L nS. N ag laa lr,t/ri
( kolure.
',
tt
tg/ tz/ snos 6at (urbtne e^gittcs
,(* ATA
chaplc,saf il,e ga: lurbin' engncs'
lircs' )( (haplc, 7o ; Slanda'd Prac is (ortcurtcd witA maiti le,once proccdurct ilol
Th;s tho.:l*
,
rhcludes in tAu enflinecornponenis.fla;ntenante
ote 'na'de
heat l"oLnontr' f;';n1
' I rplrtcerne:nL , au'rillary [aol' "'
^f
I
o t haptef
#
'ta
i"u
.-
:
( hapkn 7I :
(hapter1.o ( th au c*ft).
Ps*r, plaot.
, {ngine: i{ is {k
pat| of pauerltlanb lhat is ,nadt U /lt
engioe
,onr{ochre t5'
w.ith utthgs+ anJ * courls+ intelk" engnc is t tA" il , P** PlanL to willt (lre powu planb it e'der (Aot nrqrared are orhe,canponen[t do 7tr" Powe(pla"t cunpancnls mak, lh, engncfun'lims f:aPc:tl'
flc $r* pour af tAo engine,ttrry only Arlf (a dchieuc no| increase d rsirr1 engtneprr fir^a'tc, engtncarc na& II [i,
excrpl {lc A tt tAe powe(plan| compona#S
a,f crafl monufa, [a"'5,
Jf ( hapt* f 2, t {ng'o
L'u'lion cans
-
iI dcsctib's (ht consl'ntl;on a{ €nfithe._ c*rn'd w ilA ?fii, thapter is cCIn
,
cha'b"r5' bladcs, spoals' combus;ian
tl*
t eng"x fixalion oP d;ffe,'n
[5 , "-' ' comPonen
( hap{er 73 : tryir;r,fu'l wilh |hefrrl , and furl syJlcryn /4" enginr ffi;, chaple,it concernrd
, and
,
t",t /o lrlo Spar uoilue'
(Ae el,!^' fa/ ( chapk' 73)' and (A, bel*r*n bo,d,t, is ualue Spor Irr
{h* ctir#att f*t
{ chaple'tt;1
(Aapfar?I is cgnc*ne} wi{A fu"l.
in /Ao a;' craft pu*p,'-") paosler hnks , , { fuet slor4e and {'r*l sysdenr 5ide, ,
Sporuol'c = {i" ual'e = {u.el s"h;ulaff ual'c
af ilE ak uafL { uwall"Ton wn1s in t/,. is lacokd . \f,* sfar ual,," apens/clurs (A, *a! fo, th fuol [o rA, fiontspar). fr sfar ualv, bJ a spa* s$tnal' tnoue f*^ /1./ {anhs(o [A, enginc,i{ apens/closc'
{hapt*, 7+ t {n7;ncign;tiat
( hoplc, 75 ' fngn, arc systen' /o' ile engtne' ( . Tlis chapl* is (oncernedo"ilA alr penumatic)
(A, po*e' p lant' fngine oft is used n oPPlicalions anJ lno(cgen"ally, sucha5 n onli icc f* ( hople, 75
engthe nose(oul|'
= tn:!j* Z- ( ^ auc'af()'
IA /A' fenunoli' sYsk^ 'onc"'d wi is i{ lic a,'J , : (Aople,3{ fsnuora conlralsanli irc, f/;3lt ' ilioning con{ air rt (A, air crafl sidq, ' / suchas a
liry,'"'' €ngineSIar
con{rol' )( (ltopk, 7d : {ngiac
.
(A. brain o[ {A, engine-I{ ffe €ngneconl,ra!is
conl',ols{A' a^*nL
ro give t/,.-reTutredualacaP ilr'urt' engine orlrr n rA, {o, requrrcd{rut lF \c'petatun)' {e^penlu'c (su*oundir'y alnfie'tl tA, [o accordnJ (Ais is done anJ and Presture. fot IAc , 7f,, engne controlalsa adlusLsltcal'hg, cooling'ond iint;lolfon sgsletn. At conditiontnX
tr ( Aaple,7f : Eng,'rind;cat'ry' , Jt givesfi. oPvalnsda[a fo, il,
engine( rpn, atlTul Power'*")
'Y (haplc' 78: {xhaust' (Ae exhaus|,and /4, (Arust reuers€c Tfri,chaplodrah,tilA
# (hoptcr Tlt fngneoil' wi th (Aeoil syslanin tAe engine lu is concerncJ , T6i, c;hap
ftr, oiI DI
sySlrn ^cludos lubricalion,on,,!:ol , Jn ft,ght, il,
sysL'mt^'ilh I u c t . exchonginS
' In (Aesome oil is aery hot, and ilc furl is u"J cotd
Lefo'e [, caal'd,ad tl' !u"t nusl b' heat'ed lo it nerdcl oil il, !me, exchangngbet*""t oit and gary la tl, engtn€. ?rti,is clanebJ heot
fuel.
4=-.:::=:.*r
. Oil is also used ^ cleaning, and (hts is an ndicotio, tl
fo' sonep'oblens
,
{hot *oJ occur n engtute.
( , Fngneoil = Hyd'auli' frower choptlL!"U ail in air craf I witA appltcalias , ( hoPl" 21 is conccrn.dwilA Agdraultc
as ffutl such
conl,rok, tand;nXjearl
tl
,
thrUSt reuets€ft -- - -
( hapto,go: FngineSlorltry'
))o lc I
7o, and endsuti[A ATA chaplcrsof let enginesbegns fto^ cAople,
chap[er8a.
]E .Xi (lassifrrali*tol
enginei:
,/ ,.i
{ngincsorc basicallyclass;fted(o ' J'
(o/d enStrnes: usc PressurgeJ gas [o ,nafr. colJ ilt'usl, ffiy a* usua//7 ftH engirtcs
used in Spaccap7/iro/iotts Suchas i,'t sale //;1"s. GU Ihrrs[ ertgincs erc uscC in a/1|rsl;,',y#. arbilal locatiort o{ salr //;[rs.
2 - H"ol enltrlct: Heol en,tlles refut* conbusl;on Io, /Ar,r apratian.
#rr Hwt engrhes: ffo, arc 1' lps
of lteo{ engines,(Ary ore :
J - Fc F ( Exle,,n"lco*busLi*tengncJ: . Jn thu ?xternatca*bustion engincit [h, co^bssL"Jnnlto is nat used in f ucral;ng il, il,
autp"t pautcr. Ifr' en'W is t'antf"'d f'o^
{wn geneal'{ th' conbuslrJ,nrd;o lo ano[Ae,,nedia thabn
plont. (t" nechonicolpo*r, Suchas tn steampower {u"t giwsmr*
sleo^ patterp/anls'
a {u'bnc ) ' h sLrarr, ond Stea^ op",rall
j'i
t 1"'
"Irf "tri
i1
n;
tngioe] ft€ [ Intcmal ca^busL'on
(hc combvsLcdmt dia it . Jn lAe ntenal co"'tbushonengincs,
used
(Arustftn". in generating th, oul YL P owcr o( flr,,o^bust,o"engfne'.'fiy /fiu' aR I' br* of rhlerna!
otc:
(1/ Plslrn engine
(zl 6os ( u' bin' engine 7T" gat larbt c enghc it useJ o^ a// a,r crafh (A"t b"lonj k
r#r
ak
r/atcs t
er10itc5, Kotltl engircs orc also cons;Jcrdh b, nt"rmt ca,bsL,ion sryirrE 6, gos{u,Line engin<{yf ilPt h usel n FflJp'air is {k let
{yF, ond it
secttan' will b. sludir/ ,,hdchils n /Ais
Jr# Gas hrbin, enginct
# Bask loanol gas turh,r enginei:
7[, conthuilT eTuation
lv,A,:
trv"A,
flu/ LlA, = V,A. ( f* inc*nprcsEblc
,
Newton la*s of rnatimt
-4 fr'st /auu: (ons[anL >Prd in a slraglt A bac)yir ei(hr at rusto( moving with a lin, patA a5 l^g as lArn a,c n"t an/ {o'r"
arc' actnl on {h;s body'
Secondla*, ( a' d.ec!eoa["') An/ for* altp/ied an /1, bodl t.:ill rnah, iL acceleraie
e uo,dtry ta lhe falla*iry relaLion: f=
rnd
gene'al :
ffro{
t
t= i(,nv)
{Ei,J lo*' tc in di'eclim' {u *,g actian hat a rea'tion 5 dme in ualut, and ofposi
, . fi €rnoll; s equat;on tJenluri lrbc
/1 { tr t
r AfP ll inJ /nA,, ( continttitY (onservation I
I
eyatin) on {le u.n&uti
fr
(^'
{rtl, ,
f, fr,U, =
J, A, V, , fo, inconp ressille]
Iml
tlo*t
A, V,= A r V t - ( 3 = ( o n s | o n L )
I \
= 3'A'V' = 3rA./.
fearronj*1' A
Vr= U+ ) fit
-
ShreA,) A,., ilrn
V2> V,
Bernoll; ,nade his eyperirnrnlund", tAc &/lounl
dssurnpLiax;
U) {irLionlrrs {/o* (?l Sleady s[alc f/o"'
(t) No enerw is a//d
//e
(" tl* f/*r, a( erLracLed f.o t/,cfl*.
in /A' fieaetred ll, ualu" ol p,rSlure of dif{ttenl locaLions
uen|eri lsbe, onC t$, Io/low,nj relaLian usai
fr {ol /}r*sure=
(Arn obh;ned,
p+ tsv^
P, Slah Pt"sure * tu' : DgnamicPtcssure r', Glol
pnswrc=. f(all.
+ dynanic ptcssurc. pressute
fr, {inol $*yessionoN Bernoll;,sefudlion is:
i+
+it,1"* ISh,= A + {rv,'
JI is mpo,tont h
shl, $a[
I s h,
this eqrtali*t i5 aflied
3. punlt m ll,- semeStr"om linc, and *ilhul
mty belreen
uery adJitionor Exlractt:srr.
r
Def;nitians: Naglet tr,
, p ressure and reduces noi3l< rncreasesuelociLT,
* {i, sub:onicflo,, convergentnoYleis used: -=i=
vz ) V,
P,( n
.-*-.--4r
T ( T
_*+,,?,
J
I
( onur,,1 eaLnoglc'
fl*, {n, Supasonic
di'u'g'nt noyle il used:
Vr)Y,
f, { P,
n ( 7; ( 5o,,,,conditionsol conuergcnb no11lc )
is on/ If tAe'c al*oXt frllr* tA- Pressure' )/ole , 7[, Lenperaturc increasein frc*ure, $t
te*peralurcwill tncrease' if /Aereis ony
, (At te*p e'a[u'e "ti ll dccrease derreare in Pressarf
tlej ,
D;ffurer; (4, noyle. 7F, d iffutu in.crearcl frclssFc, 7F" d;ffusrr is oppositeh
ond reduc"sveh:11i;Y-,
used'
- Fo,subsanrc ffi"' fl*, diue'genn Vt (
V,
P,) P, 7; ) 7;
d;ffu" -
Wh {0, supersoni< f lo*, convergenE
is used: t
v1 (U
P, ) P,
T ) 7r
;" E!:
( Sa,*- cmditioni otr dive'gent
lr. il'"'.------'"
:,
naglc)
i r .
te-.
'!
..
F
;
,Illolel,. Subsontcnol3lc
E
I d
-
''_'''.-
fl
)uD5ontt
d;ffus*=
?
