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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Anexo G
G1.1 INTRODUCCIÓN INTRODUCCIÓN El ensayo de penetración es un método empírico usado para medir la consistencia del cemento asfáltico. Por lo general la penetración se mide a 25ºC que es el promedio de las temperaturas de servicio del pavimento. Esta norma considera los cementos asfálticos con penetraciones menores de 350 dmm. Materiales con penetraciones entre 350 y 500 requieren de aparatos especiales. G1.2 DEFINICIÓN El ensayo de penetración consiste en colocar una muestra de asfalto en un recipiente estándar a una temperatura de 25ºC, controlado por un baño de agua. La muestra es penetrada por una aguja de 100 gr. por 5 segundos. La profundidad de penetración se mide en décimas de milímetro (dmm) que son las unidades de penetración. Por ejemplo, si la aguja penetra 8 mm, la penetración del asfalto es 80. El ensayo de penetración se puede realizar a otras temperaturas como 0, 4 y 46ºC. Para estas corridas la carga de la aguja y el tiempo de penetración varía. Por ejemplo, a 4ºC el cemento asfáltico es rígido, la penetración con una aguja de 100 gr por 5 s es inferior que si el ensayo se realizase a 25ºC. A esta temperatura se emplea una aguja de 200 gr de peso y 60 segundos de penetración. G1.3 EQUIPOS Equipo de Penetración
Será un equipo que permita que el vástago de la aguja se mueva verticalmente sin fricción y que sea capaz de medir la profundidad de penetración con una aproximación de 0.1 mm. El peso del vástago será 47.5 ± 0.05g. El peso total de la aguja con el fijador será de 50 ± 0.05g. Ad Además se deberá contar co con pesos adicio icion nales les de 50 ± 0.05g y 100 ± 0.05g, para cargas totales de 100 g y 200 g, como se requieran en las condiciones del ensayo. El apoyo de la muestra, en el equipo de penetración, deberá ser una superficie plana, la aguja deberá formar aproximadamente 90º con esta superficie.
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Anexo G
La aguja debe ser de acero inoxidable de aproximadamente 50 mm (2 pulg.) de longitud y de 1.00 a 1.02 mm (0.0394 a 0.0402 pulg.) de diámetro. La aguja deberá estar montada rígidamente sobre un zuncho de bronce o de acero inoxidable, la longitud expuesta deberá estar entre los límites de 40 a 45 mm (1.57 y 1.77 pulg.). El peso del ensamblado aguja y zuncho deberá ser de 2.50 ± 0.05g. Contenedor de Muestras
El contenedor de muestra será de vidrio o metal, de forma cilíndrica y de fondo plano. Sus dimensiones serán de 55 mm de diámetro y 35 mm de altura interna para penetraciones debajo de 200 y 70 mm de diámetro y 45 mm de altura interna para penetraciones entre 200 y 350. Baño de Agua
Para la inmersión de la muestra se deberá contar con un baño de agua de por lo menos 10 l., que permita mantener la temperatura de ensayo. El baño deberá contar con una placa soporte perforada colocada a una distancia no menor de 50 mm desde el fondo y no mas de 100 mm debajo del nivel superior del líquido en el baño. Si el ensayo se va realizar en el mismo baño de agua, se deberá disponer de una plataforma resistente para soportar el equipo de penetración. Cápsula de Transferencia
Deberá tener una capacidad de 350 ml y altura suficiente de agua para cubrir todo el recipiente. Deberá estar provisto con algunos medios para obtener un apoyo firme y prevenir el balanceo del recipiente. Un soporte de tres pies de contacto para el recipiente de la muestra es un medio conveniente para asegurarlo. Medidor de tiempo
Para penetrómetros operados manualmente se puede emplear un reloj eléctrico, un cronómetro u otro instrumento con aproximación a 0.1 s. en un intervalo de 60 s. Si el ensayo se realizara con penetrómetros automáticos, el dispositivo deberá estar calibrado para proporcionar el tiempo de ensayo con exactitud de ±0.1 s. La precisión de todos los instrumentos de medición deberán ser verificados antes del inicio del ensayo. Termómetros
Se deberá contar con termómetros que permitan controlar la temperatura en el baño. Estos termómetros serán de mercurio con varilla de vidrio y con error máximo de 0.1ºC. G1.4 PREPARACIÓN DE LA MUESTRA
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Anexo G
2. Calentar la muestra hasta que se haga lo suficientemente fluida para vaciarla, removerla periódicamente de tal manera que no existan sobrecalentamientos. En ningún caso la temperatura de calentamiento será mayor de 100ºC por encima del punto de ablandamiento. El tiempo total de calentamiento no excederá los 30 min, evitándose la formación de burbujas. 3. Vaciar el asfalto al contenedor de muestras, que también ha sido calentado a temperatura semejante a la del asfalto. La profundidad será tal que cuando alcance la temperatura de prueba, sea por lo menos 10 mm mayor que la profundidad a la cual se espera que la aguja penetre. Se prepararán dos moldes para cada material a ser evaluado. 4. Las muestras se deben dejar enfriar a temperatura ambiente. Los contenedores deberán ser cubiertos con vasos de vidrio invertidos para evitar que sean contaminados por polvo. Se dejarán por un período de 1 a 1.5 horas para contenedores pequeños y de 1.5 a 2 horas para los mas grandes. Luego de este tiempo se sumergen los moldes en el baño de agua a la temperatura de ensayo. Permiti Permitirr que el recipiente recipiente pequeño pequeño (3 oz.) permanezca permanezca de de 1 a 1.5 h. y el más grande (6 oz.) de 1.5 a 2 h. G1.5 CONDICIONES DE ENSAYO Las condiciones de ensayo serán las indiciadas en la tabla siguiente: Temperatura ºC (ºF) 0 (32) 4 (39.2) 25 (77) 46.1 (115)
Carga g 200 200 100 50
Tiempo s 60 60 5 5
Las condiciones de ensayo deberán indicarse. G1.6 ENSAYO 1. Limpiar la aguja de penetración con algún solvente adecuado. Insertar la aguja al penetrómetro, colocar un peso de 50 g sobre la aguja, a menos que se indique lo contrario, haciendo la carga total movible de 100 ± 0.1 g. Si las pruebas son hechas con el penetrómetro en el baño, colocar el recipiente de muestra directamente sobre el soporte sumergido del penetrómetro. Mantener el recipiente de muestra completamente cubierto con el agua en el baño. Si las pruebas son hechas con el penetrómetro fuera del baño, colocar el contenedor en la cápsula de transferencia, cubrir el recipiente completamente con agua del baño a temperatura constante y colocar la cápsula de transferencia sobre el soporte del penetrómetro. 2 Bajar el agua hasta que haga contacto con la superficie de la muestra. Anotar la lectura en
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Anexo G
3. Permita que la aguja baje por el período de tiempo especificado. Finalmente se lee y anota la distancia que haya penetrado la aguja en la muestra, esta lectura se expresa en décimas de milímetro. 4. Se realizan tres penetraciones en la muestra. Las penetraciones se realizan a distancias no menores de 10 mm entre sí y de la pared del recipiente. 5. Si se emplea la cápsula de transferencia, retornar la muestra y la cápsula al baño de temperatura constante entre determinaciones. 6. Usar una aguja limpia para cada determinación 7. Cuando las penetraciones mediadas sean más profundas de 200, se usarán al menos tres agujas, dejándolas en la muestra hasta que las tres determinaciones se hayan completado. G1.7 REPORTE Reportar el promedio de las tres penetraciones redondeado a la unidad mas cercana. Las lecturas de penetración no deben diferir en: Penetraci Penetración ón Máxima diferencia entre La mas alta y baja de las lecturas
0 a 49 2
50 a 149 150 a 249 4 6
>249 8
Si las diferencias son mayores a las indicadas en el cuadro, el ensayo deberá volver a realizarse.
