrolt iragl s`zl 1<22 fytls F`t ratl ratl 7 92,2221<228 7 :62 Gfps G`o`gug @R pamclt s`zl
94 fytls
F`t ratl 7 92,222 94 8 7 =2.:8 Gfps
Qulst`no 6; @gaj`ol thl elojth ni a mafel `s 6<22 gltrls. @i t hl splld ni prnpajat`no `o a th`mc mn-ax`ae mafel `s 92% ni thl t hl splld ni e`jht, hnw enoj dnls `t tacl inr a f`t tn travle irng thl flj`oo`oj tn thl lod ni thl mafel> @jonrl aoy prnpajat`no dleay gltrls / slm) `o thl lqu`pglot. (]plld ni e`jht 7 = x
; ]plld ni prnpajat`no 7 92% 7 92 = / 122 7 18 gltrls / slm. ]n `t wnued tacl a f`t 6<22 / 18 7 1=.0 slms.
Qulst`no =; ]uppnsl that data arl stnrld no 6.44 Gfytl ienppy d`sclttls that wl`jht 62 jg lamh. ]uppnsl that ao a`re`olr marr`ls cj ni thlsl ienpp`ls at a splld ni 6222 cg/h nvlr a d`staoml ni 8222 cg. Zhat `s thl data traosg`ss`no ratl `o f`ts plr slmnod ni th`s systlg>
; Elt us i`rst maemueatl thl t`gl inr wh`mh data was marr`ld. 7 7 7 4 hrs. Onw 6.44 Gfytls 7 6.44 8 f`ts 7 10.<6
]n, T`gl 7
f`ts.
cj 7 Lamh ienppy wl`jhs 62 jg, aod tntae enad (ni ienpp`ls) marr`ld `s Hloml, ougflr ni ienpp`ls marr`ld 7 jgs / 62 jgs 7 <22222.
jgs.
Onw lamh ienppy mnota`os 10.<6 f`ts aod sn <22222 ienpp`ls w`ee mnota`o 10.<6 <22222 f`ts 7 0:92222 f`ts. Onw maemueatl data traosg`ss`no splld; Traosg`ss`no splld
7 7 <46.6 f`ts/slm7 <46.6 Gfps. 7
Qulst`no 4; A s`gpel tlelphnol systlg mnos`sts ni twn lod nii`mls aod a s`ojel tnee nii`ml tn wh`mh lamh lod nii`ml `s mnoolmtld fy a 1-GHz iuee-dupelx truoc. Thl avlrajl tlelphnol `s usld tn gacl inur maees plr 8-hnur wnrcday. Thl glao maee durat`no `s 9 g`o. Tlo plrmlot ni thl t hl maees arl enoj-d`staoml (`.l., pass thrnujh thrnujh thl tnee nii`ml). nii`ml ). Zhat `s thl gax`gug ga x`gug ougflr ougfl r ni tlelphnols ao lod nii`ml nii`ml mao suppnrt> suppnrt> Assugl 4 cHz plr m`rmu`t.
; Lamh tlelphnol gacls 2.< maees/hnur at 9 g`outls lamh. Thus, a tlelphnol
nmmup`ls nmmup`l s a m`rmu`t inr = g`o/hnur. g`o/h nur. Twloty Twlot y tlelphnols tlelphn ols mao sharl a m`rmu`t. ]`oml 12% ni thl maees arl enoj d`staoml, `t tacls 622 tlelphnols tn nmmupy a enoj-d`staoml m`rmu`t iuee t`gl. Thl `otlrnii`ml truoc has 76<2 m`rmu`ts guet`pelxld notn `t. Z`th 622
tlelphnols plr m`rmu`t, ao lod-nii`ml mao suppnrt 622 6<2 7 <2,222 tlelphnols. Qulst`no <; A mhaoole has a f`t ratl ni 4 cfps aod a prnpajat`no dleay ni 62 gslm. Inr what raojl ni iragl s`zls dnls stnp-aod-wa`t j`vl ao lii`m`lomy ni at elast <2%>
; Lii`m`lomy w`ee fl <2% whlo thl t`gl t n traosg`t thl iragl lquaes thl rnuod
tr`p prnpajat`no dleay. dleay. At a traosg`ss`no ratl ni 4 f`ts/gs, f`t s/gs, 192 f`ts tacls 42 gs. Inr iragl s`zls afnvl 192 f`ts, stnp-aod-wa`t `s rlasnoafey lii`m`lot.
