HVAC HVAC LOAD L OAD CALCULA CALCU LATIO TIONS NS OF O F A VILLA VILL A Senior Project by
Khalil H.Youssef, 10931766 Dikran B.Kissoyan, 61030006
Submitted to the School of Engineering of the Lebanese International University Beirut, Lebanon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Spring 2014
Approved By:
Dr.Nadim Diab
Date
Signature
Dr.Mehdi Chouman
Date
Signature
DEDICATION
I dedicate this project to my family and all who supported me throughout the years I spent in the university. Khalil H.Youssef This project is dedicated to my family for their love, endless support and encouragement. Dikran B.Kissoyan
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Special thanks to all the professors and doctors at Lebanese International University who gave us their best.
We are grateful for the helpful comments and advise that our supervisor Dr.Nadim Diab gave us throughout our work.
Also we would like to thank “The Sharing” company for providing us with the architectural maps,
software, and important information about our project.
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ABSTRACT
HVAC stands for heating, ventilation and air-conditioning; it’s the technology that provides us environmental comfort. It regulates the temperature, humidity, and purity of air in a certain medium to meet our comfort.
In this report we will study the various types of Heating, Ventilation, and Air conditioning Systems. Our project will focus f ocus on DX type ty pe of HVAC using usin g concealed split unit, also it will include the heating and ventilating calculations of a villa.
The main objectives of our project include calculating the heat load (heat gain & heat loss), the size of the ducts and the air flow in each duct, the duct weight to know how much duct we need, the pipe sizes, boiler capacity, hot water tank ta nk capacity, the size of the radiators and towel warmers, the external e xternal static pressure (ESP) of the exhaust fans, fa ns, and finally pricing the th e units used and the overall over all cost of the installation.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Dedication
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Acknowledgements
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Abstract
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Table of Contents List of Figures List of Tables
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Chapter 1. Literature Review
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List of Symbols and Abbreviations
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1.1 Introduction to HVAC………………………………………………………………………....…..1 1.1.1 Heating System………………………………………………………………..….…………..1 1.1.2 Cooling System………………………………………………………………………...……..1 1.1.3 Ventilation System……………………………………………………………………..……..2 1.2 Types of HVAC……………………………………………………………..……………………..2 1.2.1 Direct Expansion (DX) …………………………………………………………………..…..2 1.2.2 Variable Refrigerant Volume/Flow (VRV/VRF)……………………….………………..…..3 1.2.3 Variable Multiple System (VMS) …………………………………………………..………..3 1.2.4 Chilled Water ……………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………..………………………..4 1.3 HVAC Units ……………………………………………………………………...………………..5 1.3.1 Indoor AC Units……………………………………………………………..………………..5 1.3.2 Outdoor AC Units…………………………………………………………...………………..7 1.3.3 Heating Units……………………………………………………………………………..…..8 1.3.4 Ventilating Units……………………………………………………………………….…....11 1.3.4.1 Free Ventilation………………………………………………………………………..11 1.3.4.2. Forced Ventilation…………………………………………………………………….11
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Chapter 2. Specifications of the Project
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2.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………….………………....14 2.2 Technical Approach………………………………………………………………………………14 2.3 Customer Needs…………………………………………………………………………..………15 2.4 Customer Needs Follow-Up……………………………………………………………………...17 2.5 Design Concepts…………………………………………………………………………….……17 2.6 Project Schedule……………………………………………………………………………….….17 Chapter 3. Design Calculations and Results
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3.1 Load Calculations………………………………………………………………………...………18 3.1.1 Introduction to Hourly Analysis Program(HAP) ……………………………………...……18 3.1.2 Collected Data for HAP……………………………………………………………………..18 3.1.3 Cooling Load Calculation Results…………………………………………………..………25 3.2 Duct Sizing………………………………………………………………………………………..26 3.2.1 Introduction to McQuay Ductsizer ………………………………………………… ………………………………………………….………26 3.2.2 Collected Data for McQuay Ductsizer ……………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………27 3.2.3 Duct Sizing Results…………………………………………………………………….……28 3.3 Grill Sizing………………………………………………………………………………..………29 3.3.1 Grill Sizing Procedure……………………………………………………………….………29 3.3.2 Grill Sizing Results…………………………………………………………………….……31 3.4 Duct Weighting………………………………………………………………...…………………31 3.4.1 Introduction to Duct-Weight Calculator …………………………………………….……… …………………………………………….………31 3.4.2 Collected Data for Duct-Weight Calculator ………………………………… …………………………………...……………32 3.4.3 Duct Weighting Results…………………………………………………………..…………34 3.5 Ventilating Calculations…………………………………………………………………………..34 3.5.1 Exhaust Duct Sizing…………………………………………………………………………34 3.5.2 Calculation of External Static Pressure of Fans……………………………………………..34 3.5.3 Results………………………………………………………………………………….……37
3.6 Heating Calculations………………………………………………………………………...……39 3.6.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….39 3.6.2 Calculations………………………………………………………………………………….39 3.6.3 Results……………………………………………………………………………………….42 3.7 AutoCAD…………………………………………………………………………………………43 3.7.1 Air Conditioning…………………………………………………………….………………43 3.7.2 Ventilation……………………………………………………………………...……………47 3.7.3 Heating………………………………………………………………………………………51 Chapter 4. Conclusion
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4.1 Pricing………………………………………………………………………………….…………56 4.2 Evaluation…………………………………………………………...……………………………58 References
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1: Presentation Pres entation of the DX type of HVAC systems........................................................... systems........................................................................2 .............2 Figure 1.2: Presentation Pres entation of VRV and VMS HVAC systems................... syste ms............................................ .............................................. ...........................3 ......3 Figure 1.3: Presentation of the chilled water type of HVAC systems.........................................................4 Figure 1.4: Presentation of the wall type of indoor units.............................................................................5 Figure 1.5: Presentation of the floor mounted type of indoor units.............................................................5 Figure 1.6: Presentation of the concealed split indoor unit.........................................................................6 Figure 1.7: Presentation of the air handling indoor unit..............................................................................6 Figure 1.8: Presentation of the compressor................................ compressor..................................................... .............................................. .............................................7 ....................7 Figure 1.9: 1 .9: Presentation Pres entation of the chiller......................... c hiller............................................... ........................................... .............................................. ......................................7 .............7 Figure 1.10: Presentation of the roof top package unit.................................................. unit........................................................................ ..............................8 ........8 Figure 1.11: Presentation of the complete heating system................. syste m...................................... .............................................. ....................................8 ...........8 Figure 1.12: Presentation of an inside view of a boiler............................. boiler................................................... ............................................ ............................9 ......9 Figure 1.13: 1.13 : Presentation Present ation of the radiator......................... ra diator............................................... ........................................... .............................................. ..................................9 .........9 Figure 1.14: Presentation of the towel warmer......................................................... warmer................................................................................ .................................10 ..........10 Figure 1.15: Presentation of a kitchen hood........................ h ood.............................................. .............................................. ............................................. ........................11 ...11 Figure 1.16: Presentation of a ventilating system............................................ system..................................................................... ..........................................11 .................11 Figure 1.17: 1.17 : Presentation Present ation of exhaust fans................................................. fans...................................................................... ............................................. ............................12 ....12 Figure 1.18: Presentation of an axial fan........................................................... fan................................................................................... ........................................12 ................12 Figure 1.19: Presentation of a fresh air fan............................................. fan..................................................................... .............................................. ...........................13 .....13 Figure 2.1: Ground floor f loor and an d first floor............................................ floor.................................................................. .............................................. ...................................15 ...........15 Figure 2.2: Second Seco nd floor and roof technical floor...................... flo or............................................ ............................................ ..........................................16 ....................16 Figure 3.1: Presentation of the architectural map showing the orientation of the sun...............................19 Figure 3.2: Presentation of weather properties input data.........................................................................19 Figure 3.3: Presentation of the floor area for each room...........................................................................20