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Anexo G
G2.1 FUNDAMENTO Todos los agregados son porosos, y algunos lo son más que otros. La porosidad se determina sumergiendo los agregados en un baño y determinando la cantidad de líquido que absorbe. La capacidad de un agregado para absorber agua (o asfalto) es un factor importante que debe ser cuantificado en el diseño de mezclas asfálticas. Si un agregado es altamente absorbente, entonces continuará absorbiendo asfalto después del mezclado inicial, disminuyendo la cantidad de asfalto para ligar las demás partículas de agregado. Por ello, un agregado más poroso requiere cantidades mayores de asfalto de las que requiere un agregado con menos porosidad. Los agregados altamente porosos y absorbentes normalmente no son usados, a menos que posean características que los hagan deseables. Algunos ejemplos de dichos materiales son la escoria de alto horno y ciertos agregados sintéticos. Estos materiales son altamente porosos, pero también son livianos en peso y poseen alta resistencia al desgaste. El concepto de adherencia en el diseño de mezclas asfálticas está relacionado a la afinidad del agregado por el asfalto, es la tendencia del agregado a aceptar y retener una capa de asfalto. Las calizas y las dolomitas tienen alta afinidad con el asfalto; sin embargo, también son hidrofóbicas (repelen el agua) porque resisten los esfuerzos del agua por separar el asfalto de sus superfi superficies. cies. Los agregados hidrofílicos (que atraen el agua) tienen, por otro lado, poca afinidad por el asfalto. Por consiguiente, tienden a separarse de las películas de asfalto cuando son expuestas al agua. Los agregados silíceos (cuarcita y algunos granitos) son ejemplos de agregados susceptibles al desprendimiento y deben ser usados con precaución. Como se ha explicado el concepto de adherencia no está necesariamente ligado al concepto de porosidad. Los agregados usados en construcción de carreteras se obtiene del abastecimiento de rocas naturales locales. Las rocas naturales son clasificadas geológicamente en tres grupos dependiendo de su origen: ígneas, sedimentarias y metamórficas. Otro tipo de agregados usados en mezclas asfálti asfálticas cas en caliente caliente son son los agregados agregados livianos, livianos, producto producto de arcill arcillas as
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Anexo G
En la siguiente tabla se resumen propiedades deseables de rocas para agregados utilizados en Mezclas Asfálticas en Caliente. Tipo de Roca
Dureza/Tenacidad Dureza/Tenacidad
Resistencia al desprendimiento*
Textura superficial
Forma fracturada
Ígnea: Granito Regular Regular Regular Regular Sienita Bueno Regular Regular Regular Diorita Bueno Regular Regular Bueno Basalto Bueno Bueno Bueno Bueno Diabasa Bueno Bueno Bueno Bueno Gabro Bueno Bueno Bueno Bueno Sedimentaria: Caliza, dolomia Pobre Bueno Bueno Regular Are Aren nisc isca Regular Bueno Bueno Bueno Chert Bueno Regular Pobre Bueno Lutita Pobre Pobre Regular Regular Metamórfica: Gneis Regular Regular Bueno Bueno Esquisto Regular Regular Bueno Regular Pizarra Bueno Regular Regular Regular Cuarcita Bueno Regular Bueno Bueno Mármol Pobre Bueno Regular Regular Serpentina** Bueno Regular Regular Regular *Agregados hidrofílicos tienden a separar más fácilmente las películas de asfalto. ** Es un mineral que se forma por alteración de las rocas ultrabásicas Hot Mix Asphalt Materials, Mixture Design and Construction . National Center for Asphalt Technology1996
G2.2 OBJETIVO Este método describe los procedimientos de revestimiento e inmersión estática para determinar
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Anexo G
7. Espátula acerada. De 1” de ancho y 4” de longitud 8. Bitúmen. Que debe ser del mismo tipo de que se va usar en obra. Si se propone algún aditivo químico, éste debe adicionarse al Bitúmen en la cantidad especificada, y antes de mezclar enteramente el especímen. 9. Agua destilada. Con pH entre 6 y 7 G2.4 PREPARACIÓN DE LA MUESTRA 1. Tamizar el agregado grueso por las mallas 3/8” y 1/4”. 2. Se lava la muestra retenida en la malla ¼” con agua destilada para eliminar los finos y se lleva a secar en horno a la temperatura 110ºC hasta que mantenga un peso constante. G2.5 PROCEDIMIENTO DE ENSAYO 1. Calentar el agregado y bitúmen a la temperatura de mezcla, Tabla No. G2.1 2. Pesar 100 ± 1gr. del agregado y verterlo en un recipiente de porcelana. Para el Caso 3 (ver Tabla No. G2.2) incorporar a los agregados 2 ml de agua destilada, mezclar hasta que las partículas estén completamente humedecidas. Pesar el recipiente con el agregado. 3. Incorporar en el recipiente de porcelana, que aún se encuentra en la balanza, la cantidad de material bituminoso, especificado en la Tabla No. G2.1 ó en la nota. 4. Con una espátula caliente se mezcla vigorosamente hasta que el agregado quede totalmente totalmente revestido revestido con el materi material al bituminoso. 5. La mezcla se vierte en un recipiente de vidrio de 500 ml de capacidad y se lleva al horno por espacio de 2 hr. a la temperatura indicada en la Tabla No. G2.1, para ser curado. 6. Transcurrido el tiempo se retira el recipiente del horno, se remezcla con la espátula mientras la mezcla enfría a temperatura ambiente. 7. Incorporar aproximadamente 400 ml de agua destilada a 25ºC. Tabla No. G2.1: Temperatura para Mezcla del Material Bituminoso (Ensayo de d e Adherenci Adh erenciaa ASTM D-1664 D-1664)) Material aterial
Temperatura Temperatura (ºC) (ºC)
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Anexo G
Tabla No. G2.2 Cantidad Ca ntidad de Material Material Bituminoso Bitumi noso a incorpor inc orporar ar (Ensayo de d e Adherenci Adh erenciaa ASTM D-1664 D-1664)) Caso
Condición del agregado
1
5.5 ± 0.2 gr.
2 Ag Agregado seco 3 4
Material bituminoso
8.0 ± 0.2 gr. 5.5 ± 0.2 gr.
Ag Agregado húmedo
5.5 ± 0.2 gr.