,- lrh
)uper Sonlc di I fuSu
Surr*,sonic noglt
t1t ,1,-,.
.a,\
LU o 5.0 f ogc I tt* fo, gencnl layrulo{ a gas furbineen1tne.
j n' A ;, in take casing,
j
and htgh presiurecondittontarc It is a d;ffusu duct. ( Lo,, velori|y, refuiredof [h, comp(elso(inlet, and this is doncby o d;ffuse,). /Va iolet uonei exiJlin the inLakc casinS' (an b, appliedin ile regionaf /hu air ntakc G*Y Brrno/l;'s "lualion Sioce ll,r,, ii no work dane( no energ1additionar extraction)'
$, ol( inLakcasig is nad, b ilt air f7s^, manufurtotea.
,
fnlrt cone bladrs,andpnu;des 6u hlct, cont{ove(s(A, raabof {Au Compressor
a Snool|pot| fi, lht ntalc ah Ifre inle[ rone i5 ryde by ile enginetnanufac[orers
: , ExAaus[cane -
Tu exAausl cone(dwrr th, rootsaf {Ac [ur bnc r bladrs,andprouide } air. a snooth pa(hftt {Ae exhaus 71, exhausl coneis madebJ lAo enginemonufaclorcrs.
, Prrpuil,nj
nq3le ( Frl-rtl
nogh ) :
It
' t c ,t ducL I hgn aucc nry3lc il d no55tc uelociQ t$ teTured h,gh verccity reTuireJa[ noylc eeIx;I /r1 iltc noylc a I (hc
order ta tncreas-ilt
ilrus( fircr,
an/ ilt;s it danc lJ a noSj/r/.
N, et(it uones exist rh ilc exhausLnoyk' lAc reXion of tl" cxhaut Be,no//,'t efua/ion c(rn b, app/;eJ rh "o5il< done. Sinct (hetci; no work
monu{o'{otcr5' - /tr. exhaustnoSjleis nade b! &lc at rtanc
Slalion'ia gas I urb,nc engnciI , ,f ,W, L"'"''" rn orde,b :pec;fy a loco[ionhsidc li,e*',7as{urb;ncengin', il a,i// 6e dul,l ,
rhk slalians.
Stalionsn stnilc spoollurk iet engne'
Ai ,atake dil?nc..
(onpresnr
(o*buslioncho^bc,
o
- 7irba,
Fxhaus| noglc
I I
I I I I I ,l
r-.
I
.o
I I I
(Ac et {rcc atr strean { und;s\urbcd Jone) bcfa.c irtlel of (fi, enrne. 77tis f lotion it of il,
( surroundiry)rcndiliant E, vo, and T. ambient,
! r 5 totional (lte engirteintahe ( tA, intahc o{ (A, a,r d; ffused, (Au atr dif{uscc intahe, and (hc evit oF conprersar ilc of : stotion l j t
af cha^bers,and lAe ex;[ 5lorionat (Ac intaheo{ rA, co^buslron
$e comPressor. $ t Slal;onat
(Ae exit o! (Ac conbuslionchambers. il,, lurbirn ,ntate, a,td
(/" exhaustnoi3h,ond il' fr SLolionat tA, ntale o{ a[ ('he cxit ol the erfia*lf not3le' 8 s SLotion
< A lfunalirc dacrrplionuscdb5 s|alionlt
O - I : Zoncbcftn
!,
engiacrnAoh ,
j - 7 , Air intahediffusc,( ei, intahecasing) (o^pressr
a-
cho^hc's' combusLion
J-
l# ,
4-
5 : 7I',bine
5a
g :
ft
nq3ltJ Exhaus!noyk ( Proprll,ng
lubnc exit'
' Lacolnno[ stotians6, 7, and ]: and d ivergentnogle a5 A fler hurnert, 7Eo*arc comfonrnkSuch {hat arc usrdn th.- r',ilila,la,:c:,!:! e xirl n gaslurb,hcengines is spec;fndbJ sfationtd,7' a'd 78, locolionof such components q. A siryle spool Lu.,oje t €ng'n
,l
lanvuS
nagk
Afle, bu'n"
Diuc,gnb no$h I ql
t I I
I I I
I -[
t I
o
--
I
I I
I I
tl
I
5
1
d :' Inlc( of ll,, afi1trbo,nn
.-^.
7 t Inle| of tl,
,
-_^l^
ConucrncnE lrolile' VJJ
Ard
|
exitoFth oflo burncc
:
nry3le ( lt ;t rtaS3lc 8 r Inttt if tAr:dtuergent , ond exi[ of lhe conv,ygenL diuagnt nqSh] !h, throat arcaof (he convergenlno53le' 1t Erlnusbo,F ttl divergent 11:
..lr,
rJ:l - A llernaliredescriplianusedbg stotions'
5- dt
Z o n c ilefucu, (urbincefiL, and ilc ialc( of il, o flu fiurrtcrt,
Il nay b, a d; ffuserthat increa$et(ho pressureand reduerrilz ueloci*. Af kr bur ne,( e xist ia rni /i tay en7n
d-/: 7- 8 I
(anucrgent n a11le. \iuergcnt no63t,{ etisLrn supernnk Qir craf ttS-
g -1:
5 totions in lwn spaol tur baiet engines: (he S[a;ram in lAe &.,k spoal turboyt engtrt* are exartly l;frc
ia il, Sta[ions
In #e {utinSpaallurhlct st,gletpot lurhict ertgines.
t enginct. (h, folla",ng add;lionol s[altor't arc includcd
e,5 ! S[alion bcl*rcn L PC and ltPC. - --:--
4-5j
Stotion bel,*en H PT and L PT
L P( ,
low prrrru,i canrPtessac
HPC, llifi Fcsrwc conqrclsq, (urbinc,, HPf : /1i7, pressttrc a
LPT:
Lart Presturc(urbtne'
, ,,fftolions in tAc fu,boftn e^gtnas:
^ t,t Ett v!
-
tl
/4, 6rho fon engfi4erhaue$c Lailrc shahonsoF ile lurbo jct engines,
fu,bofan engncshavesom
tT l\
I
r+
I
t
o
^' t . A ,
,4
ca'r'spondngIo S;o,i;ion,irs;dclA, bg passdu1t, qnd i[ is ,. '
: ' : :
'...t.
1
t , ; r , , . t l: ' t
I,s s flat;oi .r
instdc(A, 15pass *tt'
t
'r-' -J"' t.' and it is corespoltotllto
-.
S[alton 3 tn [Ic ha| 5$eom region '.' h
I
t'
tt.,-- ^--tor Stations l . l + , Jomc(/ting ..,7k rflaE .;. J
anl
l'5,
..r\
cvctc; Jf,tr* Sray lon cyct<( f* l|e gos lwh,ac
engwJ
-
a - 3:
-
.\,y
stages G^pression in (AcconPrestor
chanbets 3 - + : (a^bustton in tk can,bustan tu'bne slages + - 5 ; FxPan,iotlin ilc 5-
/
noSjle' 8 I [xpansionh lLc exhaust
(o^ponmt localionideatif,iaboni' -,
,,Y , In ordu h specif1o locotion insidc lhc enginc,il nusl 6cdntdcd -i h sectians. [olion.'' arc usol n spec;&,n3o lacationin /1, axial directtan.
ilE:
P.,t: :jt'i
)-
. h Hc raliol di,nlion' il,
des;nndlocolrunis sfeciftcJas/ill*rs'
( enginc rto^ 6, re/erenccis [*, /t, eryr'aeaffu uie,,, look,iylht
its bach) '
Iooktn3
(-Ui gt'^r
diuisnn t is accoding k (A' clack lacolron {A, Spec;lj 4,
fi, is at
laca(tdn exomPle,llt;s 3 d'clock.
,/l
tiadulrs
,{ f
.AA'^. is r'q dtuid'd .|,',,;JrJ ^h inh , 7f,, ertgnc
ont
trrr
ilrse nodrl"s cttc ass'embJc/
,:odul's' enghe' Any'af h eacAoil7r,ln odcr k fi'^ tA:
-:
dn it;. ;il;", iodito's-
modul*;' ltr* otAc,r r€novtn1 *ilho"L and iefga,lely, asseqrbtcJ dis b. ', ':
t^,
ile will reduce
nainier'taacccos|ail
liae,
-__
'''
I
I
_
''
:-:'
''::
:
r
I
t I nodulr T bfcause f Ae 967lcd
modulcis ftud a,ilho"L Qn be rephced-ilA a,pilc, of|Qtand tle sptlcd
skppt.g l/l. rr,ginefro^ o1erclion. ..:'
-r\
* Flongrs: /6rrc acc 1 (ypcsof flangcs,$cA arc:
J-
(onstruclion flarycs'
florye' af il'' const'ucl;on Ut SAaP' a
Bolt and nul
mc lcls otc
canneclH(hc
battel [a3etAe,
-
modtlts
^oLu', h) {unc[ionof (A, cons[ructnnflong, ' f langcis us,J in assetb/,n3A nan mo,)ul.stagclhec |f,, construction (tl
\es$nation ( sPccifYiry )s tion florye is nade bg lehLe,s. 7T, designalionof (Ae construc
a-
Auesso,y flangest flange: ttl ShapeoF ilc accessory fl^g'
flary, |tr" e&essary js weldcA en d
ca5e
( r"od ule)
weldnng
(eJ {unrLions of (hc acecg5ory flangct JI is a suppa,tfir (k cose( *aduftJ. ]l
[4. s[rerylA of increases
[le case, - II is usc"lfo, fr'xation o! ory &npon nts and deutce,(i,o| a,, reguired bJ $e engine.
)esination '
( l)
letl,'s and dgiLs'
{lange is nade \ TF, desgnalionof he accesso(y
gAbbre,tiations ond luminolagies :
,w .
V
J'
ralioJ: E PR ( Fngirr Prcsswe p
EPR
t5
Turb,;r, exiL Pressut1i
-
P^
(ompretsu iolct
Fessu(e
($e engin
( slationL), and endswilA begtn wil| ti,' comP(esv,(
il, [w b'nc( sLgL,* s) , , i
'
e-
Prrtsu* ratio, frrrru" raLio.=
raho=' ! Prrssure il'
t/,eergne
D
l if {/,ercis no diue,genbnol}le
;P '
if li,, dirrrguL nogl. exuls-
It
,A
: In g enerat Pr.ssureratto
fr* lk exAaust Exit pressure lIrJk inlo fi. Inhlc. prr';ssure
3-
( P R ( co^prcssorp r$s urc r a tio|
CPR
+'
inlctd;ffuser
f,
(omPressorexit Ptesture
P t7
.tt / (o.pressor nlet pressurc
(DP ( (o^pressa( disrharge Pressure)t C0P= G = ( DP =
G^pressorexitPressuft.
Casepressute.
ne CDP is il, maximumualueoF pressttre {/,aL can 6e obLained inside fie engine,ond /A;s ualue is ilc rTloximum
fressure
ilat lk
engne must wilh sLand.
