English Grammar Sheets for Teachers

Amount vs Number vs Quantity

Conditional sentences All of vs All All

Hardly /Scarcely /Barely /No sooner Even though / Even if / Even so ®

Between vs Among

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Either or Neither nor

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I vs Me Inasmuch as Insofar as

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All vs All of Amount vs Number Number vs Quantity Assure , Ensure, Ensure, Insure, Secure Between vs Among Causative verbs Close (to) vs near (to) Conditional sentences Confusing words Either or / Neither nor Even though / Even if / Even so Lastly, Finally Finall y, Eventually, In the end , at last

Fast vs Quick

Causative verbs

GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY

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ALL vs ALL OF ALL All refers to three or more items. • •

all three shirts. I will buy all three I will buy both shirts. (NOT I will buy all two shirts.)

We use ALL before ALL before normal nouns. • •

All children All children need love. (NOT All of children need love.) All parents All parents want the best for their children.

All can be put after personal pronouns used as objects. • •

She has sent her love to you all. you.) all. (= She has sent her love to all of you.) Mary has invited them all. them.) all. (= Mary has invited all of them.)

All is used before uncountable and plural nouns. •

All the All the water / All my All my children / All the All the milk / All the All the cake / All my All my friends

All with nouns. All can also be used before some singular countable nouns like week, family and way.. All my All my family live in different parts of India. He ran all the all the way to the railway station. We've been working all week. all week. Negative sentence structure : “Not all + noun + affirmative verb”. Not all birds natural than All birds cannot sing.) sing.) all birds can sing. ( More natural all Americans like hamburgers. Not all Americans (More natural than All Americans do not like Hamburgers.)

ALL OF Before a personal pronoun we use all of. Note that we use object form of the personal pronouns after all of. All of us of us like reading. (NOT All of we like reading.) I have invited all of them. them. (NOT I have invited all of they.)

ALL & ALL OF Before a noun with a determiner (articles, possessives or demonstratives) all and all of are both possible. I have invited all my friends. OR I have invited all of my my friends. All my All my friends have been invited. OR All of my friends my friends have been invited. Thank you to all / all of the the soldiers who have laid down their lives to defend our freedom.



ALL vs ALL OF TEST 1.

Do email email us with with ______ ______ your your ques questio tions. ns.

2.

____ _____ _ us ar aree pass passio ionat natee abou aboutt Engl Englis ish. h.

3.

_____ children want presents on their birthdays.

4.

They ate _____ the food.

5.

I like ____ them.

6.

____ the food at the party was co cooked by my wife.

7.

_____the students came to our party.

8.

_____ passengers must turn off their mobile.

9.

Good bye and thank you___.



AMOUNT / NUMBER / QUANTITY There are subtle differences between amount of, quantity of and number of. Amount Of is used for things you cannot measure ( non-countable nouns). It usually precedes a singular word. I undertook an inordinate amount of work. He paid regular amounts of money to charity. It is not difficult to see where that amount of hate derives. The amount of smokers has decreased. WRONG The number of smokers (smokers – plural and can be counted) Number Of precedes a plural, countable noun. It can be applied to both animate and inanimate objects. The disease affected a large number of camels in the town. The ship was only carrying a large number of mangoes. Quantity Of is used for things that you can measure. (countable nouns). It is usually applied to inanimate objects. The ship was only carrying a large quantity of mangoes. (Number of could also be used in this example. Number of is preferable as it is unlikely to be considered incorrect by some readers.) Quantity is more formal than amount or number. A quantity of or Quantities of can be followed by a countable noun or an uncountable noun. They are most commonly used with an adjective such as huge, big, large, small: The soldiers discovered a large quantity of weapons hidden under the floor of a disused building. (countable) You only need a very small quantity of cement to mix with the sand. (uncountable) Large quantities of illegal drugs had been discovered. (countable)    

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AMOUNT / QUANTITY / NUMBER GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY


TEST 1.

The ______of work I got through in July was double the amount that I did in June.

2.

No _______ of love would heal the hatred she felt.

3.

Police found a large _____ of drugs in his possession.

4.

I had a certain _____ of respect for him: he was a good footballer and a good ambassador for his country.

5.

The _____ of equipment needed for this trip is staggering.

6.

We use a huge _____of paper in the office every day.

7.

A small _____ of children are educated at home.

8.

A great _____of students volunteer each year for environmental projects.

9.

The soldiers discovered a large______ of weapons hidden under the floor of a disused building.

10.

Large _____ of cows were infected by the virus.



Assure , Ensure, Insure , Secure. Assure: to tell someone confidently that something is true, so that they do not worry. Only people can feel anxious or doubtful only they can be assured. Things cannot be assured. Examples: Tom assured Mike that he'd come to the party early. She assured us (that) the car would be ready the next day. • •

Ensure : to guarantee an event or condition, to make something certain to happen. People cannot be ensured. Examples: The role of the police is to ensure that the law is obeyed. A good anti-virus will ensure that your PC remains virus-free. These blankets ensure that you’ll be warm enough. • • •

Insure :

to guarantee or protect the monetary value of something , usually with an insurance. Places , people and things can be insured. Examples: The house is insured for two million euros. Many companies won’t insure new or young drivers. • •

Secure :

to keep from attack , harm or damage , to get something , sometimes with difficulty.

Examples: The computer system is secure from intruders. He secured a place for himself in law school. • •



Assure , Ensure, Insure , Secure.

TEST

1. The car was ______________ for $1 000 000.

2. My sister has ________ me that I will do fine on my test.

3. You must _________that everyone in the car is wearing a seat belt.

4. My parents ______ me that no matter what I do, they will love me.

5. I need to _______ my house.

6. The singer failed to _____a place in the Eurovision Song Contest.

7. We will ______that future orders are delivered efficiently.

8. The goal is to ______ that people are enabled to make full use of the information they have been given. If you want to check your answers to this test , please refer to: http://www.aprendeinglesenleganes.com/resources/assure%20%2C%20 ensure%20%2C%20insure%20%2C%20secure%20TEST%20ANSWE RS._001.jpg



Between vs Among Between and among are both prepositions , and they are usually followed by nouns .

Between you can use the word “between” when you are talking about distinct, individual items even if there are more than two of them. It is usually followed by a singular noun. Examples: •

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This contract is entered into between the Seller and the Purchaser. She chose between Harvard, Brown, and Yale. The negotiations between the union and management have broken down.

Among you can use among” when you are talking about things that aren't distinct items or individuals. Among should be used where the entities are considered as a group, mass or collectivity. It is usually followed by a plural noun. Examples: She chose among the Ivy League schools • There is consensus among shareholders that • this approach be adopted. He loves to spend time among his friends. •



Between vs Among TEST 1.

You must choose _____the three books. Well, it is not a difficult choice ____them, there is only one that I like.

2.

The people of the town were frightened to think that a killer might be living ____them.

3.

It’s difficult to live ____ strangers.

4.

Tonight’s match is _____ Belgium and USA.

5.

We divided the cost of the dinner ______ Francis, Martha, Sally, and me.

6.

Talk about it ______ yourselves for a while.

7.

He has worked as a singer _____ other things.

8.

We have agreed the price ____ ourselves and also have agreed that we will not close the deal till November the 30th 2014.



CAUSATIVE VERBS Causative verbs are used to show that the subject causes another thing or person to do something or be something.

MAKE , GET, HAVE , LET, HELP Make somebody do something : To force someone to do something. Examples: • She made her children do her homework. • His mother made him apologize to the teacher.

Get somebody to do something : To convince or persuade someone to do something.

Examples: • She got me to mow the lawn. • I'll get him to help you.

Have somebody do something : to ask somebody to do something / to request somebody to do something.

Examples: • He had his secretary translate the letter. • I will have him call you when he comes back.

Let somebody do something : to give somebody permission to do something.

Examples: • My dad let me go by myself. • She wanted to go but her parent wouldn t let her. ’

Help somebody to do something : to give somebody aid to do something.

Examples: • This book has helped me (to) improve my English. • Going to the Gym has helped me (to) lose weight.



MAKE , GET, HAVE , LET, HELP

TEST 1.

Instead of buying a new bicycle, why don't you ____ your old one fixed.

2.

Can you ____ me paint my livingroom next weekend?

3.

My mom always _____ me clean up my room on Saturday mornings

4.

My little girl wants us to ____ her stay overnight at her friend's place.

5.

We ___ our landlord fix the broken window.

6.

We ____ the computer guy to install the new software for us.

7.

My friend ____ me borrow his car .

8.

I can ____ you to move into your new apartment if you cannot manage on your own.

9.

Your car engine is making some strange sounds. Why don't you ____ a mechanic look at it?



Close to vs Near When used in the sense of ‘not far’ or ‘a short distance away’, the adjectives near and close have the same meaning and are interchangeable.

Close (to) / Near Not far away in distance or time. Almost in a particular state or condition.

Examples: • Don’t get too close to/near that dog , Susan. • As time gets closer to/nearer the exam, I feel more and more nervous. • "I could see that Sam was close to/near tears. • The boxer looked near/close to exhaustion. • We can decide which route to take nearer / closer to the time.

Close We use close to talk about people’s relationships with one another • They’re a close family. • My dad was closer to his brother than to his sister. • John and Mike are very close friends.

Close is also used in the following collocations and nouns. a close encounter , a close race , a close finish , close shave…

Near is also used in the following collocations and nouns. Near miss, near-death experience, near thing, near future…



Close (to) vs Near

TEST

•

The minister said reforms are unlikely in the ____ future.