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Figure 3.4: Sample of the space properties general input data filling.......................................................21 Figure 3.5: Sample of the space properties of the walls, windows, and doors input data filling..............22 Figure 3.6: Sample of the space properties of partitions input data filling................................................22 Figure 3.7: Sample of the space properties of internals input data filling.................................................23 Figure 3.8: Presentation of lighting power densities standard values for each area..................................24 Figure 3.9: Presentation of walls properties and specifications.................................................................24 Figure 3.10: Presentation of roof properties and specifications................................................................25 Figure 3.11: Presentation of the output data for 1F-01-Maidroom............................................................25 Figure 3.12: Presentation of inputs and outputs of the McQuay software.................................................28 Figure 3.13: Presentation of the total weight calculation..................... calculati on............................................. .............................................. .............................34 .......34 Figure 3.14: Presentation of ESP results resul ts of EAF-GF-01....................................... EAF-GF-01............................................................. ....................................38 ..............38 Figure 3.15: Presentation of indoor AC units and ducts design of second floor.......................................43 Figure 3.16: Presentation of indoor/outdoor AC units and ducts design of first floor..............................44 Figure 3.17: Presentation of indoor/outdoor AC units and ducts design of ground floor.........................45 Figure 3.18: Presentation of outdoor AC units design of roof technical floor..........................................46 Figure 3.19: Presentation of the ventilating units design for the ground floor..........................................47 Figure 3.20: Presentation of the ventilating units design for the first floor...............................................48 Figure 3.21: Presentation of the ventilating units design for the second floor..........................................49 Figure 3.22: Presentation of the ventilating units design for the roof technical floor...............................50 Figure 3.23: Presentation of the heating units design for the GF-Basement.............................................51 Figure 3.24: Presentation of the heating units design for the ground floor...............................................52 Figure 3.25: Presentation of the heating units design for the first floor....................................................53 Figure 3.26: Presentation of the heating units design for the second floor................................................54 Figure 3.27: Presentation of the heating units design for the roof technical floor.....................................55
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1: Project schedule............................... schedule..................................................... ........................................... ............................................ ............................................ .......................17 ..17 Table 3.1: Standard values of occupancies and outdoor air requirements for each area...........................20 Table 3.2: Presentation of window and door types and areas....................................................................21 Table 3.3: Presentation of the resulting overall cooling loads for each room...........................................26 Table 3.4: Presentation of the total cooling load for each room................................................................27 Table 3.5: Presentation of the duct sizes for each room according to their cooling loads.........................28 Table 3.6: Presentation Prese ntation of grill sizing categories.................................. categories........................................................ ............................................ ...............................30 .........30 Table 3.7: Presentation of the grills sizes for each room...........................................................................31 Table 3.8: Presentation of input categories for Duct-Weight Calculator program....................................32 Table 3.9: Information filling and calculated outputs for Duct-Weight Calculator program....................33 Table 3.10: Presentation of input data fillings of duct fittings..................................................................36 Table 3.11: Presentation of input data fillings of ESP for EAF-GF-01.....................................................37 Table 3.12: Presentation of exhaust duct dimensions and ventilating loads..............................................37 Table 3.13: Presentation of the ESP results............................................................ results.................................................................................... ...................................38 ...........38 Table 3.14: Input data filling for the HWT on All Mechanical Calculations software.............................40 Table 3.15: PPR size s ize categories................................ categories..................................................... ........................................... ............................................. ......................................41 ...............41 Table 3.16: Presentation of the heating load results and number of elements of the radiators.................42 Table 3.17: Presentation Pres entation of the HWT capacity result............................................ result..................................................................... ....................................42 ...........42 Table 3.18: Presentation of the HWT, boiler, and burner capacities and pump flow rate results.............42 Table 4.1: Overall pricing prici ng of the heating heat ing units........................................................... units................................................................................... ...............................57 .......57 Table 4.2: Overall pricing prici ng of the cooling coo ling units................. units ....................................... ........................................... ............................................ ..............................57 .......57 Table 4.3: Overall Overa ll pricing of the ventilating v entilating units...................... un its............................................ ............................................ .........................................58 ...................58 Table 4.4: Total units and installation costs and final price......................................................................58
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LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Symbols
A
Area
m2
C
Capacity
kcal./h
d
Diameter
m
H
Height
m
L
Length
m
LPD
Lighting Power Density
W/m2
m
Mass
kg
P
Power
W
p
Pressure
Pa
Q
Heat loss or gain
btu/h
ρ
Density
kg/m3
t
Thickness
m
T
Temperature
C̊
U
Overall heat transfer coefficient
W/m2K
USD
US dollars
$
v
Velocity
m/s
V
Volume
m3
ν
Air flow
m3/h
w
Width
m
Abbreviations
AC
Air Conditioning
AHU
Air Handling Unit
Al
Aluminum
B
Boiler
CFM
Cubic feet per minute
DX
Direct Expansion
DRV
Direct Return Valve
EAF
Exhaust Air Fan
ESP
External Static Pressure
F/B
From Below
GF
Ground Floor
HAP
Hourly Analysis Program
HS
Hot Water Supply
HR
Hot Water Return
HWT
Hot Water Tank
HVAC
Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning
NC
Noise Criteria
OA
Outside Air
PPR
Polypropylene pipes
PVC
Polyvinylchloride
T/A
To Above
VRV/VRF
Variable Refrigerant Volume/Flow
VMS
Variable Multiple System
1F
First Floor
2F
Second Floor xi
CHAPTER 1. LITERATURE REVIEW
1.1 Introduction to HVAC
HVAC stands for heating, ventilating and air-conditioning; it’s the technology that provides us environmental comfort by regulating the temperature, humidity and purity of air in a certain medium. HVAC systems were a replacement for the old cooling and heating appliances and techniques that had low efficiency and high noise levels. It is feasible on different types of structures and it’s affordable due to its low energy consumption [1, 2].