Tiempo de Tiempo de curado inmersión en agua As Asfalt falto os Líquido idos 2.0 min. 60ºC 2 hr. 16-18 hr. Emulsiones asfálticas 5.0 min. 135ºC 2 hr. 16-18 hr. Cemento Asfáltico No 2.0-3.0 min. 16-18 hr. requiere As Asfalt falto os Líquido idos 5.0 min. 60ºC 2 hr. 16-18 hr. Tiempo de Tº de mezcla curado
8. El frasco se lleva al baño maría que contiene agua a 25º C, hasta una altura que alcance las ¾ partes de la altura del vaso de vidrio. Es importante indicar que la temperatura debe mantenerse constante. 9. El frasco se tendrá en el baño maría por un período de 16 a 18 horas. 10. Retirar la muestra y sin agitar o alterar el agregado revestido, quitar alguna película que flota en la superficie del agua. Determinar por observación el porcentaje del área total visible del agregado que queda revestido sobre o debajo del 95%, algunas áreas o aristas traslúcidas o parduzcas se consideran como totalmente revestidas. 11. En el el informe informe se mencionará si el porcentaje porcentaje de área revestida es m mayor ayor o menor menor a 95%, 95%, consignándose como (+ 95) ó (– 95), respectivamente. G2.6 NOTA DEL PROCEDIMIENTO DE ENSAYO
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Anexo G
2. En el ítem 3: Colocar el recipiente de mezcla sobre una malla de asbesto o material aislante para retardar el enfriamiento, incorporar al agregado 5.5± 0.2 gr. de bitumen calentado. Mezclar por 2.0 min. y dejar que la mezcla se enfríe a temperatura ambiente. 3. En el ítem 5: No requiere de curado 4. Todos los demás pasos son similares. G2.7 OBSERVACIONES OBSERVACIONES AL ENSAYO Los resultados del ensayos son subjetivos, esto limita el alcance que tiene a porcentajes mayores al 95%. No se intentará conocer, por éste método, el porcentaje de asfalto retenido por el agregado por debajo del 95%. G2.8 REFERENCI REFERENCIAS AS BIBLIOGR BIBL IOGRÁFICAS ÁFICAS AS ASTM D 1664-80, Test Coating and Stripping of Bitúmen-Aggregate Mixtures. MTC E517-1999, Cubrimiento de los Agregados con Materiales Asfálticos (incluye emulsiones) en presencia del agua (Stripping) Mezclas Abiertas y/o T.S.
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Foto No. G2.1: Calentar el bitúmen a la temperatura de mezcla
Anexo G
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Anexo G
Foto No. G2.3: G2.3: Con una un a espátula caliente se mezcla vigoros vi gorosamente amente hasta que el agregado quede totalmente revestido con el material bitu bituminos minosoo
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Anexo G
G3.1 FUNDAMENTO La arena que forma parte de una mezcla asfáltica debe tener propiedades químicas adecuadas que permitan la elaboración de una mezcla uniforme, que cumpla con todos los requisitos de durabilidad; una de ellas es medir la adhesividad de los ligantes bituminosos respecto de una arena, natural o de machaqueo, cuando la mezcla árido-ligante se somete a la acción de soluciones de carbonato de sodio a concentraciones crecientes. G3.2 OBJETIVO El ensayo de Riedel Weber tiene por finalidad determinar el grado de adhesividad del agregado fino con el asfalto. Se describirán los métodos de ensayo en el siguiente orden: Norma Francesa D.E.E. MA8-1938, Norma Española NLT-355/74, Norma Chilena No. LNV10-86 y Norma MTC 220-1999 en forma paralela y se hará hincapié en caso los procedimientos sean diferente. El ensayo emplea material que pasa las siguientes mallas:
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Anexo G
3. 4. 5. 6.
Cápsula. De porcelana de 300 ml de capacidad Balanza. De 1 kg de capacidad, sensibilidad de 0.1 gr. Balanza. De 200 gr. de capacidad, sensibilidad de 0.01 gr. Tubos de ensayo. De 1.3 cm de diámetro y 15 cm de altura 1, resistentes al calor (pirex) 7. Soporte para tubos de ensayo 8. Fiola. de 500 ml de capacidad resistente al calor (pirex) 9. Vaso de pirex. De 400 ml de capacidad 10. Espátula 11. Mechero 12. Cronómetro. De 10 minutos 13. Chisguete de agua
G3.4 PREPARACIÓN PREPARACIÓN DE LA L A SOLUCIÓN El carbonato sódico puro (Na2CO3) anhidro y agua, H2O, destilada forman la solución de carbonato de sodio. Para preparar la disolución a diferentes concentraciones, se debe disolver el peso de Carbonato de Sodio indicado en la Tabla No. G3.1, según la concentración que se desee obtener, hasta completar un litro de agua destilada. Tabla No. G3.1 Peso de Na2CO3 por litro de disolución CONCENTRACIÓN DE DISOLUCIONES MOLARES
CO3Na2 Gr/lt
GRADO
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Anexo G
2. En el caso de la Norma Española y del MTC, si la muestra de árido recibido en el laboratorio proceda de piedra de cantera o de gravera, se procede a su cuarteo y posterior machaqueo hasta obtener una arena; si la muestra de árido recibida es una arena natural o arena de machaqueo se separa por sucesivos cuarteos el material necesario para el ensayo. 3. Tamizar aproximadamente 200 gr de agregado fino por las requeridas según norma de ensayo. , se tamiza el material por las mallas Nº30 y Nº80, usando la porción Norma Franc Francesa esa retenida en el tamiz inferior. Nor Norma Es Españ ola y MTC , la fracción del material obtenida por cuarteo se lava para eliminar totalmente el polvo que pueda contener, seguidamente se seca en estufa a la temperatura de 145±5ºC durante 1 hora. Norma Chil Chilena ena , la muestra se tamiza por vía húmeda por la malla Nº200, se seca a 110±5ºC y se deja enfriar a temperatura ambiente, luego se procede a tamizar por las mallas Nº30 y Nº100. 4. Si el ligante a emplear es: cemento asfáltico de penetración, fluidificado o fluxado, o alquitrán, la proporción de mezcla árido-ligante es de 71 volúmenes del árido seco con 29 volúmenes de ligante (la relación correspondiente de masas se calcula a partir de las densidades respectivas). Además, las normas Española, MTC y Chilena incorporan como ligante a la emulsión bituminosa de la siguiente manera: , la proporción de mezcla árido-ligante es de 71 volúmenes del Nor Norma Esp Españ ol a y MTC árido seco con 95 volúmenes de ligante al 50%. Norma Chil Chilena ena , la proporción de mezcla árido-ligante es de 71 volúmenes del árido seco con 29 volúmenes de emulsión.
