1
Introduction to Medical Terminology OBJECTIVES In this chapter, you should learn to
Identify and recognize the parts of a medical term Define commonly used prefixes, combining forms, and suffixes presented in this chapter Analyze and understand basic medical terms Recognize the importance of spelling medical terms correctly Practice pronunciation of medical terms Recognize the importance of medical dictionary use Practice medical dictionary use
INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Medical terms are used every day in medical offices, newspa new spaper pers, s, tel televis evision ion,, and conv convers ersati ationa onall settings settings.. Mostt of us are familiar Mos familiar with many medical medical terms; terms; however, other medical terms terms seem complicated complicated and foreign. Learning and understanding understanding how medical medical terminology developed can help us understand these terms. Current medical vocabulary is based on terms of Greek and Latin origin, eponyms (words formed from a person’s person’s name), and modern language terms. The majority of medical terms are derived from word parts based on Greek Greek and Latin words. Becoming familiar with these Greek and Latin terms and identifying word parts will enable one to learn common medical terms and to recognize unfamiliar medical terms by word word analysis. analysis. Med Medical ical terminolo terminology gy may seem seem dauntin dau ntingg at firs firstt becaus becausee of the leng length th of med medica icall words and seemingly complex complex spelling rules, but once you learn the basic rules of breakin breakingg a word down into its constituents the words become easier to read and understand.
ANATOMY ANA TOMY OF A MEDICAL TERM Many medical medical terms are composed composed of word part comcombinations. binat ions. Rec Recognizi ognizing ng these word word parts and and their meanings simplifies learning medical terminology. These word parts are word part found at the beginning word beginning of a word. Usually Us ually indicates indicates number number,, locati location, on, time, or status. status. root: word part that gives the essential meaning of the word. combining vowel: single vowel, vowel, usual usually ly an “o, “o,” that is added to the end of a root to make make the word easier to pronounce. combinati ination on of the root and comcomcombining form: comb bining vowel. word d part found found at the end of of a word. word. Usu Usually ally suffix: wor indicates indic ates procedure, procedure, cond condition ition,, disea disease, se, or diso disorder rder.. prefix:
Understanding the meaning of the word word parts allows one to dissect medical terms in a logical way. way. By breaking down unfamiliar terms into recognizable word parts, one’ one’ss medical medical vocabulary vocabulary can be be greatly inincreased. 1
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Chapter 1
TABLE 1–1
Contrasting Prefixes Without a prefix the root traumatic means pertaining to injury. Without a prefix the root uria means urination. ab- (ahb) means away from. abduction means to take away from midline.
Without a prefix the root emetic means pertaining to vomiting. (dihs)) means difficult, difficult, painf painful, ul, or bad. dys- (dihs dysphagia means difficulty eating or swallowing. endo- (ehn-do) o ¯) means within or inside.
internally.. endocrine means to secrete internally endo- means within or inside. endoparasite is an organism that lives within the body of the host. (h¯¯ı-p ı- pər) means elevated or more than normal. hyper- (h elevated amounts amounts of blood hyperglycemia means elevated glucose. inter- (ihn-tər) means between. intercostal means between the ribs. e) means many. e) poly- (pohl-¯ polyuria means elevated amount or frequency of
urination. pre- (pr¯ e) means before. e) preanesthetic means pertaining to before anesthesia. (suhb)) means below, below, under under,, or less. sub- (suhb sublingual means under the tongue.
Prefixes Prefixes are are added to the beginning of a word or root to modify modi fy its meaning. meaning. For example example,, the term term operativ operativee can be modified using various prefixes. ᭤
᭤
᭤
The prefix pre- means before. Preoperative means before or preceding an operation. The prefix peri- (pehr-e ෆ) means around. Perioperative means pertaining to the period around an operation or the period before before,, during, and after an operation operation.. The prefix post- means after. Postoperative means after an operation.
Many prefixes have another prefix whose meaning is opposite oppos ite of of its own. own. Init Initially ially,, when learning learning prefi prefixes xes it is helpful to learn them in these pairs or in similar groups (Table (Table 1–1 and Figure 1–1).