6.16 Oltwnrc ]w`tmh`oj
<2
Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj
@otrndumt`no
rnvlr Qulst`no 9; ]uppnsl a 168 cfps pllr-tn-pllr e`oc `s sl t up fltwllo larth aod a rnvlr no gars. Thl d`staoml irng thl larth tn gars (whlo thly arl thl menslst tnjlthlr) `s apprnx`gatley << Jg (J`jagltlr), aod data travles nvlr thl e`oc at thl splld ni gltlrs/slm. Maemueatl thl g`o`gug VTT inr thl e`oc. e`jht ; Rrnpajat`no dleay ni thl e`oc `s 7 184 slms. Thus, VTT 7 =98 slms. prndumt ni thl e`oc. Qulst`no :; Inr thl Qulst`no 9, maemueatl thl
Aoswlr; Thl dleay Gf.
faodw`dth prndumt inr thl e`oc `s thl VTT faodw`dth 7 6=.<
Qulst`no 8; Inr thl Qulst`no 9, a maglra no thl rnvlr tacls p`mturls ni `ts surrnuod`ojs aod slods thlsl tn thl larth. Hnw qu`mcey mao `t rlamh G`ss`no Mnotrne no Larth> Assugl that lamh `gajl `s < Gf `o s`zl.
; Aitlr a p`mturl `s taclo, `t gust fl traosg`ttld no thl e`oc aod mngpeltley
prnpajatld, flinrl G`ss`no Mnotrne mao `otlrprlt `t. Traosg`t dleay inr < Gf ni data `s 60 slms. Hloml, tntae t`gl 7 Traosg`t dleay + Rrnpajat`no dleay 7 66= slms.
Qulst`no 0; Maemueatl thl eatlomy (irng i`rst f`t slot tn thl east f`t rlml`vld) inr thl ineenw`oj; 1 Jfps Lthlrolt w`th a s`ojel stnrl aod inrward sw`tmh `o thl path, aod a pamclt s`zl ni <222 f`ts. Assugl that lamh e`oc `otrndumls a prnpajat`no dleay ni 12 (g`mrn slmnod) aod that thl sw`tmh flj`os rltraosg`tt`oj `ggld`atley aitlr `t has i`o`shld rlml`v`oj thl pamclt.
;
< tn traosg`t thl pamclt no thl e`oc, aitlr wh`mh `t
A) Inr lamh e`oc `t tacls
tacls ao add`t`noae 12 ¼s inr thl east f`t tn prnpajatl amrnss thl e`oc. Thus inr a EAO w`th noey w`th noey nol sw`tmh that starts inrward`oj noey aitlr rlml`v`oj thl whnel pamclt, thl tntae traosilr dleay `s thl traosg`t dleays + twn prnpajat`no dleays =2 .
F) Inr = sw`tmhld aod thus 4 e`ocs, thl tntae dleay `s 4 traosg`ss`no dleays + 4 prnpajat`no dleays 7 92 .
t hl mafel (`o cg) inr traosg`tt`oj data Qulst`no 12; Dltlrg`ol thl gax`gug elojth ni thl at a ratl ni <22 Gfps `o ao Lthlrolt EAO w`th iragls ni s`zl 12,222 f`ts. Assugl thl s`joae splld `o thl mafel tn fl 6,22,222 cg/s. A) 1 F) 6 M) 6.< D) <
; F Elojth
7 7 7 7 7
+ +
6 cg
Qulst`no 11; A pamclt sw`tmh rlml`vls a pamclt aod dltlrg`ols thl nutfnuod e`oc tn wh`mh thl pamclt shnued fl inrwardld. Zhlo thl pamclt arr`vls, nol nthlr pamclt `s haeiway dnol fl`oj traosg`ttld no th`s nutfnuod e`oc aod inur nthlr pamclts arl wa`t`oj tn fl traosg`ttld. Ramclts arl traosg`ttld `o nrdlr ni arr`vae. ]uppnsl ]uppnsl aee pamclts arl 1,622 fytls aod thl e`oc ratl `s = Gfps. Zhat `s thl qulu`oj dleay
6.16 Oltwnrc ]w`tmh`oj
<1
Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj
@otrndumt`no
inr thl pamclt> Gnrl jlolraeey, what what `s thl qulu`oj dleay dleay whlo aee pamclts havl elojth ], thl traosg`ss`no ratl `s T, X f`ts ni thl murrlotey fl`oj traosg`ttld pamclt havl fllo traosg`ttld, aod pamclts arl aerlady `o thl qulul>
; Thl arr`v`oj pamclt gust i`rst wa`t inr thl e`oc tn traosg`t <,422 fytls nr
4=,622 f`ts. ]`oml thlsl f`ts arl traosg`ttld at = Gfps, thl qulu`oj dleay `s 14.= gslm. Jlolraeey, thl qulu`oj dleay `s
.
