Human Body, The

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Your Amazing Body ........................ ....................... . The Body's Building locks ................. .................. . Your Skin-Jack of Al rades ............... . Your Skeleton-Support and Protection ...........  Teeth-Food Cutters, Crshers, and Grindes ........  Your Muscles-the isse That Movs ou ... .  .... Your Thirtyfoot Digestive System ..............  Lungs-o Beath of Lfe Lfe .........  ...  ... Your Body's Bood Pmp .....  ..  ............ Kidneys-Your Body's Filtration Plant ............  Brain, Nerves-Your Communication Syste ........  Seeing, Hearing and Other Senses ............ The Endocrine yste-Cemical Contol ..........  More Mo re of a Kin Kind ..... ... .... . .

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A GOLDE LDEN N

EXPLLORIN EXP ORING G EA EATH TH

BOOK

THE HUMAN BO BOD D Y Al aboutt he insid Al abou he inside e and o and out utside side of of the body the body ta tatt is ou. ou. A ascin ascinating ating look look at at the the heart, heart, brain, brain, boe boe musc mus ce, e, skin an and uch o ore-tol in in asytore asytoread ad tex and lavishly ilustrated in fu oor. oor .

By Geoge S. Ficte Ilustrated by Ralph E Rickets Cove by Rod Ruh





























Y ou ourr Am a z i n g B o d y your bith, and for time of your thee time From th From long as you live, your body is neve as long ur d, yo you econd ly at rest Every secon pletely complete com arms y Moving your ar energ rgy using ene is using body is ating of beating y The The be energy and legs takes energ s, eyelids, blinkingg of your eyelid your heart, heart, the blinkin kind d o ook  kin the reading of this book

activity requires at least some energy, which comes from the food you eat You for rep repairwig and and for growig eed foo food for gro also n also need

ing yur body Wha is mos amazing is how your body provides energy, growth, and repairs, using only food you eat Your body is composed of billions of tiy living uits called cells There are ay kids of cells in your body Those cells that are alike and work together form issues Tissues, in tu, form larger uits called organs rgans are grouped into larger units called systems Together, he systems form your body e of these systems is he skin, the protective outer covering of the body In additio, the skin also contains important glands, serves as a place for the storage of food reserves, helps to regulate the body teperature, and conains many nerve edings that respond o touch, pressure, pai, hea, and cold The skeletal systemthe bones of your bodygives bodygiv es your body its shape and form form It protecs vital parts, such as your brain, heart, and lungs, and it gives anchorage �nd leverag everagee for aall ll the musce uscess you  se se

 movg T

  -















sae till others, such as the heart, d uomatially You You have no control oer them. n the digestive system, fds ar cange into simler forms that can b use y he body. The rinci arts f is ssem are the mout, stomach, and iesines. e lugs, windie, and arts of th nose and throat form th resrary sysod with bloo o provie provie the blo tem. It Itss jo is tto

oxygen and remove caron dioxid, a waste gas. he cicuatory system consists of th heat, arteries, veins, cillaries, cillaries, and bod. Tis system carries the oxygen and fd sustances to cells thrughut t bdy. m du f m waste pr du way waste ries aaway It also car ries It

the cells b  frm frm h body b mve Wastes are r emve r-s ar  r ass ny was Many m.. Ma syssm etor y sy the xcr etor ys. kdys. d b h kd ld d frm h l mvd mv tee mt o em aso d te kin as and ngs an lungs Thee lu Th rm t ss f rm pass astess pa id waste solid tes, and sol wastes, was tivee tr ac. ige igesstiv mak rss ma d n nr ad ord,, a l ord pi The br ain, s pi

up h nervo h nervou us system. system. Thi This is he coml comleex cmm cm municati unicatio ons netwo network wth whc yo yo s, hear, ast ast, , touch, touch, and snse snse your srrou srro undings ndings.. As, the br a i ca capable

f hiing and rememerng Wiho hes abiliies  ud n b a  ead thi bok Scinis fe a  brain is, f m many any reaso reasons, ns, proba probably bly the

ms mpra ga  t bd Th ndrn   m  fered  as h bod's chemical chemical control. Tis systm is cmsed ntirey f small, speial glands found in various laces in yur bdy. h secrti secrtins ns o th glands r aled hrmones, whih detemine ur ra rat t of grwth nd cntr many oth bdy avs Fnay, te reprductv systm maks  ssb fr hman beings " beings " t crate new uman beigs. It consists f he testes n the male and the ovaries and and uterus in  f. T vr ss  d ua dividua os of divid ad o mon ad of mo hrmony to rcuou u hrmony cell, work  rcuo ce g. fuctioing. our body body fuctioin keep y your

so.. erso niqu ue per each h of us is a uniq ure,, eac struct cture ar n stru siml lar a re sim gh we are lthough A lthou

