1.1.1 Heating System
A heating system brings the temperature of the room to a higher level by using thermal energy. This process can occur in different diffe rent ways either by direct radiation radi ation (free convection) convectio n) e.g.: radiators, towel warmers or by heating the forced circulated air which can be done by the air handling unit or any AC unit (heating coils) [3, 4].
1.1.2 Cooling System
A cooling system brings the temperature of the room to a lower level by transferring energy outside the room which is usually gained by external sources such as warmer surroundings and sunlight or internal sources such as occupants, lights and machinery [5].
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1.1.3 Ventilation System
A ventilating system is controlled by different types of fans that are responsible for replenishing air, removing moisture, odors, contaminant gases, dust, bacteria and carbon dioxide. It has two main tasks: circulating the air within the room, and exchanging the inside air with fresh outdoor air [6].
1.2 Types of HVAC
There are different kinds of HVAC systems which are:
1.2.1 Direct Expansion (DX)
As observed in figure 1.1 [11, 12], the air that will be used to cool the room passes directly in the cooling coil of the air handling unit to become chilled, where each cooling unit has a single outdoor compressor. In the DX system the refrigerant piping which connects the indoor unit with the compressor can’t be installed for very long distances because the refrigerant will gain heat as it
enters through the pipe, but its installation and maintenance are easy and not expensive [1,7].
Figure 1.1: Presentation of the DX type of HVAC systems.
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1.2.2 Variable Refrigerant Volume/Flow (VRV/VRF)
As shown in figure 1.2 [13], for VRV systems, each outdoor compressor is connected to more than one indoor AC unit by refrigerant piping. It functions by circulating refrigerant from the compressor to the units. This system is capable of varying the volume of the refrigerant to meet the building requirements where it conditions each room independently. It provides great flexibility throughout the building and saves money and reduces carbon emissions by minimum usage of energy needed. It automatically regulates the amount of refrigerant needed in response to the heating/cooling load which saves energy consumption of the compressor. However, its installation cost is higher than other HVAC systems [7, 8].
1.2.3 Variable Multiple System (VMS)
As observed in figure 1.2 [13], VMS system functions the same way as VRV system, but it has a much larger compressor than can connect to much more indoor units than VRV. It is most commonly used in huge towers and structures [7].
Figure 1.2: Presentation of VRV and VMS HVAC systems.
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1.2.4 Chilled Water
As shown in figure 1.3 [14], The Chilled Water type consists of a chiller, air-handling unit, pumps, cooling tower and ducts. They form a certain cycle where water comes in from the cooling tower to the chiller where the water is chilled between 4 to 7 degrees Celsius, then it is pumped to the air handling unit where the water is turned into cold air that is supplies to the rooms. The water gaining heat from the room will return back to the cooling tower by pumping which cools down the temperature of water to a moderate level that will return back to the chiller to continue the cycle. The main advantage of using chilled water type is that it has a long lifespan and it is excellent for using in airports, hotels and malls. However it has high energy consumption due to pumping of water, it needs regular maintenance and has high noise levels [9].
Figure 1.3: Presentation of the chilled water type of HVAC systems.
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1.3 HVAC Units
1.3.1 Indoor AC Units
Wall type Unit: Shown in figure 1.4 [15], it is a decorative AC type which conditions the air in a single room by receiving cold refrigerant from the compressor through copper pipes and supply cold air to the room through fans. It is located on the top of a wall [10].
Figure 1.4: Presentation of the wall type of indoor units.
Floor Mounted Unit: Observed in figure 1.5 [15], it is the same as wall type unit but it supplies cold /hot air to a very large area such as mosques and churches. It is designed to be installed on indoor grounds [10].
Figure 1.5: Presentation of the floor mounted type of indoor units.
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Concealed Split Unit: Shown in figure 1.6 [16], a concealed split unit is connected through large copper pipes to the compressor. It supplies more than one room with conditioned air through ducts connected to each room [10].
Figure 1.6: Presentation of the concealed split indoor unit.
Air Handling Unit (AHU): Shown in figure 1.7 [17], AHUs are used for heating/cooling which consist of coil, blower and damper. They are mainly used in chilled water type where they receive cold water from chillers and transform it to a cold air by a certain mechanism then supply the room with this cold air. Also AHUs can be connected to a heating system where they receive hot water from the hot water tank and transform it to hot air and supply it to the room [2, 10].
Figure 1.7: Presentation of the air handling indoor unit.
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1.3.2 Outdoor AC Units
Compressors: Presented in figure 1.8 [15], the compressor is the most important part in a cooling cycle. It has two main jobs, pumping the cooled air in the system and increasing the low pressure of the refrigerant [10].