•

The news report said that the hikers had a ___ encounter with a mountain lion.

•

Mary was always very ____ to her twin sister, Emily.

•

Political analysts predict a ____ race in the elections.

•

There were many ____ finishes in the track events at the London Olympics.

•

The asteroid passed 27,700 km from the surface of Earth It was a ____ miss.

•

We're low on petrol but the next station is very____ so we should be OK.

•

How ____ are they to finding the solution?

•

Those mountains ahead are not as_____ as they seem.

•

We're a very _____ family.



CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (IF CLAUSES) Conditionals are used to describe the result of something that might happen(in the present or future) or might have happened but didn't (in the past). Conditional sentences are divided into 4 different types. It’s not important which clause comes first ZERO

CONDITIONAL

We use the zero conditional to talk about things that are always true. If you heat water, it boils. • When the sun goes down, it gets dark. • It lights up if you push that button. • Structure : If + Present ..... Present FIRST CONDITIONAL We use the first conditional when we talk about real and possible situations. I’ll send her an invitation, if I find her address. • If it is cold, you must wear warm clothes. • If you play the lottery, you may become a millonaire someday. • If I study conditionals, I will speak better English • Structure : if + present simple ..... will/can/may/must + infinitive. SECOND CONDITIONAL We used the second conditional to talk about ‘unreal’ or very unlikely or impossible things or situations. If I found her address , I´d sent her an invitation. • Where would you live if you could live anywhere in the world? • If you studied harder , you might pass the test. • Structure : if + past simple .... would/could/might + infinitive. THIRD CONDITIONAL It talks about the past. It's used to describe a situation that didn't happen, and to imagine the result of this situation. If I had found her address , I would have sent her an invitation. • (but I didnt find it , so I couldn´t send it to her.) If I hadn't been so busy, I could have helped you. • (but I was very busy , so I couldn´t help you.) If we had taken a taxi, we might not have missed the plane. • Structure: if + past perfect, ...would/could + have + past participle.



CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (IF CLAUSES)

TEST

1.

If it’s a nice day tomorrow we____ go to the beach.

2.

If you feel sick, you ____stay in bed.

3.

He ____have saved more money, if he had worked more.

4.

I _____ have raised my hand, If I had known the answer.

5.

If it were not raining, we _____ go out.

6.

If we don't hurry, we ____miss our bus.

7.

If I won the lottery, I _____ travel around the world.

8.

If I didn't want to go, I _____ tell you.

9.

If I hadn't been so busy, I _____ have helped you.



CONFUSING WORDS EVERY ONE vs EVERYONE

Everyone = Everybody (All the people) TODO EL MUNDO Everyone was trying to find a place to park (= Everybody was...) Every one = Every + the pronoun ONE CADA UNO I have many friends. Every one is dear to me (= Every friend is...)

ANYONE vs ANY ONE Anyone = Any person

CUAQUIERA / ALGUIEN

Examples : Has anyone seen my wallet? Any one = Refers to an unidentified individual ALGUNO ( DE ) Ex: If any one of your friends knows, please tell them to keep quiet.

EVERYDAY vs EVERY DAY

Everyday = Found in the ordinary course of events Examples : A placid everyday scene COTIDIANO Every day = Each day CADA DÍA Examples : I go to school every day

ANYWAY vs ANY WAY

Anyway = Used as a support to previous statement or a statement to come Examples : Anyway, there is another factor to consider DE TODAS FORMAS Any way : Whichever path CUALQUIER MODO Examples : Any way you choose will be good for you.

ANYMORE vs ANY MORE

Any more = Adjective any (negative) + adverb (quantity) more; or additional Examples : I don't need any more clothes. NO MÁS Anymore = No longer; (usually used with a negative) YA NO Examples : Alice doesn't live here anymore

SOMETIME vs SOME TIME

Sometime = At some indefinite or unstated time Examples : Everything has to end sometime ALGUNA VEZ/ ALGÚN MOMENTO Some time = A period of time GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY www.aprendeinglesenleganes.com Examples : They went out together for some time ALGÚN TIEMPO

CONFUSING WORDS TEST 1. I don’t want to talk about this anymore/any more. 2. I didn’t ask for anymore/any more work to be put on my desk. 3.Not everyone/every one has natural rhythm. 4. However, everyone/every one of us can learn to dance. 5. She doesn’t know anyone/any one in France. 6. He likes everybody/every body that he works with. 7. Anyone/Any one of you can redecorate the office if you would like. 8. Death was an everyday/every day occurrence during the Civil War. 9. She has sometime/some time to see you tomorrow afternoon. 10.She goes to school every

day/everyday.

11.Chloe is willing to help Marshall prepare for the exam in anyway /any way she can.



Pronouncing – ed endings “ed” endings may be pronounced in one of the following three ways:

-t / -id

/ -d

t

“ed” endings are pronounced “ ” if the end of the word sounds like:

K, S, Ch, Sh, F, P, Th Example: I helped my mom make cookies yesterday. In this example, the end of the word “help” sounds like P. So, the “ed” ending is pronounced “t”.

“ed” endings are pronounced “

id” if the end of the word sounds like:

T or D Example: I wanted to go to the beach last weekend. In this example, the end of the word “want” sounds like T. So, the “ed” ending is pronounced “id”.

“ed” endings are pronounced “

d” for all other ending sounds:

A, B, E, G, H, I , J, L, M, N, O, Q, R, U, V, W, X, Y, Z Example: I played soccer this afternoon. • In this example, the end of the word “play” sounds like Y. So, the “ed” ending is pronounced “d”

Exceptions. Each of the following words do not follow the “ed” ending rules. For these words, the “ed” ending is pronounced like “id”. • aged • bles sed • crooked • dogged • learned • naked • ragged • wicked

So we say: an aged man /Id/ a blessed nuisance /Id/ a dogged persistence /Id/ a learned professor /Id/ a wretched beggar /Id/ But when used as real verbs (past simple and past participle), the normal rules apply and we say: he aged quickly /d/ he blessed me /t/ they dogged him /d/ he has learned well /d/ or /t/ •

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EITHER/OR - NEITHER/NOR EITHER /OR used when referring to a choice between

two possibilities.

Examples :

We can either eat now or after the show. • Either Tom or Henry has lost the book. ________________________________________________________ •

NEITHER /NOR

used when referring to the fact that two or more things are not true.

Examples: • She speaks neither English nor French. • Chris wasn’t at the meeting and neither was her assistant. • Neither Chris nor her assistant was at the meeting.

Singular or Plural?  Singular

If both subjects are singular , the verb is singular too. Examples: • Either the father or the mother has to attend the meeting. (Father and mother are singular so the verb “has” is singular too.) • Neither Sally nor Nancy is going to write the report. (Sally and Nancy are singular , so the verb “is” is singular too.)  Plural

If one subject is plural , the verb is plural too. Examples: • Either Sue or the girls are going to prepare dinner tonight. (The girls is plural , so the verb ”are” is plural too.) • Neither the teacher nor the students were in the classroom. (The students is plural , so the verb “were” is plural too.)



EITHER/OR - NEITHER/NOR TEST - SINGULAR vs PLURAL 1.

Neither Jeremy nor Sam ______in the shop.

2.

Neither the brushes nor the paints ____on the tables.

3.

Either an apple or a banana ____ in the bag.

4.

Either Mary or her parents ____ going to pay the bill.

5.

Neither John nor Anthony ____ arrived yet.

EITHER/OR - NEITHER/NOR TEST 1.

I have _____ a pencil ___ a pen.

2.

I don't have ____a Facebook ___ a Twitter account.

3.

I don’t know what to do. I don’t know ______.

4.

I don’t know what to do. ______do I.

5.

I don’t know what to do. Me ____.

If you want to check your answers to this test , please refer to: http://www.aprendeinglesenleganes.com/either--or---either-nor.php



EVEN THOUGH EVEN IF EVEN SO EVEN THOUGH (AUNQUE/ A PESAR DE QUE)

Even though describes a real situation and is a more emphatic version of though and although. She told him even though I asked her not to. Even though I've cleaned it and polished it, it still doesn't look new. Even though he lost his job as Arts Minister, he continued to serve in the government.   

EVEN IF (INCLUSO SI / SUPONIENDO QUE)

Even if describes an unreal situation where we could substitute 'just supposing' for even if.   

Even if I had two hours to spare for shopping, I wouldn't go out and buy a suit. Even if you take a taxi, you´ll still miss your train. Even if I knew it, I wouldn´t tell you.

EVEN SO (AÚN ASÍ) Even so is a prepositional phrase that can be used in a similar fashion to introduce

a fact that is surprising in the context of what has been said before. It connects ideas between clauses or sentences:  

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I know her English isn't very good, but even so I can understand her. The evidence was only circumstantial. Even so, he was convicted and spent ten years in prison for a crime that he perhaps did not commit. I had a terrible headache , but even so I went to the concert.

DIFFERENCES in meaning between even though, even if and even so. Even though I had time, I didn´t do it. Aunque tuve tiempo no lo hice. Even if I had time I wouldn´t do it. Incluso si tuviese tiempo no lo haría. I had time but even so I didn´t do it. Tuve tiempo pero aún así no lo hice.



EVEN THOUGH EVEN IF EVEN SO

TEST 1.