Qulst`no 16; ]uppnsl wl wnued e`cl tn urjlotey dle`vlr 92 Tlrafytls ni data irng tn . Zl havl a 1222 Gfps dld`matld e`oc inr data traosilr ava`eafel. Znued ynu prlilr tn traosg`t thl data v`a th`s e`oc nr `ostlad usl A`rGa`e nvlro`jht dle`vlry> Lxpea`o.
8 f`ts. ]n, `i us`oj thl dld`matld e`oc, `t w`ee tacl Aoswlr; 92 Tlrafytls 7 92 8 / (1222 ) 7 482222 slmnods 7 <.9 days. Fut w`th A`rGa`e nvlro`jht 92 dle`vlry, wl mao juaraotll thl data arr`vls `o nol day, aod `t noey mnsts us on gnrl thao \]D 122.
Qulst`no 1=; Twn ondls, A aod F, mngguo`matl thrnujh a stnrl & inrward oltwnrc. Ondl A `s mnoolmtld tn thl oltwnrc fy a 12 Gfps e`oc, wh`el ondl F `s mnoolmtld fy a < Gfps e`oc. Ondl A slods twn famc-tn-famc pamclts ni 1222 f`ts lamh. Thl d`iilrloml fltwllo thl arr`vae t`gls ni thl twn pamclts at F `s 1 gs. Zhat `s thl sgaeelst mapam`ty ni a e`oc aenoj thl path fltwllo A aod F>
Ontl; Assugl that thlrl arl on nthlr pamclts `o thl oltwnrc lxmlpt thl nols slot fy A, aod `jonrl th thl l pamclt prnmlss`oj prnm lss`oj t`gl. t` gl. Assugl Assu gl fnth pamclts ineenw thl sagl path, aod thly arl ont rlnrdlrld. Thl arr`vae t`gl ni a pamclt at a ondl `s dli`old as thl t`gl whlo thl east f`t ni thl pamclt has arr`vld at that ondl.
; ]`oml pamclts arl slot famc-tn-famc, thl d`iilrloml fltwllo thl arr`vae t`gls
ni thl pamclts at F rlprlslots thl traosg`ss`no t`gl ni thl slmnod pamclt no thl senwlst e`oc `o thl path. Thus, thl mapam`ty ni thl senwlst e`oc `s 1222 f`ts/1 gs 7 1 Gfps. Qulst`no 14; Mnos`dlr ao `oi`o`tl qulul that mao slod data at 12 Cfps. Assugl thl ineenw`oj arr`vae traii`m;
• Dur`oj lvlry ndd slmnod thl qulul rlml`vls a o 1222 f`t pamclt lvlry <2 gs • Dur`oj lvlry lvlry lvlo slmnod thl qulul rlml`vls on data. Assugl ao `otlrvae @ ni 12 slm start`oj w`th ao ndd slmnod (`.l., a slmnod `o wh`mh thl qulul rlml`vls data). At thl flj`oo`oj ni `otlrvae @ thl qulul `s lgpty. Zhat Zhat `s thl gax`gug qulul s`zl dur`oj `otlrvae @> 12 pamclts. Thlrl arl 62 pamclts arr`v`oj dur`oj thl slmnod aod 12 pamclts slot at thl lod ni that slmnod. Thus at thl lod ni slmnod thlrl arl 12 pamclts `o thl qulul. Aee thl 12 pamclts w`ee fl slot at thl lod ni slmnod (s`oml on olw pamclts arl rlml`vld). Thus, at thl lod ni slmnod thl qulul qulu l s`zl `s 2. Aitlr that thl prnmlss rlplats.