Figure 1.8: Presentation of the compressor.
Chiller: As presented in figures 1.3 [14] and 1.9 [18], it is found in the chilled water cooling system located on the roof or behind a building. Chillers receive water from the cooling tower and chill it to reach a temperature between 4 and 7 degrees Celsius [4].
Figure 1.9: Presentation of the chiller.
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Roof Top Package: Shown in figure 1.10 [19], it is a one outdoor indoor package that includes the complete cooling cycle. It is connected to four ducts for exhaust fan, fresh air fan, supply and return. It supplies a certain area with conditioned air [10].
Figure 1.10: Presentation of the roof top package unit.
1.3.3 Heating Units
The heating units and their position in the heating cycle are found in figure 1.11 [20] below:
Figure 1.11: Representation of the complete heating system.
Fuel Oil tank: Supplies the burner with oil through black oil pipes [4].
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Burner: Found inside the boiler which receives oil from the fuel oil tank and burns them in order to heat the water in the boiler [3].
Boiler: As observed in figure 1.12 [21], the boiler receives water from the water tank and waits until it is heated by the burner then sends it to the hot water tank by pumping [3].
Figure 1.12: Presentation of an inside view of a boiler
Hot Water tank: Stores hot water received from the boiler and passes it to different units like lavatory, dishwasher, shower, laundry, radiators, towel warmers and air handling units. There is a thermometer on it to show us the exact temperature of the water inside [4].
Radiator: Presented in figure 1.13 [21], a radiator is found in each room and attached to the wall. It receives hot water from the hot water tank and heats the room by radiation, and it has a release valve that allows any trapped water vapor to be released [3].
Figure 1.13: Presentation of the radiator. 9
Towel Warmers: Presented in figure 1.14 [21], it is the same as radiator but used in bathrooms to heat the room as well as the towels put on it [4].
Figure 1.14: Presentation of the towel warmer.
Expansion Tank: Collects the trapped water vapor in the boiler and release it to outdoors [4].
Polypropylene Pipes (PPR): Connects all the heating units with each other where the supply PPRs are coated with aluminum to isolate the high temperature of the water passing and the return PPRs are left without coating [4].
Black Steel Duct: Connected to the boiler which sends the burned gases of the burner to outdoors [4].
Valves: There are two kinds of valves in the heating system. The gate valves that are installed at the supply and return as well, and the direct return valves (DRV) that are installed on the return only. The valves control the flow of water in the heating system [3].
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1.3.4 Ventilating Units
1.3.4.1 Free Ventilation
Hood: Presented in figure 1.15 [20], it is found in kitchens, and it sends out the polluted air and bad odors from the kitchen to outdoors without the need of any fans [6].
Figure 1.15: Presentation of a kitchen hood.
1.3.4.2 Forced Ventilation
The ventilating units and their position in the ventilation cycle are found in figure 1.16 [20] below:
Figure 1.16: Presentation of a ventilating system.
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Exhaust Air Fans: Shown in figure 1.17 [20], it is responsible for sending out the bad odors and polluted air inside different di fferent bathrooms to outdoors outd oors through a duct and a nd has an exhaust diffuser diffus er installed in each bathroom that acts as a grill which manually controls the volume of air passing through. Beside the diffuser a non-return valve is installed on each duct entering a bathroom in order to prevent bad odors coming from other bathrooms to enter [6].
Figure 1.17: Presentation of exhaust fans.
Axial Fans: Observed in figure 1.18 [20], it acts the same way as the exhaust air fan but instead each bathroom needs an axial fan fa n that is installed right righ t above the toilet which is connected con nected to polyvinylchloride (PVC) pipes to release the polluted pollut ed air outside [6,8].
Figure 1.18: Presentation of an axial fan.
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Fresh Air Fans: Shown in figure 1.19 [20], it receives fresh air from outdoors and supplies it to either indoor AC units or kitchens through ducts [6].
Figure 1.19: Presentation of a fresh air fan.
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CHAPTER 2. SPECIFICATIONS OF THE PROJECT 2.1 Introduction
Our study in this project will focus on DX type of HVAC using concealed split unit. We chose DX type because its installation and maintenance cost are low compared to other types. It also has a high efficiency since the air is directly cooled by the refrigerant. Concerning the refrigerant piping, we found that insulating these pipes will prevent the refrigerant from gaining heat from outdoors, thus the cooling system won’t be affected no matter how long the distance was between the compressor
and the indoor unit. As for the indoor unit we chose the concealed split unit since it is not visible which doesn’t affect the indoor decoration as others will. It is a central AC that conditions many
rooms at the same time on each floor. These characteristics are the best to be applied on our villa project which consists of o f two floors. As for heating and ventilating ve ntilating system we will be using usin g most of the units mentioned in chapter 1 such as the, burner, boiler, hot water tank, radiator, towel warmer, and PPR pipes for the heating system and exhaust air fans and hoods for the ventilating system. Each system forms a complete package of units that can’t be separated and if one unit was removed, the system will not function properly [21, 22].
2.2 Technical Approach
Hourly Analysis Program (HAP) (v4.6) will be used for load calculations
McQuay Design Tool Ductsizer to calculate the sizes of the ducts that will be installed
Duct-Weight Calculator to calculate the weight of the ducts and to approximate their value (excel sheet)
AutoCAD to design the HVAC system
All Mechanical Calculations Program(excel sheet) to calculate the pipe sizes, boiler capacity, hot water tank capacity, size of radiators and towel warmers.
ESP Calculation software to calculate the external static pressure in the exhaust fans and fresh air fans. 14
2.3 Customer Needs
The customer needs central air conditioning, heating system, and ventilating system for a villa residence that regulates the villa temperature, cleans and refreshes the air, and that is designed in a way that lowers the noise level of the equipment to the minimum level. Figures 2.1 [23] and 2.2 [23] below are the architectural maps of o f the villa that we will work on.
Figure 2.1: Ground floor and first floor.
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Figure 2.2: Second floor and roof technical floor.
