JPT- Building Utilities Notes.pdf

4/8/2012

DEFINITION:

The work or business of installing in buildings the pipes, fixtures, and other apparatus for bringing in the water supply and removing liquid and waterborne wastes

BLDG. UTILITIES NOTES Ar. Rino D.A. Fernandez

PARTS OF BUILDING’S PLUMBING SYSTEM:

SUPPLY - the piping that brings the water to its points of use FIXTURES - point-ofFIXTURES point-of-use use receptacles receptacles that receive the supply water and discharge the waterborne wastes

The essential component is the FIXTURES FIXTURES:: without them there is no need for the others. The chief criteria for designing a plumbing system are its number of fixtures, number of fixture units, supply main flow rate, and water pressure at the highest fixture.

WASTE - the piping and venting that convey WASTE the wastes and any associated gases from its points of use to outside the building

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BASIC FUNCTIONS OF BUILDING’S PLUMBING SYSTEM:

SOURCES OF WATER SUPPLY:

SURFACE SOURCES: SOURCES: Providing water and drainage for sanitation Providing and potable water needs

Lakes, Streams, Rivers Reservoirs, Run-off Run-off from roofs & paved areas

Disposal of precipitation falling on the building. This system is referred to as the the stormwater stormwater system

SOURCES OF WATER SUPPLY:

GENERAL TERMS COMMONLY USED TO DESCRIBE CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER:

UNDERGROUND SOURCES: SOURCES: Alkalinity Shallow Wells, Deep Wells, Artesian Wells, Artesian Springs, Land Springs

Caused by bicarbonate, carbonate, or hydroxide components. Testing for these components components of water’s alkalinity is a key to determining which treatments to use

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Hardness

pH

Hard water inhibits the cleaning action of soaps and detergents, and it deposits scale on the inside of hot water pipes and cooking utensils, utensils, thus wasting heating fuel and making utensils unusable. Hardness, which is caused by calcium and magnesium salts, can be classified as temporary (carbonate) or permanent (noncarbon (noncarbonate) ate)

A measure of the water’s hydrogen ion concentration, concentrati on, as well as its relative acidity or alkalinity.

below 7 indicate increasing acidity and corrosiven corrosiveness ess The pH value is the starting point for determining treatments for corrosion control, chemical dosages, and disinfectio disinfection. n.

water in its natural state can have a pH as low as 5.5, w ith 0 being the ultimate acidity

higher than 7 indicate increasing alkalinity, with 14 representing the ultimate alkalinity

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WATER CONTAMINATION:



WATER DISTRIBUTION:

Chlorination is the process used to destroy any Chlorination is bacterial microbes before general general distribution to water mains

Gravitational Distribution – Distribution – the the water from upland gathering grounds is impounded in a reservoir. There are no pumping costs with this system

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WATER DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION::

Pumped Distribution – Distribution – water water extracted from a river is pumped into a settlement tank, subsequently filtered & chlorin chlorinated. ated.


Stop Valve (globe type) Used to control the flow of water at high pressure. To close the flow of water the crutch head handle is rotated slowly in a clockwise direction gradually reducing the flow

WATER DISTRIBUTION:

Ring Main Distribution – Distribution – a a preferred distribution as sections can be isolated with minimal disruption & more opportunity for water to maintain a flow

WATER DISTRIBUTION:

Gate or Gate or Sluice Valve Used to control the flow of water on low pressure installatio installations. ns. The wheel head is rotated clockwise to control the flow of water

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Drain Valve Installed at the lowest point in pipe systems, boilers, and storage vessels

CONNECTIONS TO THE WATER MAIN:


Supply Pipe The pipe that run from stop valve to, and into, the building. Maintenance is the responsibility responsibili ty of the building owner


Distributing Pipe

Distributing Pipe

any pipe (other than an overflow or flush pipe) that conveys water from a storage cistern or from hot water apparatus

any pipe (other than an overflow or f lush pipe) that conveys water from a storage cistern or from hot water apparatus

TYPES OF SYSTEMS USED: Cold Water Supply System Hot Water Supply System

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DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Cold Water Supply System

INDIRECT SYSTEM – SYSTEM – from from a cold storage cistern

Gas Water Heater

DIRECT SYSTEM – SYSTEM – from from the mains water pressure

DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories Electric Water Heater

Water Meter Valves Water System Valves Tank Valves Pumps

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DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories


Valves

Valves

Water System Valves Gate Valve

Gate Valve •

operates by raising or lowering a metal gate into, or out of, the line of the pipework as the spindle is screwed down or up

Gate Valve •

•

sometimes referred to as sometimes a fullway gate valve as when it is fully open it does not restrict flow along the pipeline, unlike the globe valve gate valve is used where there is low pressure flow in the pipeline, such as that from cistern feed systems

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DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories Valves

Globe Valve •

Water System Valves Globe Valve

•

control or shut flow through a disc that is lowered slowly by turning a screwdown spindle to a seating (they are also described as screw down valves) commonly used in high pressure and hot water pipework