We are made of billions of cells of dierent knds. Some of them look

ytopasm

ebrane

The Bdy's uildng Block A iving iving things are organied o rganied into very smal units units caled cells. The Th e simpest plant and animas consist of a singe cel. Your body is composed of biions of cells. One drop of blood, for example, contains ore than a illion red blood cells.

Sats, vitamins, and a number of other substances occur in protoplasm in lesser and oen minute amounts, but they are of vit�l importance. Most cels are arge enough to be seen wih an ordinary microscope. The typical

















 ne ce

Hw a C Dd M tat abot to millio rd blood clls die ad ar rplacd ve scod· scod· . Body clls divid by a procss calld mitosis ic occrs cotiosly i t body. Firs t cromosom materials i t cls of t cl bcom ll orgaizd to ditict trads. Eac Eac  cromosome trad divids ad forms idtical pas. T t mb aod t s disappars. T pr of coosoms sparat o from a par mov

Chomosome pas sepaate.

Nucleu membae om; ce dvdes.

Gs ar so tiy tat ty caot b s Gs v  magid tosads of tms. Gs dtrmi t caractrstics of t cll. Ths fatrs ar passd o  th cll divids. Ty ar also passd o fro parts to tr yog. T cytoplasm cotas fats, gars, starcs, prots, salts ad otr sbstas. I t ytoplasm too ar bbb-

wo cel

g toard t oppost d of t cll. W t cromosoms rac t opposit ds of t , ty form ty clstrs. A mmbra forms arod ac str, formig a  cls. A ll a t  _ pprs bt t to c. No tr r to parat s, a otg a t dcto of t rooo ts  t orgal cll. l ts ap-

















ce ance pea earran app ieer in their ap f th thee body do di of ion.. func ncttion and fu

ells of bout the same size and shape unction are samee f unction ng the sam ving nd hvi s Many Many rm tissu issus her to to fo form ed toget ogether group rouped forr xam xam together, fo cells lls grou grouped tog uscle ce oups of Tee gr groups cle tissue tissue T orm mus muscle ple, f orm cells of gether er by cells held to togeth cells ar aree held muscle mu scle cells nective ve tissue, tissue, connecti type that that form con anothe an otherr type

which is common throughou the body Blood is a liquid tissue plex complex larger,, more com orm still still larger Tissues f orm stom eart,, stom rgans s The heart own as organ unitss kn unit known ples o o examples intestines ines are exam ach, liver, nd intest severall consist of severa organs consist ans Mos Mostt organs organs org

kinds of tissue, but ne generally dom intes The brain is principally nerve tis sue; te stomac and the heart consist mainly of mscle tissue tissue  Groups of organs form body systems The digestive sysem consists of he mouth, stomach, the small and large in testines, an various other digestive or gans, all orking together to accep and digest ood So simila cells form issues ha are gouped ogether o form organs Organs make up the sysems tha form he ody ach of the major sytems of the body is described in the folloing chapers

 F o th Mny Kinds o Cs Found in th Body

smooth usce cs (stoach)

gand ce (stoach)

















nerve budle

faty issue

 kJk  Al s our skin is one of he mos remark-

several dozen oil glands, abou hree fee

















very outer portion of  yur skin is also the part that peels o whe yu sunbu. The cels iediately beneat tis laer are alive ad are constantly dividing. They provide the new cels that keep the skin clean and bright. Spread ver the outer layer of the skin is a thi l of oil tht cmes fr glands roud the hirs. Soe people produce ore f his oil ta do oters The il acts as a lbricant tat keeps the ski so, pliale, and The ch thicker layer of skin under the epideris is called e dermis. It contais the lood eves, sweat glands, and connective tissue that joins he deris o the epideris all raised  areas, or ridges, are formed by this co ective tissue These ridges are what give each perso his distinctive ngerprints, ike aye else's. These ridges also coi the erve edigs for touch d siilar eios. he y are h, you perspire More i yor th two illi litle sweat si pur t iuids s te perspiraion evore, you re cooled f you perspire ch, yo il eel he eed fr a drink of er  r ody demds  el _ el _ce ce  e  h ot uid  yo did o er

