Análisis por instrumentación
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL CENTRO DEL PERÚ FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA DEPARTAMENTO ACADEMICO DE INGENIERIA
ANÁLISIS POR INSTRUMENTACIÓN
Prese Pr esenta ntado do a
: Ing. AVILA CARHUALLANQUI Gladys Maritza
Alumnos
: LAPA MORALES, Julisa PORRAS RUIZ, Alberto Marco SOTO SOTO, Maritza Rosario RAFEL ORE, Gilmer
Ciclo
:
VI
Huancayo - 2008
Polarimetría
-1
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Análisis por instrumentación
INTRODUCCION
Las técnic técnicas as instru instrume menta ntales les de anális análisis is son herram herramien ientas tas esenci esenciale aless de la química química moderna. moderna. La química analítica analítica instrumenta instrumentall presenta presenta los principios principios fundamentales del análisis instrumental en sus variantes espectroscópicas y separativas así como combinaciones de ellas. Se discuten los elementos de dise diseño ño inst instru rume ment ntal al y su influ influen enci cia a sobr sobre e la prec precis isió ión n y exac exactit titud ud de la información obtenida.
Las técnicas instrumentales de análisis se pueden clasificar de acuerdo a varios criterios entre ellos tenemos:
Cambio en las propiedades de un haz de radiación que pasa por la muestra (absorción, dispersión, difracción, rotación)
Tomando en cuenta este criterio nosotros una de las propiedades que es la “rotación” lo cual nos lleva a seleccionar un método instrumental para su estudio el método es denominado “ polarimetría”.
La polarimetría es una técnica no destructiva consistente en medir la acti activi vida dad d óptic óptica a de comp compue uest stos os tant tanto o orgá orgáni nico coss como como inor inorgá gáni nico cos. s. Un compuesto es considerado ópticamente activo si la luz linealmente polarizada sufre una rotación cuando pasa a través de una muestra de dicho compuesto.
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Análisis por instrumentación
CAPACIDAD
•
Proporciona conocimientos sobre la técnica de la “polarimetría” y sus diferentes aplicaciones.
•
Identifica los componentes de un polarímetro.
•
Ofrece información para la selección de polarímetros de acuerdo con sus características.
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Análisis por instrumentación
FUNDAMENTO TEORICO
POLARÍMETRO: El polarímetro es un instrumento mediante el cual podemos determinar el valor de la desviación de la luz polarizada por un estéreo isómero óptimamente activo (enantiómero (enantiómero)) A partir de un rayo de luz, a través de un filtro polarizador obtenemos un rayo de luz polarizada plana, que al pasar por un porta muestras que contiene un enantiómero en disolución, se desvía. Según la orientación relativa entre los ejes de los dos filtros polarizantes, la luz polarizada pasará por el segundo filtro o no.
Fig. Nº 01
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Análisis por instrumentación
PRIMEROS ESTUDIOS: Si bien el fenómeno aparece ya descrito en trabajos de Christian Huygens sólo fue estudiado a fondo en el siglo XIX, gracias a las investigaciones de autores como el francés Jean Baptiste Biot (1774-1862) o el alemán Thomas Johann Seebec Seebeckk (1770(1770-18 1831) 31).. Estos Estos analiz analizaro aron n no sólo sólo los ya conoci conocidos dos efecto efectoss producidos por sólidos cristalinos como el espato de Islandia, sino también el compor comportam tamien iento to de disolu disolucio ciones nes de cierta ciertass susta sustanci ncias as de origen origen vegeta vegetall y animal. Biot encargó al constructor de instrumentos Nicolas Fortin (1750-1831) un sencillo aparato que consistía en un prisma analizador y un tubo cilíndrico para introducir la muestra analizada, a través del que pasaba la luz polarizada. Biot pudo comprobar que ciertas sustancias de origen natural como “el aceite esencial del laurel” hacían “girar la luz de derecha a izquierda, al igual que la trementina” mientras que, por el contrario, “el aceite esencial del limón y la disolución de alcanfor en alcohol” lo hacían “de izquierda a derecha”. Más adel adelan ante te,, las las prime primera rass sust sustan anci cias as fuer fueron on deno denomi mina nada dass “ levógiras” levógiras” y l a s segundas “dextrógiras “dextrógiras”. ”.