5- TIf ( Tirb;neinlet t*pera[urc )z
TIT=G__
{-
E 6 T ( Erhoust (,*prrolure gas )t
Edf=G ( e"GT is (1, exAausl h^perature fro^ ile htbnc exit) gas
t gas le^pera[ure( t o r/ is indical,ian{o, [h, surgeth 7tr, e xAaus cornprelsor, and iL is ile main paromclrr usedto tno- /A, engine
ilt,
SkLus. ' \
^ G
4frerelahonle[*e'n EGT and TfT is /,h"o''
Ttr
N ( rotational sped)t
7-
11/=
rohti*tal spccdof [h, s,Lglespoalgas lwbine utgine,!pn. e!
z 8- Kotali*ol specdsin (wn spaolgas[ur,6aienginc lP*l , f'n' NJ = rotalional spccdal [A, Iow pressarc , (Pm. ol lly.htsh Presiarespaal ll^ = rotalionalSpeed ) '.-.-'..'_ q T-
| ,_ in triple >oaot aa, Rotatiaml>perds I U'
, ,-" turbne
Qnalnc 3 U
i'
, (Pffi. spool NI = ro[attanal:P.qd of [h, Iou pressare N?,= rokLionol :pecd af [A" inlernodialepressurcspoal,r/m, N3 = rolationol specdoF ti,r. h,th rlresliurespaol,(Pn'
r-.8+ a , Fi'
,;
:il
:;'
Io- Spoolt shafL,and lurbine. ft is il, co^bthalnnof colr,Pressor, t:
ll-
Bladet
II i, ile rotaliryatufoil. la -
Von"tt
TnrXa(e il, sLalianaryair foils. 7trrrcc.re A tyes af uo{ielt IAy ore, ( t ) Variableuenei.
Its onSleof atlack wil| f/o* con be changed. (eJ Fixedtrene-'
Jts angleof a I laclr is unchangetrte.
t3- fOD ( {orrigno$"r[ da^ageJ: \ontige oaurcd in [A, engineduc k lA, enl'anceof an oile'L h la ,t
ilte engine SUcha t blrds, Jloner,and drsl. -:,
l+ - Do\ ( ho*rsLic6g1"cL don"04 \a^oge arcurrJ i" tA. en$ine6J 4 doneslic ablec1 surhas a bladc
lAat left;It
localion.
t ratrio t5 - & poss ftld oir nassf/*' rale (rtr)
By passra [ia =
lloL ar, ffidst f/o* rale ( na)
fr
. - {lf / r t , laE f a l e t , ,yf ,ut
l,/
cdngive is /m;Led bJt . ffu tArrsL farce (A"l [Ae engin< J-
ltaNi^u^ le^pualu"
lAe ertginecan witAsb"d'
e - ilaximu^ pressutelhot (A, ensnc raie an utilhsLand.
, F..,1,
7[ofrtto*;t diogr*n s/,o*s/A, EGT( exhausl gos le*peralure],and
hes
F"-' ?r"
F' iiih-. U:
Frr
(1, ft ( (asepressure)/*i[s dra*n in {Ar, tr ( (i,rwt foor}- oAT ( ootside air lempeature) Ciagran |
"'"
h'' FqF." b*,a!.ii
.frTAarf
fro EGTaal f s linils !
iwb nab6" exce.dd- tF #r* lnils qr. c\cceded,tir, engincwtll .i d. danagd,
..$.
TFis curue lho"ts lhe nattimun
#rrustforc, (hab il.
cngine Qn
flive u f'l/' AAT
Fnt
Tr* 3 t/at
ratel knTera[u'e'
'Wor AI out sr,lcair [cnYraLu"s bela'''
, {A' {l'usl rt"' (Aol tAeengh<
is ,A! il;s (utrc is (an giue sofrU ( ^oximum lAr,sL) ;s Gns[ant. 6ot i, i
*
"flo[ corlcend wil; {k expression Aboueiltu valucof
'7iOf "
,
tk
ttl
rate
rndximum (ArusLfoo, d rrreas€suilA
' [A. ncreaseaP. oAT (outsideak Le'nPef .atu'c]
' Tu= Is'C ,f
l/
lerel,and a[ sMard al sc,a,
condi[icns.
T\rrst*duct-n 7[, iltrusb reducti*t canb. madc 8y I diffrr"nt udys, onets dirrcL, and (4, o(/,rr ir ,nadc 6J ilr. engirtc^orrfochrerz
tAeS arc i
Ia 1-
Derolng,
"
JI is adlustiry /Ac engin
al
tn*rn
sr $e hard worc of il,
mat,ng sancndiftral,ims
ntaximum ualu.s. Derol,iy rr donc $
saf I uarc tl-t
lAe engnc,and ilit
^oJ
o' nod;&,g include changthg
conl,ols t/,l. e^gine. 7rt;s Proccssis done bJ (Ae engine
norutor lo,rrs, otd no[ allowed (o b, maCe LJ !A, ai, line can'tflr)iel. Deral,y
i5 Qn op/ion, ond il is on, nad< olten tA, atr /inc ccn7enYasks
f* il. . 6 ^oLl- lA, procrssof de,al^g clear, consider/A, fo llo*^g.
f\
['
< An
So ooa-/L
engthe giuesrnaxinum /Arus[ of
!qi
ifr*
4a ou lb
[A,us[af
I fliues trtaximun
q
F.
41
H,w
th,usLof 35 boa lL
e flwes trdxfmun
Fl
8.. F, F'
[]:,.
is partnlly ftll"J wilh passengel ar
Fti
u''
(orf 0, no n
lh,usL. Aerale! ar dtrale A canba usrJ ,hsLc ad. :
r'i:
,
t,;,
-"---
., ---''
.il,
. I
F
,r""'--'-''
t
t
-l
alginc a t Jull power td tafre maximun
ail::,'cra ft: .'
. . .,
, Engic tuilA fi" clenl,iy op,laon is marceryns1ud lAot (1, sameenghe,6u[
:t 'u,ilAort''"i1, drirattnjaptin.
'
;'
.,S
l-?d 7I" €ngine (an bc adslsled k operal, on derale t, ar! wilAoul openlh1 i[ on (Ac ffiaxinun il,asl f*u, [o 6,
de'atcA
onll
ord (his is atcordthg
(equi(meofr and de^onds at il" air lthe canply,
. Itr, derale aption is made 4
(A< engiil rnonufaclor"rs, and ;[ is
not allawed k be nadc b/ any o/h, one.
fr. natn aduart"fc af /A, deraliry oplion is tAai;l is gua,onlrrd,t.e,
, if
deralc 1 is nadc o^ dn engtheta giue t+s orc lL os an €xonple,/Au,
lAe engine a'ill er'aclly flfre (A, /Arust forrc of L s oaolb .lpn [Ac aplian of de,ah ! is sel"cLeJ.
*.'. ?
a - f LEx T/o ( f /"x;[L h*. o#,1t
s:
s. bd: tsr tr+:l &.i Fi
F: }l;p
. j[ is reductng(A, ,naxlmun (/,rus[ foru of [A, enSmeE Prtl,rl lA, af {Ac T\GA posilro, 7[;s lArust leueron lA_ rLEx T/0 fosilion thsLcod
E:. F
is donc -h^
or ca(|o' (Ae at crafl is parlia//y loadcd ui[A Pd$cr,gcrs
:i''
L. c !. a
Fe i{..-
Ii.. v -
r' !1' R"r
(Aa ili'utl lerq an (A, FLEX Tlo pos;lioni, , Afli, alrc lAt a,m,'nt iitL,hJ is reTtred k 6, enlueJthh lA, conpuLcr af (A" thrwtforce reduction oF tie engine: ficro,rJ,njk [Ac ualuc oi,f lle parlia! laado,t ilc oircraft, [A, ualueoP
'Tlrrri cttll bc hna*n fr^ il. ap*at,ry manual , and enlald
in la ll,, engincconpulersysl*.
'
T,r,
t F lcil[lc {e^pe'a[u'e'
bt&re, abwr Ttre,al* of 6tr* nusl b, lagr,(h^ 7a*' (ns drsussel /A, ualuco{ 6*
, /A, n4oximun ilrus[ f*,
uilA ll< nueale 4l decreasei
oAT). It
hasno meannqv k
hore T4
of Tlrr less(Aon Tttrt,
(A* fiu", Srnallcr
6ecaur< al ualu,s
t1o reduc[ianin [A,usL fo,r, u'ill happen.
fn ordn lo reduce(A" (A,usLforrr, il, oalucof Tr:, enlert/ ^lo /Aerc*puh'
.
uni| ol (A, engile muslb, g,eaLc, lAan batA T,", ad -i
G4
:
Ts
Aclual a,, {e^pera lurc { Surrauodingle^peraiurc ).
- lf [A, ualwof T"t is greatrr[Aonl|nii, (A, EcT /n;t uil Ac elcecdad {allawd b
engtheclarnge. In rnode,n atr crafls, (A" engine
is pnLecLrd againsb exccedtry tAc EGT t,miL.
rvwial,iiii;i" KducrJ firusb
\*f
Tl+
Itnt
T*t
\
trkr
of 7fir, is smaller(Aon T* , (A, EGT /n;t uitt be ff il, ualuc €hceedoJt
0bhncd fi,wL e!rceit
(hz EaT
-o"
[mtt
---
-./
et.tczded
OAT
ff h
valu,of n,
is l"ss [Aon G6t n rto ilrrrsl reJuclia', can
: 6a achie,red
No ll*st ,/ reductimis achieutJ
onT
. Lials of
6u
( ftrxilh k^pemturr):
Lowe,[;nils, 7fl,,
T'u
: 9,r i4.
Upper[n;t: Let (4, ualu,of
Tt
Let {4, wlu, a/
T,r,*gtuetlLrust
tr, maxthumualueaf
W,,is
Ff,., = 7 5 / of
'
giucs {Arrsl fr,r, o! {ort larceof #t,n
ba,dd bJ /4, fo llor,17 undi Lion:
.t E ,
acc
ForL
FF,u = a.75 Fort
I tnox,nun allartcd . I ,rductia tn (h,usL.
; I
In otAerurords:
6n*
reducbon in noximun lArusl fio^ /A. acluol opaalty
conclilrans( 7"* ) Jl is Inpa(l"rl lo sal lAaI [Ac ufpa ll^iL is a rryulabon uttsc condiLian,and il Aasna sciml;ftt meanhg.
t(eavnsfi, no/r,hj reduclrn in [A, (/,rus| fo,r. a[ [ah. off, q
Tiis is dme ,Arn il. aualall. lArast ;s ft1dre(Aan tA, arluol reTu;red
volue K"duc,,y il,
rnaqmum/rSrutlfrrr, *Arneuerposslblc^o,{rs /A, eryuo<
wilh latgu opat,ry /ife ,?educlion th rhath lenanc, anJ matnlatantc
-
,?ecluclnn th Prrt @nsump hbn,
usls.
Lg
( lec|urc L)
aff,,rry lh,usLz /ch,s Timperafure ( oukid, atr {enperalure)z
J-
.
7T" (Arusl fark decreascsuilh
[e^peralure inc(ec,v,,anJ rncreases
il,
uith th. bnDeralc.redecreax.
.alh: (Ae ly:,',p{q@, Us_dg:!t*-* srefp_s
so (4, mast
f/w rate decreasrs follo*ed U decr.uqseirl tfu [Arus.[forrc. 0n [l*
othe,hand , !: dtnl"t/ hcre,as^rs will' !A, !erPe,at":, i!:t-u:-F, so [A, nnassF/a,t rate ncreases llawrd b, ncreaseh lhc (Arustforcc{o -*.*-9*"0:.";;.':
,l
e-
."'-
'
Rrssure, 7f. lArust{on, increases wjlh t7,..pressureinuease, and decreasts
wi[A (Ae pressqredecreasc.