Combining Vowels A combining vowel sometimes is used to make the medical term term easier easier to pronounce pronounce.. The combining combining vowel is used when the suffix begins with a consonant,
a- (ah or ¯ a) means without or no. a) atraumatic means without injury. an- (ahn) means without or no. absencee of urine. anuria means absenc ad- (ahd) means toward. adduction means move toward the midline. anti- (ahn(ahn-t¯ t¯ı or ahn-tih) ahn-tih ) means against. agai nst. antiemetics work against or prevent vomiting. (yoo)) means good, good, easy easy,, or normal. normal. eu- (yoo euthyroid means having a normally functioning thyroid
gland. without, out of, ex- (ehcks) or exo- (ehcks-o) ¯o) means without, outside, or away away from. from. exocrine means to secrete externally (via a duct). ecto- (ehck-t¯ o) means outside. o) ectoparasite is an organism that lives on the outer surface of the hos host. t. (h¯¯ı-p ı- p¯ o) means depressed or less than normal. o) hypo- (h hypoglycemia means depressed depressed amounts amounts of blood glucose. intra- (ihn-trah) means within. intramuscular means within the muscle. oligo- (ohl-ih-g¯ o) means scant or little. o) oliguria means depressed amount or frequency of urination. ost) means after. ost) post- (p¯ postanesthetic means pertaining to after anesthesia. super- (soo-pər) and supra - (soo-prah) mean above, beyond, or excessiv excessive. e. supernumerary means more than the regular number. suprascapular means above the shoulder blade.
Ultra, super, supra hyper
Epi
t a e M
r P e Inter
Intra
Extra
Trans Infra
Sub, hypo
FIGURE 1–1 Directional prefixes
as in the suffix -scope. An arthroscope is an instrument to visually examine examine the joint. Because the suffix -scope begins with a consonant, the combining vowel vowel “o”” is used. “O “o “O”” is the most common commonly ly used combincombining vowe vowel; l; how howeve everr, “i” and “e “e”” may be be used as well. well. A combining vowel is not used when the suffix begins with a vowel, vowel, as in the suffix -itis. Gastritis is inflammation matio n of the stomach. stomach. Bec Because ause the suffix suffix -itis begins begins with a vowel, vowel, the combin combining ing vowe vowell “o” “o” is not used. used. A
Introduction to Medical Terminology
TABLE 1-2
᭤
Directional Prefixes and Their Meanings Prefi Pr efix x epi extra hyper
Pron Pr onun unci ciat atio ion n (eh-p¯e) (ehcks-trah) (hi-pər)
hypo infra inter int r a meta per sub super
(h¯ı-po ¯) (ihn-frah) (ihn-tər) (ihn-trah) (meht-ah) (pər) (suhb) (soo-pər)
supra
(soo-prah)
trans ultra
(trahnz) (uhl-trah)
Defin De finit itio ion n upper outside above, in increased, or or more than normal below, un under, or or decreased below or beneath between within beyond throughout below, un under, or or decreased above, in i ncreased, or o r more than normal above, in i ncreased, or o r mo m ore than normal across above, in i ncreased, or o r mo more than normal
combining vowel is always used when two or more roott words roo words are are joined joined.. Fo Forr exampl example, e, whe when n gastr/o (stomach) is joined with enter/o (small intestine) the combining vowel is used with gastr/o, as in the term gastroenteritis. A combining vowel is not used between a prefix and the root word.
“PERTAINING “PERT AINING TO” SUFFIXES ᭤ ᭤ ᭤ ᭤ ᭤
᭤ ᭤
(pahn),, a prefix meaning meaning all pan- (pahn) ¯), a combining o combining form meaning white leuk/o (loo-k o), e-n¯e-ah), e-n e-ah), a suffix meaning meaning deficie deficiency ncy or -penia (p¯ reduction in number
Panleukopenia is a defic deficie ienc ncyy of al alll types types of of wh whit itee
SURGICAL SUFFIXES ᭤
᭤
᭤
᭤
᭤
Suffixes
᭤
᭤
The suffix -tomy means cutting into or incision. Gastrotomy is incision into the stomach. The suffix -stomy means a surgically created opening. Gastrostomy is a surgically created opening between the stomach and the body surface.