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Anexo G
10. Si no se observa desprendimiento alguno, se repiten los pasos 9 y 10 con el tubo 1, incorporando el volumen (según punto 9) de carbonato de sodio a la concentración m/256; así sucesivamente hasta que se observe algún desprendimiento entre el ligante y la arena, para el caso de la norma Francesa. En las normas Española, MTC y Chilena se continúa con el ensayo hasta que se produzca el desplazamiento total, si el desprendimiento es parcial continuar con mayores concentraciones molares. 11. Se asignará el índice de adhesividad correspondiente a la concentración empleada, según la Tabla No.G3.1. Si no hay desprendimiento se asignará el grado 10. Tabla No. G3.2 Temperatura Temperatura de mezcla según norma n orma de ensayo Norma
Francesa D.E.E. Española MTC220-1999 Chilena No. MA8-1938 NLT-355/74 (orientativo) LNV10-86
Mezcla con: Temperatur Temperatura a ºC Betún 150ºC 140 – 175 Betún fluidi fluidifificado cado Según el asfalto a 70ºC 25 – 110 utilizar Betún fluxado fluxado 50 – 110 Alq Alqu uitr itrán 70ºC 70 – 110 Emulsión Am Ambien iente Ambien iente bituminosa
110±5ºC
20±3ºC
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Anexo G
G3.7 INFORME Norma Francesa En el informe se menciona el tipo de asfalto y como índice de adhesividad el número correspondiente a la menor de las concentraciones ensayadas con la que se produce algún desplazamiento del ligante bituminoso en la superficie del árido, de acuerdo con la Tabla No. G3.1. Normas Española, MTC y Chilena • En el informe se menciona el tipo de asfalto y como índice de adhesividad el número correspondiente a la menor de las concentraciones ensayadas con la que se produce un desplazamiento total del ligante bituminoso de la superficie del árido, de acuerdo con la Tabla No. G3.1. • Si con alguna concentración inferior a la que produjo el desplazamiento total, se observó desplazamiento desplazamiento parcial, parcial , se expresará la adhesividad con dos números: el correspondiente
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Anexo G
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Anexo G
G4.1 FINAL FINALIDAD IDAD El ensayo de destilación se emplea para determinar las proporciones relativas de cemento asfáltico y disolventes presentes en el asfalto líquido. Durante el proceso de ensayo se podrá medir las cantidades de disolvente que destilan a diversas temperaturas, dando un indicativo de las características de evaporación del mismo. Estas, a su vez, indican la velocidad a que el material curará después de su aplicación. G4.2 OBJETIVO
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Anexo G
25 + 1.2 mm
75 + 3° diámetro interno 10 + 0.5 mm m m 5 + 5 3 1
1.0 a 1.5 mm de pared 102 + 2.0 mm
m m 3 + 5 0 1
2 2 20 + 0 5 .0 m m
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Anexo G
Termómetro
Tapón de corcho
600 a 700 75± 5
Protector Ventana de mica Matraz
475± 2.5 6.5
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Anexo G
G4.4 PROCEDIMIENTOS DE ENSAYO 1. Ar Armar el el eq equipo ipo de de de destila ilación ión se según la la Fig Figu ura No No. G4 G4.2, .2, te tenien iendo el el cu cuida idado de de qu que todas las conexiones del equipo de destilación queden herméticamente cerradas para evitar fuga de vapores, que el termómetro quede fijado en posición vertical y alineado con el eje del matraz. 2. Ag Agita itar la la muestra tra que será ensayada para conseguir homogeneida idad, ca calen lentar tarla si fu fuera
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
G4.5 CÁL CÁLCULOS CULOS 1. Residuo
El porcentaje de residuo con respecto a la muestra original es de:
Anexo G
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Anexo G
2. Los ensayos sobre el residuo asfáltico no son necesariamente característicos del asfalto básico empleado originalmente para la obtención del producto, ni del residuo que pueda quedar al cabo de un tiempo dado después de la aplicación3 3. Se deben corregir las temperaturas de destilación si la altura del laboratorio se encuentra a partir de 150 m.s.n.m., según la siguiente tabla: Tabla Tabla No. G4.1 G4.1:: Corrección Correcc ión de temperatura por altitud
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Se requiere de 200 cm3 para el ensayo, despejando: Peso de muestra = Pe × Volumen Peso de muestra = 0.958 × 200 Peso de muestra = 191.6 gr 3. Peso de (A)+Peso de muestra = 621.6 gr.
Anexo G
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Anexo G
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Anexo G
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Anexo G
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Anexo G
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Anexo G
B.2 La gravedad específica del cemento asfáltico (ASTM D70) es 1.000. B.3 Determinar la temperatura de mezcla y compactación según la carta de viscosidad. Paso Pa so C: Preparación Preparación de los Especimenes Marshall Marshall C.1 Cálculo del peso de los agregados. Ag Agregado grueso: 45% x 1150 gr. = 517.5 gr. Nota. ta.- Calcu lcular lar el peso de cada tam tamiz de acuerdo al porcentaje retenido del análisis granulométrico. Todos esos pesos deben sumar 517.5 gr. Ag Agregado fino ino : 55% x 1150 gr. = 632.5 gr. Nota. ta.- El agregado fino ino se peso en conjunto. C.2 Cálculo del peso de asfalto Los especimenes serán ensayados con los siguientes porcentajes de asfalto: 4.0; 4.5; 5.0; 5.5; 6.0 y 6.5. El peso de asfalto para cada uno de los porcentajes en especimenes de 1150 gr., es: Peso cemento asfáltico %Cemento asfáltico = Peso árido + Peso cemento asfáltico Para 4.0%
Peso cemento asfáltico
Para 4.5%
Peso cemento asfáltico
Para 5.0%
Peso cemento asfáltico
Para 5.5%
Peso cemento asfáltico
Para 6.0%
Peso cemento asfáltico
Para 6.5%
Peso cemento asfáltico
4.0× 1150 = 47.9 gr 96.0 4.5× 1150 = = 54.2 gr 95.5 5.0× 1150 = = 60.50 gr 95.0 5.5× 1150 = = 66.90 gr 94.5 6.0× 1150 = = 73.40 gr 94.0 6.5× 1150 = = 79.9 gr 93.5
=
C.3 Realizar el ensayo de acuerdo a las especificaciones y método. Completar la información solicitada de la Hoja 1: Información Básica C.4 Determine la gravedad específica bulk de cada especimen, una vez enfriadas a la temperatura ambiente, según AASHTO T 166. Los especimenes fueron de textura abierta y
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Gmb =
Donde:
Anexo G
WD WpD − WD WpD - Wppsub γp