3 - Altiludc t ,
Tf,, (i,rust /i*
,
A I olliludcs up lo j6 o gq.zL f{,
dur*se il,
decreases utjlA t|e a /lilude hcruse.
utilh ile altitude hcrease. At ollitudcsaboue3taEI.?.t*!!,
pressurc conliaues h
cons[on!.
boil k)p,rroturr, )rd ,,r*n
dlarease, and {Ac le^pera fure hecurres
Tfrrust /i*, is decreasd c.ilA (4, a tliludc increaSe,
-Atlil"J<
a
ff, ,a[e of (Aruslfto, dccrrascal alliluclesb"lo* 36081fl is
llitudesaboueltu 8qft ' rcs5(Aan ile a lliludc rall af decrescat a
i..
enline: h- ,fulatiaultryd of lk 7f,rust
Alnosl of /l' [Atust forcc ,t achieod at (h
highrsL?,a/.of (4. ralaliorol ilpccd,
5 - {6re.ard rpeed:
'/ al slaltclh*sE LOOf.
a[ sealeu"l
IooX
dOo NPA
3oo nplt
fu,4
np|: milcsper hauc
(arvc(tl :
J( sho*sil, lh'ust foo' al s"o lcue!wilA il.
,oi effrJ, iil
uillwut tA, alatc droj. Alfam f
effcclt
of ile lA,uslftn, du, h (Ae aclnn af d;ffuscr I/'e It is (A, i,tcreasc d;{Tusc,reducrs inlalc uelocilyanJ rhcreasesnldke prcssure.
F: F b,
!
ii t: H El
Intak, drofl' I( is il, rodurlionn (Ao (Arus[{arrc d* lo l/," specdof /A, i,hlalc
air. ( Irlo[ drry=
f
q)
(urvc ( llt
ft shoonlAe [ArusL fo,rca I sea leuelw ilA [Ae ren ef{rr|, and wtlh (Ae ,n[aleedrag (urueIs): I
shows/Ac (hrusLforcea[ sed leue!uti(Aoul [A, ram effot, and wilh
(4, in[akc d,ag, (urue (t+):
,
JI is {ii,
cutue tzJ, brtt at ail;tad, of tro ooa f[.
o[ allilud, of trooffi ft ulA ilt'a^ il,us| farce
(urve (t+) flha,ts$,
e{f"{, anJ wilA lAe
ntake drag,
d'-
Hunidily z ,
Humid;ly decreasrs ile /rlrul forcr, anl ils effu.L on reducttj lAe
firust fork is rmal/, . Hurnid;ly decreases [he iltrwt torrr, because4c uapor,na/uulr5 rcplatc ile at moleculesilwl are enler,',tj nlo (fie €ngth,etso /1, hlal nu*ber (Aal arc usedrh conbrylbnls rcduced. o F oir moleculrs
lfx
Efficiencies l
.';--.'-"-*a:::r.--
J-
.,.-'-
T6er^o( e#;cieng ;
tl
'{A
flE '
7-
HE on eng inc sYtLrr"
-
llr o! adJeJ fu'l Heat energy
P,vpulsiue ef f;ciencJt nt P =
L,Jor A on o;, craf I tl E on ertgine sYStcm
Hg:
f/echooica/ energy
. [Jork on air crafl t
'"
F:' f;I
l( it
Fl
(Ae utork
.
,
|
|
,l
Coo, n order to lccep (he
air craft a[ ;Lsf/gAI, and,
I b
' Speed lIE on eng,hcsyslentsuppliest 0 t Penu^olk air reTutcd f* A ) Hechanica/ powetla &
il' atycrafl
elec[rrcfluterakr'
GI llydrauli
\ \ s d
uhaL (enatns gles h /A, prapulsiaz ( (A,"s[ f"*J , and losses,
lIE ol1 enginesyslcm=
Hf on enginesyslcn
3-
Oucrall effkiency ol /Ao engine: 'lo T 1,^ tt 7P
on ai' c'aft t,JorkeJone HE af addd fucl
(anstrucI ion o t engine,
*
K, $,'.p 3@
TT" inta[c : of ' 7fr inlah< is QnPased J - 0iflust' du'L ' e- Inltt cone' discus*J ,h details [cbw, ffi" c;ffuser du"Lanc inlet conea*
hi{fwu, duc[ t . Se. page / Yt/ for ile subsonicirtla,h diffusu duct.
, Itr. cl;ffusr durl has[A, falla*ry {unrltonsz 1-
ReducrstA, uelociLy,a,'rd thueascsP/esJUre( n,l,alcr's Prcff,ure build up).
{Ae enginesuff,z.;ur[ amount o f a,z fo, apbnu^ I - Il s,tpp/r'es engine operatian. ( T[ed iffusrr durL is nadc ty tA" a;r craft manufaclorers).
Slroigltlen lAeair f/o*. "f
Losses arc a l/o*"J a{ lA. ,n lohr, buI not a llowed a5 mucA a s
,
possiblcn (4" (ompresso,and lurbfneslajes,
because4fis rolahon ol
(Art, componen f s is ,n a d, bg fuc/ consumplion, so oru /ossesi,t iArsc Gmponentsare (ranslal"d Ia greaL lossrt ln /A, [hrust /orct.
Passibl"prablemsaL lie inLake; J-
Ice {or^otbn, 7E;sproblem is solrrd bJ penu^a [tc AroLtiy h
/A" engine^ osc
rcwls ( ntahe diffuse,J. i -
Maiset
-, ,4i, (hoL;o ertlenngtrtlo lAe rhLateCui
fr, nols(
rnohrsnatse.
is generaledclue [a lhr- mechortical arran7enen*, onJ utbralions. qtr, noise is alsageneraled due lo [A, frrcI*n
bel*orn &e laycrsof a,r
ertteri,y fnh lAe durt. {
Alotse is on enuiron^en la I Prablern, and th man! cou, Lrt'a, (erh;n
nofse leuelis onlyallo*d.
Aboue lAts fiotse/euel, lAe air craft
frr"[ion -
bel*cn air
loyers due h rela|ive mol;an be[*err-, tAot,
will nol b" allo*eJ (a f/y n manyatea, arrcundlA, uoid
ffe noise/cre/ .is reduced by usn1 orcurlic fonc/s (Aa[ are rnad< of W composilemalerialt, ( usuolly Aonry co^b). i:G
;;;;--*'-
::' i -
nleLcanet f" 7F, tnleLconchas lAerh//o*,h! funct,bnst ,J - Jt auu, [Ae rootsof lAe /an bladcs. - It SLreaot/ines /4, a,i f/o,u, ..,.e
. 7f,r.prablenz tAoL ftrr, /Ae nteL cone is /A. icc cantamination.
7trisproblen (dn b" salued by /4, fo llorrry melAads, I
;,
Us,ir3 electri c heale,s h preuenL i ce for^o lion on il"
Cdte.
A- Us;ryrubbe,l,p, I{ ice is for^rd on lA, rubbe,ltp , il will not 6c balarued
InleL cane
and iI anll naL. ubralrans. finolly, (4, ice/lrncd on (A, lip ui/! be renoud 6y (A, certLrifaga/ frrcrs. ",u'.3
By nat,ni done ( V ) sAapel nte[ canei 7tredon, shapcdinlc| &ne preueats 0ame
onj ice cnntaminolian an iL
5hapeJ nlct cane.
t1
r@
( Ll
CansLruclianal gat lurbtne ertgthcal
)rx
* lont !i,''t/|F'r'F-
aily. Ttr'fa" is useJIo guc'ale , Trt,hn epslsin lu,bo fon engina
totd ilrrusL' con uniL)' \ne o( ffior€lon blades replacenertt LRU(('n' Fonsarc
'
ond {his canbe nade on t|c f/Ehl bladrs, orhe, wirA fan repraced be ent tan be done*Aen (:he ( A- dt 7:r4pJ1 ). 7tre{o^ blade rep lacen ( neeJ l0 ht' {Acenflne (Ae engners nSldtle/in il, a,r craf t . no. rnainlendnceshoP)'
inla Ih,
. Vibralionsurueys _-1::
.'- :..::
-
_-
rolalng If (Ac centerol nassol [Ac fon assenblyis not on ile pabhn 7d' urbmlion Ax15 al [A" engine,vibratianp roil*s wlll aPPea'(: usuo Ily aVpears oflu
uibtation af u, o( more/ailladcs ' ffic replacencn|
bg aneof ilc folloug problem an hz avotideA
melAodsi
t ! - Po;rchangc
ftn IF a fo" hladcis re,otaccd, (h, oVPoxte blademusbalsahe replac"d.
!^hrad<
fr'rr;:*nn
7f, fo" 6lale, and (4, appos;lc
same we$lt[ rh order
onemus[ hare #,
h auoiduibrationproblems.
iryz e - fin nurnber diagnn' fr, fon blad's arc nu^bertd os showntn tAe fo/low;ng
5lar begin fl" lladrs a,e rtunberedAuo'/'19 k
ilei'
/ocaltans'
fu ag /A, /an bladcsarc disasse"tbled
I
aeco'd;'yh lk nu*baig assembtcd reasonsucAas clcaniry, ilry mus[be re in lh,-plarc ' blade A can not be nslatled a| (A, blad's'( fo' uxanple wficna blad, is ils plorr,j..'AIw oF blad,h., i[ musl 6e ns[alleJ in nu'nberof '/A' al!:Y replatrd, ilre neu6tadc musi haw ?ltesdme Aft*
lesbnusLbep*fomed. Tfrcuihalim trvtal!;nj(A, blades,uibroLion
du'tni lcuel hsL ii nadc bj rolal,g..,lfi..angineanJ measurtry-ile qbahon !
ro[o[io,. $ ..
?,-r';
':
welhLs a rcrhin uolui, caunlcr l[e utbralionlcuelexrceds
(A. wegh- li,ol is causinj uibraliuts. mus[ [e nslalleJ rh orda [o balanl.',
in il" lon shail' 6unk, weghko,? insLallcl
tl:
t/
r
of fan bladestn (A' roaL
'fiolion
{i" blade
ffi, lon llod, it f,'rrd nlo
/A. rool bJ en\ettny
/A. do.rc [ai/ ,oat irtk (4" groove.