Even_____ we won the war, we would probably suffer tremendous destruction.

2.

Even _______ we lost tonight, boys, I'm proud of you. You played a tough game.

3.

I know you have good vocabulary, but, even ____ you should use a dictionary.

4.

This time she has kept her promises faithfully. Even ____ I don't really trust her.

5.

Even _____I was late for work , my boss wasnt angry.

6.

Even ____I win the lottery I will still work doing something constructive and helpful to the economy.

7.

I know you don't like vegetables, darling. Even ____ you must eat them.



Lastly, Finally, Eventually, In the end , At last 

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Use FINALLY or EVENTUALLY to say that something happens after a long time or after several other things happened. Examples: Finally we managed to get the car to start. AL FINAL When she eventually turned up, the food was cold. Use EVENTUALLY or IN THE END to say what the result or outcome of something was. Examples: They eventually got bored and went home. AL FINAL In the end we decided to cancel the trip. Use AT LAST to say that something happens after a long period of waiting or trying, when you are glad about this. Examples: It's good to be home at last. AL FIN At last, the pizza's here! Use LASTLY or FINALLY to introduce the last point you want to make, the last action in a series of actions, or the last item in a list. Examples: Lastly, I would like to remind you that smoking is not allowed. Load the paper, select the number of copies, and lastly press 'Print'. You add flour, salt, and finally milk. POR ÚLTIMO



Lastly, Finally, Eventually, In the end , At last

TEST 1.

It might take him ages but he´ll do it _____.

2.

We ______ got home at midnight.

3.

______ people got used to the idea.

4.

We were thinking about going to Paris, but ____________ we went to Berlin.

5.

________ , the hero runs away with all the money.

6.

The performance_____started half an hour late.

7.

I’ve finished my essay _____ !

8.

Firstly, that's illegal; secondly, it has serious disadvantages; and ___ ___, did I mention that it's illegal?



EVER idioms and set phrases 

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ALL SOMEBODY EVER DOES IS.... lo único que hace es used to emphasize that somebody does the same thing very often, usually in an annoying way All he ever does is grumble about things. DID YOU EVER (…)! ¡pero bueno, habráse visto! (old-fashioned, informal) used to show that you are surprised or shocked : Did you ever hear anything like it? EVER SINCE (…) desde que / desde entonces continuously since the time mentioned He's had a car ever since he was 18. I was bitten by a dog once and I've been afraid of them ever since. EVER SO/EVER SUCH A tan (informal, especially British English) very; really. He looks ever so smart. She's ever such a nice woman. IF EVER THERE WAS (ONE) como ninguno (informal) used to emphasize that something is certainly true. That was a disaster if ever there was one! WAS/IS/DOES, etc. SOMEBODY EVER! ¡Vaya! (informal, especially North American English) used to emphasize something you are talking about. ‘You must have been upset by that.’ ‘Was I ever!’ sometimes used at the end of an informal letter, before you write your name : yours ever/ever yours Siempre tuyo EVER THE + adjective , noun (caballeroso) como siempre And when we use ever before a noun to indicate that a person has particular qualities, ever is used to mean always: Let me open the door for you. ~ Ever the gentleman! I always wear loose-fitting clothes like this ~ Ever the hippie!



EVER idioms and set phrases TEST 1.

All he _____ does is cry.

2.

She is ______ a pretty girl.

3.

She is been depressed _________ she got divorced.

4.

Now there's a challenge, ________ was one.

5.

It was a brilliant performance ____________ was one.

6.

_______ funny guy, Mr. Man suggested that I play the song backwards.

7.

Mad? ___ he ___!

8.

__________ see such a thing?

9.

I moved to London 20 years ago and I´ve lived here _______.

10. He's a fool _________was one.



FAST vs QUICK 

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QUICK is usually used to refer to something happening in a short time, or a shorter than expected time: Examples: We stopped for a quick snack. Not: … a fast snack. I just need a quick answer. Not: … a fast answer. Let me ask you a quick question. Not : ... a fast question. FAST refers to things that happen or go at high speed, e.g. a train, a person running: Examples : She loves fast cars. Not: She loves quick cars. Don’t eat so fast you are going to choke. Not : Don’t eat so quick you are going to choke Note the common expression fast food to refer to food such as hamburgers, which are cooked and served in a very short time in restaurants: Fast collocations , idioms and set phrases Fast asleep. When I am fast asleep, I don't hear anything. Profudamente dormido Thick and fast . Money came thick and fast. A raudales. Pull a fast one on someone. Tomar el pelo / engañar Don't try to pull a fast one with me! I know what you're doing. As fast as your legs would carry you – a todo lo que te daban las piernas, I ran down the mountain as fast as my legs would carry me! Hold/ stand fast – He held fast to his principles. Mantenerse firme a...

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Quick collocations , idioms and set phrases Quick fixed- There is no quick fix for dieting and weight loss. Solución rápida Quick temper – Your quick temper will get you into trouble. Mal genio. Be quick on the uptake – ser muy listo, agarrar las cosas al vuelo He was quick on the uptake and able to realize right away what was wrong.



FAST vs QUICK

TEST 1.

Slow down! You're driving too ______.

2.

It´s a ______ journey. We’ll be there in no time.

3.

He took a _____ glance at the newspaper.

4.

Could I have a _____ word?

5.

He was a very _______ runner.

6.

My broadband connection is very _____ and reliable.

7.

She was _____ at understanding what we wanted to do.

8.

She was running very______ on the treadmill today!

9.

He is a _____ worker who cares about the job he does.

FCE PART 2 – OPEN CLOZE RELATIVE PRONOUNS. Who , That, Which, Whose, Whom, What ... DETERMINERS This , That, These, Those, Which, Whose... CONJUNCTIONS & ADVERBS Where, What, When, How, Why, Who, ARTICLES AND QUANTIFIER Few, little, none , some , any , much , many, no, enough, either, neither, fewer, less, Both, all, nothing , something. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS After , although , as , as if , as long as , as though , because , before ,even if , even though , even if , if , if only , in order that , now that , once , rather than , since , so that , than ,that , though , till , unless , until , when , whenever , where ,whereas ,wherever ,while PRONOUMS I, me, she, he, we, they, her, his, him, our, theirs, their, my, mine, hers, themselves , ourselves, himself, herself, it, its, itself, myself... AUXILIARY VERBS Would, should, have, must, been, was ,seen, shall, will , do ,did, has, need, PREPOSITIONS /PHRASAL VERBS At, to, on, in , with, for, of, up, down, about, along, out, into, around, through, over, after , back, across, off, without, away, behind, forward... RELATIVE PRONOUMS , DETERMINERS AND LINKING EXPRESSIONS Who , whose, whom , which, when , where, what , how, that, whom, this , that, these, those... CONTRAST LINKS In spite of , despite (the fact that) , although, even though, even so, however, nevertheless , but, yet , whereas, while, but, notwithstanding..on the one hand...on the other hand...as opposed to, rather than, on the contrary... PURPOSE LINKS In order to , for, to , so as to, so that, in order that.. REASON LINKS Due to , owing to , because of, on acccount of, since , in case (of) , therefore, so , consequently, seeing that, seeing as.. ADDITION LINKS Too, also, as well , as well as , not only ...but also, besides, in addition to , moreover, furthermore, what´s more, such as , for example, for instance , apart from , except for.. CONDITIONAL LINKS

Provided (that) , unless , as long as, if , whether ..(or) , either...or, neither...nor, until, even if...



HARDLY , SCARCELY, BARELY, NO SOONER 



APENAS Hardly, scarcely and barely can all be used to say that something is only just true or possible. They are used with words like any and ever, with adjectives and verbs, and are often placed between can, could, have, be, etc. and the main part of the verb: They have sold scarcely any copies of the book. They were so young they had hardly any experience. His words were barely audible. I can hardly believe it. ✓I hardly can believe it. X WRONG Hardly, scarcely and barely are negative words and should not be used with not or other negatives: I can hardly believe it. ✓ I can’t hardly believe it. X WRONG And are followed by “when /before” in order to say that one thing happens immediately after another:

We had hardly/scarcely/barely sat down at the table, when/before the phone rang. In a literary style, these words are usually inverted. Hardly/Scarcely had we sat down at the table, when the phone rang. 

No sooner is used in the same way, but is always used with than: No sooner had we sat down at the table than the phone rang. Hardly and scarcely can be used to mean ‘almost never’, but barely is not used in this way: She hardly (ever) sees her parents these days. ✓

She barely sees her parents these days. X WRONG



HARDLY , SCARCELY, BARELY, NO SOONER TEST 1.

I could _____ hear her at the back.

2.

He ______ ate anything.

3.

She was _____ 15 when she won her first championship.

4.

We ______ ever go to concerts.

5.

He could _____ read and write.

6.

I could _______ believe it when I heard it on the.

7.

_______ had she said it than she burst into tears.

8.

______ had a moment passed before the door creaked open.

9.

There was ______ a tree left standing after the storm.



I is the first person singular subject pronoun ansd it refers to the person performing the action of a verb. Examples : 

I want to go out tonight / Susan and I are going on holiday.  She and I need to tell you something. / This is the one I like.