;
(Ontl; Thl ineenw`oj aetlroatl aoswlrs; 11 pamclts, 12 Cf, aod 11 Cf aee rlml`vld gax`gug pn`ots. Thl 11 pamclts aod 11 Cfps assugl that at a t`gl whlo a p pamclt amclt `s rlml`vld aod aonthlr nol `s slot nut, thl rlml`vld pamclt `s aerlady `o thl qulul as thl nthlr pamclt `s slot nut.) Qulst`no 1<; Inr thl Qulst`no 14, what `s thl avlrajl t`gl (dleay) a pamclt splods `o thl qulul dur`oj `otlrvae @>
; 6.16 Oltwnrc ]w`tmh`oj
<6
Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj
@otrndumt`no
• pamclt arr`vls at t`gl 2 aod starts fl`oj traosg`ttld `ggld`atley, at t`gl 2. dleay 2 • pamclt arr`vls at 2.2< s aod starts fl`oj traosg`ttld at 2.1 s (aitlr t hl i`rst pamclt) dleay 2.2< s • pamclt arr`vls at 2.1 s aod starts fl`oj traosg`ttld at 2.6 s (aitlr i`rst twn pamclts) dleay 2.1 s • pamclt arr`vls at 2.1< s aod starts fl`oj traosg`ttld at 2.= s (aitlr i`rst thrll pamclts) dleay 2.1< s … • pamclt arr`vls at ( ) 2.2< s aod starts fl`oj traosg`ttld at (c-1)*2.1 s dleay ( ) 2.2< s
Th`s prnmlss mnot`ouls lvlry 6 slmnods. Thus, thl avlrajl dleay ni thl i`rst 62 pamclts `s
7 7 2.4:< s Aetlroatl sneut`no that apprnx`gatls apprnx`gatls thl avlrajl dleay; Zl usl E`ttel‘s thlnrlg;
7 . Dur`oj ao ndd slmnod thl ougflr ni pamclts `o thl
qulul `omrlasls e`olarey irng 2 tn 12 aod dur`oj thl olxt slmnod `t dlmrlasls irng 12 tn 2. Th`s glaos that thl avlrajl ougflr ni pamclts `o t hl qulul `s <. Nvlr ao ndd aod ao lvlo slmnod thl avlrajl arr`vae ratl `s 7 12.
Thlo,
7 7 7 2.
(Ontl; Thl ineenw`oj aoswlrs aesn rlml`vld gax`gug pn`ots; 2.<:
; 112 pamclts. @o th`s masl thl qulul `s olvlr lgpty. l gpty. Dur`oj thl i`rst 0 slmnods slmnods ni `otlrvae @ thlrl arl < s (1 s/6< gs) 7 622 pamclts rlml`vld rl ml`vld aod 02 pamclts slot nut. Thus, at thl lod ni thl slmnod thlrl arl 112 pamclts `o thl qulul. (Ontl; Thl ineenw`oj aoswlrs aesn rlml`vld thl gax`gug ougflr ni pn`ots; 111 pamclts, 112 Cf, aod 111 Cf.) Qulst`no 1:; Inr thl Qulst`no 19, what `s thl avlrajl t`gl (dleay) a pamclt splods `o thl qulul dur`oj `otlrvae @>
; Ramclts rlml`vld dur`oj i`rst slmnod • pamclt arr`vls at t`gl 2 aod starts fl`oj traosg`ttld `ggld`atley, at t`gl 2. dleay 2 • pamclt arr`vls at 2.26< s aod starts fl`oj traosg`ttld at 2.1 s (aitlr thl i`rst pamclt) dleay 2.2:< s • pamclt arr`vls at 2.2
<=
Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj
@otrndumt`no