USO DEL POLARÍMETRO: El funcionamiento del polarímetro es muy sencillo e ingenioso, como puede comprobarse a través de la figura adjunta. La luz introducida es polarizada en un plano determinado mediante el polarizador (A) y luego se hace pasar a tra través vés de la diso isoluci lució ón de la susta ustanc ncia ia que se prete reten nde anali naliza zar. r. A continuación, esta luz pasa por un nuevo polarizador (C) que deberá estar colocado en la posición adecuada para permitir el paso de la luz hasta el
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Análisis por instrumentación
ángulo que es necesario girar el segundo polarizador para obtener un máximo de intensidad luminosa. Si se mide este ángulo cuando el recipiente está vacío y cuando el recipiente está lleno con una sustancia óptimamente activa, la dife difere renc ncia ia entr entre e ambo amboss valo valore ress perm permitite e calc calcul ular ar el pode poderr rota rotato tori rio o de la disolución
LA LUZ POLARIZADA: Al contrario de lo que ocurre con algunos animales, el ojo humano no puede distinguir entre la luz polarizada y la no polarizada. La luz polarizada puede ser definida como un conjunto de ondas luminosas que vibran todas ellas en un solo plano, mientras que en la luz no polarizada el plano de vibración varía rápidamente, a razón de cien millones de veces por segundo.
POLARIZACIÓN: ¿Qué pasa cuando una fuente ordinaria de luz pasa a través de ciertos cristales? Los átomos en un cristal están acomodados en una gran número de canales paralelos. La luz pasa a través de ambos cristales cuando sus canales son paralelos, pero se cortará completamente si los canales están cruzados.
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Análisis por instrumentación
Un solo cristal entonces mantendrán atrás todas las vibraciones excepto una que está alineada con su propia fibra. Una fuente de luz cuyas vibraciones son de este modo confinadas en una dirección se dice que es un polaridazor plano. Esta experiencia también nos muestra que las ondas de la luz son traversas. La onda longitudinal no puede ser polarizada. Una Una inven invenci ción ón de Nico Nicoll pued puede e ser ser usad usada a para para prod produc ucir ir y dete detect ctar ar la luz luz polarizada. Este es conocido como el prisma Nicol. El prisma se coloca en el frente de la fuente de luz y es rotado. Si la fuente de luz es plana polarizada la luz que se ve a través del prisma Nicol varía en intensidad y nada pasa a través del prisma en cierta posición y el brillo del camino.
USOS E IMPORTANCIA: La luz polarizada puede ser usada para encontrar simplemente como la fuerza de la luz se distribuye en las partes de una maquinaria. Un modelo de una parte está hecho de plástico y sujetada al tipo de fuerza. Cuando se ve por la luz polarizada, aparecen bandas de colores que muestran exactamente donde se ejerce la fuerza en la pieza. Recuerdan el prisma de Nicol? Es usado en un sacarímetro. Un sacarímetro es el instrumento para medir la concentración de azúcar. Debido a la estructura
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Análisis por instrumentación
POLARÍMETRIA: Es la ciencia que concierne el ángulo de rotación de una luz polarizada plana. Es impo import rtan ante te en quím químic ica a ya que que much muchos os comp compue uest stos os quím químic icos os son son ópticamente activos; ellos tienen el poder de rotar el plano de polarización de una una fuen fuente te de luz luz polar polariz izad ada. a. El fenó fenóme meno no ocur ocurre re cuan cuando do la estru estruct ctur ura a molecular de la falta de simetría en los compuestos, así que la molécula y su imag imagen en espe espejo jo no son son supe superp rpon onib ible les. s. La poli polime metr tría ía tien tiene e impo import rtan ante tess aplicaciones en la industria del azúcar, ya que la sucrosa es mucho más opticamente activa que mucos impurezas comunes, así que la polarimetría puede ser usada para medir la pureza del azúcar. La polimetría también es usada para caracterizar y distinguir estereoisómeros, los los que que son son comp compue uest stos os con con la mism misma a comp compos osic ició ión n y estr estruc uctu tura ra,, pero pero dife iferentes de átomos dentro de la molécula. la. Dos bien ien conocidos estereoisómeros son los ácidos tartárico y racemico. El ácido tartárico rota la luz polarizada plana a la derecha mientras el ácido racémico es ópticamente inactivo, sugiriendo diferentes simetrías dentro de las dos moléculas Mientras estos ácidos diferentes en muchas otras propiedades visibles, es común el caso que los estereoisómeros solo puedan distinguirse por la polarimetría y por
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Análisis por instrumentación
quirales. Cada sustancia ópticamente activa tiene su propia rotación específica, determinada por por la siguiente siguiente ecuación ecuación de biots:
[α] = rotación específica T = temperatura λ = longitud de onda α = rotación óptica, c = concentración en g/100ml l = longitud del camino óptico en dm.