you are t, tese little blod vessels dilate, or enlarge, exposng a greater aount of blod to te coling ai. This is what makes you ushed, or red in the face, wen you are hot. I cool weather, the bld vessels cntract cn tract and remain deep in the skin. The skin is clred by a pigent caled melani. Peple who have a lot of melani in teir skin are brwn to black. Melanin and anter pigment make a reddis or yellwis skin. People with lt tle or no elnin in teir skin are wite or even pikih, if their bod vessels show troug Freckled pele ave spots



















of eanin in eir skin  sunanned pero  ore an e usua amoun of eann bease e skn as produced i as a proeion agains bg from e suns rays Melanin is also e pigen a gives air is oor Te more melanin, e darker e air en meanin is ixed wit a re pigen, e resus are various sades of brown f elanin is aking, e air ay be blond or red  Hai onsiss of e air sa, an oil gand, and a iny use a an erec e air and also fore oi from e gland If you beome frigened, your air will

"sand on end, or you wi ge "goose bumps over your body Tis appens wen e muses around te bases of e airs onrat and igen Hair stars its gow fro seia els in e deris Soon e new ai air puses roug e epiermis, growing in a ie poke, or ube, aed a folie The air iself is a rod of dead els, u te ase, or roo, is living and is supplied wi lood vesses You probably ave a leas a uarer of a million airs on your ody Soe people ave more an oersup oersu p o as many as alf a milio Mos f ese irs are very sma and wiis; oters are arge about s gows about yor ea gows Tee air T air on yor

ines a yearore an a on some peope, less on oersand a bi faster in summer an in winer Mos airs are sed and repaed a regular inervals bou four years s e average eng of life for a air on your



















 keletpp d e f you were given the task of putting a body together, you would start with the bones. Put together properly, they would for the skeleton, the fraework that supports the body and gives it shape. Parts of your skeleton also serve iportantly as protection for delicate parts of yor body. Your brain, for exaple, is ecased in the boxlike craniu of your head, and your heart, lungs, and soe other vital organs are contained in a cage of bones fored by your ribs. n additio, the uscles you use in oving are attached to the bones of your skeleton, also giving the usces their leverage. Finally, the arrow in the hollow boes of your body anufcures both red and white blood cells. Totally, your skeleton consists of 00 bonesor 06 if the tiny boy parts of



















r

he and o jntel

lhl le jcke

ballandcket jont man movementh





















es f  e                 e e     e yu  u    u   . ou kul  f    cnu, f,   lg, be lowe jaw. Te anu, sg e l bain,  foed of x tufaed, cued bones. T jggd edge of e bones  tgly toge o  t s dfcult to see te sepaae boe. (n newbon babes, hese bones e no ye gwn togethe in soe places. Te ae e "so spots in the baby's ed.) t te base of te canu n te ea s a lge opnn, te foaen agnu, tough wch the spinal cod and lage ateies and vens pas. T font of te canu fos the foehead.

A      

f     f     f ,  ,   e       p p T T ep e p  w w      e i. SS-

e    ke   fee,     g eple ep le w h h lle lleg g. . Th low lowrr ja w, or mndi ndib, b, is  rg rgee o o ep ep  bne bne I is ig ig o o  skul kulll  s he n n  o o ble ble k ku u  e e..

  upng u f u skeleo s you kne o e olun t n f yee  bones  eebe Tee ae even k veeb, tele n e est o o, ve n e le bk, ve oe  e fused to fo te sacu to whi the the pelvs s aaed, and fou (o aely e) sal bones tat a a  fused and f a so Th ku

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tas, rst ervi erterasuorts su

ervi verter

torac verter uar vertera

nt t, r cccx. wn t vertebr ar scksrbg scs f crage.