¯o-m¯e) e) ϭ sur surgic gical al re remov moval, al, as in -ectomy (ehck-to-m removal of the breast or mammastectomy, surgical removal mary glands -pexy (pehck-s¯ e) ϭ sutu e) suture re to stabilize, stabilize, as in gastropexy, surgically stabilizing the stomach to the abdominal wall e) ϭ sur e) surgic gical al repa repair ir,, as in in rhino-plasty (plahs-t¯ surgical cal repair repair of the nose plasty, surgi o-m¯e) o-m e) ϭ surgically created created opening, opening, as in -stomy (st¯ colostomy , a surgically created opening between the colon and body surface ¯-m¯e) -tomy (to-m o e) ϭ cutti cutting ng into, into, as in laparotomy, an incision into the abdomen
PROCEDURAL SUFFIXES
blood cells.
Suffixes are are attached to the end of a word part to modmodify its its meani meaning. ng. Fo Forr exampl example, e, the comb combini ining ng form form gastr/o means stomach and can be modified using various suffixes.
(ahck) ck),, as in cardiac (pertaining to the heart) -ac (ah (ahl), ), as in in renal (pertaining to the kidney) -al (ahl (ahn), ), as in in ovarian (pertaining to the ovary) -an (ahn (ahr), r), as in lumbar (pertaining to the loin) -ar (ah -ary (ahr-¯ e ), as in e), in alimentary (pertaining to the gas-
trointestinal tract) ᭤ -eal (¯ e-ahl), as in laryngeal (pertaining to the lare-ahl), ynx) ᭤ -ic (ihck (ihck), ), as in in enteric (pertaining to the intestines) ᭤ -ine (ih (ihn), n), as in uterine (pertaining to the uterus) ᭤ -ous (uh (uhs), s), as in cutaneous (pertaining to the skin) ᭤ -tic (ti (tihck hck), ), as in nephrotic (pertaining to the kidneys)
Combining Forms
᭤
The suffix -ectomy means surgical removal or excision. Gastrectomy is surgical removal removal of the stomach. stomach.
Many suffixes can be grouped together by meaning or by the catego category ry they modify modify.. Initi Initially ally,, when learning learning suffixes it is is easiest if the learner groups them by by meaning or category.
᭤
A word root plus a vowel is the combining form. Combining forms usually describe describe a part of of the body. body. New words are created when combining forms are added to prefixes, other combining combining forms, and suffixes. suffixes. For exampl example, e, the term term panleukopenia is composed of the word parts
3
᭤
᭤
᭤
᭤
e-sihs) ϭ surgical puncture to ree-sihs) -centesis (sehn-t¯
move fluid or gas (either for diagnosis or to re move excess exc ess fluid fluid or gas), gas), as in cystocentesis, a surgical puncture of the urinary bladder with a needle to remove fluid (urine) -gram (grahm) reco re cord rd of, as in electrocardiogram, the electrocardiographic hard copy record -graph (grahf) ϭ instrument that records (or used as reco record rd), ), as in in electrocardiograph, the machine that records records the electrical activity of the heart -graphy (grahf-¯ e) ϭ proc e) procedur eduree that records records,, as in electrocardiography, the procedure used to record the electrical electrical activity activity of the heart (l¯¯ı-sihs ı-s ihs)) ϭ separ separation ation or brea breakdown kdown,, as in -lysis (l ϭ
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Chapter 1
urinalysis, separ separation ation of the urine urine into its con᭤
᭤
᭤
stituents op) ϭ instr op) instrument ument to visually visually examine, as -scope (sk ¯ in endoscope, an instrument used to visually examine inside the body op-¯e) ope) ϭ procedur proceduree to visually examine, as -scopy (sk ¯ in endoscopy, the procedu procedure re of visuall visuallyy examining examining inside the body -therapy (thehr-ah-p¯ e) ϭ tre e) treatm atment ent,, as in chemotherapy, treatment with chemical substances or drugs
DOUBLE “R” SUFFIXES ᭤
᭤
᭤
᭤
᭤
᭤
᭤
᭤
᭤
᭤
Adjective
Suffix
cyanosis
-osis
cyanotic
-tic
anemia
-emia
anemic
-ic
mucus
-us
mucous
-ous
ilium
-um
iliac
-ac
condyle
-e
condylar
-ar
carpus
-us
carpal
-al
FIGURE 1–2 Suffix variation depending on usage