-
7Kogroor" flxolion Preuuh /A, !o, blal, lo*
onq rnour^,nl n (Ae 'al;a! d;'e..Lio^
Jn ordt, Io preurnt onJ rnouemen|of IA, Ia"
bladcsn (A, aribl
d ire.tton, (A* $roouei s couerd by re.[ainthj plaLe.
fadtol d,irr[t'*
Awl direrl,ion
tr" rehintnXP/atc ls e''J axiol ^olion preuen of ile fo" b)adrs
rehnthj
plalc
fibrolion of {on lladrs' itr' uibralionproblcrn TL natrt pro[lcn ffiaL ha- {an bladrsis uibra!;on, ' raho ( k^utt, h u'idlh aPPea(n tal, bladcs/hal hauelag" cylindernrss anda fan blode raltu). 7F, calcrlalionol cyhdern.ssratio fo, o cylndtr is shown belout
t (ylindernrssra,l, fo' o cgl;nder (yIrde*tcssralio = f L : Qladcr lc"gll [:
-
Qlndcr
dnneler
P (y /,nd"rnw mlio {o, a fan blado:
rdtio = Qlnderness
L
c
L : Fo" btad,lengltr C : Fn hlad' chud
raln is delnd qzly frr atrjels ft it mporhnl lo say(hat il" cyl,izJwncss
(Aat ai, ftxrd froi ort
.t
uc U;6roInnof fon blade'is reducedly decreasng/4" ualu, af cg/ndeness ralio. 7[, cglndenessralio
can be reducrJ IJ one ot' morc
of (4, fotto*tt
netAads: (A, lengilof fan 6lodn. I - Decreosng e- fnrr.ot,hj /4, cA*J ol fan hladrs. o reduted bJ usin3 *,tJ leasL or tJiilralians a[ s[opped be cen 3
iPon
blz.drsas shoun irt lA, fo llau,'nj Shroud'(Ao[ is nslall'J o" /A' frn
dngro^,
hn blad"s \
pd tp,on chra*d
'fin
ch'oud 7rt mi/ sPo,,
bld.
is /ocalrJ n /rl"
middleof /1. frn ilodd. 'ahio follo*"J by [Aocyl;ndan'ss AdJi^g tAt mid spanchr*d reduc,.'s
of aihratims reduction
ot{" nsloil'ni Qlnluness,ah'a (k nid ' Wn cAroud ralio Qlnderness -^r h / L -
rr't a (trtv
E
-t
\
(
-
Lt
E
s enPressors @tu'
crafts, and a'r aafl iet . TTro are a QPct of canPresnrsusrJ ,n atr engines,[Aeya(e I
J-
knLr;hgal
carrry'€s5o6.'
3 al (A; cenLrifuyt'"^P'ltsor (o^ponents
U) LP"l\'
of (A' centr;fugalu''prcssa6' 7f,2 Jt is lAerdlahrycomponenL o! air flo, ( nacaary' inpeilleris usedh naeaseiln tnrl;, enerflJ
oi( wlociIYJ. --5*+c;
'..'-':: -;--'
i
' ''
/fig canpna] oF lhu,cenlr;fugalcoilpressafi. JI is il, sLaLiondry (reduc;,'j and b inueae air prcssurc diflwer is usd t" reduceueJocily, kne[,'cenagJ,ard thcreastypolunt-nl enag1af.at //o*],
5e page t to f* (A, ca*rifg al conpressor.7/k s|ruchuca! anJ d;ffurt uones arcshu,n h Fry, npiilr, ldrogra^al ile tnpcllecit shornth pagc It(,
I^p"/1e,7 t\:
lf-1. A 3'd'nensiov/
@ (i* of il, Propr,
cenLrilugaI conf ressuI
(tI /l,st, pressure ralio is obhinrtrf,o^ onc slogc ( t^ptllt, + d;flusrr). (z) /oss.s belrren sLogrs ore high, so /Ae s[agrsn tA, cenLrifugal (ompress o(t arc Ltmi ted, -I
.
I
!:
0)
u*:i
/T, centr;fryal comfressars are conpact ( requircanrysnall srytrJ.
::-
f
't
I
;l'\
t )l
(A{, t / l.f) t ^ arc usedby APU( orXilla'3 Paq uni[)' t+/ tentri/uqat Canpressol \ -.v v I
y'
e - A x;ol conpressol3 s (o^pornolsol (1, axtdl comPresso( (ll folort Ttr"rakr is usd J( is /A" rohlng conparn[ of & axial coiltPressar.
of oi f/o* ( Acrust$ atr uelaalY). [-a rhaease(A, Lne{icene'VY
El S[ahrt 7I' sLaluis Jl is [], slaliany confonentaf (A, ariol ralnp]esso,: ene'f! ( raduaryat used t0 lrdnf|, (Ae hnelic enegy la Prcssue_ ueloci[yanJ h creasigpressure ). (Ai,. slageslegin wilA ile ,olo' anJ a'ds wii.h I^ axial compressars, Slahr. ( In cenLri fugal co^pressort (Ac stair- 6gtnswilA i'hpe/la'a'/
endsulA d;tfuse,).
5r, pafle t f.o {o, /1, a xial conPressa(' t Propuhrs,olil, axial ComPreSstr
(/) Lo*
Q)
raIio is obLatnedfro^ onesta7r.( rolo,+ s|aLor). Pressure
th Lassu belrern s[ages ore lo'tt, 50 mon! s[agcs con be used
axial cortlPressa(5'
lugol,*rp,rt'' requiresrno(esParcilo" a {ertLri G) Tf,"axral campressa( nc'Cs' bl
71" axro! &^presso,is acd n lLcicl engirc,-
, fntry gu;dc uoncsi
T;-, =\
(A, oir ertlernS inla !A' 7iu ertLry guiCe ucttts Are usd tn d,i"clng
nto ttr, I,isl shl' { tAV *oio tlt o,i ertlec /i,rLskgc al /lc calttpressa(i 71" n'A gu'/e o{ tAeconpress(wilA t/te rEuurd angleo! a[[acl)' ay uaneonly dirrcts il' atr flon, iL darsnol nat* o(
in ueluif cltangcs
preSSUt.
Pr.rsu,"toeladLY' [e,nperaLu*
No cAong"sin ptessute' , or {r,rPaa lun art uelocily
h nrod,,lt^ aiYryott#tory /1, uky guideuane.' (
/
tl
ry
Vrtociiy,
tlage af an pt"ssure, onJ [e^pero(ureprofilcs in a
axia( u*p'"sswe j
K: ftol'an f,r SLahr l): Uelacily P: ptessure f : {,e,nperalurc
fre ,otar ad& energ!{o
(lcarr, (Ad[t wfu (4, naeax /ircrturcand uelocitY ln [1. ,alo, rcgtdt' fr' le^peraturcfo/l*s Pftsswe' Sanoll;', qualtn' canrtalhe opptieJ in tl, ,ok, reglon
adJag 7frilalu donoL ii"yy A (le a,7,a ,rtoaly decrcascs, ncr
fr^poratur-fo tlorsprcssu*. Brnollt?eTuatiuan k aTplirJA il, shhr regian'
'fixo lun o{ ro[o, blad-elt 6tre
arc A gp* of fi'xotiofi, ily are'
J - Drum: --;:*-.--::.::-...
Jl is onepart as sho,onh lAc fa/louinj droJro^,
Sparcr*t frr! ar? Spaccsbrlreen th, {roovet
fu \tr, slahr
Uofre)-,
\1
f /
fircouesPo' rokr
bladesnstallatun
oxyl nalnn ff, c/rr* prevenlsllrc [hde {;o^
,
is replatrd lJ ana(ler otle , and all blad'slAal il. dru^ ts spatlcd, i I d'u^ orc re'nwd and re inslalluidn IAent* urc insLalltJon t[.- sPot.t"J
.
lf
drum.
| - Rohr d'scsI
:.tvv
oP dtscs a,l . Sccpagc l1Y, fguo h fo, llre aseorbly
spacer,.
. Spacers t 7Ty are canpu.tents of ile rohr discs ilot ^a/'- space befuen a rokr Slages,and h
rr:
lque spaccfot (A, slakts.
D isrs, tr y arc used {o fi'x roh, iladosan t|e*. 1parcrsandd;sr,sa(e assenhlrd[o lA" shafl bJ rehn,y d*cs
.
dixs Keb;o;ng
Spcrrs - dtsct ase* I h
)*'.'A I tacl,^rnLol ,olo, bladesz frro arc 3 m"{Aod, usrJ in al{ach;ry roto, bladts rhlo dru^s or ro{or dtscs, lAcy are i
J-
Salid rao[ t ,
Seepafle
t1o lan sal;droo[, ailA rehinnSph and lach,ryringS.
e- fi, [ree roaL: . seepagc t10 fo, fi, [re" roaL,wilh lock,njplale.
7f, /i, br, 'ao( tt couad b lo"h;ryplaLeirt arde'Ia preuentanJ axial nolion
plalc. lo.L"yplab= relaintry
tit ,
Tf,, {t lre, ,oot all*s ilu^ol eyfatton and for [h;s property,il is usedin fu,bn1-bladcs.( 7hb;n" hladrs are enposed h uea hg h le^p emlwes duriy {A, engin oryt,[ion, and to Mrmol (erpera[u,rs */,rn (Ae €ngtneis not runnfng,tu a//awry (Au^ol arpansionis u*/ bhdes/. tnporbnl in lurbotrc
3 - DoueIail rool t .
See poge t1o {0, dauetail rooL tutlA tark;ng blodc and screus.
.
7T"roh, lladrs a,e enler"drhla {A, doue[a;l raal fro^ a s]aL , lArn
{ttg slide h ga h llr,r {nol pasiltut. 7[s dwctai! roal preuenb [lc rah, blodrtfro^ anq rad;o! na[ton. , Itru aryularmalton(sl;d^g1of bladcsr's tl"ppr-,'allu enlerq all l7e ralo, bladesink ilrc douelailroaL,and f,nll7 bg tulall;ry a sponl ,ahr baseova (A. slatuilA scrcws, destgned
(hra b 'ftslm t frun i,n oneor fftott
Drura( ratordisc
Slot ( graa*J cc,nextif on (h. doueta;l raat
SloLQru'c) havtlait rcoL
rri
,
If,, douetail rooLis rnuewe/ {hon satidroal, anJ fi, lrc. raol.
.
If a bladcis spailei, oll tle bladrsbel*, fAespotlcdbladc must[, ditasse^blrd in ader h ge[out il, spatd bladc.
(anpress* casth3and sbh,st . 5e. Page t1V ft, $pirol canfresso(casing'
,
7tr, cnmpteisor caseis usua/lyconpased0| L parls , each pa,L /tas flangrt a[ ils endstr4Fcl, par[s are assenblrihgetAc, balts $ and nuls lhat assenilct fi, f/o,g* nexlh alAus.
PoiT
fl*g, fTangct
7fr compressff ca*ry is conpse/af fl.patts( Pa,tJ an! forl
e) .
fr*
f /a"grsb 6a/h anJ nu(s.
Po,lt ! and ?, at atsenlbird
'Ete
-l Scc pag, l A fn conprcsw casthl and
.
slak, bladrs.fr;sf,gur.
Sho*sllE ins[ollalionol shhr b]adesthlo lAt thhrnalo'r,ltsol {Ae campresu (rs,W' -/-
o,/
ur
fixalic,rt oF slalar blodrs, . See page l-1q fo, s[alo, blad* alhch^enl (J,se. blri inla il, cornPressar Slalo, bladrscon be indiuid,nllyassern
,
shratd inslalkd * lhei, Qroupof shto, bladrs(an hau" a common ['pt as Sha,m in tAc follu'ry diogromt (*presv,( cav
s]w,laroaL
sfalor[9
fohr blad, Shratd
7[: shroud has{Ae/6l/owtryfunrlwrs, J-
It suppuh (4, case( thcrean[Aesl,orglAaf tlo rax).
e . '' J[' shps-or at lcosLrdtce Lip /osscs: t ft"lr
bel*cenhPs'-
Seab be/**,
hPx SlrouJ^a/ evs[ ar nay nolrrl
Brcrsltsult .-'z'
5 Gtalu)
L o' ,f"
*:e Fng,ne mountst
-.,'.0"+t*
\4 g' ; - ' *
\''"
ir/
Sgtoc nounls are pinls f*,
*h;cA (A. engnc is cosid wj;p mouthg
it f,w, tie airkoft lo (4" netn lerroncetne , or fto^ (A. na,iolerronte /;ne h l[e atycmft, At leosLL ,na,nls nus1 exisl in an ensine.