Gmb Gravedad Específica Bulk de la muestra compactada WD Peso del especímen al aire WpD Peso del especímen parafinado al aire Wppsub Peso del especímen parafinado en agua γp Peso específico de la parafina, 0.85 WpD- Wppsub Volumen del especímen parafinado WpD- WD Peso de la parafina WpD − WD Volumen de la parafina γp
Ejemplo, especímen Nº1 1207.30 1216.10 − 1207.30 1216.10- 684.800.85 1207.30 Gmb = 1216.10 − 1207.30 531.30 0.85 1207.30 1207.30 1207.30 = = Gmb = 8.8 531.30 - 10.35 520.95 531.30 0.85 Gmb = 2.317 Gmb =
C.5 Calcular la gravedad específica Rice o Máxima Densidad Teórica, según la norma AA AASHTO T209. Emplea leando la fórmula se obten tendrá para el especímen Nº1, lo sigu iguien iente: Gmm =
Ag Agregado grueso Ag Agregado fino ino
100 %asfalto %grueso %fino %filler + + + Gsa asfalto A B C
Gsb + Gsa 2.692 + 2.765 = = 2.728 2 2 G + Gsa 2.712 + 2.752 = = 2 732 B = sb
A =
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Gmm =
Anexo G
100 = 2.554 4.0 43.20 52.80 + + 1.0 2.728 2.732
Verificaciones
Se deberán cumplir todas las consideraciones, ver hoja Nº3 1º Gravedad específica aparente > Gravedad específica efectiva > Gravedad específica bulk Ps Gse = Pmix Pb − Gmm Gb Para los especimenes 1; 2 y 3, con 4% de cemento asfáltico 100 − 4 = 2.730 Gse = 100 4 − 2.553 1.0 Gsa = 2.758 Gsb = 2.703 Gsa > Gse > Gsb 2.758 > 2.730 > 2.703 2º Calcular la gravedad específica teórica máxima con la siguiente ecuación: Gmb × 100 Gmm = 100 − VTM 2.317 Gmm = × 100 100 − 9.24 Gmm = 2.554 3º Calcular los vacíos en el agregado mineral, VMA %agreg × Gmb VMA = 100 − Gsb (43.2 + 52.8) × 2.317 VMA = 100 − 2.703 VMA = 17.70 Paso Pa so D: Densid Densidad ad y Vacío de los Especimenes D.1 Calcular para cada especímen el porcentaje de vacíos del total de la mezcla, VMA
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Anexo G
⎛ G ⎞ VTM = ⎜⎜ 1- mb ⎟⎟ × 100 ⎝ Gmm ⎠ ⎛ 2.317 ⎞ × 100 VTM = ⎜ 1⎟ 2 . 5 5 3 ⎝ ⎠ VTM = 9.25 D.2 Calcular la densidad de cada especímen Marshall como sigue:
γ = Gmb × δ w γ = 2.317× 1 γ = 2.317 D.3 Calcular el porcentaje de vacíos en el agregado mineral, VMA
⎛ G (1− Pb ) ⎞ ⎟⎟ × 100 VMA = ⎜⎜1- mb Gsb ⎠ ⎝ ⎛ 2.317(1− 0.04) ⎞ × 100 VMA = ⎜1⎟ 2.703 ⎠ ⎝ VMA = 17.7% D.4 Calcular el porcentaje de vacíos llenos con asfalto
⎛ VMA - VTM ⎞ × 100 VFA = ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ VMA ⎠ ⎛ 17.7- 9.24 ⎞ × 100 VFA = ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ 17.7 ⎠ VFA = 47.8% Paso Pa so E: Estabilidad Estabili dad Marshall Marshall y Ensayo de d e Flujo Ejecutar el ensayo de acuerdo a lo especificado, ver Hoja Nº4. El factor de estabilidad es el número que corrige la estabilidad en especimenes con alturas diferentes de 2.5”. Este factor se obtiene del siguiente cuadro:
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Volumen de la Alt Altu ura aprox roxima imada de la Factor de muestra cm3 muestra cm corrección 200-213 2.54 5.56 214-225 2.70 5.00 226-237 2.86 4.55 238-250 3.02 4.17 251-264 3.18 3.85 265-276 3.34 3.57 277-289 3.49 3.33 290-301 3.65 3.03 302-316 3.81 2.78 317-328 3.97 2.50 329-340 4.13 2.27 341-353 4.29 2.08 354-367 4.45 1.92 368-379 4.61 1.79 380-392 4.76 1.67 393-405 4.92 1.56 406-420 5.08 1.47 421-431 5.24 1.39 432-443 5.40 1.32 444-456 5.56 1.25 457-470 5.72 1.19 471-482 5.87 1.14 483-495 6.03 1.09 496-508 6.19 1.04 509-522 6.35 1.00 523-535 6.51 0.96 536-546 6.67 0.93 547-559 6.83 0.89 560-573 6.99 0.86 574-585 7.14 0.83 586-598 7.30 0.81 299-610 7.46 0.78 611-625 7.62 0.76
Paso F: Estabilidad Paso Estabili dad Marshall Marshall y Ensayo de d e Flujo Flujo Graficar raficar las las curvas: curvas: 1. Contenido de asfalto Vs. Densidad (por unidad de peso) 2. Contenido de asfalto Vs. Estabilidad Marshall 3. Contenido de asfalto Vs. Flujo 4 Contenido de asfalto Vs. Porcentaje de vacíos, VTM
Anexo G
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Anexo G
Paso Pa so G: Determinaci Determinación ón del Optimo Contenido de Asfalto Asf alto G.1 Los siguientes dos métodos son comúnmente empleados para determinar el óptimo contenido de asfalto de los gráficos: .- El procedimiento NAPA, en TAS 14 Mé todo 1 .-
1. Determine el contenido de asfalto correspondiente a la medida especificada del contenido de vacíos (4% típicamente). Este es el óptimo contenido de asfalto. 2. Determine las siguientes propiedades en el óptimo contenido de asfalto de los gráficos: 2.1 Estabilidad Marshall 2.2 Flujo 2.3 Porcentaje de vacíos del agregado mineral, VMA 2.4 Porcentaje de vacíos llenos de asfalto, VFA 3. Compare cada uno de estos valores de especimenes y si todos tiene el rango especificado, entonces el óptimo contenido de asfalto determinado es satisfactorio. Si algunas de estas propiedades están fuera del rango de especificaciones, la mezcla debe ser rediseñada.
G6.7 G6 .7 Referencias Referencias Bibliográficas Bibli ográficas 1. Los Asfaltos, Tecnología y Aplicaciones . Ingº Ricardo E. Bisso Fernández. Editado por Petróleos del Perú – Petroperú S.A., Noviembre 1998 2. Standard Test Method for Resistance to Plastic Flow of Bituminous Mixtures Using Marshall Apparatus. ASTM D1559-89 3. Resistencia de Mezclas Bituminosas empelando el Aparato Marshall . MTC E504-1999 4. Mix Design Methods for Asphalt Concrete and Other Hot Mix Tipes. The Asphalt Institute, MS-2, May 1984 5. Hot Mix Asphalt Materials, Mixture Design and Construction . NAPA Research and
Education Foundation 1996
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Anexo G
Hoja1 : Información Básica % asfalto en la mezcla % agregado grueso % agregado fino % filler
Nº Nº de E specímen 1 % Cemento Cemento Asfáltico Asfáltico en peso de la m mezcla ezcla (P b) 2 % Agregado grueso en peso peso de la mezcla mezcla (P s) 3 % Agregado fino en peso peso de la mezcla mezcla (P s) 4 % filler en en peso peso de la mezcla mezcla (Ps) 5 Gravedad Gravedad Específica Aparent Aparente e (Gsa) Cemento Asfáltico 6 Gravedad Gravedad Específica Es pecífica Seca Bulk (Gsb) agregado grueso 7 Gravedad Gravedad Específica Es pecífica Seca Bulk (Gsb) agregado fino 8 Gravedad Gravedad Específica Es pecífica Seca Bulk (Gsb) filler 9 Gravedad Gravedad Específica Seca Aparent Aparente e (Gsa) agregado grueso 10 Gravedad Gravedad Específica Seca Aparent Aparente e (Gsa) agregado fino 11 Gravedad Gravedad Específica Seca Aparent Aparente e (Gsa) filler 12 P romedio romedio A=(Gsa+ (Gsa+Gsb)/2 Gs b)/2 del agregado agregado grueso. grueso. A=(6+9)/2 13 P romedio B=(Gsa+ (Gsa+Gsb)/2 Gs b)/2 del agregado fino. B=(7+10)/2 14 P romedio C=(Gsa+Gsb)/2 del filler. C=(8+11)/2 15 Altura promedio del especimen (cm) 16 Gravedad Específica Seca Bulk de la combinación de agregados G=2+3+4 2+3+4 6 7 8 17 agregados G=2 +3 +4 2 +3 +4 9 10 11