-rrhagia or -rrhage (r¯ a-j¯e-ah a-j e-ah or rihdj) bursting fort fo rth, h, as in hemorrhage, bur bursti sting ng forth forth of of blo blood od
from the vessels e) ϭ to suture e) suture,, as in enterorrhaphy, -rrhaphy (rahf-¯ suturing suturi ng of the intestin intestines es e-ah) ϭ flo e-ah) flow w, di disc scha harg rge, e, as in diarrhea, -rrhea (r¯ complete comp lete discharge discharge of the bowels bowels ruptur ture, e, as in myorrhexis, -rrhexis (rehck-sihs) ϭ rup rupture ruptu re of the muscle muscle
CONDITIONAL SUFFIXES
᭤
Suffix
ϭ
What is the difference between human and veterinary medical terminology? Most times, the medical terms used in human medical settings are identical to the ones used in veterinary medical settings. The greater number of species in veterinary medicine and the addition of terms used in animal production greatly expand the vocabulary of veterinary professionals. Species-specific anatomical differences also influence the terms used in a specific area. Do you know where the calf muscle is located on a person? Where is the calf muscle in a calf?
᭤
Noun
e-ah or dihn-¯e-ah) e-ah e-ah) ϭ pain, -algia and -dynia (ahl-j¯ as in arthralgia and arthrodynia, or joint pain ı-t ihs) s) ϭ infl inflamm ammati ation, on, as in hepatitis, in-itis (¯ı-tih flammation flammat ion of of the liver liver -malacia (mah-l¯ a-sh¯e-ah) a-sh e-ah) ϭ abnorm abnormal al softening, softening, as in osteomalacia, abnorm abnormal al softening softening of bone -megaly (mehg-ah-l¯ e) ϭ en e) enla larg rgem emen ent, t, as in in carenlargement ement of the heart heart diomegaly, enlarg o-sihs) ϭ abnorm o-sihs) abnormal al conditi condition, on, as in cardio-osis (¯ abnormal condition condition of the heart sis, an abnormal e) ϭ dis e) diseas ease, e, as in enteropathy, dis-pathy (pahth-¯ ease of of the intesti intestines nes -sclerosis (skleh-ro-sihs) o abnormal rmal harden hardening, ing, as in ¯-sihs) abno arteriosclerosis, abnormal hardening hardening of of the arteries -um (uhm) ϭ st stru ruct ctur ure, e, as in pericardium, the structure surrounding the heart
Suffixes may chan Suffixes change ge the the part of speec speech h of a word. word. Different suffixes may change the word from a noun (naming (nami ng people people,, plac places, es, or things) things) to an adjec adjectiv tivee (descriptor (desc riptor)) (Figure (Figure 1-2). Examp Examples les of this include include cyanosis is a noun mean meaning ing conditi condition on of blue discolo co lora rati tion on,, wh wher erea eass cyanotic is an adjective
meaning pertaining to blue discoloration condition of deanemia is a noun meaning a blood condition ficient ficie nt red blood blood cells or hemoglobi hemoglobin, n, where whereas as anemic is an adjective meaning pertaining to a blood condition of deficient red red blood cells or hemoglobin mucus muc us is a noun meaning a slime-like substance that is comp co mpos osed ed of gla gland ndul ular ar se secr cret etio ion, n, sa salt lts, s, ce cell lls, s, an and d leukocytes leuk ocytes,, wher whereas eas muc mucous ous is an adjective meaning pertaining to mucus meaning a part of the hip, hip, where whereas as ili ilium ili um is a noun meaning iliac ac is an adjective pertaining to the hip condyle is a noun meaning a rounded projection on a bone, wher whereas eas condylar is an adjective meaning pertaining to a rounded projection on a bone carpus is a noun meaning the joint between the radius and ulna and metacarpal bones, whereas carpal is an adjective meaning pertaining to the joint between the radius and ulna and metacarpal bones
ANALYZING MEDICAL TERMS Medical terminology can be more easily understood if the following objectives are adhered to: ᭤
᭤
ϭ
᭤
Dissect: First analyze the word structurally by dividing it into its basic components. Begin at the end: After dividing the word into its basic parts, parts, define the suffix suffix first, first, the prefix prefix second, second, and then the the roots. roots. If ther theree are two roots, roots, divid dividee each and read them from left to right. Anatomical order: Where body systems are involved, the words usually are built built in the order order in