Me is an object pronoun, and it refers to the person that the action of a verb is being done to, or to whom a preposition refers.  She asked me to stay / He s always given me good advice.  Between you and me, I think he cheated.  You need to talk to Mike or me. ’

The confusion usually occurs when you have I/me connected to another pronoun or name with "and" or "or." Examples: Pat and I are friends. Pat and I we are both subjects. Pat and me are friends. × He blamed him and me. Him and me are both object pronouns. He blamed Pat and I. ×  •

There is an easy way to decide whether to use I or me: He told Jim and (I or me?) to arrive early. He told I to arrive early? × Incorrect He told me to arrive early? Correct

•

When you and (I or me) first met. When me first met you. × Incorrect When I first met you. Correct



I vs ME – TEST 1.

Janet asked him and ___ to do the job.

2.

He and ___did the job for Janet.

3.

Leo and ________ are going to the cottage this weekend.

4.

They wanted Peter and ____ to apologize.

5.

She met ____ at the gym.

6.

My mom fixed lunch for my sister and ___.

7.

Leave the decision to Laura and ___.

8.

Please join Tom and ____ for lunch.

9.

The group consists of Maria, Sean , and ____.

10. For all the work my family and ___ have put into this industry, we've gotten a lot back. If you want to check your answers to this test , please refer to: http://www.aprendeinglesenleganes.com/i-vs-me.php



TO, FOR, IN ORDER TO, SO AS TO, SO THAT, IN ORDER THAT, IN ORDER FOR TO - We use "to" :  

When there is some kind of transfer happening or something , being moved from one place to another. "To" expresses direction. To say why we do something. 'to + verb' I'm going to Ireland to visit my family. I went to the post office to buy some stamps. • •

FOR- We use "for" : 

When something is being done to benefit something or someone else.  When you express purpose or the reason that something is happening Examples : "I bought this gift for you." "Bring this tea upstairs for your grandmother."

FOR vs TO "I made a quick phone call to my mom." (I called with the intention of speaking with my mom) "I made a quick phone call for my mom." (My mom wasn't able to make the call so I made the call for her)

IN ORDER TO & SO AS TO = with the aim of achieving something. (USUALLY BEFORE INFINITIVE)

We use in order to / so as to with an infinitive form of a verb to express the purpose of something. I asked him out in order to/ so as to know whether he had any interest in me. I talked to him so as to/on order to have a better understanding of the situation. Their negatives are : in order not to / so as not to Before a negative infinitive , we usually prefer in order to/ so as to rather than “to” In order not / So as not to oversleep, I set the alarm for seven o’clock . (More natural than ‘Not to oversleep , I set the alarm for seven o’clock”) • •

SO THAT & IN ORDER THAT

(USUALLY BEFORE PRONOUN)

We use so that and in order that to talk about purpose. So that is far more common than in order that, and in order that is more formal: I’ll go by car so that I can take more luggage. We left a message with his neighbour so that he would know we’d called. In order that you can sign the form, please print it out and mail it to this address. • •

IN ORDER FOR = so that someone can do sth or something can happen (USUALLY BEFORE PRONOUN)

In order for us to win, we’ll all have to try a little harder. He left early in order for Mary to make the presentation. • It is important that your proficiency in English is good in order for you to • study successfully at the University of Aberdeen.



TO, FOR, IN ORDER TO, IN ORDER THAT, IN ORDER FOR, SO THAT, SO AS TO

TEST 1.

I'm studying very hard at the moment____ pass my exams next month.

2.

I bought a dictionary ____ help with my vocabulary.

3.

I went to bed early_____ I wouldn't be tired in the morning.

4.

I have to get up early. I set the alarm for five o'clock ____ oversleep.

5.

I waited for an hour______ I could meet her.

6.

Some people do not eat before exercises____feel nauseated.

7.

Do exercise regularly ______have excellent health and wellbeing.

8.

I feel a lot more practical experience needs to happen for female coaches _______ them to get more jobs.

9.

My sister gave English lessons ____ earn some pin money.

10. Jenny is a very nice person. She is always prompt ____ help her friends. 11. They took the taxi _____waste time. 12. I'm going to Australia _____ forget my English.



Inasmuch as vs Insofar as Inasmuch as

(conjunction formal)

used to introduce a phrase that explains why or how much something described in another part of the sentence is true. Dado que , ya que, teniendo en cuenta que Examples: • Inasmuch as you are their commanding officer, you are responsible for the behaviour of these men. • This made my task easier, inasmuch as it was not necessary for me to make further inquiries. • They're rather similar, inasmuch as they are the same size and colour. _______________________________________________

Insofar as

(conjunction formal)

used for talking about the degree to which something happens, or the situation in which something happens. En la medida que…en lo referente a … Examples: • She cites other scholars' work only insofar as it supports her own theories. • We agree only insofar as the budget is concerned. • The news is good insofar as it suggests that a solution may be possible. • Looking back helps insofar as it helps you learn from your mistakes.



Inasmuch as vs Insofar as TEST 1.

The research suggests that the drug will be successful, ______ one can draw conclusions from such a small sample size.

2.

Ann is guilty, ______she knew what the others were planning.

3.

________ as people still read books, books are still important.

4.

________ possible, we will try to integrate each of these dimensions into our analysis.

5.

________ it is possible, we try to avoid any interruption in services.

6.

I will get my math homework done ______ I can.



LITTLE LESS

vs FEW

vs FEWER

LITTLE

is used with uncountable nouns (money , water , time ...) Little can express either a satisfactory or an unsatisfactory amount. Satisfactory : A little . UN POCO I have a little water. (Tengo un poco de agua) I ´ve got a little money. (Tengo un poco de dinero) I want a little salt on my potatoes. ( Quiero un poco de sal en mis patatas)   

Unsatisfactory : Little. POCO/A I have little water. (Tengo poca agua) I´ve got very little time ( Tengo muy poco tiempo)  

LESS is used with uncountable nouns (money , water , time...)   

MENOS

I hope less snow falls this year / I have less computer savvy than you. You should spend less of your time complaining. This bottle contains less water than that one.

FEW is used with countable nouns (friends , tables, teachers..) Few can express either a satisfactory or an unsatisfactory amount. Satisfactory : A few. UNOS POCOS / UNOS CUANTOS A few friends are coming over (Van a venir unos cuantos amigos). We still have a few good customers (Todavía tenemos unos cuantos buenos clientes).  

Unsatisfactory : Few. POCOS/AS I have few friends. (Tengo pocos amigos) We have very few days left to finish. (Nos quedan muy pocos días para terminar)  

FEWER

is used with countable nouns (people ,chairs, shoes,etc...)

MENOS    

You know fewer people tha I do. There should be fewer books on that table. Fewer of us show up each year. Fewer and fewer people go to church these days.



LITTLE LESS

vs FEW

vs FEWER

TEST 1.

____ people know as much about art as he does.

2.

Tom is just too fat. In my opinion, he walks ______than he should.

3.

You ought to drink _____vodka. It destroys your liver.

4.

There are _____ people on the beach than we expected.

5.

He knows____about chinese culture.

6.

There is very ____orange juice left in the fridge.

7.

Fred felt very alone. ____ people visited him in hospital.

8.

This recipe requires ___ eggs than your recipe.

9.

I have got a ____money left. I can buy this book.

10.

There is ____ hope of finding them alive.



"Ly" ending adverbs

Absolutely – absolutamente / por supuesto (Abso-lút-ly) It is absolutely impossible for me to go. Do you agree? – Oh, absolutely Accordingly - En consecuencia / por consiguiente (accór- ding-ly) Find out what has happened and act accordingly. He was very worried about the future of the firm and accordingly he did what he could to help. Actually – En realidad , de hecho (Ác-chua-li) She actually saw the accident happen. Actually, I’m doing something else this evening. Admittedly – Hay que reconocer que../ está claro que.. (admí - ted-ly) It wasn’t an easy task , admittedly, but… Admittedly , I could have tried harder but I still don’t think all this criticism is fair. Alternatively – En todo caso , o bien...

(Ol-térna-tiv-ly)

Do you want to come with us in the car? Alternatively, we could meet you somewhere in town. You can eat in the hotel or, alternatively, go to a restaurant. Consequently – por consiguiente ,

(Cón-secuént-ly)

She didn’t explain it clearly – consequently, he didn’t understand. Most computer users have never received any formal keyboard training. Consequently, their keyboard skills are inefficient.

Correspondingly – De la misma manera / en la misma medida (có-rrespón-ding-ly) Life in the city is more expensive , but salaries are correspondingly higher. As his political power has shrunk, he has grown correspondingly more dependent on the army. Considerably – considerablemente / bastante (Con-sí-dera-bly) He is considerably fatter than he was when I knew him. The situation has improved considerably. Definitely – sin duda , (Dé-finit-ly) I will definitely be back by ten./ I definitely need a holiday. Extremely Fundamentally – Fundamentalmente , en esencia. (fánda-méntaly) The conclusions of the report are fundamentally wrong. He was fundamentally honest. Generally – Por lo general / generalmente. (Yé-nu-aly) He is generally disliked. Your health is generally good, but you do have a few minor problems. Gradually- gradualmente / poco a poco / paulatinamente (Grá-juli) His health is gradually improving. Jill gradually became aware of an awful smell. Increasingly- Cada vez más … (In-crí-sin-ly) It became increasingly difficult to find helpers. Increasingly, young people distrust all forms of government.