Valves

Valves

Water System Valves Check Valve An automatic valve which permits liquid to flow in only one direction

Water System Valves Angle Valve A valve for controlling the flow of a liquid or air; the fluid leaves at right angles to the direction in which it enters the valve

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Valves

Valves

Water System Valves

Water System Valves

Ball Valve

Drain-and-Waste Drain-and-W aste Valve

A valve for regulating the flow of fluids by a movable ball which fits in a spherical seat

a valve used to drain water or other liquid from a pipework installation



Valves

Valves

Water System Valves Fixture Shutoff Valve

Water System Valves Bib Tap a simple water tap for filling or emptying vessels etc. whose nozzle is bent downwards

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Valves

Valves

Water System Valves Bib Tap

Tank Valves (Float valves) Types: Diaphragm Portsmouth Croydon



Tank Valves (Float valves)


Diaphragm type

Portsmouth type

The least noisy as there is less friction between moving parts

Have a piston moving horizontally

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DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials


PIPING

Croydon type

Consists of pipe or tubing and fittings

Have a piston moving vertically

Types:

Likely to be found in very old installation installationss

Copper Piping Plastic Piping Steel Piping

DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials Copper Piping Has strong resistance to corrosion Called as “copper tubing” because of its thin wall

Union

Drop-ear Elbows

Reducer

Threaded Adapters

90º Elbow

Caps

Reducing Elbow 45º Elbow T-fittings

Copper Fittings

Reducing T-fittings

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Plastic Piping

Plastic Piping

the pipes & fittings are pr oduced from synthetic resins derived from fossil fuels, such as coal & petroleum

lightweight

like copper, plastic piping does not present corrosion problems

Types: PE ABS PVC CPVC PB

cheaper than copper

DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials Union

Drop-ear Elbows

Reducer

Threaded Adapters

90º Elbow

Caps

Reducing Elbow

Plastic Piping Fittings are connected to the tubing using fusion by solvent cement or by fusion machine

45º Elbow T-fittings

Plastic Fittings

Reducing T-fittings

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Steel Piping

Steel Piping

available in galvanized or black types in standard (the most common), extra heavy, & double extra heavy weights

Connections Connecti ons are threaded



Steel Piping: Fittings


Coupling Plug

Nipple

Cap

Reducer Tee

Union/Bushing

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DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Hot Water Piping Requirement


Thermal Expansion:

Elbow

45º Elbow

Deformation of pipe shapes subjected to thermal expansion

Common “Grades” of Water in Buildings:

Common “Grades” of Water in Buildings:

Potable water (usually treated, suitable for drinking)

Dark graywater (from washing machines with dirty diaper loads, kitchen sinks, and dishwashers; usually prohibited for reuse)

Rainwater Graywater (wastewater not from toilets or urinals)

Clearwater (backwash water from reverse osmosis water treatment; condensation from a cooling coil)

Blackwater (water containing toilet or urinal waste)

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DEFINITION:

PLUMBING FIXTURES FIXTURES - point-of-us point-of-use e receptacles receptacles that receive the supply water and discharge the waterborne wastes

TYPES OF PLUMBING FIXTURES:

Water Closets


Water Closets Urinals Bidets Lavatories Sinks Bath Tubs Showers Drinking Fountains Wash Fountains


Water Closets

A plumbing fixture used to receive human excrement and to discharge it through a waste pipe, using water as a conveyin conveying g medium

Floor-mounted

Wall-hung

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Water Closets

One-piece

Water Closets

Two-piece


Round bowl contours

Elongated


Water Closets

Water Closets

Required water closet bowl for public use - NPCP, sec 401

Elongated

Flush tank operation (most common)

Flush valve operation

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Common Flushing Actions:

Common Flushing Actions

Washdown

Siphon jet

considered the noisiest toilet the most likely to become plugged because it has the smallest-diameter smallest-diam eter trap

requires a flush of about 3.75 gal (14.2 L)

usually found in the twopiece flush tank toilet consuming only about 2.5 gal (9.5 L)


A small priming jet hurries the bowl’s contents into the trap and hastens the siphon action.

sometimes equipped with flush valves, which use less water




Siphon Vortex

Siphon Vortex

suitable for low-velocity water (often as a result of low pressure) the quietest, making them a favourite wherever bathrooms are adjacent to sleeping areas or other acoustically sensitive spaces

The water enters the bowl off-center in such a way as to form a vortex; this swirling action cleans the sides of the bowl and the trap, helping the siphon action in emptying both bowl and trap

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Blowout Flushing

Blowout Flushing

combine very-high-velocity water and a simple trap to offer a noisy but very lowmaintenance toilet dependent upon flush valves rather than tanks

very common in commercial and institutional toilet rooms, where large water supply lines and high pressures are available The high velocity of the water lowers the quantity required from 3 to 4 gal (11.4 to 15.1 L) per flush


Common Siphonic Pan

Single Trap


Basic Parts of a Water Closet

Double Trap

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Prohibited Prohibite d Water Closet