16
2.4 Customer Needs Follow-Up
By installing the HVAC system in the villa we will prevent the temperature fluctuation of the outdoor weather to affect the indoor room temperature and make the inside air clean and fresh by the use of fresh air fans, exhaust fans, and hoods. We will also reduce the noise level of the cooling system by applying canvas anti-vibrator material to prevent the ducts from vibrating as well as volume dampers that are installed on the ducts to control the volume of air passing through [22].
2.5 Design Concepts
Different kinds of indoor and outdoor units are used in order to design the HVAC system. For indoor units we have concealed split unit, wall type unit, floor mounted unit, air handling unit and fan coil unit. For the outdoor unit we have the compressors which are classified for the DX, VRV and VMS HVAC systems; and the chiller. Also the roof top package is considered as an outdoor unit [2, 22].
2.6 Project Schedule
Table 2.1 below shows the schedule of our project along with the time interval of each activity:
Weeks 1 2-3 4
Discussion about the proposal Turn in the proposal and start to work on the project Internet search about HVAC
5-6
Calculation
7 - 10
Calculation and design
11 - 12
Preparation of final report
14
Final presentation Table 2.1: Project schedule.
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CHAPTER 3. DESIGN CALCULATIONS AND RESULTS 3.1 Load Calculations
3.1.1 Introduction to Hourly Analysis Program (HAP)
As mentioned in chapter 2 the first step in calculation was calculating the loads using Hourly Analysis Program (HAP v4.6). HAP is a software that provides versatile features for designing and sizing HVAC systems for buildings. HAP can easily handle:
Small to large buildings.
Systems including rooftops, central air handlers, fan coils, DX, chilled water and hot water plants and more.
Small office buildings, retail stores, shopping centers, villas, schools, churches, restaurants, large office buildings, hotels, malls, hospitals, factories and multi-use buildings [24, 25].
3.1.2 Collected Data for HAP
Some information must be gathered from the architectural maps and calculations must be done before starting the work on HAP which is:
Specifying the weather properties according to the geographical location and orientation
Calculating the area of each room.
Determining outside air requirement for ventilation.
Calculating the external wall areas.
Calculating the window, and external door areas of each room.
Calculating the partition wall area of each room.
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Determining the internals of each room.
Determining the type of walls and the roof (thickness and material type) [24, 25].
a) Weather Properties: According to our project, this villa is located in Beirut, Lebanon, and the sun orientation is shown in figure 3.1 [23] below. Data filling is found in figure 3.2 [25], where we specified the region, location, and city according to our project, and the rest values were specified by the program.
Figure 3.1: Presentation of the architectural map showing the orientation of the sun.
Figure 3.2: Presentation of weather properties input data.
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b) Room Area: On AutoCAD we drew a polyline coinciding coinci ding the walls of each room and determined det ermined its properties that gave us the area of each room as shown in figures 3.1 [23] and 3.3 [25].
Figure 3.3: Presentation of the floor area for each room.
c) Outside Air Requirement: According to table 3.1 [24] below, we calculated the volumetric rate of the outside air and the occupancies for each area, then we filled these information in the space properties on HAP and the building buildin g weight was took as a standard standa rd value as found in figure figur e 3.4 [25] below.
OUTDOOR OUTDOOR AIR REQUIRMENT R EQUIRMENT FOR VENTILATION VENTILATION
SpaceUsage
L A I T N E D I S E R
Salon Dining Room Family room Library Office Kitchen Entrance Bed room Corridor play play room maids room
OCCUPANCY OA REQ. P/100 m2 L/S.PERSO N 25- 30 8 or 10 30- 40 8 or 10 20- 25 8 or 10 20- 25 8 or 10 20 8 or 10 20 8 or 10 15 8 or 10 2 per. 8 or 10 10 8 or 10 20-25 8 or 10 2 per. 8 or 10
HEAT GAIN SENS. LAT. 70 45 70 45 70 45 70 45 70 45 70 45 70 45 70 45 70 45 70 45 70 45
Table 3.1: Standard values of occupancies and outdoor air requirements for each area. 20
Figure 3.4: Sample of the space properties general input data filling.
d) External wall areas and window areas: We drew a polyline from end to the end of each exposed wall and multiply it by the height which we took it 2.7m. Same thing was done for the windows and doors but with different heights, then we filled the spaces in the software concerning the exposure of each wall and the type of window or door found on each wall as shown in figure 3.5 [25] and table 3.2 [25].
Table 3.2: Presentation of window and door types and areas.
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Figure 3.5: Sample of the space properties of the walls, windows, and doors input data filling.
e) Partition Wall Areas: Partition walls are inside walls that separate two adjacent rooms from each other, where we calculated their area by measuring the length of the wall and multiplying it with the height. The overall heat transfer coefficient (U) was assumed according to the design conditions and the rest values of temperatures were specified by the program as shown in figure 3.6 [25] below.
Figure 3.6: Sample of the space properties of partitions input data filling.
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f) Internals: Internals include overhead lighting, occupancy, and electrical equipment which were determined by using figure 3.8 [24] below according to design conditions. Also, sensible (sens.) and latent (lat.) heats as well as occupancy values were determined from table 3.1 [24] above. Moreover, the recessed, unvented light which we chose is a light fixture that is installed into a hollow opening in a ceiling which is most commonly used in residences. Other values were specified by the program.
Figure 3.7: Sample of the space properties of internals input data filling.
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Figure 3.8: Presentation of lighting power densities standard values for each area.
g) Wall and roof types: The U values are standard for the type of walls and roof used in our project where it is usually classified by its layers and thickness as shown in figures 3.9 [25] and 3.10 [25].
Figure 3.9: Presentation of walls properties and specifications.
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Figure 3.10: Presentation of roof properties and specifications.
3.1.3 Cooling Load Calculation Results
After filling all the data needed on HAP, the software gave us the design results (Loads) on a pdf document and the results are shown below in figure 3.11 [25] and table 3.3 [25], where the values we’re interested in from figure 3.11 [25] are the total coil load and the maximum load occurrence.