Inevitably- Inevitablemente / (Iné-vita-bly) The decision will inevitably lead to political tensions. Their arguments inevitably end in tears. Invariably – siempre (In-vfé-riably) They invariably quarrel when he comes home. It invariably rains when I go there. Merely – Sólo , meramente (Mía-ly) I was merely asking a question. It's not merely a matter of cost, but whether she's old enough to go on holiday alone. Painstakingly- Concienzudamente.. (Peíns-tei-kin-ly) The old painting was painstakingly restored. She painstakingly explained how the machine worked. Partially – parcialmente… (Pár-sha-ly) The meat was only partially cooked. Remember that you are partially responsible for their unhappiness. Particularly – en particular / en especial (Patí-Kiú-la-ly) He was particularly pleased to see his brother. We are hoping to expand our business, particularly in Europe. Perfectly- perfectamente / a la perfección (pérfect -ly) It's perfectly normal to be nervous before a performance. The steaks were perfectly cooked.

Permanently – Permanentemente. (pér-manént-ly) The accident left him permanently disabled. She wants to stay in this country permanently. Readily – De buena gana , fácilmente (rué-di-ly) I’d readily help you. The information is readily accessible on the Internet. Regularly – Con regularidad . (Rué-giu-la-ly) His heart was beating regularly. It's important to exercise regularly. Separately – Por separado , (Sé-pret-ly) They did arrive together, but I think they left separately. We each made our way to Jeff’s apartment separately. Similarly – De la misma manera / (Sím-i-la-ly) The first letter she wrote me was less than a page long, and her second letter was similarly brief. The cost of food and clothing has come down in recent years. Similarly, fuel prices have fallen quite considerably. Ultimately – En última instancia / al final / finalmente (ál-ti-met-ly) Ultimately, the decision rests with the child's parents. We hope ultimately to be able to buy a house of our own. Vividly – Vívidamente / claramente (ví-vid-ly) I vividly remember that day. I can vividly remember the day we met.



MIXED CONDITIONALS (IF CLAUSES) Mixed conditionals are those unreal conditional sentences whose time in the ifclause is different than the time in the main-clause. Let's first have a look at unreal conditional sentences: • If she were shorter, she would be more attractive. • I am busy next week. If I had time, I would come to your party. • If they hadn't trained hard, they wouldn't have won. As you can see, they refer to the same time: the present, the future or the past. If we mix the sentences, we get mixed conditionals. PAST & PRESENT

If my father hadn't lost his keys, we wouldn't have to wait until he finds them. But my father lost his keys and therefore we have to wait until he finds them. • If I had installed an anti-virus, my computer wouldn't be so slow now. But I didn't install an anti-virus and therefore my computer is so slow now. Structure : If + Past perfect ..... would (Present) PAST & FUTURE •

If our house had been broken into, we would call the police. But our house wasn't broken into and we are not going to call police. If we had won the lottery last week, we would buy a new sofa today. • But we didn't win the lottery and we are not going to buy a new sofa today. Structure : if + past perfect ..... will/can/may/must. PRESENT & PAST If I weren’t intelligent , I wouldn’t have graduated from Stanford. • But I am intelligent and therefore I did graduate from Stanford. If Mary weren't a snob, she wouldn't have had so many parties this year. • But Mary is a snob and therefore she had so many parties this year. Structure : if + past simple .... would/could/might + infinitive. PRESENT & FUTURE If you were more eloquent, you would become a politician. • But I am not more eloquent and I won't become a politician. • If you had more time, I would go to the cinema with you. • But you don't have more time and I won't go to the cinema with you. • Structure: if + past perfect, ...would/could.. •



CONDITIONALS (IF CLAUSES)

TEST

1.

If I had enough money, I ___ ____ ____ with him.

2.

I ___ ____ learned Spanish if my life was not so busy.

3.

He ____have saved more money, if he had worked more.

4.

If I had gone with Tito, I ____ ____ be so lonely now!

5.

If I had quit my job I ___ _____ have enough money to live in Colombia..

6.

If I had moved to Colombia I ___ ___ poor and unhappy now.



SEPARABLE & INSEPARABLE

MULTI-WORD VERBS Multi-word verbs . On these pages we make a distinction between three types of multi-word verbs: phrasal verbs , prepositional verbs and phrasal-prepositional verbs.

1.

Phrasal Verbs are made of:

verb + adverb ex : (throw away)

Phrasal verbs can be: intransitive (no direct object) transitive (direct object) When they are transitive (have a direct object), we can usually separate the two parts .

transitive phrasal verbs are SEPARABLE

They

turned

They

turned

our offer

down.

When the direct

object is a pronoun we must always separate the phrasal verb

They

turned

it

down

They

Turned

Intransitive phrasal verbs are

I

don’t

like

to get up

I

don’t

like

to get early

INSEPARABLE

our offer.

down

down

it early up

2. Prepositional Verbs (cannot be separated) Prepositional verbs are a group of multi-word verbs made from a verb plus another word or words. Prepositional verbs are made of: verb The object must sit after the preposition:

Prepositional verbs are INSEPARABLE

+ preposition They

believe in

God

They

look after

the dog

They

look the dog

after

3. Phrasal-prepositional Verbs (cannot be separated) Phrasal-prepositional verbs are made of: verb + adverb + preposition Because phrasal-prepositional verbs end with a preposition, there is always a direct object. And, like prepositional verbs, phrasal-prepositional verbs cannot be separated. Look at these examples:

Phrasal-prepositional verbs are INSEPARABLE

We

ran out of

fuel.

We

ran out of

it.



SEPARABLE & INSEPARABLE

MULTI-WORD VERBS 1. Which is correct?

6. Which is correct?

a) I made up that story

a) I was trying to speak, but he cut off me.

b) BOTH ARE CORRECT

b)BOTH ARE CORRECT

c) I made that story up.

c) I was trying to speak, but he cut me off.



a) I drove to his house up.

a) BOTH ARE CORRECT

b) BOTH ARE CORRECT

b) I mix up those words all the time.

c) I drove up to his house.

c) I mix those words up all the time.



a) The police blew up the car.

a) Thomas' grandfather passed away last month.

b) BOTH ARE CORRECT

b) Thomas' grandfather passed last month away.

c) The police blew the car up.

c) BOTH ARE CORRECT 9. Which is correct?


a) The thieves broke in at around midnight. a) Pass out ( = distribute) these forms! b) The thieves broke at around midnight in. b) BOTH ARE CORRECT c) Pass these forms out!

c) BOTH ARE CORRECT


5. Which is correct? a) Are you going to come back later?

a) We took after breakfast off.

b) Are you going to come later back?

b) BOTH ARE CORRECT

c) BOTH ARE CORRECT

c) We took off (=left) after breakfast.





Need to vs Need + ing We use 'need' to talk about things we think are necessary to do. We can use two different structures - need / needs to and need / needs – ing _______________________________________________________________

Need to We use this form when we want to talk about something that's necessary for someone to do. We usually mention who is going to do it. Example: "I need to go to the dentist" means "It's necessary for me to visit the dentist".

Structure : subject + need or needs to (don´t need /doesn´t need to) + verb Ellie needs to practise. Alice doesn´t need to wear a uniform. They need to go shopping. We don´t need to post the letters. _______________________________________________________________ • • • •

Need -ing We can use this form when we want to talk about something that is necessary for someone to do. We don't have to say who is going to do it. Example: “The house need cleaning” means “the house needs to be cleaned ” by someone that we don´t mention. This is a passive structure where the usual subject + verb + object form changes to object + need + verb+ing.

Structure : object +need or needs ( don´t/doesn´t need )+verb+ing My hair needs cutting. The house needs tidying. The curtains don´t need washing. The letter doesn´t need posting. ____________________________________________________________ • • • •

Need doing = Need to be done (we don´t say who is going to do it)



Need to vs Need + ing TEST 1.

My car is making strange noises. I think it needs ____ (service).

2.

This apple is rotten. It needs _____(throw away).

3.

I don´t need _____ (get up) early tomorrow.

4.

You need _____ (wash) your hands before lunch.

5.

Your hands are very dirty, they need _____(wash).

6.

We need _____(hurry) or we´ll miss our bus.

7.

The dog doesn´t need_____(walk). I took him out about an hour ago.

8.

Your shirt is very creased , It needs ____(iron).

9.

Does the baby need _____(bathe)?



NO, NONE , NONE OF No and none of are determiners. None is the pronoun form of no. No, none and none of indicate negation.

NO  

We use no directly before nouns: I’ve got no time to waste / There are no people I recognise here. She says she has no enemies.

NONE means ‘not one’ or ‘not any’ . We use it as a pronoun to replace countable and uncountable nouns and as subject or object . None of us knew her. (Not any of us knew her.) I have two brothers. She has none. (She doesn’t have any brothers.) A: What reasons did he give? B: None. When none is the subject, the verb is either singular or plural depending on what it is referring to. I’m always looking for inspiration. None ever comes. She’s always looking for ideas. None ever come. Warning: We don’t use none where we mean no one or nobody: They had a wonderful time and luckily no one was injured.✓ Not: … and luckily none was injured.

NONE OF is used before the, demonstratives (this, that), possessives (my, your) or pronouns (you, us, them): None of his old friends knew what had happened to him. It doesn’t matter. None of it was your fault. Warning: It is not used when there is a negative word (not, n’t) in the clause:

She doesn’t remember any of us. ✓ Not: She doesn’t remember none of us . Warning: When we are referring to two things or people, we use neither of rather than none of : There were two proposal. But neither of them was accepted. ✓ Not: None of them was accepted.



NO, NONE, NONE OF TEST 1. She wanted some sugar but there was ____ in the house.