Thl avlrajl dleay ni thl pamclts `o thl i`rst twn slmnods `s
7 7 1.496< s Ramclts rlml`vld dur`oj slmnod; ontl that at thl flj`oo`oj flj `oo`oj ni thl slmnod thlrl arl st`ee 62 pamclts `o thl qulul
• pamclt arr`vls at t`gl 2 aod starts fl`oj traosg`ttld `ggld`atley, at t`gl 6s dleay 6 • pamclt arr`vls at 2.26
Thl avlrajl dleay ni thl pamclts `o thl i`rst twn slmnods `s
7 7 =.496< s … Ramclts rlml`vld dur`oj slmnod; ontl that at thl flj`oo`oj ni thl slmnod thlrl arl st`ee 82 pamclts `o thl qulul
• pamclt arr`vls at t`gl 2 aod starts fl`oj traosg`ttld `ggld`atley, at t`gl 8s dleay 6 • pamclt arr`vls at 2.26
Thl avlrajl dleay ni thl pamclts `o thl i`rst twn slmnods `s
7 7 0.496< s Thus, thl avlrajl dleay nvlr 12 slmnods `s; 7 <.496< Aetlroatl sneut`no that apprnx`gatls thl avlrajl dleay; Thl avlrajl arr`vae ratl `s 42 pamclts/6 slm 7 62 pamclts/slm. Dur`oj thl 1st slm thl th l ougflr ni pamclts `o thl qulul `omrlasls e`olarey irng 2 tn =2, =2, thus thl avlrajl ougflr ni pamclts `o thl qulul `o thl slm `s 1<. Dur`oj slmnod thl qulul dlmrlasls e`olarey irng =2 tn 62, thus thl avlrajl ougflr ni pamclts `o thl qulul `s 6<, aod thl avlrajl ougflr ni pamclts `o thl qulul nvlr thl i`rst twn slmnods `s 62.
Dur`oj aod slmnods thl prnmlss rlplats w`th thl d`iilrloml that thlrl arl 62 pamclts `o thl qulul at thl flj`oo`oj ni thl slmnod. Thus, thl avlrajl ougflr ni pamclts `o thl qulul dur`oj thl aod slmnods `s 62 62 7 42.
6.16 Oltwnrc ]w`tmh`oj
<4
Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj
@otrndumt`no
]`g`earey, thl avlrajl ougflr ni pamclts dur`oj thl aod slmnods `s 42+62 7 92, dur`oj thl aod slmnods 92+62782, aod dur`oj thl aod slmnods `s 82+627122.
7 92. Ammnrd`oj tn thl E`ttel‘s thlnrlg 7 7 7 9slm.
Thus thl avlrajl ougflr ni pamclts nvlr thl lot`rl `otlrvae @ `s
(Ontl; @o jlolrae thl avlrajl ougflr ni pamclts nvlr thl `otlrvae dli`old fy thl 6 aod 6 slmnods `s 62, whlrl .)
Qulst`no 18; ]uppnsl a M]GA/MD oltwnrc `s nplrat`oj at 1 Jfps, aod suppnsl thlrl arl on rlplatlrs aod thl elojth ni thl mafel `s 1 cg. Dltlrg`ol thl g`o`gug iragl s`zl `i thl s`joae prnpajat`no splld `s 622 cg/gs.
; ]`oml thl elojth ni thl mafel `s 1 cg, wl havl a nol-way prnpajat`no t`gl ni 7 7 2.22< gs 7 < ¼s. ]n, 6 7 12 ¼s. @i wl havl 1 Jfps, wl mao maemueatl m aemueatl thl agnuot ni f`ts traosg`ttld `o 12 ¼s. Elt E fl thl g`o`gug iragl s`zl, thlo 12 ¼s 7 Th`s j`vls thl vaeul ni E. E 7 12,222 f`ts.
7 .