( S". pag. tvc fo, engnenount ).
t( 5L,uls z , 7trryare [;nAs be[*"tn
engine b"arny, and lA, ar{r, c4SC ol lAee'gw.
Struh @rryall lAe engine. Fngine mounls arc locatedon
{1,"ouler c,ase
of [4" enginf. ' )'l,uls musl [.
il,ea^ lnd
tn order no- [o ditLublA" arr flo*.
,--&,?*rnv\
Slafl
Fnglac
c,asirtl
ry: e. q::
:'
L Sl t z t ? o a s
-. :
E
((.rLure:rl
tl
t oPerclian Prohlr* in lhe cnmpretsor
/
,V
,
Itr, designol got lurbtneugines begon wt[h !h. sthglcspaal engthe.
Qtrusngh spoolgaslurbin, €ngineshauelhe follouttr!probhns' wi(A surf€ onJ slall appwrrd prableni concered AI lo, rolalionolspeeds, cha^be')' shgrs ( s[ryrs tlea(lo {A, combuslton in /A, {al, Camprcssor
- nt in lh,
- lt
cancunedwilh suryeand sktl appeat'] prabrcns hghra[alianal speeds, 'lo early comPretnrsLages( slagesncor ht
enlryguid' uan")'
[AaI aPPw'in ile diff;cutt b soluel|1. 3ut0candslall pra6]erns urc,s
An allerna[iueslutla" by rolatng il o[ cn opli^4ed sperd' conpressar is usthl lwin spoolengtnes' pro1ems SLdtt and surfe lhe f*
$e vturdby usthl (winN II. su,c and shil prabhns
engtrrs-trlJ*euu
appea(n /lre early Slagcsaf rle lgh [dr,, arcslitt sane problcwlhal t
dut h ilc /r,AAd;ffrrenccn cggtpntsonJ appear -Surh ' - : - - - i ' ' - prailens Dressure --"-" ' 'll - - ,,..j:.:'---.1..--#-'-1
( cbnyesur) t ond HP((hryh rolal;a-,ol Sprd, belrern' LPC h* Presture press[rreCanpressorJ.
,
confressr,r thol alpearcdn lA" eorlyslagcs 7f,,prohle^s of ilc htth prcssure
a(e tulud tt'
t brtlc fritlowthg
F, iF k F. !
!i"
*:1-
J-
i. L,
VBV ( Uarrablc6le.J ualue)z 7tr,uariable bl.rd uoluesarc lxateJ in s[alian X,.5( 6rl*rrn hgt and la* pressa/eftnfressad). Presru,:e Uartablcbterd ualuqarc usd [o extracLsotrgair {ro* sLalianA.s
n orderla adjust :Wr:ssd4
into {A" h,ghPr6su!+. anglcof a&ack.ofat, enterthS
and henceh Saluiry[/,, Surgeand slallpraLle^sa[ /Ac entr^c.
and al early slaXcsa{ [Ae Aigh prcsiurecompressar. -
[A, f/o* paramelen ota;, Extra"liry son,eair at slalian^'5 changrs enlertnj inla lrie h,gA Prcssu,reconfressor {o nore canuenientcondibms.
YSY (Variablcshlaruanc5l:
a-
II slagcrol lhehyh ",',;1,, fr, uaria[lc s[o[or uanesare loulod in Ih'. *r),
P:":lu:. comPreY Su'ge andshll prohlcnt(et k sa,lued. by usngilJvarrallc slak uoncs. 7[. uartablc slala u6nc5 hor, [Ae ahlily (o cho"gc ilo,r angle, sucAalgk con 6. adlwled n order la achteue ile rgufted angleaf a lbct , be[*ecn il.
ttartallc SLahruones and air shum lnes. 7f,eorylea! allark i>
adlusiedacrcrdng l-o t.nr-ope,atirycu,d;Lions $ tle an[rc]unitaf ilz engrhe.
ffill",on'!/!'Wis (A, aryL bel*r- the cl,ordaf (Ae uartablesLah,(.nra.and lA, JL
€ngtheaxe' Sloga angle--->, { ( 5r" Pagc I lt
lt
Eltginc O\c-
angkJ h" s[agXe, vsv ( va,iabl'shlat ua'u) are locat'J nsl'J df (Ae /''d 7I' vsu( uarnhh slalu uancs) /A" eo,tj iay
uancstn
af {Ae HPr( /"gA Prcssureca'tpressu)'
qt /l' ncv[ 7Tc#agXoang/c is cortlrollcd6y tle €ngincantal unih d'saitd
Inos. t
ir n!,n cmkal unltst TTcn are 3 hprt ol engne ranlral anlls, iltc* arv t
J- HEC ( Han enginc ronttol) 3 'riintrol lir- n;tt t foinJ ;n o.ldait craf Is:=J( o . fr, main engine hydro mec hanicol contrcl .
A - EEC( . 7f,, l"t:
Fleclronic engn< contail 3
eleclranlc enginc conlral exrrls n
tebh,rly noden ah oafts.
€ngintefaranelc"'
mgtne conlrol ir uscdin monilor,n, {lt /tr, eleclron;c bu( llc cottlral of {Ae agtnc i s nade E
/6' ll EC( natn engne rcnlrol)'
(Ac of n lAc ea'ly FFC( eleilronic engineca^tra!)also car-rlrdh di,ectton a;r
by od;wt;ng tAe shggu o"JJ'al ile conprcssar Shgesof (A, h,th Pressurc VsV ( ttartobl
il"
?la,Lronrcengtnccanlrol
il
controll;nj lh" anoun[ af frel ertLer;ryinto
/4,
[ion chanber. conbus
,
( hanr"lsof Egc: ( harnel is used l" rcad di{frrrnt ope'aLig patonelers co*on'l
''i lh
(h, engi(\Q. -
Ea"A EE( ( electran;cengincconlrol has L
ancl tA, ather is Sland 4.
channelt , ortd ls aperalth3,
TFV operalcit lurn, l,€- ottc operalcs.at
ot' [Ae nex|fl?ht' a ftyhl, and (A" ollo oferates al rec 4re nanled CAonneh
'channel
A', and
'chorrrl B' \
tf
fu (u,rn & fo, channc!A h op*elc t\r axanple,and channclI is
(/wn channelA, chonne!B c"'ll be ope'ald' faund k hc trvrc hea/lly lf
Sanenonihnr-tj paramelers are rtat read by one al
fanmcten
can k read bJ {Ae ollt.* channel.
il,
clvnnels,/lrs,
' controlJ 3 - f A0E( ( ft tl au l/,orilyCig;tal engine conlro!is usedn (4, most^den air crafh. . rytr,fal aulltortly dgitot engine /4, buLiL folh conlrols , 1ADE( is lih" ErcIelrctrarticengilEconlrol), engtne, ' FA\E( reads rhPul data of
,$" ('l
s' Surounct,^j almosp|e'icf aranete'
'ate' EGn "' j ( h) Ac;uo!engineparanelus 'p* ' flo' (t) (a^ and {}'o^ ucbptt for achieuthi lA" reTuted lh'usL.
(onbusLion chanbst 4 chanfu,. conhisLio,',
.
air flo* h a 5ec Pagc tAo {o'
,
(Ac fo l/0,'n3 af lhe ca"bustan6hqm$c(is shownh 7tr,constructnn {;.1 5cco,ltY ai flu'
at, flo, [.o*
,f
ConPras$or
v
Pefaral.ecl {fa,e Swirl;a3 uanct
rr: t:--
7&lo,y oir flart
w Sc, page lAn fo, (rass scc/,ronn a combuslianchambtr.
,
Di{frse,,
/tr, diffusu is lacated betrern li,r- cornpressor and (Ae cambusLian rrhonkr. /trz diffuss it usrd h rdurc air uelocilyente,iryiolo ile clta^hr, ond lo increac{k o,;,Presl,(e. conbusLio^ of air en Lertngn h ile conbuslion velociLy 4tr, reasonof decreasing
cltanberis ls slahlije il" ca^buslrn Proccsj, and lo auad f/o*, o/{. 7k irtcruse th air press{rreenhances/A, cambuslanpra,ss.
flow pol{e,nst /Oir 7t. at f/a* patlern, ate dis[,ribuld at {ollo*s,
7- Pr^oryoh ftut , Tf,. primay ah //out t't tt I
of tl, kkl
oh camtnho v
f,o^ /1,
@^Prcsso( slqe, and *;s suidwi&dh ?, fl*s, a'
(1J Pe,forolilf/a,"t
\
JL it I r af {A, tahl oir conninSfto* lAc Comprg,sSar.
-
fr, pt,hralrJ f/*, ts uscJ k malgile air,,passlg(Aro,gt, iL_
nares in il" axial di,"rh'on'
rd 't.
q
fh,
il*ugAll, su,rl*1uoncs:
JI is to /. ol (1, hlal oir con,rntng{,*,t lAe coa,fre:w. linS L)anuarc uscd h ,nalc, suirliy [o il, air /lol is 7tr" suttu pas*ny lhra,ghil,. ,_*+:,
,
_.-
7[, efn of ^ahry
l|e air nouesio
ilc axial dirrrlion, ond in tk
Vmc
[try /1" s*i;,lrng ol ai, is gud mixirywilA (4, alo*i3rdU. , n" pnmaryai, flo* has/,1,f"tlrrnt funrlrons, (lJ SLar|scambuslian : (al 6aad mixrinSby lle swirl cane hcl*crn air and fuet.
A-
Serandryoir flo* ,
++-
r
, Tf,, secondry a;, flo* is la'/. ol ilc {dlal a;, conningfro^ roe tunpressar t4r.
, Ttr,srrond,y air f/ut li,'uil, fr lt*ry funcl,onst -
[Ae anbuslion UI lt conpleles'
(eJ lL slabil;jr'{lc /bi,
r.e.'?t t"rps ll, f/are n lle cenluo!
(le ,*ibwlion chanb;21 awt! f,tn,'ils ,nalls. ( 7[e f/^, uill ha,^ [A, walls af (A, coorhdn, chanb* il it is dt*rt anh"L wilA ile wallsJ. *l
@ 3 - ft,tu'y airflori . /f," le,lio,y a,r //o* is 7?-/. al {A" [ahl air conmtngft*, ile (?m1fessa(slage.
" 7tr,trrlta,yair flo,,,fio1l|e follo*ingfunrtions: u) lt dilutes $,
conbusLdair, ond nakrs fla^, cut out ( f lo^"
cutouL mer,^l,prevuL;ry(4, f/o^, [ro^ reach;,yla tA, [urbne
b!adrs ) (z) (oal;ryof l/,, au f/o,t fro* {Aeco^busle13onr[ kh,
gainjla il,
furbttuslagc
Typrsol conbusLtat chan'b.rs, cha^bat,(Argarc3 TTrrcarc 3 Upn al co^buslian
J.
(an [yp, ..
, S"e . Pa,gc I 1 fo, ,nuI tiplc a,nbrstioncha^bers,
4t fr, (in bP, combusliatcha'bol
fiy
arc ndiutdwl mr
oo -
O-= (a*hslion O" lliPlc conbaslian OgfcAanbc't
dtanhcn ( conplelely ndePndcnL) ( lt is noned
cAa*bos),
'con',
lecamscil
fs Gnposel of ert shapeJto,nbusltan
-
(h' {ollo*tni 6nponen[s-t -canhot
*->frrh
(11 furl nqglc.