bne. n frnt, te rst sven are n t  r stu  nxt





















ar. lwer ar. ing the the lwer fring and the radius, radius, fr ted piv vted es tha that can be pi nes These are the bn twist t twist ittingg yu t r, per perittin ther, each the acrss ea bnes,, called sall bnes ar. . Eigh Eightt sall yurr lwer ar yu f an the pal f  the wr wrist, an ls,'' fr fr carpaals, carp ls.. tacarpa carpals eta lng e cnain nainss ve ln thee hand c th acarpalls are etacarpa each f the et Attacheed t ea Attach are three ger. r. The There are nge f a n the b bnes f tw  ach g ger and tw in each rr phalan phalanges, in e bnes,  bnes,

in the thub. tacarpa a etacarp unique.. The e thub is unique The thub attae is set in a ne t whih it is atta bne ther eta n fr fr th thee ther directin dieren di erentt directi p freely. This This p vee freely. ls, and and it can v carpa ca rpals, allwss yu thub allw itin f the the thub sable ps psitin psable p

fr they supprt the bulk f the bdy weight as well as allwing fr attachent tw fred f tw hips ar aree fred legs. The The hips f the the legs.

large, slid bnes the pelvics. They are jined t the sacr, the fused bnes f the vertebral clun. In each pelvic bne there is a ballandscket jint fr cnnec tin with the lg bnes. The heay, tpt bne f he leg i the feur. It is the largest bne in yr by. he lwer leg cnsists f tw bne the sli, rlike bula an the arer at tibia, r shinbne. etween the tibia and the feur is te sall, at patela, r kneecap he bla an tibia are bun





















eetFd tes, es, Gdes u ere b tless. ur st tt rbbly pered e yu ere but six mts ld, d it my ve bee s lg s t yers befre yu d yur mplete set f tempary teet

tety i ll. y te time yu ee six years ld yu began t lse tis set  teet d get yur perment teet but smetimes te lst f te temprry teet eleve. e. te  r elev util til ag agee te ntt sed u re n

Te temprry teet are pused ut s ermaet teet me i t reple tem. Tis set is almst mplete at age twelve r titee. Oly te salled wisdm teet, e  ea side at te rer f te uppr nd lwr aws  nt  ap peared. Tey usualy pus trug te gumssmetimes pifully ad eeding





















ee an

A

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sos B usp s  usps C oars

C. oarsuse to gr n foo





















 Msee sse a ves  smene asks u  sh our musle, u ll usuall ex ur arm t sho o te sze of our beps, the bg musle n our per arm Yo probabl never thnk abt ho man other musles  have n ur bo Toall, there are about 600 Alost all of the "esh of o bo s msle Muses aot for ughl half our eght Yo epen on your msles for ever move u make. Msles open an sht or ees an move or eyeballs; the keep u bl movng help yo ges If





















Yu heat is the mt mable m l i  by. t  t hous  da, ming blod tg y body ith each beat. Ever year yr heart beats or contrats abt fory million times and it may operate for eighty years r longer withou dculty. d culty. In that length of ime it will pump about seventy millin gallns of blod hrough your bdy. Muscles cause mvement by contat ing. When you you li you arm, the big bicep ·s muscle in your upper arm contract co ntract and pulls the forearm upward. t the same ime, the ticeps muscle on te undeside























uc o th ody A ge p

o ou bod is musclbout one ha o ou totl weih.























starchs hs ar cnvr nt a sml sugar, call glycgn, hat s str n th by Bcaus Bcausf ths str nrgy nrgy n yur systm, yu can run r xs n thr ways wthut avng t tak n f at th sam tm u rplac th suly latr u bcm tr whn yu hav xhaust yur nrgy rsrvs a wast

t all bl  w g   xygnstarv mscls b h bnn Muscls  nt us a hunr rcn f th nrgy hy gnrat In at, nl abut tntyv rcnt  th ng s nrt n k  n s nt ttally wast, hwvr, fr t ks th bl an tssus warm Whn yu x























Yo tt Digetive ste Wtt tem, gesn f  l nt r e mst, ewe mass of f n yr mut s ale a ls Wen t s swallweyr tnge els nt nl n mvng te f between te teet bt























duce -pro roduce landss -p ivary g land Saivary Sa

sala,'' wh begins digestion. sala, Mouth teeth an onureceive an chop fo mx salva wth fod, push fo own troat























h m t mu muh them fats, hanging hanging the taes, s, an an fats, stae

smle substances. Fat igestin s cm letely suessful nly hen ble s res ent, heve. This yellis gee ui rom the ntesttine f rom all intes mall into the m omes into omes igg bei  ae a err be i  stre stre e, e, h here it i ll bla bla gall ga

pruce in the liver

as tenty feet lng. The greatest amunt of gestin an abst f f takes pae hile the f is taveling tugh the small intestie. Muscuar cntractis f the wall f the ll iteste ve the fod mass alng lwly. Sluggishly, it aes its way be





































































trutu o  Lung























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Human Body, The

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