4.00
4.0
4. 5
5.0
45% (100-4,0) 55% (100-4,0) 0% (100-4,0) 1 2 4.00 4.00 43.2 43.2 52.8 52.8 0.0 0.0 1.000 1.000 2.692 2.692 2.712 2.712 0.000 0.000 2.765 2.765 2.752 2.752 0.000 0.000
43.2 52.8 0.0 3 4.00 43.2 52.8 0.0 1.000 2.692 2.712 0.000 2.765 2.752 0.000
4 4.50 43.0 52.5 0.0 1.000 2.692 2.712 0.000 2.765 2.752 0.000
5 4.50 43.0 52.5 0.0 1.000 2.692 2.712 0.000 2.765 2.752 0.000
43.0 52.5 0.0 6 4.50 43.0 52.5 0.0 1.000 2.692 2.712 0.000 2.765 2.752 0.000
7 5.00 42.8 52.3 0.0 1.000 2.692 2.712 0.000 2.765 2.752 0.000
8 5.00 42.8 52.3 0.0 1.000 2.692 2.712 0.000 2.765 2.752 0.000
42.8 52.3 0.0 9 5.00 42.8 52.3 0.0 1.000 2.692 2.712 0.000 2.765 2.752 0.000
2.729
2.729
2.729
2.729
2.729
2.729
2.729
2.729
2.729
2.732 0.000 6.50
2.732 0.000 6.51
2.732 0.000 6.48
2.732 0.000 6.47
2.732 0.000 6.51
2.732 0.000 6.50
2.732 0.000 6.41
2.732 0.000 6.42
2.732 0.000 6.31
2.703
2.703
2.703
2.703
2.703
2.703
2.703
2.703
2.703
2.758
2.758
2.758
2.758
2.758
2.758
2.758
2.758
2.758
S. MINAYA & A. ORDOÑEZ
412
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Anexo G
Hoja1 : Información Básica 5.5
Nº Nº de E specímen 1 % Cemento Cemento Asfáltico Asfáltico en peso de la m mezcla ezcla (P b) 2 % Agregado grueso en peso peso de la mezcla mezcla (P s) 3 % Agregado Agregado fino en en peso de la mezcla mezcla (P s) 4 % filler en en peso de de la mezcla mezcla (Ps) 5 Gravedad Gravedad Específica Es pecífica Aparent Aparente e (Gsa) Cemento Asfáltico 6 Graved Gravedad ad Específica Específica Seca Bulk (Gsb) agregado grueso 7 Graved Gravedad ad Específica Específica Seca Bulk (Gsb) agregado fino 8 Graved Gravedad ad Específica Específica Seca Bulk (Gsb) filler 9 Gravedad Gravedad Específica Seca Aparent Aparente e (Gsa) agregado grueso 10 Gravedad Gravedad Específica Seca Aparent Aparente e (Gsa) agregado fino 11 Gravedad Gravedad Específica Seca Aparent Aparente e (Gsa) filler 12 P romedio romedio A=(Gsa+ (Gs a+Gsb)/2 Gs b)/2 del agregado agregado grueso. grueso. A=(6+9)/2 13 P romedio B=(Gsa+ (Gsa+Gsb)/2 sb)/2 del agregado fino. B=(7+10)/2 14 P romedio C=(Gsa+Gsb)/2 del filler. C=(8+11)/2 15 Altura promedio del especimen (cm) 16 Gravedad Específica Seca Bulk de la combinación de agregados G=2+3+4 2+3+4 6 7 8 17 agregados G=2 +3 +4 2 +3 +4 9 10 11
6.0
6.5
10 5.50 42.5 52.0 0.0 1.000 2.692 2.712 0.000 2.765 2.752 0.000
11 5.50 42.5 52.0 0.0 1.000 2.692 2.712 0.000 2.765 2.752 0.000
42.5 52.0 0.0 12 5.50 42.5 52.0 0.0 1.000 2.692 2.712 0.000 2.765 2.752 0.000
2.729
2.729
2.729
2.729
2.729
2.729
2.729
2.729
2.729
2.732 0.000 6.32
2.732 0.000 6.32
2.732 0.000 6.31
2.732 0.000 6.29
2.732 0.000 6.25
2.732 0.000 6.29
2.732 0.000 6.37
2.732 0.000 6.31
2.732 0.000 6.32
2.703
2.703
2.703
2.703
2.703
2.703
2.703
2.703
2.703
2.758
2.758
2.758
2.758
2.758
2.758
2.758
2.758
2.758
S. MINAYA & A. ORDOÑEZ
13 6.00 42.3 51.7 0.0 1.000 2.692 2.712 0.000 2.765 2.752 0.000
14 6.00 42.3 51.7 0.0 1.000 2.692 2.712 0.000 2.765 2.752 0.000
42.3 51.7 0.0 15 6.00 42.3 51.7 0.0 1.000 2.692 2.712 0.000 2.765 2.752 0.000
16 6.50 42.1 51.4 0.0 1.000 2.692 2.712 0.000 2.765 2.752 0.000
17 6.50 42.1 51.4 0.0 1.000 2.692 2.712 0.000 2.765 2.752 0.000
42.1 51.4 0.0 18 6.50 42.1 51.4 0.0 1.000 2.692 2.712 0.000 2.765 2.752 0.000
414
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Anexo G
Hoja2 : Gravedades Específicas
γp
Nº Nº de E specímen 18 P eso del especíme especímen n al aire, aire, gr. gr. WD 19 P eso en el aire del del especímen especímen parafina parafinado, do, gr. WpD 20 P eso en el agua del del especímen paraf parafinad inado, o, gr. W ppsub 21 Volumen del especímen parafinado, parafinado, WpD-Wppsub. (19-20) 22 P eso de la para parafin fina, a, WpD-WD. (19-18) 23 Volumen de la parafina (22/ γ p ) 24 Volumen del especímen por deslizamiento (21-23) 25 Gravedad específica seca bulk del especímen 18 G mb = 24
0.85
1 1207.3 1216.1 684.8 531.3 8.8 10.35 520.95
2 1209.4 1217.7 688.5 529.2 8.3 9.76 519.44
3 1203.0 1213.2 681.5 531.7 10.2 12.00 519.70
4 1203.7 1211.6 688.2 523.4 7.9 9.29 514.11
5 1204.8 1213.9 685.4 528.5 9.1 10.71 517.79
6 1203.3 1211.2 685.1 526.1 7.9 9.29 516.81
7 1208.5 1218.6 700.5 518.1 10.1 11.88 506.22
8 1208.0 1211.2 693.1 518.1 3.2 3.76 514.34
9 1207.0 1214.8 699.1 515.7 7.8 9.18 506.52
2.318
2.328
2.315
2.341
2.327
2.328
2.387
2.349
2.383
2.554
2.554
2.554
2.533
2.533
2.533
2.513
2.513
2.513
9.25 2.318
8.83 2.328
9.35 2.315
7.57 2.341
8.15 2.327
8.09 2.328
5.00 2.387
6.54 2.349
5.18 2.383
17.7
17.3
17.8
17.3
17.8
17.7
16.1
17.5
16.2
47.7
49.0
47.4
56.2
54.2
54.4
68.9
62.5
68.1
26 Gravedad específica teórica máxima, Rice 100 100 1 2 3 4 + + + 5 12 13 14
G mm =
27 Porcentaje de vacios del total de la mezcla
⎛ 25 ⎞ 100 ⎟⎟ × 100 ⎝ 26 ⎠
VTM = ⎜⎜ 1-
28 Densidad de cada especimen Marshall 29 % de vacíos del agregado mineral, VMA
⎛ ⎝
VMA = ⎜⎜ 1-
30
25 × (1 − 1/100 ) ⎞ 100 ⎟⎟ × 100 16 ⎠
γ = Gmb × δ w = 25 × 1
e vac vac os enos enos con as a to ⎛ 29 - 27 ⎞ 100 ⎟⎟ × 100 ⎝ 29 ⎠
VFA = ⎜⎜
S. MINAYA & A. ORDOÑEZ
416
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Anexo G
Hoja2 : Gravedades Específicas
Nº Nº de Especímen 18 P eso del especímen especímen al aire, aire, gr. WD 19 P eso en el aire del del especímen especímen parafina parafinado, do, gr. WpD 20 P eso en el agua agua del especímen especímen parafina parafinado, do, gr. Wppsub 21 Volumen Volumen del especímen parafin parafinado, ado, W pD-Wppsub. (19-20) 22 P eso de la la paraf parafina ina,, W pD-WD. (19-18) 23 Volumen de la parafina (22/ γ p ) especím men por deslizamien desliz amiento to (21-23) 24 Volumen del especí 25 Gravedad específica seca bulk del especímen 18 Gmb = 24
10 1204.1 1211.3 699.9 511.4 7.2 8.47 502.93
11 1207.1 1213.1 702.0 511.1 6.0 7.06 504.04
12 1207.4 1214.0 702.3 511.7 6.6 7.76 503.94
13 1205.6 1211.8 704.8 507.0 6.2 7.29 499.71
14 1204.5 1210.3 704.1 506.2 5.8 6.82 499.38
15 1201.8 1208.1 702.0 506.1 6.3 7.41 498.69
16 1205.5 1211.4 703.1 508.3 5.9 6.94 501.36
17 1202.2 1206.0 700.4 505.6 3.8 4.47 501.13
18 1201.5 1207.5 700.6 506.9 6.0 7.06 499.84
2.394
2.395
2.396
2.413
2.412
2.410
2.404
2.399
2.404
2.493
2.493
2.493