Figure 3.11: Presentation of the output data for 1F-01-Maidroom. 25
Ro om om
TO TA TA L COO LI LI NG NG LOA D( D( KW KW)
TO TA TAL COO LI LI NG NG LOA D I N ( bt bt u/ u/h )
AC IN TONS
i n t on ons
GF- 01- KITCHEN
8.7
29685.618
2.4738015
GF- 04- DINING
16.9
57665.166
4.8054305
GF- 05- LIV ING ROOM
8.4
28661.976
2.388498
GF- 06- CORRIDOR
0.8
2729.712
0.227476
1F- 01- MAIDROOM
2.7
9212.778
0.7677315
1F- 03- LIVING ROOM
9.9
33780.186
2.8150155
1F- 04- BEDROOM
9.4
32074.116
2.672843
1F- 05- BATHROOM
4.2
14330.988
1.194249
2F- 01- MASTER BEDROOM
5.7
19449.198
1.6207665
1
3412.14
0.284345
2F- 04- BEDROOM
4.5
15354.63
1.2795525
2F- 05- TECHNICAL ROOM
9.9
33780.186
2.8150155
2F- 03- STORAGE ROOM
3 5 3 0.5 1 3 3 2 2 0.5 2 3
1w=3.41214btu/h 1ton=12000btu/h
Table 3.3: Presentation of the resulting overall cooling loads for each room.
3.2 Duct Sizing
3.2.1 Introduction to McQuay DuctSizer
Duct sizing is used to determine the correct duct sizes to deliver the air volume required for heating, ventilating and cooling.
McQuay Design Tools DuctSizer v6.3 is useful software used to calculate the duct sizes. This program needs key design inputs which are the design desi gn volume flow rate in L/s or cubic feet per minute (CFM) and the limiting duct pressure loss in Pa/m.
In order to avoid noise and vibration inside the duct the limiting duct pressure loss must be approximately 0.653 Pa/m also the flow velocity should be between 3 and 5m/s [24].
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3.2.2 Collected data for McQuay DuctSizer
Certain assumptions are used in when calculating the duct sizes: Rules of thumb:
Air velocities in the ducts should be within permissible limits to reduce noise and vibration recommending an air velocity of 3 to 5m/s in residences.
The pressure loss in the duct should be 0.653 Pascal per meter
Approximately 400 CFM of air is needed to be moved per ton of air conditioning
Duct dimension:
The larger length of the dimension is the width (which is drawn on AutoCAD) and the smaller one is the depth [26].
Table 3.4 [25] shows the total load calculations for each room that we got from HAP and that will be used when calculating the duct sizes.
AC IN TONS
Room
CFM
L/s
GF-01-KITCHEN
3
12 1200
500
GF-04-DINING
20 2000
800
GF-05-LIVIN GF-05-LIVING G ROOM
5 3
12 1200
500
1F-01-MAIDROOM
1
400
167.16
1F-03-LIVIN 1F-03-LIVING G ROOM
12 1200
500
1F-04-BEDROOM
3 3
12 1200
500
1F-05-Bedroom
2
80 800
334
2F-01-MASTER BEDROOM +2F-05-TECHNICAL ROOM
5 2
20 2000
890
80 800
334
2F-04-BEDROOM
1ton=400cfm 1L/s=2.4cfm
Table 3.4: Presentation of the total cooling load for each room. 27
We use these values to fill them in the ductsizer along with other standard input data as shown in figure 3.12 [27] below.
Figure 3.12: Presentation of inputs and outputs of the McQuay software.
3.2.3 Duct Sizing Results
After filling the data needed on McQuay Design Tool DuctSizer v6.3 we get the results of the duct sizes as shown below in table 3.5 [25, 27].
Room
AC IN TONS
GF-04-DINING
3 5
GF-05-LIVING GF-05-LIVING ROOM
3
1F-01-MAIDROOM
1 3 3 2
GF-01-KITCHEN
1F-03-LIVING 1F-03-LIVING ROOM 1F-04-BEDROOM 1F-05-Bedroom 2F-01-MASTER BEDROOM +2F-05-TECHNICAL ROOM 2F-04-BEDROOM
5 2
CFM 12 1200
L/s
Duct si ze ( mm) 500
decorative
20 2000
800
450x450
12 1200
500
450x250
400
167.16
12 1200
500
350x350
12 1200
500
350x350
80 800
334
350x300
20 2000
890
80 800
334
decorative
750x450 decorative
1ton=400cfm 1L/s=2.4cfm
Table 3.5: Presentation of the duct sizes for each room according to their cooling loads
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3.3 Grill Sizing
3.3.1 Grill Sizing Procedure
Considering the grill sizing, referring to table 3.6 [29] we chose the 0̊ deflection with ¼ inch spacing for grill blades with 4” (approximately 10 cm) height of linear grills according to our design criteria
where noise criteria (NC) should not exceed 32 or the cooling system will be considered noisy, and it also should not be lower than 26 or the cooling system will have a low airflow. Now using the values of total cooling loads(in CFM) for each room from HAP we can set the number of supply and return grills for each room and the cooling load each grill supplies in CFM. Next we divide the cooling load supplied by each grill by 152cfm/ft which we got from table 3.6 [29] at NC=32 and 4” nominal height to get the width of the grill in feet, and we convert it to meters where 1 ft=0.305m. This will give us the exact grill size. Note that the air flow that the grills supply to each room should be equal to the airflow that the grills return. The return air will pass through a chain of enclosed spaces inside gypsum boards below the ceiling which will take the return air back to the indoor AC units. Each indoor unit is connected directly to a conic shaped duct in order to increase the air flow to a standard value [28].
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Table 3.6: Presentation of grill sizing categories.
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3.3.2 Grill Sizing Results
After using the data needed and following the procedure for calculating the grills sizes we got the following results in table 3.7 [29, 30], where the rooms GF-01-Kitchen, 1F-01-Maidroom, and 2F04-Bedroom didn’t need any grill sizing calculations since they had decorative wall type AC units.
Table 3.7: Presentation of the grills sizes for each room.