]n thl g`o`gug iragl s`zl shnued fl 12,222 f`ts. Qulst`no 10; A s`joae has a iuodaglotae irlqulomy ni 1222 Hz. Zhat `s `ts plr`nd>
; Rlr`nd 7 7 1 gs. Qulst`no 62; A d`j`tae s`joae`oj systlg `s rlqu`rld tn nplratl at 0 922 fps. @i a sygfne lomndls a 4-f`t wnrd, what `s thl g`o`gug rlqu`rld mhaoole faodw`dth>
; Thl inrguea tn usl `s
Gax`gug ougflr ni f`ts/slm 6 Mhaoole faodw`dth Ougflr ni f`ts plr sagpel @i ougflr ni d`iilrlot pnss`fel vaeuls ni a sagpel `s j`vlo, usl thl inrguea
Gax`gug ougflr ni f`ts/slm 6 Mhaoole faodw`dth
Ontl that j`vls us thl ougflr ni f`ts olldld tn rlprlslot thlg nr thl ougflr ni f`ts/sagpel. Fasld no afnvl inrguea, 0922
6h4 nr h 1622 Hz.
Qulst`no 61; Inr thl Qulst`no 62, what `s thl g`o`gug faodw`dth inr 8 -f`t wnrds>
; 0922 6h8 nr h 922 Hz. Qulst`no 66; A mhaoole, whnsl faodw`dth `s = GHz, has ao `otlodld mapam`ty ni 62 Gfps, Assug`oj wh`tl thlrgae on`sl, what s`joae tn on`sl rat`n `s rlqu`rld tn amh`lvl th`s mapam`ty>
; \sl thl inrguea;
Gax`gug ougflr ni f`ts/slm 7 H ]ufst`tutl H 7 = aod gax`gug on ni f`ts/slm tn 62 tn jlt a ni 122.9. Qulst`no 6=; ]uppnsl that data `s stnrld stnrld no 1.4 Gfytl ienppy d`sclttls d`sclttls that wl`jht =2 jrags lamh. ]uppnsl that ao a`re`olr marr`ls Cj ni thlsl ienpp`ls at a splld ni
6.16 Oltwnrc ]w`tmh`oj
<<
Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj
@otrndumt`no
1222 Cg/h nvlr a d`staoml ni <222 Cg. Zhat `s thl data traosg`ss`no ratl `o `o fps ni th`s systlg>
; Lamh ienppy glasurls =2 jrags. Zl havl thl ineenw`oj Ougflr ni ienpp`ls 7 /=2 7 ======.== Tntae ougflr ni f`ts traospnrtld 7 Ougflr ni ienpp`ls 1.4 1264 1264 8
(ont 1222!)
`.l., Ougflr ni f`ts/slm 7 Tntae ougflr ni f`ts traospnrtld/<*=922. Thl aoswlr `s 61:.4 Gfps.
; Zhlo wl taec ni mngputlr gngnry, `t `s typ`maeey glasurld `o pnwlrs ni 6, thlinrl 1 Cf fytls. Zhlo `t mngls tn oltwnrcs, wl usl menmcs tn slod data, `i a
menmc `s 1 Chz, wl traosg`t at thl ratl ni 1 c`enf`ts plr slm, whlrl thl c`en `s 1222, wl arl traosg`tt`oj at thl menmc ratl.
lonujh Qulst`no 64; Mnos`dlr a 1<2 Gf/s e`oc t hat `s 822 cg enoj, w`th a qulul earjl lonujh tn hned <,222 pamclts. Assugl that pamclts arr`vl at thl qulul w`th ao avlrajl ratl ni 42,222 pamclts plr slmnod aod that thl avlrajl pamclt elojth `s =,222 f`ts. Apprnx`gatley, what `s thl prnpajat`no dleay inr thl e`oc>
; 822 cg t`gls < g`mrnslmnods plr cg `s 4,222 g`mrnslmnods nr 4 gs. Qulst`no 6<; Inr thl Qulst`no thl Qulst`no 64;, what 64;, what `s thl traosg`ss`no t`gl inr i nr ao avlrajl elojt elojth h pamclt> ; E`oc splld `s 1<2 f`ts plr g`mrnslmnod, sn a =,222 f`t pamclt mao fl slot `o 62 g`mrnslmnods.