2.474
2.474
2.474
2.454
2.454
2.454
3.97 2.394
3.94 2.395
3.90 2.396
2.47 2.413
2.49 2.412
2.57 2.410
2.03 2.404
2.26 2.399
2.06 2.404
16.3
16.3
16.2
16.1
16.1
16.2
16.8
17.0
16.8
75.6
75.8
76.0
84.7
84.6
84.1
87.9
86.7
87.8
26 Gravedad específica teórica máxima, Rice 100 100 1 2 3 4 + + + 5 12 13 14
G mm =
27 P orcentaje orcentaje de vacios del total total de la mezcla ⎛ 25 ⎞ VTM = ⎜⎜ 1⎟⎟ × 100 ⎝ 26 ⎠ 28 Densidad de cada especimen Marshall 29 % de vacíos del agregado mineral, VMA
⎛ ⎝
VMA = ⎜⎜ 1 -
30
25 × (1 − 1/100 ) ⎞ 100 ⎟⎟ × 100 16 ⎠
γ = Gmb × δ w = 25 × 1
e vac os enos enos con con as a to ⎛ 29 - 27 ⎞ ⎟⎟ × 100 ⎝ 29 ⎠
VFA = ⎜⎜
S. MINAYA & A. ORDOÑEZ
418
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Anexo G
Hoja3 : Verificaciones
Nº Nº de E specímen 31 Gravedad específica efectiva G se =
100 100 - 1 100 1 − 26 5
32 Gravedad específica aparente de la combinación de agregados (Gsa), 17 33 Gravedad específca bulk de la combinación de agregados (Gsb),16 34 Si Gsa>Gse>Gsb, continuar con la verificación 35 Gravedad específica teórica máxima, Rice, 26 36 Gravedad específica teórica máxima, Rice Gmm =
25 100 × 100 100 100 − 27
37 S i 35=36, continuar con la verificación 38 % de vacíos del agregado mineral, VMA, 29 39 % de vacíos del agregado mineral (2 + 3 + 4)× 25 VMA = 100 100 16
40 Si 38=39, concluye la verificación
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
2.730
2.730
2.730
2.730
2.730
2.730
2.730
2.730
2.730
2.758
2.758
2.758
2.758
2.758
2.758
2.758
2.758
2.758
2.703 OK !
2.703 OK!
2.703 OK !
2.703 OK!
2.703 OK!
2.703 OK!
2.703 OK!
2.703 OK!
2.703 OK!
2.554
2.554
2.554
2.533
2.533
2.533
2.513
2.513
2.513
2.554 OK! 17.7
2.554 OK! 17.3
2.554 OK! 17.8
2.533 OK! 17.3
2.533 OK! 17.8
2.533 OK ! 17.7
2.513 OK! 16.1
2.513 OK! 17.5
2.513 OK! 16.2
17.7 OK!
17.3 OK!
17.8 OK!
17.3 OK!
17.8 OK !
17.7 OK!
16.1 OK!
17.5 OK!
16.2 OK!
S. MINAYA & A. ORDOÑEZ
420
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Anexo G
Hoja3 : Verificaciones
Nº Nº de E specímen 31 Gravedad específica efectiva G se =
100 100 - 1 100 1 − 26 5
32 Gravedad específica aparente de la combinación de agregados (Gsa), 17 33 Gravedad específca bulk de la combinación de agregados (Gsb),16 34 Si Gsa>Gse>Gsb, continuar con la verificación 35 Gravedad específica teórica máxima, Rice, 26 36 Gravedad específica teórica máxima, Rice G mm =
25 100 × 100 100 100 − 27
37 Si 35=36, continuar con la verificación 38 % de vacíos del agregado mineral, VMA, 29 39 % de vacíos del agregado mineral (2 + 3 + 4)× 25 VMA = 100 100 16
40 Si 38=39, concluye la verificación
10
11
12
2.730
2.730
2.730
2.730
2.730
2.730
2.730
2.730
2.730
2.758
2.758
2.758
2.758
2.758
2.758
2.758
2.758
2.758
2.703 OK!
2.703 OK !
2.703 OK!
2.703 OK!
2.703 OK !
2.703 OK !
2.703 OK!
2.703 OK!
2.703 OK !
2.493
2.493
2.493
2.474
2.474
2.474
2.454
2.454
2.454
2.493 OK! 16.3
2.493 OK ! 16.3
2.493 OK! 16.2
2.474 OK! 16.1
2.474 OK ! 16.1
2.474 OK! 16.2
2.454 OK! 16.8
2.454 OK! 17.0
2.454 OK ! 16.8
16.3 OK !
16.3 OK!
16.2 OK!
16.1 OK!
16.1 OK !
16.2 OK!
16.8 OK!
17.0 OK!
16.8 OK!
S. MINAYA & A. ORDOÑEZ
13
14
15
16
17
18
422
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Anexo G
Hoja4 : Estabilidad marshall y Ensayo de Flujo
Nº
Nº de Especímen
41 Estabilidad sin corregir 42 Factor de Estabilidad 43 Estabilidad corregida (4 (41x42)
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1,745.00 1,844.00 1,690.00 1,745.00 1,755.00 1,775.00 1,895.00 1,895.00 1,906.00 1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.04
1.04
1.04
1,745.00 1,844.00 1,690.00 1,745.00 1,755.00 1,775.00 1,970.80 1,970.80 1,982.24
44 Estabilidad corregida corregida promedio 45 Flujo
2
1,759.67 7.00
6.50
1,758.33 6.50
8.50
8.00
1,974.61 8.00
11.50
12.00
46 Flujo prom promedi edio o
6.67
8.17
11.67
47 Densidad de de cada especimen especimen Marshall, promedio promedio
2.320
2.332
2.373
48 Porcentaje de vacios del total de la mezcla, VTM
9.14
7.94
5.57
orcentaje de vacíos del agregado agregado mineral, mineral, VMA 49 P orcentaje
17.59
17.60
16.60
50 Porcentaje de vacios llenos con asfalto, VFA
48.05
54.93
66.53
S. MINAYA & A. ORDOÑEZ
11.50
424
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Anexo G
Hoja4 : Estabilidad marshall y Ensayo de Flujo
Nº
Nº de E specímen
41 E stabilidad sin corregir 42 F actor de E stabilidad 43 E stabilidad corregida (41x42)
10
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
2,106.00 2,097.00 2,097.00 1,996.00 1,996.00 1,996.00 1,745.00 1,696.00 1,698.00 1.04
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.04
2,190.24 2,180.88 2,180.88 2,075.84 2,075.84 2,075.84 1,814.80 1,763.84 1,765.92
44 Estabilidad corregida promedio promedio 45 F lujo
11
2,184.00 13.50
12.50
2,075.84 13.00
14.50
15.50
1,781.52 15.50
17.50
17.50
46 Flujo prom promedio
13.00
15.17
17.67
47 Densidad de cada especimen especimen Marshall, promedio promedio
2.395
2.412
2.402
48 Porcentaje de vacios del total de la mezcla, VTM
3.94
2.51
2.12
49 Porcentaje de vacíos del agregado mineral, VMA
16.27
16.14
16.90
50 Porcentaje de vacios llenos con asfalto, VFA
75.80
84.45
87.47
S. MINAYA & A. ORDOÑEZ
18.00
426
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Anexo G
DISEÑO DISEÑO DE MEZCLA ASFALTICA ASFAL TICA METODO METODO DE LA NAPA NA PA PESO ESPECIFICO ESPECIFICO VS. % DE ASFA LTO
ESTABILIDAD VS. % DE ASFALTO
FLUJO VS. % DE ASFALTO
2.430
18.00
2.410
2151
3 2.390 m c / r 2.370 g ( O C I F I C E P S E O S E P
17.00
2,150.00
16.00 15.00
2,050.00
b L ( D A 1,950.00 D I L I B A T 1,850.00 S E
2.350 2.330 2.310 2.290 2.270
9.00
1,750.00
8.00
2.250
5,6
2.230 4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
4.0
4.5
F 100.00 V O T 90.00 L A F S 80.00 A N O ) C % 70.00 O ( N E L 60.00 L N E M 50.00 U L O V 40.00
9.00 8.00 7.00 6.00 4,0
4.00 3.00 2.00
5,6
1.00 3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
ASFA LT O (%)
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
ASFALTO (%)
% VACIOS LLENOS DE CON ASFALTO VS. % DE AS FA LT O
10.00
5.00
5.0
ASFA LT O (%)
% VACIOS VS. % DE ASFA LTO
M T V S O I C A V
5,6 5,6
6.00 3.5
AS FAL TO (%)
) % (
7.00
1,650.00 3.5
13,6
) " 14.00 1 0 . 13.00 0 ( 12.00 O J U 11.00 L F 10.00
% VOLUMEN DE AGREGADO GRUESO MINERAL VS. % DE ASFALTO 18.00 17.80 17.60
78
17.40 17.20 17.00 16.80 16.60
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
ASFA LT O (%)
16,38
16.40
5,6
5,6 5,6
16.20 6.5
7.0
16.00 3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