2. Is there any tea left? No, _____ at all.

3. There was ____ end to my happines when I found him.

4. I’m a mother of five and _______ my children has red hair.

5. The three of them left yesterday, but ______ them has come back yet.

6. How many tickets have you got? _____.

7. _____ words can describe the scene.

8. I asked them both to come, but _______ of them accepted.

9. We have _____ kids.



NOT ONLY ...... BUT ALSO We use not only X but also Y in formal contexts to give more information. •

•

•



The war caused not only destruction and death but also generations of hatred between the two communities. The car not only is economical but also feels good to drive. This investigation is not only one that is continuing and worldwide but also one that we expect to continue for quite some time. We can sometimes leave out also:

I identified with Denzel Washington not only as an actor but as a person.

Inversion: To add emphasis, we can use not only at the beginning of a clause. When we do this, we invert the subject and the verb: •

Not only was it raining all day at the wedding but also the band was late.

•

Not only will they paint the outside of the house but also the inside.

•

When there is no auxiliary verb or main verb be, we use do, does, did:

•

Not only did she forget my birthday, but she also didn’t even apologise for forgetting it. Not only do I enjoy watching plays but I also like acting in them.

•

Not only does it cost more, it also …

•

Not only is he intelligent , but he is also very charming.

•

Inversion structure : Not only + verb or Auxiliary or Modal Verb + Subject + Main Verb + Object



NOT ONLY.... BUT ALSO

TEST 1.

There are problems __ __ with the students, __ __ with the teachers themselves.

2.

Alcoholism is seen as __ __ a physical and psychological disease __ __ a spiritual one.”

3.

He speaks __ __ English,___ he ____ speaks Spanish.

4.

He did __ __ turn up late, ___he ___ forgot his books.

INVERSION 5.

Not only ___there problems with the students , __ __with the teachers themselves.

6.

Not only __ Alcoholism seen as a physical and psychological disease , __ ___ as a spiritual one.

7.

Not only ___ he speak English, ___ he ___ speaks Spanish.

8.

Not only ____he turn up late , ___he ____forgot his books.



Elder/Eldest vs Older/Oldest Elder and eldest mean the same as older and oldest only they are used as a more polite way of saying the same thing. But there are some other important differences in meaning that we need to be aware of.

Older/Oldest We use older/oldest as the regular comparative and superlative forms to describe people and things and for absolutes. Examples : My car is older than yours. . He is the oldest man alive

• • •

Elder/Eldest We only use the adjectives elder and eldest before a noun (as attributive adjectives), and usually when talking about relationships within a family. We NEVER USE elder/eldest as a comparative followed by THAN Examples: My sister is older than me ✓ My sister is elder than me × We only use elder/eldest to talk about people NEVER to talk about things. Examples: The Washington Monument is the oldest monument in the US capital. ✓ Not : The

Washington Monument is the eldest monument in the US capital. ×

Elder We use ELDER when we speak about two family members such as brothers , sisters, cousins, etc. Examples : • •

My elder son, his elder daughter. The elder of the two sons / The elder of the two.

Eldest We use eldest when we speak about three or more family members. Examples: • • •

.

His eldest brother is five years older than he is. I’m the eldest of three children. Her eldest child is nearly 10.



Elder/Eldest vs Older/Oldest

TEST 1.

He is the ———— man in the village.

2.

My ————— brother is a doctor.

3.

She is ————— than me. older

4.

This is Antonio, the duke’s ————— son.

5.

He is the ______ boy in the class.

6.

This is the ______ church in London.

7.

The _______ city in France is Marseilles.

8.

Ryan Giggs is ________ player on Manchester United.

9.

She is _______ of four siblings.

10.

My________ relative is 94 years old.

You can fnd the answers to this test here: http://www.aprendeinglesenleganes.com/elder-eldest---older-oldest.php



POSITION OF ADVERBS Adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, or clauses. She sings beautifully. (beautifully modifies the verb “sing”) • He runs very fast. (very modifies the adjective “fast”) • He plays very well. (very modifies the adverb “well”) • The position of adverbs in the sentence depends on what type of adverb it is.

Do not place an adverb between a verb and its object. 1. Adverbs of Manner (e.g.: slowly, carefully, awfully….) These adverbs are put after the subject or behind the verb or direct object. • I carefully painted the house. = Correct /I painted the house carefully. = Correct • I painted carefully the house. = Incorrect * Adverbs of manner not ending in -ly (like well, hard, and fast) can only appear in the end position: They dance well. / She runs fast / I hit very hard 2. Adverbs of Place (e.g.: here, there, behind, above, outside , nearby…) Usually go in end-position or mid-position immediately after the verb: The children are playing outside. / He walked towards the police station. • The glass shattered and the pieces flew everywhere. • 3. Adverbs of Time & frequecy (e.g.: every day, daily , weekly, last year…) Front-position or end-position (more common). I study English every day. / Every day, I study English. • We went to Australia last year. / Last year we went to Australia. • The single-word adverbs of frequency cannot go in the front-position: Take the tablets twice daily. Daily take the tablets twice = Incorrect. • 4. Indefinite frequency: Ex) often, usually, frequently, occasionally... Always and never go in the mid-position, before the verb: I always wake up early. / We never imagined this would be so hard. • The others can go in various positions: Soon you’ll be finished with school./ You’ll soon be finished with school. • • You’ll be finished with school soon. After auxiliary verbs (be, do & have) and modal verbs (will, would, can...) He is only five years old. / I can sometimes play this game very well. We’ve already eaten dinner. He has apparently passed the exam. 5. Adverbs of certainty (e.g.: definitely, certainly, clearly, maybe..) Maybe and perhaps usually go in the front-position: Maybe we’ll go out to eat tonight / Perhaps I should explain further. Other adverbs of certainty usually go in the mid-position: He clearly made a mistake. That’s certainly not the case



POSITION OF ADVERBS TEST 1.

..... dancing : I often go / I go often / often I go

2.

She ....... in the morning : smokes never /never smokes

3.

......... drink wine at lunchtime : /I rarely / rarely I

4.

I ........ some gardening at the weekend if the weather's nice : do usually /usually do

5.

He ....... in to work on time : gets hardly ever /hardly ever gets

6.

She ....... reading the novel she started yesterday. already has finished / has already finished



SAXON GENITIVE Possessive Case The possessive case is used to show ownership. In general there is some preference for the possessive pattern when a person, rather than a thing, is being described. Thus, we would have: 'My uncle's return was delayed.' but 'The contents of the drawer were strewn all over the floor.' However, person might be extended to include animals or groups of human beings, so we would have: the donkey's tail the audience's reaction the government's majority The possessive form is also usual when the relationship of possession is described, so we would say: 'My grandmother's furniture was mostly Victorian.' 

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  

Rules for correct use of the apostrophe to indicate possession. Singular nouns. An apostrophe (') is added at the end of the noun to show possession. The meeting's agenda / St. Michael's College / The company´s new project. Nouns endin g in “ s” but singular in meaning. There are conflicting policies and theories about how to show possession when writing such nouns. Add either just an apostrophe (') or an apostrophe + s ('s) . The boss's wife / The bus 's schedule / Mr. Jones' photo / Carlos' car. NOTE: Multiple nouns that refer to one person/thing – add an ('s) to the last noun. Peter and John's mother is a teacher. Multiple nouns that refer to more persons/things – add ('s) to both nouns. Susan's and Steve's bags are black. Plural nouns. Add the apostrophe (') to regular plural forms: The girls' room is very nice / The Smiths' car is black / two actresses' roles. Add ('s) to irregular plural forms: The children's books / Men's clothes / the teeth's roots Double possessive A picture of my father" (in which we see the old man) and "a picture of my father's" (which he owns) Natasha is a friend of Joan's and a client of Marlowe's. 



SAXON GENITIVE

TEST 1.

He is a friend of ____ (She).

2.

He is a friend of ____(He).

3.

I met________________ (my friend/mother) yesterday.

4.

I really like_______________(Kate/new dog). It's cute.

5.

The __________________(children/toys) were scattered all over the room.

6.

I would like to meet ______________(James/wife) at last.

7.

My ___________ (cousins/surname) is Johnson.

8.

This is a _______________(book of Laura).



See – look (at) - Watch These three verbs talk about different ways of using your eyes. But they have important differences in meaning.

See When we say 'see' we are normally talking about things we can't avoid. We open our eyes and things are just there. It may not be intentional.

Examples: • I can see a cloud in the sky. • When I lifted my eyes, I suddenly saw a bull with two big horns standing in front of me. • Have you seen my glasses? I can't find them anywhere!

Look (at) When we look, we try to see. We make a special effort. We concentrate our eyes on something.

Examples: • Oh, look! There s a rainbow! • Look at this picture! Isn't it beautiful? • Don't look at The Sun! It will hurt your eyes. ’

Watch When we watch something, we are more active. We look at something intensely, usually because it's moving.

Examples: • I watched him get into a taxi. • I sat by the window watching people walk past. • Have you watched the movie Iron Man 3?



See – look (at) - Watch TEST 1.

I can____something in your eye.

2.

I can't ____the sun. It's hiding behind the clouds.

3.

We like _____ movies at home.

4.

I couldn't ____ the end of the match. It was too painful to ____them lose 1-5 to Netherlands.

5.

I _____ the view while I drank a cup of tea.

6.

Do you want to____ the photos from my holiday?

7.