Qulst`no 69; Inr thl Qulst`no thl Qulst`no 64;, what 64;, what `s thl traii`m `otlos`ty>
; F`t arr`vae ratl `s 42,222 t`gls =,222 nr 162 Gf/s. ]`oml thl e`oc ratl `s 1<2 Gf/s, @72.8
Qulst`no 6:; Inr thl Qulst`no 64;, 64;, what `s thl avlrajl ougflr ni pamclts `o thl qulul>
; 74. Qulst`no 68; Zhat `s thl avlrajl ougflr `o thl qulul, `i thl avlrajl arr`vae ratl `s 82,222 pamclts plr slmnod>
; @o th`s masl, thl traii`m `otlos`ty `s 1.9, sn thl qulul w`ee fl olarey iuee aee thl t`gl. ]n, thl avlrajl ougflr `s kust uodlr < ,222 pamclts.
Qulst`no 60; A uslr `o Hydlrafad, mnoolmtld tn thl @otlrolt v`a a < Gf/s mnoolmt`no rltr`lvls a <2 CF (F7fytls) wlf pajl irng a wlf slrvlr `o Olw Pnrc, whlrl thl pajl rlilrlomls 4 `gajls ni =22 CF lamh. Assugl that thl nol way prnpajat`no dleay `s 62 gs. Apprnx`gatley hnw enoj dnls `t tacl inr thl pajl (`omeud`oj `gajls) tn applar no thl uslr‘s smrllo, assug`oj plrs`stlot HTTR>
; Tntae t`gl `s =VTT + Traosg`ss`no t`gl.
7 7 6 slmnods
=VTT 7 162 gs aod Traosg`ss`no t`gl 7 Tntae t`gl 7 6.16 slmnods.
Qulst`no =2; Inr thl Qulst`no 60, hnw enoj wnued `t tacl us`oj ono -plrs`stlot HTTR (assugl a s`ojel mnoolmt`no)> 6(1 + ougflr ni nf klmts `o pajl)VTT + Traosg`ss`no t`gl 422 gs + 6 slmnods 7 6.4 slmnods
6.16 Oltwnrc ]w`tmh`oj
<9
Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj
@otrndumt`no
Qulst`no =1; ]uppnsl a gnv`l stud`n waots tn d`str`futl a olw gnv`l as a d`j`tae i`el i`el tn 1,222 gnv`l thlatlrs amrnss mnuotry us`oj pllr-tn-pllr i`el d`str`fut`no. Assugl that thl stud`n aod aee thl thlatlrs havl D]E mnoolmt`nos w`th ao 8 Gf/s dnwostrlag ratl aod a 4 Gf/s upstrlag ratl aod that thl i`el `s 12 JF enoj. Apprnx`gatley, hnw gumh t`gl `s olldld tn d`str`futl thl i`el tn aee thl thlatlrs uodlr `dlae mnod`t`nos>
;
Thl tntae upstrlag faodw`dth `s afnut 4 Jf/s. ]`oml thl i`el gust fl dle`vlrld tn 1,222 stud`ns, wl havl 12 TF ni data tn fl dle`vlrld. At 4 Jf/s, th`s tacls tacls 62,222 slmnods, nr rnujhey 9 hnurs.
Qulst`no =6; Inr thl Qulst`no thl Qulst`no 64;, suppnsl 64;, suppnsl thl stud`n waotld tn usl thl me`lot-slrvlr glthnd `ostlad. Zhat `s thl sgaeelst e`oc ratl that `s rlqu`rld at thl stud`n that w`ee aeenw thl i`el tn fl d`str`futld `o uodlr 42,222 slmnods>
; Th`s t`gl plr`nd `s tw`ml thl t`gl usld inr thl i`rst part, sn thl slrvlr‘s
upstrlag faodw`dth gust fl haei as earjl as thl upstrlag faodw`dth ni thl pllrs `o thl i`rst part. ]n, 6 Jf/s `s lonujh.
Qulst`no ==; ]uppnsl a i`el ni <,222 fytls `s tn fl slot nvlr a e`ol at 6422 fps. Maemueatl thl nvlrhlad `o f`ts aod t`gl `o us`oj asyomhrnonus mngguo`mat`no. Assugl nol start f`t aod a stnp lelglot ni elojth nol f`t, aod 8 f`ts tn slod thl fytl `tslei inr lamh mharamtlr. Thl 8-f`t mharamtlr mnos`sts ni aee data f`ts, w`th on par`ty f`t.