3.4 Duct Weighting
3.4.1 Introduction to Duct-Weight Calculator
This software calculates the duct weight depending on the duct surface area and the thickness (duct gauge). It abides the following rules [31]:
= (2 ∗ ( ℎ ℎ + ℎ ℎ) ∗ ℎ) ℎ) Eq. 3.1 ℎ() = ( ) ∗ ( ( ℎ/( ℎ/( )) Eq. 3.2
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3.4.2 Collected Data for Duct-Weight Calculator
For each range of duct width that is determined from the ductsizer there is a specific steel gauge depending on the duct thickness as shown in table 3.8 [31]. We calculate the duct length by drawing a polyline from end to end for each duct having the same dimension. After filling the ducts dimensions the program will calculate the total duct weight in kg, as well as the total surface area in in . Note that we should add 10% of the total duct weight given by the program considering the standing slips and driving slips that are responsible for holding the ducts up [29, 31].
Galvanized Steel Thickness
DUCT SIZE (mm)
STEEL GAUGE
THICKNESS (mm)
Up to 300
26
0.60
750
24
0.70
13 50
22
0.90
20
1.00
18
1.30
310 760 1360
2100
2110 and above
Table 3.8: Presentation of input categories for Duct-Weight Calculator program.
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After getting the data needed for the duct weighting, we fill these information in the software as shown in table 3.9 [31] below:
Table 3.9: Information filling and calculated outputs for Duct-Weight Calculator program.
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3.4.3 Duct Weighting Results
Using the information given, the software will then give us the duct weight in kg, and adding to this value a 10% as mentioned above we get the total duct weight as shown in figure 3.13 [24, 29] below.
Eq. 3.3 Figure 3.13: Presentation of the total weight calculation.
3.5 Ventilating Calculations
3.5.1 Exhaust Duct Sizing
For exhaust duct sizing first we calculate the volume of each bathroom and kitchen which is the area multiplied by the conventional height (2.7m). Then we multiply the volume by (6 times/hour) which is the average ventilation rate and convert the ventilating load to L/s [24]. After calculating them we fill the data in the McQuay DuctSizer to get the equivalent duct diameters as shown in table 3.12 [25, 27] below.
3.5.2 Calculation of External Static Pressure of Fans
We calculate the external static pressure of the fans where they come in two installations either exhaust air fans or aspirators. The exhaust air fans are used to reject polluted air from more than one area through ducts, whereas the aspirators are fans used to reject polluted air from a single area through either ducts or (Poly vinyl chloride) PVC pipes.
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The external static pressure is the pressure that the fan must overcome due to ducts and fitting losses, to give the required space ventilation. It is a function of length of the duct, equivalent diameter, and velocity of the air inside the duct, frictional losses and the density of the media that the air is flowing inside it [24, 29].
By using ESP calculator, which is found on an excel sheet, the software gives the total static pressure and according to this pressure we are able to choose the appropriate fan motor power.
In this software we fill the flow of air in (m3/h), equivalent duct diameter (mm), the length of the duct (m), the number of duct fittings and the number of duct elbow types, transitions, contractions, branch T’s, and end T’s which we get from AutoCAD and other calculated results as shown in tables
3.10 [32] and 3.11 [32] below.
The transitions are the conic shaped ducts where the flow of air increases, whereas the contractions are the conic shaped ducts where the flow of air decreases. Moreover, the branch T’s are T-shaped
ducts in which the air flow enters from another branch to the main duct, whereas the end T’s are Tshaped ducts in which the air flow enters from two different branches to the main duct. When going from floor to floor either a 90 deg. Elbow, end T, or branch T is installed according to the design. Also the duct fittings include the dampers found at each fan, louvers to get rid of polluted air, and reject air grills installed at each bathroom [29, 32].
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First we convert the flow of air calculated in L/s to m3/h by multiplying the value by 3.6. Next we choose the far end reject air grill for each fan and we calculate its distance where each duct having the same flow will be studied alone including its length, number of elbows, branch T’s, end T’s,
transitions, and contractions found on it. Then we fill these data in the ESP calculation program to get the static pressure of each fan as shown in figure 3.14 [32]. Note that the length of the ducts that goes from floor to floor is to be added to the total length of the duct where each floor has 2.7m height [29, 32].
Table 3.10: Presentation of input data fillings of duct fittings.
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Table 3.11: Presentation of input data fillings of ESP for EAF-GF-01.
3.5.3 Results
Table 3.12 [25, 27] below shows the results of the exhaust ducts diameters given by McQuay software along with the calculated ventilating loads.
Table 3.12: Presentation of exhaust duct dimensions and ventilating loads.
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For each EAF and after filling its input data on ESP software, the program will give us the static pressure of this fan as shown sh own in figure 3.14 [32] below. belo w.
Figure 3.14: Presentation of ESP results for EAF-GF-01.
Repeating the same thing for all the EAF to be installed in our design, we get the following results in table 3.13 [32] below.
Table 3.13: Presentation of the ESP results.
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3.6 Heating Calculations
3.6.1 Introduction
In the heating calculations, we are required to calculate the heating load for each room to be supplied by radiators, the number of elements ele ments of the radiators, the hot ho t water tank, boiler, and burner capacities, the pipe sizes, and the pump’s volumetric flow rate.
3.6.2 Calculations
First we start by calculating the heating loads where in Beirut each 1.5m2 needs 150 watts, in the middle terrains each 1.25m2 needs 150 watts, and in the mountain each 1m2needs 150 watts. In our project the villa is located loca ted in the mountain thus we will be using usin g a heating load of 150 watts watt s for each m2. After having the heating load for each room we convert these values to kcal./hr by multiplying them by 0.86 and decide how many radiators we need for each room and where to place them in a suitable way [24].
Next we calculate the number of elements ele ments of each radiator by dividing d ividing the heating load lo ad each radiator supplies by 130 kcal./hr per element [24]. After that we calculate the hot water tank capacity by using the “All Mechanical Calculations” software which requires us to fill the number of lavatories,
dishwashers, foot basins, kitchen sinks, laundries, showers, service sinks, circular wash sinks, and others found in our design on AutoCAD as shown in table 3.14 [33] below.
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Table 3.14: Input data filling for the HWT on All Mechanical Calculations software.
After filling these data the software will give us the capacity of the hot water tank in liters as shown in table 3.17 [33] below.