Stop____ the clock.

8.

Have you ever ____ a solar eclipse?

9.

She ll pretend that she hasn t ___ us.You ____.

10.

_____this part, just coming up! It's hilarious.

’

’



THAT vs WHICH In many cases both words are equally correct. √ She held out the hand which was hurt. √ She held out the hand that was hurt. In these sentences, that and which are introducing what’s known as a n essential clause. Essential clauses are necessary to identify the person or thing that is being described. They are essential to understanding the sentence. They restrict the meaning to that specific person/thing. The box that is in the foreground of the picture is a sample box. (There are other boxes in the picture) Essential clause Essential clauses can be introduced by that, which , whose, who, or whom. 

Non-essential clauses are not essential to the understanding of the sentence since they merely supply some additional information . They can be omitted from the sentence without changing the basic meaning. The box ,which is in the foreground of the picture , is a sample box. (There is only one box in the picture.) Non-essential clause Non-essential clauses can be introduced by which, whose, who, or whom, but you should never use THAT to introduce them. . 

A non-essential clause is preceded by a comma (so as to set off the extra information), whereas no comma should precede a restrictive clause (indicating that the information is essential, not extra): I bought a new dress, which I will be wearing to Jo's party. [non-essential] I was wearing the dress that I bought to wear to Jo's party. [essential] If that has already appeared in a sentence, writers sometimes use which to introduce the next clause, whether it is essential or nonessential. This is done to avoid awkward formations. Example: That which doesn't kill you makes you stronger. Instead of “That that doesn’t kill you makes you stronger” 

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THAT vs WHICH TEST 1.

Carlos gave Maria a study guide for material ________ was going to be on the test.

2.

Carlos gave Maria notes from chapters 3 through 7 _________ were going to be on the test.

3.

Mark and Sarah took their children on every vacation _________ they took to the coast.

4.

The teachers gave awards to all paintings ________ showed originality.

5.

The tomatoes ______ grow in her garden are unlike those you buy in a store.

6.

The tomatoes from her garden, _____ grew larger than those in the grocery store, were sweet and ripe.

7.

The game ______ intrigues me the most is dominoes.

8.

That is a promise ______ cannot be broken.



VERBS FOLLOWED BY A THAT-CLAUSE SOME verbs do not follow the usual pattern of object + infinitive ( I want you to do something). They are followed by a that-clause with should + infinitive or with past, present or subjunctive form verbs. Examples :

advise, agree, demand, insist, prefer, propose, recommend, request, suggest, urge , etc. The subjunctive mood . This is the mood that's used to express wishes, proposals, suggestions, or imagined situations.

Structure I insisted (that) he left early (insisted = past tense hence verb in the past tense ) I insisted (that) he leave early. (verb in the infinitive tense) slightly more formal I insisted (that) he should leave early. (should + infinitive tense) Examples : I suggest that he accepts your invitation. Jill proposed that they went to the sauna. I recommended that he go by train.

important / desirable / essential / vital / imperative , etc These adjectives, when they are used to express similar ideas, are also followed by a that-clause with should + infinitive or with present, past or subjunctive form:   

  

It was desirable (that) she should go to a school where Italian was taught. It was desirable (that) she go to a school where Italian was taught. It was desirable (that) she went to a school where Italian was taught. It is important that the lessons should be entertaining It is important that the lessons are entertaining. It is important that the lessons be entertaining.



VERBS FOLLOWED BY A THAT-CLAUSE TEST 1.

Geoffrey insisted that I ___ ___ the new Opel. (try)

2.

They are advising that children ___ ___ at home. (be + keep)

3.

The customer demanded that he ___ ___ ___ a full refund. (be + give)

4.

We requested that the meeting _____ on a Friday. (hold)

5.

He urged that safety measures _____ . (improve)

6.

It is important that you ____at the station before 6pm. (be)

7.

It is desirable that interest rates_____. (reduce)

8.

It is essential that you _____knowledge and experience. (have)

9.

It is vital that you _____ accurate records when you are self employed. (keep)


VIEW


vs

SIGHT

View : what you can see from a particular place or position, especially beautiful natural scenery. Examples: • The cottage had a delightful sea view. • We had a spectacular view of the mountains from our room. • From the balcony we enjoyed/ admired the wonderful view of the city. • The view from the top of the mountain is breathtaking. _______________________________________________

Sight : a thing that you see or can see, especially something that is impressive or unusual. Examples: • It's a spectacular sight as the flamingos lift into the air. • I faint at the sight of blood. • The sight of vegetables on the table makes my child cry. • Exotic animals are a rare sight in Iceland. ** Note that we can look at / enjoy / admire a view but we cannot see /watch a view. × From the balcony we saw the wonderful view of the city. √ From the balcony we enjoyed/ admired the wonderful view of the city. × We stood there watching the spectacular view. √ We stood there looking at the spectacular view.

VIEW vs SIGHT

TEST

1.

The ____of the vegetables on the table makes my child cry.

2.

From the balcony we admired the wonderful ____of the city.

3.

We stood there looking at the spectacular_____.

4.

The flowers at the annual flower show were a beautiful ____.

5.

The ____ from the windows is good and we can see the sea.

6.

The cottage had a beautiful sea____.

7. It’s a spectacular _____as the flamingos lift into the air.

If you want to check your answers to this test , please refer to:

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WHAT vs WHICH 

What and which are often interchangeable with little or no difference in meaning. Often what and which are used for the sake of variety. Which / What would you say are the most polluted cities in the world and which / what are the cleanest? Do you know which / what sort of plants grow best in a shady garden? I've no idea which / what road to take to Jimmy's place.

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WHICH is used when choosing between just two or three options. WHAT is used when there is no limit to the number of choices. Compare the following: o What would you like in your sandwiches? o I've got cheese or tuna. Which would you prefer? o He is from Glasgow. Do you know “which” football team he supports? I think it's Celtic, but it may be Rangers. I'm not sure. o What football team do you support? o Which TV channel is the tennis on? Before nouns “WHAT” and “WHICH” can be used interchangeably to ask questions about people or things: o What/Which colour trousers would you like? o Which / What writers have made the biggest impression on you? WHICH - before “ONE” and “OF” Which of these cars are you interested in driving? Which one of us is going to make the presentation? We use “WHICH”, we are trying to identify certain people out of a group of people (e.g. in a photograph or in a crowded room), WHICH is similar in use to *which one*(s) in this case: Which (one) is your boyfriend? The one (who is) sitting next to Fiona. I need to know which (of these) children have not been vaccinated.



WHAT vs WHICH TEST 1.

______ are you doing?

2.

_____ would you prefer, the onion soup or the prawn cocktail?

3.

_____ do we need to take for the picnic?

4.

_____ are you going to wear for the wedding?

5.

______of these phrases are more commonly used?

6.

_____ is mine? The smaller one?

7.

See if you can guess ____ one is me in my old school photo?

8.

It´s either Spanish or Portuguese that she speaks , but I´ve forgotten _____.

9.

_____ size shoes do you take?

Use of English – Part 3 WORD FORMATION VERBS TO NOUNS The most frequently recurring conversions are:appear to appearance /choose to choice / grow to growth / prove to proof assist to assistance /employ to un/employment or employee / improve to improvement / dominate to dominance / assist to assistance

NOUNS TO ADJECTIVES The most frequently recurring conversions involve adding:-al -ful -ous -ic -less addition to additional /delight to delightful / anxiety to anxious economy to economic / coast to coastal / doubt to doubtful / danger to dangerous / energy to energetic /industry to industrial harm to harmless / poison to poisonous /science to scientific

ADJECTIVES TO ADVERBS These are easy to form. regular to regularly / punctual to punctually / easy to easily / increase to increasingly / Quick to quickly / typical to typically

VERB TO ADJECTIVE The most frequently recurring conversions are:comfort to comfortable / impress to impressive / rely to reliable satisfy to satisfying / convince to convincing / dispute to disputable

POSITIVE MEANING TO NEGATIVE MEANING Common example conversions are: able to unable / fortunate to unfortunately / like to unlike possible to impossible / aware to unaware / satisfied to dissatisfied

INTERNAL CHANGE Common example conversions are:choose to choice / fly to flight / hot to heat / long to length strong to strength /receive to reception / wide to width

WORD FORMATION 75 MOST DIFFICULT WORDS 1.

AFFIRM

AFFIRMATIVE , AFFIRMATION, AFFIRMATIVELY

2.

ALTERNATE

ALTERNATIVE , ALTERNATIVELY , ALTERNATION

3.

APPEAR

APPARENTLY , DISAPPEAR , APPEARANCE , DISAPPEARANCE

4.

APPLY

APPLICABLE , INAPPLICABLE, APPLICATION , APPLIANCE

5.

ASSESS

ASSESSMENT , ASSESSOR, ASSESSABLE

6.

ATTEND

ATTENDANCE , ATTENDEE , ATTENTION , ATTENTIVELY

7.

BELIEVE

BELIEF , UNBELIEVABLE, BELIEVABLE, BELIEVER

8.

BREAK

BREAKTHROUGH , OUTBREAK , BREAKABLE

9.

BREATH

BREATHTAKING , BREATHALYSE , BREATHE

10.

CAPTURE

CAPTIVITY , CAPTIVATE, CAPTIVATING

11.

COME

OUTCOME , INCOME , COMING , OVERCOME

12.

COMPANY

ACCOMPANY , ACCOMPANYING , COMPANION , COMPANIONSHIP

13.