;
Lamh mharamtlr has 6<% nvlrhlad. nvlrhlad. Inr 12,222 mharamtlrs, thlrl arl 62,222 lxtra f`ts. Th`s wnued tacl ao lxtra 7 6.28== slmnods.
Qulst`no =4; Maemueatl thl nvlrhlad `o f`ts aod t`gl us`oj syomhrnonus mngguo`mat`no. Assugl that thl data arl slot `o iragls. Lamh iragl mnos`sts ni 1222 mharamtlrs - 8222 f`ts aod ao nvlrhlad ni 48 mnotrne f`ts plr iragl.
; Thl i`el tacls 12 iragls nr n r 482 add`t`noae f`ts. Thl traosg`ss`no t`gl inr thl add`t`noae f`ts `s
7 2.6 slmnods.
Qulst`no =<; Zhat wnued thl aoswlrs tn Qulst`no 68 aod Qulst`no 60 fl inr a i`el ni 122,222 mharamtlrs>
; Tlo t`gls as gaoy lxtra f`ts aod tlo tl o t`gls as enoj inr fnth. Qulst`no =9; Zhat wnued thl aoswlrs tn Qulst`no 68 aod Qulst`no 60 fl inr thl nr`j`oae i`el ni 12,222 mharamtlrs lxmlpt at a data ratl ni 0922 fps>
; Thl ougflr ni nvlrhlad f`ts wnued fl thl sagl, aod thl t`gl wnued fl dlmrlasld fy a iamtnr ni 4 7
.
Qulst`no =:; Thl enss ni s`joae strlojth `s maeeld; A) Attlouat`no F) Agpe`tudl M) On`sl D) Mrnsstaec
; Attlouat`no Qulst`no =8; Earjl oltwnrcs oltwnr cs that lomngpass lomngp ass parts ni statls, guet`pel statls, mnuotr`ls aod thl wnred arl maeeld; A) GAOs F) EAOs M) RAOs D) ZAOs
; D Qulst`no =0; Thl ^^ni a s`joae `s thl ougflr ni t`gls a s`joae gacls gacls a mngpeltl mymel w`th`o a j`vlo t`gl iragl.
6.16 Oltwnrc ]w`tmh`oj
<:
Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj A) Faodw`dth
M) Irlqulomy
@otrndumt`no D) Agpe`tudl
D) ]plmtrug
; M Qulst`no 42; @o a ^^^ sufolt, on uo`qul dld`matld phys`mae path `s lstafe`shld tn traosg`t thl data pamclts amrnss thl sufolt> A) M`rmu`t-sw`tmhld F) Ramclt-sw`tmhld M) Earjl D) Hlav`ey enadld
; F Qulst`no 41; A d`ae-up tlelphnol systlg usls wh`mh typl ni sufolt> A) M`rmu`t-sw`tmhld F) Ramclt-sw`tmhld M) Frnadmast D) Enj`maeey sw`tmhld
; A Qulst`no 46; A 6 cg enoj frnadmast EAO has fps faodw`dth aod usls M]GA/MD. g/s. Zhat `s thl g`o`gug pamclt s`zl Thl s`joae travles aenoj thl w`rl at that mao fl usld no th`s oltwnrc> A) <2 fytls F) 122 fytls M) 622 fytls D) Onol ni thl afnvl
; M.
Tntae d`staoml inr VTT Traosilr ratl T`gl tn traosilr Data ratl Ramclt s`zl
7 7 7 7 7
4 Cg
g/s s fps s fps7622 fytls
Qulst`no 4=; ]tat`no A usls =6 fytl pamclts tn traosg`t glssajls tn ]tat`no F us`oj us `oj a se`d`oj w`odnw prntnmne. Thl rnuod tr`p dleay fltwllo A aod F `s 82 g`ee`slmnods aod thl fnttelolmc faodw`dth no thl path fltwllo A aod F `s 168 cfps. Zhat `s thl npt`gae w`odnw s`zl that A shnued usl > A) 62 F) 42 M) 192 D) =62
; F.
Rath faodw`dth 7 T`gl dleay 7 Tntae data 7
1 pamclt s`zl Ougflr ni pamclts
6.16 Oltwnrc ]w`tmh`oj
7 7
168 cfps 82 gs
f`ts 7 fytls fytl
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