(a/ Air supply.
bt
ut
lls own flo^'' lh
ottn f/o*e
Snila
e - (an annular l1P' t . 5e. PaJc tqt fo, con arznula, Canbusliq'tCha*bo.
cAanbat 7I" (dn artnular conbuslron jt' tnn lfp, , but /4, are snr lo, la l
ol /k (on annutarlXPcorc cLanbers wi(A f,i, lufus. connecl,el
{7,efubrs (t ossauu kbes)
anecanbw|lat chanbcr 7[e f]r, lrb"s otc uscdh p'opagalc fta^" f'o^
lo onoll'r
'
. only.Afle' fuetgml;o' ': chambc,s , 1tr,f,z, $nirdr cxrsrsin ?, ambutturt h ['l.- olA" anbwh'mcltanbe's it proPasated fla*, in //rrs, chambers,
lhraugA(Ae fiie {ub"
rt'
@ ,
F..th canin il, can annular9p. has/A, lo//o*,:f (ampnentst (ll [icl no13lc. W
hwn flr^r.
( A[it;ly o{ f/o^c propagalionf*^ one rhanhr lo anoil,r,
is auailableil"a,gA llc fin lubu). tn {Ae conannula,[ype hos comnmoir l/, unbwtion chambus
AII
enL,y casinX,
3- Arnula,[ypet l?t fo, onnular ambusLionchanba . 5e. PaflL
JI is a urti?ue(s'ryhJ
h*b'tsLion 3anc
amhsLan cha^hc'' iln camposdaf inrcrand oulerl;n"rs,and
0uler lin* Jnnu liner
fi" anhtsLlo^ Proccssoccursbel*"n inner and afut linc's' \.
t cAa*bu hos{A, !olto*,n1 @nPaner[s ltr"aiii,iio, conbu,s[,ion
UJ
a\a^bu 1elof noglrsluatly disL,ibutrl;n ilr, ca'nbwt'vn
(1J
(onnon afr cafiry
(t)
(hiryue //o*r.
WJ (onparisar beh*ecncan, con anrtular, and annula,
(an
f,
LOa Qrtnular g==5==
H rgh redundancY
f,obah l;LY o|
- - q
- -
-
L -t;;
[ he,rnaI
-
,"dund ancy
Lo,t
Na /Ar,^olfaliguc
is hryh lalrguc
{aligu, is h'Sh - -
Annular =s.====
=
H,ghcsL redundonlr
P*babilily of iler^at ,a
CombusLlan cAanbers:
F---
a^o*'L,n chanhc, 5Aorf combusLion
LongrsL co^busLian
chanber
chamber -
Easiest replarcmcal
I +. -
I lr
i
+
+{-
-----
basy rtplatement
l'IArc r€plaecnent
[lard tnar: Lenancc
easy nainlen ate
ll
I
t
,
I'
HordrsL ma'nletranc<
t^
t t) 'r -
J-
ltolor;nX:
deJ iniLians ,T , )ome ' '' ' ,
cotr,ccneJ uIA 7as-furbinca$incs z
, 17atrorini is rolat'ry lfu engnc lpooh by an exlernal powe( saurl. No fr"l
?
t\:
iqnr Lion i5 nadc n tlte caseo! malorhj,
v
W , 7Ic NI spoolran h manual/y rolald,' and (Ae Ne spl l\
(dn be rolaLe/
tt
lran Hte crankirypdd. , /frercare 7 4ypoof nolarthg,(Aegore:
Mt rnotorng,\fu
F
( ,olal,ry {Ae5p6ts) wilh fue!supp)y.i It is molor,:ng lut wilAouI rgniLian /7" wet molorinj is made n order {o cleanlAe co^bustion chambers:frorrt an1 unconflele -norrbusLd
fuel.
?l Dy rnolorag, 5fu${ t5 JI is moto,,n3wtlhatt fuC,lsuppty ltr.'d,y ma[ann3
l-
.
I
I
fnade n ode( to
duc lo utu| m'aLortng. [A" eng,h,a dry tA, fur! exisl,ng thsid+'
?,* hronopr, ' n" Soroscf is usd k nsprr[ il, engines' 4f,o, ate opar,ff in tAe ength. oulcr casrhg, 4tr, larcliqtsaf llrs- oPniaPh slat..Jh ilz nanteaoncc fidnuals.
.
Utr! higl
eyryrrance is requircd in or&t lo irrSPe"t ile Wirre ,oE b
Porosuprs.7tr.porostoy magnihesil, tlfisltr, [4" high e4peiancets rc1uic
uiw Secnin ilc engthc, Pulin
-.t'
1cff suslarhnXffecd t
, )/ 1/
at *hicA {4, €rtgtheran suslathilxlf, Jl is {1, ,olaltqral spccd
t.C. ile engt'rrc
ral-altng wilAoultle aid at ll,, air driutnJ powcc tun conLinue / -t-
Sh,t up problens:
t//-4
UI H*l s[art: (A, id/, 76[6Lionol spr*] duc h uayni 7[e engne connat reachIa l
j ,
os Jurgcan/ slo// h /1. ftrytssdr; 11,gA,,,,f67' fuxhout[ Trobl*,rsSucA gas I r^peralu,c ) is read o l lAt ardi lon.
(aI Hatslail : T" €nflneltas reaclrd h il,
sel| suslo;y,,!! tprd, and ittt not
oLlc lo reac|V h /1. idh specl,
|tr, /,ois[o,[ * an at1k farl
ra[ta, and E6TnY! becdn c uey AVA.
)/ok,
ffu rolal,ly spccdof /r1, shoft lfi i5 nonilareJand canbalkJ.
of shalt'N1 tini:,*tl[;J,']n'l iit ile rdlal,lJspcei Howeuer, Grt of Ly possduc\s, 7Trrc are X, Upu af
(
'lJt Fu
dur;s,ileg e,rt,:
-iini*ttia.
J- fho,Ldu"t'' roldsbea^
Hot anJ cald s{rca"s arc no| mtxd ( t\ty do naL mecL| , P,opolicsal slwL ducLt (il
Lcssue7lt lliglter notse
" . | :W
I
: ' .
...;::..:.'....., ',
. r. : I
,
La$ slucE2
e -
,
.
.
. '
. l
/h[ a,J cotrJflo*s t
On miled, {A. hol-co6 m,h* r;l,ll 6. cula $^
'
t/,. /,obs!-rcan.
frEoliut of l*J duct' UI Nxc uftnh| -.-'-.
(f J La*r 11gtse
--1 _-t
llot Sbean
\
I
2t / tLl zaos ( kr(urt s)
, extracLnn {io^(h, engin ry .
4Ft extractcdair r'susd frr, J - A;r craf I a,' canditiontnj syslcrn. A- hlor,ningf /ighL canLrols' 3 - UaminX engnc tlosccowlt 4 - Gol,"j hftin
,
6ladcs.
l{ormally, an! exlracttonaf air r} nadc bcfoc $e conbusLnnrAanrbcr, s[ag"s. 7f,, exlnction af air ls usuallynode {ro* ilr14on,pressar
.
n add;l;an Tf,"combusleJ a,r h ucy har^ful lo lfi, airfrane sbrucLure,
duelo ueY lr,SAlerape'alurcs on lln,at,fio e strur.l'urc h il, (Aumal shock oF (4, u*buskd aic
*
7[c gasturbin engi* is d;u;dcl h ? parls f*^ !A, hqt/ catdpkt of oiert, /lry cl(e i J - Gld sec{ton, BeforelAz cn^busliut rfiwmbg,. -
e - HaL sechion: and whaLoltu !lr- conbusliqcAa^ber. 7F" conbwlion chanber,
\
i
(onbus lurt
ff" got /urb;ne
c hombert
erlgtrte is diu,cleJ h
cold ad
hot seclhns.
G/J scclrcn
)c# frilat
Hot secthn
slqcs,
- ffc tu$tt is ud
lo exbacl sane enegr! fro^ /Ac combwleJ
f/o* 'h orcler(o opcralc lA. (nmfrcssa|
' ffo numler af skgcs lh &{e htllx
ts ,nacA hr, /A*, ilc fiunltr
o f slagesof /A" carnpresst, and (Ait is undo [], follow,nj anJl*t, Fncrgy (onsumcdlg comfressu= energy gencralol b (urlt*. -
ff, ,roron of hau;ry il"
[*l;n,
con'prcssa( s Lagcs,nucA mort /r1* /l<
s[ags it (Jbt tlc erpansian of air is a natu,al pruaess,so
eypansion is nurA €asier /A"" campresslon.4tr. rcsull is #al lAc ?-yponsion ,nill reTut\e^u"h lcsr furbnc slages (Aa" ilc
co.r,prctsor.
tr. NcV { tVaylr.guid uancsJ : . Jl is /1, fiul slalar slaXc in l/,. [u,bine,afler (Ac combusLian cha^ber.
, in h
4tr, Ne tt ( nogl. flu;dcuants) arc uscd h guidc il, (A, sFrif,, d,recl;on reTuired
cambusLed arr {/o*
A lh {},sL[ubin ,a[o, bladc. Itr" N6l/
alsa incruses ai( ,telocily into l/,o rolars , (A, Prcssareis docn*td du, la /1,
increascin spe'-J.,
,/,|,//'*,n3(Urvesho*spress4te,le*7e,olure,andueloet1,ypefi!"sfi,
f
{A, NGr/and fir lr:[ rokr.
fi,
l/6f
dorsnol
etlrarl dnJ cner7Yf*^ /h ot //arr. E"rnoll;t equalion
caa b, applid * ft
tlo /Y6/.
t/6/ rhuuscsuctacil
ond redu'': Pressurt' frt roh, axha"k etTW f*', /Ae a'ir//u' in arJtr 1o aoauu(i( /d nec/tanta/ encrju. Eerrwlli't eTualln can nol he oP/;eJ on il* rcht, brto,rs..of il'
arcW
eylrailia, n (his regm.
'roLrrLion
"f
[,.rbr,. blador/]o^ h,SA[c^pemlurcsI @
7T, hr|inc Eladrsarc expxJ
h ile air {lau commirtjfro^ ile. co^Austtatt P,oterlion(1, tu$nc blad.s
(hamber, ana/ (l;s a;, hasue,ghigh le^pr*lurrs. {ro^ tA, ue,J h'SA lu-peralu'es i5 danc by'
J
(ool,rj
of (ub,n, blodrs.
a-
Lrkrnal coolinjol (urbineblad.t:
.
a ir pa /A tn sidc lA' Scc p agc ( | t {6r IAe thlerna! cool'n\
.
ff. exrunar su,Fo* o! il,
lu,bn, bradrsharc l,,, {allor^g
lurb'nc bladc'
shop.slwrn
th lk {otlo*ry diog,a^' f,;oooao
' /{o/cson tA' swfaceof lA' hrl,i* ilt
blad". TE's'hol,,tb'gn fro^
thlcrnal cool,'yat Pa/Aa"J mdt
on (h. outettutf,.'. of llz {wbin
o
o
c
o
o
o
D
o
o
o
o oto
a
Oooga(a€oaO o Q
o
a
o
o
o
oo
O4oa0Ooo€o gCOOaQIt|'b''
qoOOoOoctr oo
bladc.
o
qo
o
tt
o
o
@
o
o
oooogoaaoo A o
O
O o
oo
6
o
O
OoOooaooA
'
ff, fun"[i*'
h co(ff il.
ol (/te hol
h fia o,lsid
df /Aetuhrrc bladc,naknl a lih of cool;y air arounj U. bl,.de-
tl
fr'
,'/
i,ol..s arc rhcltneJ on (A, surfacr a/ /1. {urb,ne [hdo as shautnfn /Ac
L
diagram
beJour
rn arCcr h ^aL
ile ai, f/a* sLreom/nc/ u,ilA $t (ub,nc
$lad" surface.7F" slrra^ /;nrd atr nalrs frt^ o! a,', (/,ot €oue,rs il. bkl<.