Introduction to Medical Terminology
which the organs occur in the body. body. For example, is the proper term for inflammation gastroenteritis of the stoma stomach ch and small small intes intestin tine. e. Bec Becaus ausee food passes from the stomach stomach into the small intestine, intestine, the medical term for stomach appears before the medical term for small intestine. The order of word parts in a medical term may also represent the order of blood flow through organs. The exception to this involves some diagnostic procedures in which tools or substances are passed retrograde or in the opposite direction of anatomic order. order. In these cases the words are built in the order in which the equipment passes the body part. Using these guidelines, guidelines,analyze analyze the term ovariohysterectomy. First divide the term into its basic components: front, the ovari/o/hyster/ectomy. Defining from back to front, suffix -ectomy is surgical removal, removal, one combining combining form ovari/o means ovary,and the other combining form hysteri/o means uterus. Together the term ovariohysterecremoval of the ovaries and uterus. uterus. tomy means surgical removal This term is based on the order in which the ovaries and uterus are found in the body.
WHAT DID YOU SAY? Proper pronunciation pronunciation of medical terms takes takes time and practice. Listening to how words words are pronounced pronounced by medical professionals and using medical dictionaries and textbooks are the best ways to learn pronunciation. There will be individual variations in geographic location or personal preference. preference. Medical dictionaries also vary in how they present present pronun pronunciati ciation on of medi medical cal terms. Some sources sources mark the syllable receiving receiving the greatest great est emphasis emphasis with a primary accent accent ( ) and the syllable receiving the second most emphasis with a secondary accent (Љ). Other sources sources boldface boldface and capitalcapitalize the syllable receiving receiving the most emphasis, and other sources do not emphasize syllables. Consult with your your reference before pronouncing the word.
General Pronunciation Guidelines Vowels can either be short or long (Table 1–3). Consonants are generally pronounced as in other English words.
DOES SPELLING COUNT? Be aware of spelling when using using medical terminology. terminology. Changing one or two letters can change the meaning of a word. Hepatoma is a liver liver mass, mass, wher whereas eas hematoma is a mass mass or co collec llectio tion n of blo blood. od. The urethra takes urine from from the urinary urinary bladder to to the outside outside of the bodyy, whe bod wherea reass ureters collect urine from the kidney
5
and transport it to the urinary bladder. bladder. Medical terms terms may be pronounced the same but have different meanings, so spelling spelling is importa important. nt. For examp example, le, ileum and ilium are pronounced pronounced the same. However However,, ileum is the distal dis tal part part of the smal smalll intest intestine ine (e (e ϭ enter/o or e ϭ eat eating ing), ), whe wherea reass ilium is part part of of the pel pelv v ic bone (pelv ic has i in it). Some medical medical terms terms actually have have the same spelling as terms used for other body parts. For example example,, the combinin combiningg form myel/o represents the spinal cord and bone marrow (it originates from the term meaning white white substance). Other terms have have different spellings depending on how the term is used grammat gram matica ically lly.. Fo Forr exampl example, e, whe when n used used as a noun noun mucus (the slimy stuff stuff secreted from mucous mucous membranes) is spelled differently than when it is used as an adjective (as in mucous membrane). When you are looking a medical term up in the dictio dic tionary nary,, spe spelli lling ng plays plays an importa important nt role. role. TABLE 1–3