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Análisis por instrumentación
El método polarimetrico es una forma simple y precisa para la determinación e inve invest stig igac ació ión n de estr estruc uctu tura rass en macr macro, o, semi semimi micr cro o y micr micro o anál anális isis is de compuestos cuyo coste económico o cuya dificultad para duplicarlos es alta. La Polarimetría se usa en control de calidad, control de procesos e investigación en la indust industria ria farmac farmacéut éutica ica,, químic química, a, aceites aceites esenci esenciale ales, s, alimen alimentac tación ión y aromas. La farmacopea y la Food & Drugs Administracion (FDA) incluyen numerosas especificaciones polarimétricas para numerosas substancias.
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Análisis por instrumentación
APLICACIONES
Los usos mas frecuentes frecuentes de la polarimetría polarimetría van de la investigación investigación al control control de calidad y control de procesos. Dent Dentro ro de la inve invest stig igac ació ión n es frec frecue uent nte e el uso uso para para,, aisl aislam amie ient nto o de cris crista taliz lizad ados os,,
eval evalua uarr y cara caract cter eriz izar ar comp compue uest stos os óptic ópticam amen ente te activ activos os,,
reacciones reacciones cinéticas, cinéticas, monitorizac monitorización ión y cambios cambios de concentrac concentración ión así como actividades. En el campo de el control de calidad y control de procesos la polarimetría se usa las mas diferentes ramas, como farmacéutica (aminoácidos, analgésicos, cocaína, dextrosa, codeína, antibióticos), alimentación (carbohidratos, glucosa, malto maltosa sa,,
mono monosa sacá cári rido doss
natu natura rale les) s),,
quím químic ica a
(bio (biopo polílíme mero ros, s,
sintéticos, polímeros naturales.
CARACTERÍSTICAS: •
Celdas o cubetas de hasta 200mm de longitud.
•
Lámparas de tungsteno-halógeno.
•
Múltiples longitudes de onda
polí políme mero ross
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Análisis por instrumentación
•
Aislar e identificar incógnitas cristalizado de diversos disolventes o separados por cromatografía líquida de alta eficacia efi cacia (HPLC).
•
Evaluación y caracterización de compuestos ópticamente activos por la medición de su rotación específica y comparando este valor con los valores teóricos encontrados en la literatura.
•
La investigación de reacciones cinéticas de la medición de la rotación óptica en función del tiempo.
•
Vigilancia de los cambios en la concentración de un componente activo ópticamente en una mezcla de reacción, como en la división enzimática.
•
Analizando la estructura molecular por conspirar óptico giratorio curvas de dispersión en una amplia gama de longitudes de onda.
•
Distinguir entre isómeros ópticos.
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Análisis por instrumentación
1.
INDUSTRIA FARMACÉUTICA :
Determina la pureza de los productos de medición específicos y la rotación óptica de la rotación: •
Aminoácidos
•
Antibióticos
•
Dextrosa
•
Esteroides
•
Amino
•
Azúcares
•
Cocaína
•
Diuréticos
•
Tranquilizantes
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Análisis por instrumentación
El ácido cítrico
Aceite de lavanda
Aceite de menta
Orange petróleo
Glyceric ácido Aceite de limón 2.
INDUSTRIA ALIMENTARIA :
Asegura la calidad de los productos de medición de la concentración y la pureza de los siguientes compuestos en los alimentos a base de azúcar, los cereales y los jarabes
Hidratos de carbono
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Análisis por instrumentación
Xilosa 3.
INDUSTRIA QUÍMICA :
Analiza la rotación óptica como medio de identificar y caracterizar:
Biopolímeros
Polímeros naturales
Polímeros sintéticos
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Análisis por instrumentación
EJEMPLO EXPERIMENTAL APLICATIVO Nº 01 DETERMINACIÓN DE SACAROSA EN LECHE CONDENSADA.