Ai,fi/^ ,.Vrt S-
Trhn" Sutface
^/nl'eno/ coo/t"i a'r Pa/l ,
/fr, fun"{ion al tl. air ft/n is [a @ol do*n il.
feachq lo il,
canhusieclair bc{o'c it
ouler surfaee of lA. lurb,he blo{es, artd he'vc Lt'P'nJ lh
k^peraturc of (1, furbn. bladrs wilhin lAc salc Ln;b'
vo,os) . {ixoli* and cul,ng af N6v{no53lcguidc
,
Sca pagc(.? f*
,
5e" Pagc St' f", fur[in uniL crostsection'
' tr Lorolnj sphnes (1, carrrPresso, l, and furbao on a s,'n1 ' JL it natpacl;rol t" asse,nllc
ihaf|, becaus
and /fie lurbine cari be "lade n ond{Au
\
.
fi,
/arc/'rny sp/,ac5ctreused fu f,,
t
m
{le conprcssorand {uran" sAafts
irtld on nler^ed;ale shaf{ bel*acn il,
comptesstand lurbthe, ( sc, folt
(1. for {A, local,nj spl;nesi,'t an nleXra/ shaft - fii*,
V).
'r [It,alion a[ furbn, bl&st fr,
"{}, {rec ,ool'
fixohon Up, /i usri ,v f'xthJ tle lu-riine|Jadesrhla
{lu ,ool, becaus"(h;s frxol;*
al/o*s {Aer^ol expansion-( secPdflc l1a
fo, frr (rec rool ) .
#
Shro"olodhrbn. blad.zt , 5c. pdflc t tf, {o, l,p 'Shro"d. {r7Tuhncbl"d,
Trps/vo"d
,
foot
tr, hp shroudcan hc {or^"d iy firg'ry d snpll segncntat lAc l,P of ench blacicn order h {*^ ItA
ltow all
beo, /\ltcd
7[, (,p slrot d hos il, J-
o per;phe'a/ ''hg a'ounJ l\c hla'Je t'P' oncc tnlo [Ae lurbtnc d;tr'
follo*ini f'unrli*s '
'' at (ubtn' bladrs. { t;A, lAe mol /F, lip shroud recJwrsu1$ralian shraxh tn il, fon s|og4'
i:'i t
\
/
i
' rftduchona{ l,p lossrs
f , ffe t,p slroul h uscd h prcrcn[,or al lv,st h rcdur, il* a,r [A"t €scapcs f*r, (A, clroron* bel*ceail,
[utbn' bladeLt\' and {Ae kabtnc
cast$. Anl laakagc of orr ocrasstA' b/al'
lrp will redu" il<
ef4raency af fu\. hrhrr.
.
IAc fi/lo*'rt p'ablcn: Tf,. existgnuof shraud causes
€ 7[, furln, bladdexPndduch tfh oryol',| h^pe'a(ucs'ord ilt resuil is ll, f hroud #,ni[s /A;: erpansian. 71, t
r tl Ttrcsscsrr1 tfic lurlur
bladrs du, h il'
generalianaf ca"Torcssian
[Aet^a/ e]tponsbn'
(le""ol e,Fn*an rh lA" [utbtx' blad"sdueh 7I, ftnfretsiafl S.lresscs ncrasc wi{l
and {lit tie thcrcascol Tl f ( {*b'a' nlcl le^puatu"J '
w;ll be redurrdfolla"ed nuns lAat lA, *awnun atlar,rl wlw af rrT Lnit' b! lj," reducL,onaf tA< Ee T ( exhaustgas larpcralureJ
0AT: Ouhidc at
E|T- lniL uilAo't #, liP sh'a'dan
horperoture'
h. habtn, blarJ"
7f, hp sJt,o,rl redrart /1.
EaTtn;L wi[h on th, {iP sh'auJ {h, (u,b;n*hlod'
EGT horil,
0nT
\t
IB 'Prolle^t of lurbnc bladcs,
fil;guc,
y{n.^o/
- 77, k rbnc bladesa'e eIpos.d la a uerJutide lc^p eralurc ra^g€. fr, lo ueg hgh le,"pualutet durrg lA, ertgthe {urb,n, bladrs are ey,poscd aperaLion,and {o atnbient Ienperatures,*,hen{Ae engncit ofN,
(recpt
,rf ,
}eV
is nlernal mo[ion of parliclcg insiclc [4, otaleriol clu, (o ony
appticd fooo, lar a bry ltinc. { frerc is a minthurt wlu. of (A, tar6. /AaI callscs crccf t klo", iltis ualue, (A. nalcral
wil/ nol b" erpscd Ia
creef).
---
Crce7
'
/7. lurl'ix blalcs arc eypateJh cenlrifiiga/ fsms and /r,SAternperalu,u,
fd [Ay aft ery:ud h orrp. ( E, Crceprale is ncrusr/ ,,nilA tl, h'rh uolueof k^pealurcs).
\
.
i
llad"s do rtal Aou,il, trcepprablc*a/lAryA #,g a," expsrd 6. conpressor h il.
samecenbilugal fartut l/tal lhe Iu, bin bJ"dtsarc P6pasd{a. 7fiis
is becausuolAc, prahlco,sappeal irt /k
cornpressor bladrsb, {b,, cre{ t alsa
(4" confess* bladcs arc no[ erpascd[o /r,SAle*peralurcs.
sho*s (1, crcepilran versu hnc {* o furhirnbladc'. {o//o*,nX cutue.
,4,
(recp Strath
Sccandry. crty
fnnay Cft?
D. I fima?
/'S"rondry
uccf
{m'I', /ntrary trcep
period, bu[ a deueas,Tg occu6 rdPiJlf oue(a relalt'uetyshor/
c(ecf slagc hkr,
Duri"g thit period, il.
1ue(once(A, prnay
tree/ sl%,
uecprale is small and (anshnl.
Aot(arnaled.
\
i I
< Erlu?
(reep shge begnsofk, ile endof (1, secu,dry Siagc.hurt.n' tlts
pertad, {1" creepis rapidly assenclirtl [o lAe /]orLur" ytarnl.
of (qrbheblades,
,6Upu
1/
. Ttrere &re ^ $p"t aN {urb;n blo4.s,lfu aft : tTt
-'-
JnPu lSC.
A- fteartion' Seepagc ( tl fot impulscblac/ry t and reaction bl*l,t',g. (o*parisan be'l*eu, ile mpulselurbthebladus,and lA. rulion
{ubne
blad.rst s sho.n be1ou, t
T,
t mputS?
ftucIiat'r
==5--=--=
7[. imputsc [ubn*
====::5
bladrsare ust/ *Acn
/le rhht presswtinh il, lurbinott uey
qtroysac{iankubn, bladuat useJ
lr,'gh.1trAarc also usd fu rdua [A,
nla ilc uhen ilc inlet pressurc
eUit Pressurc Lo b. nea([a llt surrourcIg
lwbn, is relali,rcly la*,
Pressc.rtth order lo auatd cAochr'yal ile engftn eri L.
/[.
t-l
cras, sec[ian o(a
across{Ae
rola, blod"s t s cnnshrtL,
T[. (rass seclian otea across(A. ,okr bladcsis uariable,and (Ae rolorblodrs a*
as s noSjlc.
m I^pulse =;5€-_-=
5LaLo,
Kofor PntJurc
I
@lu,c
ff 1P,,agurc
\
V elaciLT
\
I ,',
!
1.
lO^l t rat I
Inplsc _{* _ _ q _ <
R cacfion -{-
_
< -
5nr,
{4,
CrassSec(ion O,reaA(rass 4o
ra[ar bjadcs jr conshnt,
lAea (A,
ptssttttr uelocity , and
[e^pe,ature
- < H q
Sncc lh, crassseclionored Au655 lAe rolor bladesis uat able, {Aen ll. prcssurt, uelocily, anJ ! e^perafurc uilll be changcd
wtll na| 6e chanXed. q - €
Shlo, uattet for^ 4 conucrgenl diregent nq3k. ( Surousantc f/o, is
'
oblathel in ader fedue. Pft.siutc and
Slalo, uoncs ftr
a @wergut
lroglc.
increascuelacity)
,
In genera/,//,
lurlne is a c,orn bnalion i"l*rrn
il.
,^prlse, anc! reactlart
(urbin, bladcs. 4tretnpulsclurbn, blod"sare used n ile enrly sfo.gl';of tk (urbnc, and (A" rcocLi*t l,rrbin, bJ"A.sarc ustJ rh ilc hhc sfqes,
\
I
zv / rtf zoos
( LecLur, 6)
z4
fxhousl nq3ter
KrX** +
ffi
.7F, exhausL no33l,has ilc folla*ing funrlions, J-
Jl convcrls {Ae po{enliol eney alo ln"li,
energy.( ft rrJurcs pr-csstrtt,
and n ueascsuelaaly). 7tr, resuil-is rncreasc in ilrusL duc Lo uelacily hcreaset ond decrease h (empenlure.
lt
a-
sLraighLenh{e ai, f/o*, ( ,oh.s lA. slr"a* linrs aP lAe exhausL
lc in sLrayht lncs).
3 - lt
clears{4. ah crafl bodyfio* lAe exhaust gasrs.( 7freexhaus[
fascs ctre uerJ harnfal ond can da*o6. tAe air eraf[ sLruclurc,fir {Ais reason, (Ao nayle dirrr[s il" athattsLgates awoJf*^
tile atr cra/t).
tr ilag of /Ao nq3hdependsan lAe ttalue af tle inlc{ prcsureinlo il, rta33lc. Tfrrrcarc L possiLleshapes,ltrX o,rx: 1-
(onvergutl- dirergeol nogSh: tr,
catuerlu,l- dirergcnl nogle I use-d wltentAe nlet pt$sufr, inla
ltle nagle is uelyhlgh. Jl is uJd lo intrease ile ilrusl frru, onJ {a ovoid choclc,nl al /li
rtg3le exi L.
\t
d-
(onrergenI n a3i le t 7f. canuergentnoglc is useJ *lren (Au hlcl ptessureIrtlo lAe na1;,Jeis
relolively lo..
FxhausL conet - ExhausLpkl
= Fxhoustrcne.
Exlr,ustnoiilc
7f, erhau,sl P/W t5
?FxhausL Plug
(une)
/oaleJ aI
llc lurbtac end'
Qf,uexhausL ptry haslA, {a/lo*ing funclions:
.
J- ll slrea, lnes (Ae exhawL {l*.
a- il
irt
(oue(s lle
teer roo[s af /Ae lo* prrsrare l,urbine.
Mtsc reduclian2
!, !1 i1
[,'
.
:
7F. fioise lerel al' {4, exhaustnq3lc is largc, /Ao"
lA.
rloiseleuel
ii'
a ( (A, n|afte cliffuser. Itre noiseleuet canhe reducedb j t
J-
fr"
v
L rtogle noisc/euel j s rrdrrrJ aL ile exhaus
ustha auuslic J
ponels [Aa[ ore but{ up tJ us,n' curtpos;lenalerials ("sur//y h*V a*l), ( 5"" pagc <