Next we calculate the capacity of the boiler using this equation:
= ( + ) ∗ 1.1 Eq. 3.4
The Boiler capacity is equal to the total heating load of the radiators and the hot water tank capacity in kcal./hr add to that a 10% of the total value taking into consideration the evaporation losses that may occur [24, 29].
After that we calculate the capacity of the burner which is equal to 110% of the boiler’s capacity.
Now we are able to draw the heating units and a nd add to them the supply and a nd return copper pipes connections presented by blue and pink pipes respectively [24, 29].
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Next we need to find the sizes of the th e PPR pipes where we use table 3.15 [24] which gives gi ves us standard pipe sizes depending on the heating load passing through each pipe. We go back to AutoCAD and table 3.15 [24] to find how much heating load is passing through each pipe and size them according to these values.
Table 3.15: PPR size categories.
The last step in the heating calculation will be finding the pump size using the following equation:
′ =
∆
Eq. 3.5
Where the pump’s volumetric flow rate is in L/s, the boiler’s capacity is in kw, and “mc” has a
constant value of 4.18 and ∆T also has a constant value of 10̊ C. By this we get the pump’s volumetric flow rate [29].
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3.6.3 Results
Applying the mentioned procedures and calculation we will get the heating load and the number of elements of the radiators as well as the HWT, boiler, and burner capacities and pump flow rate results as shown in tables 3.16, 3.17, and 3.18 [33] below
Table 3.16: Presentation of the heating load results and number of elements of the radiators.
Table 3.17: Presentation of the HWT capacity result.
Table 3.18: Presentation of the HWT, boiler, and burner capacities and pump flow rate results. 42
3.7 AutoCAD
AutoCAD is a very essential program in our project where the results of our work and calculations are applied on it concerning the design of the HVAC units and its installation on the architectural maps
3.7.1 Air Conditioning
Here are the resulting designs of the AC system applied on AutoCAD for the ground, first, second, and roof technical floors presented below in figures 3.15, 3.16, 3.17, and 3.18 [23].
Figure 3.15: Presentation of indoor AC units and ducts design of second floor.
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Figure 3.16: Presentation of indoor/outdoor AC units and ducts design of first floor.
44
Figure 3.17: Presentation of indoor/outdoor AC units and ducts design of ground floor.
45
Figure 3.18: Presentation of outdoor AC units design of roof technical floor.
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3.7.2 Ventilation
Figures 3.19, 3.20, 3.21, and 3.22 [23] below show the resulting designs of the ventilation system applied on AutoCAD for the ground, first, second, and roof technical floors.
Figure 3.19: Presentation of the ventilating units design for the ground floor.
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Figure 3.20: Presentation of the ventilating units design for the first floor.
48
Figure 3.21: Presentation of the ventilating units design for the second floor.
49
Figure 3.22: Presentation of the ventilating units design for the roof technical floor.
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3.7.3 Heating
The resulting designs of the heating system applied on AutoCAD for the basement, ground, first, second, and roof technical floors are shown in the figures 3.23, 3.24, 3.25, 3.26, and 3.27 [23] below.
Figure 3.23: Presentation of the heating units design for the GF-Basement.
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Figure 3.24: Presentation of the heating units design for the ground floor.
52
Figure 3.25: Presentation of the heating units design for the first floor.
53
Figure 3.26: Presentation of the heating units design for the second floor.
54
Figure 3.27: Presentation of the heating units design for the roof technical floor.
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CHAPTER 4. CONCLUSION 4.1 Pricing
After we finished all the HVAC calculations we are now able to price the units used and the cost of the installation.
The pricing of the heating units is shown in table 4.1 [35] below where, the boiler, burner, and hot water tank are priced according to their capacities; the radiators are priced according to their number of elements where we used the 68 cm aluminum radiators; the pump is priced according to its pressure head (meters) and an d volumetric flow rate; the PPR pipes are priced pri ced according to their the ir length per meter and diameter [34, 35].
The pricing of the cooling units is shown in table 4.2 [35] below where, the AC units are priced according to their type (decorative or central) and their cooling load; the copper pipes are priced according to their length and cooling load supply; the ducts are priced according to their weight per kg; the grills are priced according to their dimensions. [34, 35].
The pricing of the ventilating units is shown in table 4.3 [35] below where, the exhaust air fans are priced according to their th eir external static pressure. pre ssure. [34, 35].
After we priced all the units with their quantities and kinds as well as the installation cost, we got the total price of the HVAC project which was about 33000 US$ as observed in table 4.4 [35] below.
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Table 4.1: Overall pricing of the heating units.
Table 4.2: Overall pricing of the cooling units.
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Table 4.3: Overall pricing of the ventilating units.
Table 4.4: Total units and installation costs and final price.
4.2 Evaluation
At the end of our project, we evaluated our work throughout the semester and found out that we finished each part of the project on time as specified in the schedule in chapter 2 without any delays. While working on the project, we kept our focus on accomplishing the customer needs without missing any details. This motivated us to apply our design on AutoCAD in a professional way, where all calculations and dimensions that we got from the software suited the design specifications perfectly.
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21. http://www.greencomplianceplus.markenglisharchitects.com/technical/ventilation/newventilation-systems-todays-airtight-homes/ 22. http//www.hvac-system-basic-blogspot.com 23. AutoCAD 2010 24. Owen, M. (2009) Pocket Guide for Air Conditioning, Heating, Ventilation, Refrigeration. Atlanta: Cumstock. 25. HAP software 26. http://www.isover-technicalinsulation.com/var/technicalinsulation/storage/original/application/d3ac1d4d9285fe382450df c414d1d32c.pdf 27. McQuay Design Tools DuctSizer v6.3 28. http://www.acr-news.com/masterclass-ducting-design-part-29 29. Ashrae, T. (1991) Equipment Ratings. New York: Intertek. 30. http://www.hvac.bz/grillsizingchart.htm 31. Duct-Weight Calculator software 32. ESP Calculator software 33. All Mechanical Calculations software 34. http://www.hvacpriceguides.com/ 35. http://www.contractorsolutions.com/airconditioning_pricelist.htm
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