ASFALTO (%)
S. MINAYA & A. ORDOÑEZ
427
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Anexo G
G7.1 INTRODUCCIÓN INTRODUCCIÓN El ensayo de compresión edométrica consiste en aplicar una carga sinusoidal sin periodo de descanso a un especimen confinado. La carga se aplica con el pistón de carga del equipo CBR a un disco metálico del diámetro del espécimen. El proceso de preparación de la mezcla es similar al método Marshall ya descrito. El ensayo Marshall y el de compresión edomética son diferentes, con el primero se puede determinar el óptimo contenido de asfalto siguiendo un método aún empírico, el segundo método permite determinar módulos dinámicos, que son parámetros de diseño de pavimentos. G7.2 APLICACIÓN
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Anexo G
ensayo, en una palanca ajustable acoplada al segmento inferior. Las deformaciones del anillo se medirán con un deformímetro graduado en 0.001 mm. 8. Prensa. Para realizar el ensayo cíclico se usará una prensa automática. La carga se aplica de manera cíclica, un ciclo está formado por una carga y una descarga. 9. Dial de Carga. La fuerza aplicada se medirá con un anillo acoplado a la prensa, de 20 kN (2039 kgf) de capacidad, con una sensibilidad de 50 N (5 kgf) hasta 5 kN (510 kgf) y 100 N (10 kgf) hasta 20 kN (2 039 kgf). 10. Discos de Papel Filtrante de 4 pulg. 11. Horno. Horno capaz de mantener la temperatura requerida con un error menor de 3 ºC (5 ºF) se emplea para calentar los agregados, material asfáltico, conjunto de compactación y muestra. 12. Baño. El baño de agua con 150mm (6”) de profundidad mínima y controlado termostáticamente para mantener la temperatura a 60º ± 1 ºC (140º ± 1.8 ºF), deberá tener un falso fondo perforado o estar equipado con un estante para mantener las probetas por lo menos a 50.8 mm (2”) sobre el fondo del tanque. 13. 2 Recipientes de dos litros de capacidad para calentar los agregados y para mezclar el asfalto y agregado.
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Anexo G
A.3 A.3 Gr Gravedad específic ífica a bulk del agregado grueso (AASHTO T85 ó ASTM C1 C127) y del agregado fino (AASHTO T84 ó ASTM C128). Calcule la gravedad especifica de la combinación de agregados. Paso Pa so B: Evaluación del cemento asfáltico B.1 Determine el grado apropiado de cemento asfáltico a emplear según las recomendaciones Superpave. B.2 Calcular la gravedad especifica del cemento asfáltico (AASHTO T228 ó ASTM D70) y del filler (AASHTO T100 ó ASTM D854) y grafique la viscosidad versus temperatura (Carta de Viscosidad). B.3 Determinar la temperatura de mezcla y compactación según la carta de viscosidad. 1. La temperatura de mezcla del cemento asfáltico será el correspondiente al rango de viscosidad de 170±20 centistokes (1 centistoke =1 mm2/s).
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Anexo G
Nota.- No mantener el ligante por más de una hora a la temperatura de mezcla ni emplear ligante bituminoso recalentado. Durante el período de calentamiento del ligante se debe agitar frecuentemente dentro del recipiente para evitar los sobrecalentamientos. C.5 De acuerdo al tipo de mezcla determinar el número de golpes por cara para la compactación. C.6 El recipiente en el que se realizará la mezcla será manchado con una mezcla de prueba para evitar la pérdida de ligante y finos adheridos al recipiente, se limpiará solamente arrastrando con una espátula todo el material posible. Colocar la cantidad de agregado requerido en esa vasija y añada la cantidad de asfalto caliente necesario por peso, para el porcentaje de cemento asfáltico de la mezcla deseada. %Cemento asfáltico =
Peso cemento asfáltico Peso árido + Peso cemento asfáltico
C.7 Mezclar el cemento asfáltico, agregados, filler y fibra (para el caso de mezclas SMA) hasta
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Anexo G
C.12 Determine la gravedad especifica bulk de cada especímen tan pronto como las probetas compactadas se han enfriado a la temperatura ambiente, según AASHTO T166. Se determina calculando la relación entre su peso al aire y su volumen. Pesar el especímen al aire. Sumerja la muestra en agua por unos minutos, pesar la muestra en su condición saturada superficialmente seca (SSD) en el agua. Sacar la muestra del agua, secar el exceso de agua y pesar en su condición SSD en el aire. Calcular el volumen restando el peso del especímen SSD en el aire y el peso del especímen SSD sumergida. La fórmula empleada será: Gmb =
WD WSSD − Wsub
Donde: Gmb W
Gravedad Específica Bulk de la muestra compactada Peso del especímen al aire
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Anexo G
agua pero habiéndola recubierto previamente de una capa de parafina. El peso específico bulk viene dado por la fórmula: WD Gmb = WpD − WD WpD - Wppsub γp Donde: Gmb Gravedad Específica Bulk de la muestra compactada W Peso del especímen al aire
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Gsb + Gsa 2 G + Gsa C = sb 2
B=
Anexo G
, para el agregado fino , para el filler
Donde: Gsb Gsa
Gravedad específica bulk Gravedad específica aparente
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Anexo G
E.2 Calentar el agua del baño a 140ºF (60ºC) y colocar los especimenes a ser ensayados por un período de 30 a 40 minutos. Los especimenes se ubicarán de manera escalonada para que todos los especimenes sean calentados el tiempo especificado antes de ser ensayados. E.3 Luego de calentarlos el tiempo necesario, se irán sacando uno a la vez, quitarles el exceso de agua con una toalla y colocarlo rápidamente en la prensa de compresión. E.4 Definir la lectura en el dial de carga que corresponda a una presión de 10 y 5 kg/cm 2. Colocar el deformímetro en la guía y en contacto con el borde del molde.
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Anexo G
Foto G7.1: G7.1: Agregados y filler fill er que formarán parte de la mezcla asfáltica.
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Anexo G
Foto G7.4: Pesar Pesar los lo s agregados y filler fill er entes entes de llevar al horno.
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Anexo G
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Anexo G
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Anexo G
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Anexo G
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Diseño Moderno de Pavimentos
Anexo G