CONCEIVE

CONCEIVABLE, INCONCEIVABLE

14.

CONCLUDE

CONCLUSION , CONCLUSIVE , INCONCLUSIVE

15.

DANGER

DANGEROUS , ENDANGERED

16.

DATE

UPDATE , OUTDATED , UPDATED , DATING

17.

DECEIVE

DECEIT , DECEITFUL, DECEITFULNESS

18.

DO

OUTDO , OVERDO , DOING , UNDO

19.

DOUBT

DOUBTFUL , UNDOUBTEDLY , DOUBTLESS,

20.

DRAW

WITHDRAW , DRAWING , OVERDRAW , DRAWBACK

21.

EASE

EASY , UNEASY , EASINESS, UNEASINESS

22.

EFFECT

EFFECTIVE , INEFFECTIVE, EFFECTIVENESS, EFFECTIVELY

23.

ENTHUSIASM

ENTHUSE, ENTHUSIAST , ENTHUSIASTIC

24.

EQUAL

EQUALLY , EQUALITY, INEQUALITY , EQUALIZER

25.

EXPERIENCE

INEXPERIENCED , EXPERT , EXPERTISE

26.

FAIR

UNFAIR, FAIRNESS ,

27.

FOLLOW

FOLLOWER , FOLLOWING ,

28.

GO

UNDERGO , OUTGOING , GOING

29.

GROW

GROWTH , GROWING , UNDERGROWTH , OUTGROW

30.

HIGH

HIGHLY , HEIGHT , HEIGHTEN , HEIGHTENED

31.

HOPE

HOPEFUL , HOPELESS, HOPEFULLY , HOPELESSLY

32.

ILLUSION

DISILLUSIONED , ILLUSORY

33.

IMPRESS

IMPRESSIVE , IMPRESSION, IMPRESSED , UNIMPRESSED

34.

INCREASE

INCREASINGLY ,

35.

INTEND

INTENTION , INTENDED , INTENTIONAL , UNINTENTIONAL

36.

INTRIGUE

INTRIGUING

37.

INVENT

INVENTOR , INVENTION , INVENTIVE , INVENTIVENESS

38.

KNOW

KNOWLEDGE , KNOWINGLY , KNOWABLE, UNKNOWN

39.

LIKE

UNLIKE , LIKELY , LIKELIHOOD , LIKEABLE

40.

LOSE

LOSS , LOST , LOSER

41.

MAJESTY

MAJESTIC , MAJESTICALLY

42.

NEED

NECESSITY , NEEDLESS, NECESSARY

43.

OBSERVE

OBSERVATION , OBSERVER , OBSERVANT

44.

ORDER

DISORDER , ORDERLY

45.

ORIGIN

ORIGINAL , ORIGINATED , UNORIGINAL , ORIGINALITY

46.

PERCEIVE

PERCEPTION , PERCEPTIBLE , IMPERCEPTIBLE

47.

PERFORM

PERFOMER, PERFORMANCE ,

48.

PICTURE

PICTURESQUE , PICTORIAL

49.

POWER

POWERFUL, POWERLESS, MANPOWER, OVERPOWER, POWERHOUSE

50.

PRACTICE

PRACTICAL , PRACTICALLY, PRACTITIONER,

51.

PRESS

PRESSURE , PRESSURIZE , PRESSING

52.

RECEIVE

RECEPTION , RE RECEIPT , RECEPTIONIST , RECEIVER

53.

RELEVANT

IRRELEVANCE , RELEVANCE

54.

REST

RESTFUL , RESTLESS , UNREST , RESTRAIN

55.

SATISFY

DISSATISFIED , SATISFACTION , SATISFIED , SATISFYING

56.

SCIENCE

SCIENTIST , SCIENTIFIC

57.

SECURE

SECURITY , INSECURITY, SECURELY

58.

SEE

OVERSEE , SIGHT, OVERSEER

59.

SENSE

SENSIBLE , SENSITIVE, SENSATIONAL, IN INSENSITIVE , INSENSIBLE

60.

SETTLE

UNSETTLING , SETTLER , SETTLEMENT

61.

SHORT

SHORTAGE, SHORTAGES,

62.

SIGHT

INSIGHT , OVERSIGHT , FORESIGHT, INSIGHTFUL , SIGHTING

63.

SOLID

SOLIDARITY, SOLIDIFY , SOLIDIFICATION , SOLIDLY

64.

SOLVE

SOLUTION , SOLVENT , SOLVENCY ,

65.

STAND

OUTSTANDING , STANDARD, UN UNDERSTANDING, UN UNDERSTAND

66.

STRONG

STRENGTH , STRENGTHEN ,

67.

STRONG

STRENGTH , STRONGLY

68. 68.

SUCC SUCCE EED

SUCCE UCCESS SS , SUCC SUCCE ESSFUL SFUL , SUCC SUCCES ESSI SION ON , SUCC SUCCES ESSO SOR R, UNSU NSUCCES CESSFUL SFUL

69.

SUFFER

SUFFERING , SUFFERANCE , INSUFFERABLE

70.

SURVIVE

SURVIVAL, SURVIVOR , SURVIVING

71.

TAKE

OVERTAKE , UNDERTAKE , TAKEAWAY , TAKER , TAKING, TAKINGS

72.

TEND

TENDENCY , TENDER, TENDERNESS,

73.

VARY

VARIETY , INVARIABLY , VARIATION

74.

WISE

WISDOM , UNWISE , WISELY

75.

WORLD

WORLDWIDE , WORLDLY, UNDERWORLD



Do you mind (if I)? formal Would you mind (if I)? More formal We use “Do you mind / Would you mind ? to make a request politely, we may be anticipat anticipating ing possible possible objections: objections: Example: Would you mind if I put I put off talking to Henry until tomorrow? Do you mind if I take I take a piece of cake? Do you mind/Would you mind are commonly followed by a gerund (ing) dishes es ? Corr Correc ect. t. doing thee dish  Do you mind doing th Do you mind to do the dishe dishes? s? Incor Incorre rect ct.. Note the difference between: Would/do you mind…? and Would /do you mind me/my…?: Would you mind filling mind filling the ice trays and putting them in the freezer? • (= you do it) me/my filling the ice trays and putting them in the Would you mind me/my filling • freezer? (= I'll do it)

Do you mind – Structure Structure : Do you mind if + subject + verb (infinitive) I borrow your car tomorrow?  Do you mind if I borrow Do you mind my/me + verb (gerund – ing) ing) me/my borrowing your car tomorrow?  Do you mind me/my borrowing  We can use Do you mind…? to ask general questions about people’s feelings. Would you mind…? is not used for this purpose. mind people smoking in public places? Examples : Do you mind people people smoke in public places? Do you mind if people

Would you mind – Structure Structure : Would you mind if +subject+ verb (past tense) I borrowed you car tomorrow?  Would you mind if I Woud you mind mind me/my me/my + verb (gerund - ing)  Would you mind me/my borrowing your car tomorrow? Answers to do you mind / Would you mind : Do you mind if I I smo smoke? ke? No, I don´ don´tt min mind. d. = I allow allow you to do that that.. I smoke? smoke? Yes, Yes, I do do mind. mind. = I don´t don´t allow allow you you to do that that.. Do you mind if I ( The last answer is a bit impolite) It´d be better to use (I´d rather you didn´t).



Do you mind (if I)? Would you mind (if I)?

TEST 1.

Woul Would d you you mind mind if I ____ ____yo your ur phon phone? e? (use (use))

2.

Do you mind if if I ____yo ____your ur phone? phone? (use)

3.

Do you mind if I ____ the window? window? (open) (open)

4.

Would you mind if I ____the window? (open)

5.

Would you you mind ___ ___ ___ the window? window? (I + open)

6.

Are you married, if you don't mind ___ ___? (I + ask)

7.

Would you mind _____that again, please? (explain)

8.

Would you mind if I _____the _____the channel? channel? (change) (change)

9.

Do you mind ____? I'm feeling pretty tired. (drive)



WORK vs JOB WORK (Noun & verb) - Uncountable 1- Activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a result: I’m busy – I have a lot of work. / I've been working in the garden all day. 2- Work as a means of earning income; employment: I’m still looking for work / She works as a cleaner at the hospital. 3- The place where one is employed: I was returning home from work on a packed subway. I start work at 8 in the morning / I finish work at 5 in the evening. 4- The period of time one spends in paid employment: He was going to the theatre after work.

5- A task or tasks to be undertaken: They made sure the work was progressing smoothly.

JOB

(Noun) - Countable.

1. A paid position of regular employment: The scheme could create 200 jobs / He took/got a job as a Walter 2. A task or piece of work, especially one that is paid: She wants to be left alone to get on with the job. I have a few jobs to do at home today. 3. A responsibility or duty: It’s our job to find things out./ Let me do my job! 4. A difficult task: We thought you’d have a job getting there. 5. To do something well or badly: You did a good job of removing the stain . He did a bad job of explaining his reasons.



WORK vs JOB TEST 1.

She is very happy because she starts her new _____ today.

2.

This is his _____. Yes, that building.

3.

As a translator I complete two or three _____ each week.

4.

When does she leave for ____?

5.

When your father is away, it's your ____ to mind your little brother.

6.

I don't like this _____. Can I do something different?

7.

When does she leave for ____?

8.

He needs to find a new ____.

English Grammar Sheets for Teachers

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