Pronunciation of Guide Vowel V owel
Sound
Example
“a” at the end of a word “ae” followed by r or s “i” at at the end of a word “oe”
ah ah ¯ı eh
idea aerobic bronchi oestrogen (old English form) sarcoid euthanasia Einstein air auditory
“oi” “eu” “ei” “ai” “au”
oy
¯u
¯ı ay aw
Exceptions to Consonant Pronunciations Consonant
“c” before e, i, and y “c” before a, o, and u “g” before e, i, and y “g” before a, o, and u “ps” at at beginning of wo w ord “pn” at at beginning of wo w ord “c” at end of word “cc” followed by i or y
Sound
s k j g s n k first c ϭ k, second cϭs “ch” at at beginning of wo w ord k “cn cn”” in mi midd ddle le of wor ord d both bo th c (p (pro ro-nounce k) and n (pronounce ehn) “mn mn”” in mi midd ddle le of wo word rd bo both th m and n “pt” at at beginning of word t “pt” in mi middle of of word both p and t “rh” r “x” at at beginning of wo word z
Example
cecum cancer genetic gall psychology pneumonia anemic accident chemistry gast ga stro rocn cnem emiu iuss
amne am nesi siaa pterodactyl optical rhinoceros xylophone
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Chapter 1
However, the term may However, may not be spelled the way it sounds. The following guidelines guidelines can be used to find a word in the dictionary: ᭤ ᭤
᭤ ᭤ ᭤
If it soun sounds ds lik likee k, it may may begi begin n with with c, ch, k, or qu. qu. If it soun sounds ds like like s, s, it may may begin begin with c, ps, or s. s. If it sounds sounds like like z, it may may begin with with x or z.
If it sound soundss like like f, it may may begin begin with f or ph. ph. If it sounds sounds like like j, it may may begin with with g or j.j.
REVIEW EXERCISES Matching: Match the word parts in Column I with the definition in Column II. Column I
Column II
1.
-itis
a. incision or cutting into
2.
-gram
b. before
3.
post-
c. surgical puncture to remove fluid
4.
-tomy
d. difficult, painful, or bad
5.
pre-
e. enlargement
6.
-centesis
f.
7.
-therapy
g. li l iver
8.
dys-
h. kidney
9.
peri-
i.
inflammation
10.
ren/o
j.
record
11.
hepat/o
k. af after
12.
-megaly
l.
13.
-ectomy
m. around
excision or surgical removal
treatment
Write the medical term that represents the following definitions. 1. Pert Pertainin ainingg to the stoma stomach ch 2. Infl Inflamm ammati ation on of the li live verr 3. Ab Abnor normal mal sof soften tening ing of bon bonee 4. Jo Join intt pa pain in 5. Proc Procedur eduree to visually examine examine inside inside the body 6. He Heart art enlar enlargem gement ent 7. Pert Pertainin ainingg to to the the kidney kidney 8. Bur Bursti sting ng forth forth of blo blood od from from vessel vesselss 9. Sut Suturi uring ng of sto stomac mach h to body body wall wall 10. Treatm reatment ent with chemical chemicalss or drugs
Multiple Choice: Choose the correct answer a nswer.. 1. The prefix a. b. c. d.
adabexend en do-
2. The suffix examine. a. b. c. d.
means awa awayy from midl midline. ine.
-ectom -ect omy y -sccop -s opee -sc scop opy y -gra -g raph phy y
means instru instrument ment to visual visually ly
3. The prefix fix a. b. c. d.
means eleva elevated, ted, while the premeans depressed.
prepr e-,, pos osttendo-, endo -, ex exoohype hy perr-, hyp ypoointe in terr-,, in intra tra--
4. The suffix a. b. c. d.
-al -ary -a ry or or -ar -ar -ic alll of th al thee ab abov ovee
means pertai pertaining ning to.
Introduction to Medical Terminology
5. The suffix a. b. c. d.
-ex -tomy -tom y -ect -e ctom omy y -gra -g raph phy y
6. The suffix a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
a-, anoliigol dyshype hy perr-
11. The suffix -algi -algiaa means means a. b. c. d.
pain excessiv exces sivee liver abnormal abnorm al cond conditio ition n
12. The prefi prefixx prepre- means means a. b. c. d.
after arou ar ound nd beffor be oree duri du ring ng
a. b. c. d.