El contenido de sacarosa en la leche condensada se determina mediante un método polarimétrico. La POLARIMETRÍA, (método instrumental óptico) es una técnica que nos permite medir el poder rotatorio de sustancias ópticamente activas. El método usado en esta determinación se basa en el principio de inversión de Clerget, por el que se deduce el contenido de sacarosa de la leche por el cambio de poder rotatorio de la muestra cuando se hidroliza la sacarosa. La lect lectur ura a pola polarim rimét étric rica a dire direct cta a se real realiz iza a sobr sobre e mues muestr tra a neut neutra raliz lizad ada, a, clarificada y filtrada. La hidrólisis o inversión de la sacarosa se realiza mediante
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Análisis por instrumentación
•
Se realiza lectura del poder rotatorio a 20 ± 1ºC sobre porción filtrada (D).
•
Sobre otra porción del líquido filtrado se realiza la inversión por tratamiento suave con ácido clorhídrico en caliente.
•
Se determina el poder rotatorio de la solución invertida a 20 ± 0,2ºC (I)
•
Se calcula el contenido en sacarosa de la muestra con ayuda de una fórmula que tiene en cuenta, entre otros parámetros, la masa de muestra, el volumen de la solución de la muestra, los porcentajes de
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Análisis por instrumentación
APLICACIONES Nº 02 POLARIMETRÍA 1 OBJETIVO: Determinar la pureza del azúcar comercial (sacarosa) conociendo el poder rotatorio específico de la misma en solución acuosa, con luz de sodio y a temperatura ambiente.
FUNDAMENTO: Se basa en la propiedad que tiene el vector campo eléctrico de una onda elec electr trom omag agné nétic tica a (en (en este este caso caso luz luz natu natura ral) l) que que lueg luego o de atra atrave vesa sarr un
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Análisis por instrumentación
Fig. Nº 05 www.bioquimicaqui11601.ucv.cl/.../aa22.htmll Fuente: www.bioquimicaqui11601.ucv.cl/.../aa22.htm
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Análisis por instrumentación
-
Pipeta de 10 mL
-
Regla
DATOS: •
[α] sacarosa
: 66,37º mL/cm.g
•
Peso de sacarosa
: 20,127 g
•
Sensibilidad de la balanza
: 0,001 g
•
Sensibilidad del polarímetro : 0,1º
•
Longitud del tubo
: 22,0 cm
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Análisis por instrumentación
-
Info Inform rmar ar la la pure pureza za de de la mue muest stra ra de de saca sacaro rosa sa..
RESULTADOS: TABLA: Nº 01 TOMA DE MUESTRAS MUESTRA
TEÓRICO
Cc (g/ (g/ml) º rotac tación Cc (g/ (g/ml) º ro rotación 0,000
0
0,000
0
0,081
4,1
0,403
58,8
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Análisis por instrumentación
ROTACIÓN EN FUNCIÓN DE Cc
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Análisis por instrumentación
del operador al utilizar el equipo y definir el semicampo de penumbra, en este caso dado por la luz amarilla emitida por la lámpara de Sodio; y también, por no emplear material volumétrico adecuado para realizar las diluciones. Finalm Finalment ente e podemo podemoss conclu concluir ir que la sacaro sacarosa sa es un hidrat hidrato o de carbo carbono, no, dextrógiro debido a que gira la luz polarizada hacia la derecha. Esto se
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Análisis por instrumentación
MODELOS DE EQUIPOS TIPOS DE POLARIMETROS: 1. POLARÍ POLARÍMET METRO RO AUTOMÁ AUTOMÁTIC TICO: O: Con el polarímetro automático P8000 el tiempo de medición es de tan sólo un segundo, con independencia del ángulo de giro de la muestra. Además de la
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Análisis por instrumentación
3. POLA POLARÍ RÍME METR TRO O MANU MANUAL AL:: Un apar aparat ato o robu robust sto o para para aplic aplicac acio ione ness de labo labora rato tori rio o senc sencill illas as,, tamb tambié ién n adec adecua uado do para para acti activi vida dade dess acad académ émic icas as.. Adem Además ás de un vali valios oso o sopo soport rte e metálico, dispone asimismo de una cámara de muestras para tubos de hasta 220 mm de longitud.
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Análisis por instrumentación
AUTOPOL I:
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Análisis por instrumentación
AUTOPOL III:
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Análisis por instrumentación
CFR CFR 21 part parte e 11 Con Con un sist sistem ema a pate patent ntad ado o de cont contro roll elec electr trón ónic ico o de
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Análisis por instrumentación
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Análisis por instrumentación
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Análisis por instrumentación
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