–ly lysi siss –scop –sc opee –rrh –r rhex exis is –sccop –s opy y
a. b. c. d.
combi co mbinin ningg for form m prefi efix x suffix root
15. Which Which type of wor word d part is alwa always ys placed placed at the the beginbeginningg of a term? nin term?
means belo below. w.
a. b. c. d.
combi co mbinin ningg for form m prefi efix x suffix root
16. Whi Which ch word word part gives gives the essentia essentiall meaning meaning of a term?
means many many..
oliga-, anpolyeu-
10. The prefi prefix(es) x(es) a. b. c. d.
means separa separation tion or break breaking ing
supra sup ra-supe su perrintter in er-sub-
9. The prefix prefix(es) (es)
13. An instrument to visually examine may may have have which suffix in its term?
14. Which Which type of word part is always always place placed d at the end end of a term?
-gra ram m -pex -p exy y -um -lys -l ysis is
8. The prefi prefixx a. b. c. d.
means abnorm abnormal al condi condition. tion.
-osis -rrh -r rhea ea -rrh -r rhag agia ia -uri -u riaa
7. The suffix into parts. a. b. c. d.
means inci incision. sion.
a. b. c. d.
combinin combi ningg for form m prefi efix x suffix root
17. Whi Which ch word associa association tion is incorrec incorrect? t?
means withou withoutt or no.
a. b. c. d.
inter int er-- means means between between sub- means submeans belo below, w, und under er,, or less less an- mean meanss withou withoutt or no ad- means awa awayy from from
18. Whi Which ch suffix suffix means means to rupture rupture?? a. b. c. d.
-rr rrha hagge -rrha -r rhaph phy y -rrh rheea -rrhe -r rhexi xiss
19. Whi Which ch prefix prefix means means around? around? a. b. c. d.
hyp yper er-hyp ypooperi ri-supr su praa-
20. In the term term panleuko panleukopenia penia,, the “o “o”” betwe between en the “leuk “leuk”” and “penia” “penia” is called a. b. c. d.
a comb combini ining ng for form m a su suffi ffix x a combi combinin ningg vowe vowell a roo roott
Word Part Identification: Underline the word root(s) in the following terms. 1. he hepa pat/ t/it itis is
4. int intra/ ra/ve ven/o n/ous us
2. gas gastr/ tr/o/i o/inte ntesti stin/a n/all
5. ne neph phr/ r/os osis is
3. ca card rdi/ i/o/ o/lo logy gy
7
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Chapter 1
Underline the suffix in the following terms. 6. he hepa pat/ t/it itis is 7. gas gastr/ tr/o/i o/inte ntesti stin/a n/all 8. ca card rdi/ i/o/ o/lo logy gy
Case Study: Fill in the blanks to complete the case history. A 5-yr-old M, neutered cat is presented presented to a veterinary clinic with
(painful urination) and
(scant urine production). Upon examination examination the abdomen is palpated and
9. int intra/ ra/ve ven/o n/ous us
(an enlarged urinary bladder)
is noted. After completing completing the examination, the veterinarian suspe suspects cts an obstru obstruction ction of the
10.. ne 10 neph phr/ r/os osis is
Underline the prefix in the following terms. 11. hyp hyper/ er/sec secret retion ion 12.. per 12 peri/c i/card ard/it /itis is 13.. end 13 endo/c o/card ardi/u i/um m 14.. po 14 poly ly/u /uri riaa 15.. ur 15 ur/o /o/l /lit ith h
(the tube
that carries urine from the urinary bladder to outside the body).. Blood is taken body) taken for analysis, analysis, and the cat is admitted admitted to the clinic. The cat is anesthetized, and a urinary catheter catheter is passed. Urine is collected for
(breakdown of
urine into its components). components). In addition addition to the obstruction, the cat is treated for
(inflammation of the
urinary bladder). In this case study study, the meanings meanings of some unfamili unfamiliar ar medical terms (underlined) cannot be understood by breaking up the term into its basic components. components. Using a dictionary or dictionary Web Web site, define the following medical terms 1. pa palp lpat ated ed 2. ob obst stru ruct ctio ion n 3. ca cath thet eter er