Bidet

- Having invisible seals or unventilated space or walls, which are not thoroughly washed out at each discharge

a seated sanitary appliance for washing the private parts, consisting of a bowl connected to a water supply and drain



Urinal

Urinal

A sanitary fixture equipped with a water supply and drain for flushing away urine

Types: Stall Urinal Slab Urinal Bowl Urinal Waterless Urinal

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Urinal

Urinal

Types:

Types:

Stall Urinal

Slab Urinal

a urinal with a curved console fitted to a wall, down which urine flows into a drainage channel

a urinal consisting of a sheet fitted to a wall, down which collected discharge flows into a floor channel



Urinal

Urinal

Types:

Types:

Slab Urinal

Bowl Urinal (pod urinal) an individual wallmounted urinal

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Urinal

Urinal

Types: Bowl Urinal

Types: Bowl Urinal

Waterless No flush

Waterless No flush

utilize a floating layer of BlueSeal BlueSeal liquid liquid that forms a barrier to sewer vapours but allows urine to readily pass through. The liquid is periodically replenished 3 oz [89 mL] per 1500 uses


BlueSeal Liquid


Urinal

Lavatories

Types: Bowl Urinal

A basin with water supply and drainage piping, for washing the hands and face

Waterless No flush

Replaceable Cartridge

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Lavatories

Kitchen Sink

Types:

a sanitary vessel of vitreous china or stainless steel for washing utensils, hands etc.

Wall-hung Pedestal Counter top



Range of Sinks

Service Sinks (Slop Sinks)

Belfast Sink

Located in janitor’s rooms for filling buckets, cleaning mops, and for general cleaning purposes

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Bath Tubs

Bath Tubs

a large vessel connected to a water supply and a drain, in which a person can be fully immersed in water while washing

Types:


footbath hip bath jacuzzi plunge bath treatment bath whirlpool bath


Bath Tubs

Shower

Types:

a sanitary installation with a controllable spray or jet of water for washing and cleaning

Whirlpool bath - Must have removable panel for accessing the pump - The pump & the circulation piping shall be self-draining to minimize water retention - NPCP, sec 411

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Drinking Fountains an appliance, often found in public places, schools and institutions, institutio ns, consisting of a basin from which a jet of clean drinking water can be discharged

PLUMBING FIXTURES:


Washing Fountains (ablution fountain) a large circular or polygonal communal washbasin which accommodates a number of people washing at any given time

PLUMBING FIXTURES:

Fixture Traps

Fixture Traps

a device at drainage outlet, filled with water to prevent the passage of foul air from a sewer back into the building or area

Each plumbing fixture, except those having integral trap, shall be separately trapped - NPCP, sec 1001

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PLUMBING FIXTURES:

PLUMBING FIXTURES:

Fixture Traps Each plumbing fixture trap shall be protected against siphonage & back-pressure by a properly placed vent pipe - NPCP, sec 1002

PLUMBING FIXTURES:

PLUMBING FIXTURES:

Fixture Traps

Fixture Traps

Types:

Types:

Integral Trap P Trap S Trap U Trap Swivel Trap Bottle Trap Straight Through Trap Low-Level Bath Trap

Shower Trap Drum Trap

P Trap

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PLUMBING FIXTURES:

PLUMBING FIXTURES:

Fixture Traps

Fixture Traps

Types:

Types:

S Trap

PLUMBING FIXTURES:

U Trap

PLUMBING FIXTURES:

Fixture Traps

Fixture Traps

Types:

Types:

Swivel Trap

Bottle Trap

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PLUMBING FIXTURES:

PLUMBING FIXTURES:

Fixture Traps

Fixture Traps

Types:

Types:

Straight Through Trap

PLUMBING FIXTURES:

Low Level Bath Trap

Shower Trap

Drum Trap

PLUMBING FIXTURES:

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PLUMBING FIXTURES:

PLUMBING FIXTURES:

Bathroom Unit for Disabled Persons

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PLUMBING FIXTURES:

Bathroom Unit for Disabled Persons

Introduction: Sources of Energy

OFF-SITE

ON-SITE

Power Plant

- photovoltaic

- geothermal

- wind turbine

- hydropower

- geothermal

- nuclear, etc

- stream hydro

electric



Photovoltaic or Solar Panels

Wind Turbine

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Geothermal Source

Basic Theory: Defining Electricity

electricity a form of energy resulting from the existence of charged subatomic particles such as the electron and proton.

Basic Theory: Electron Theory

Elements of an Atom

Basic Theory Conductors

Insulators

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Basic Theory

Basic Theory

Conductors Gold Silver Copper Aluminum Steel Iron Other metals Salt Water

Insulators - Best - Best - Good - Good - Fair - Fair - Fair - Fair

Glass Porcelain Dry Wood Paper Plastic Rubber Water (pure)

- Good - Good - Good - Good - Good - Good - Fair

An insulating material is sometimes called a dielectric

Basic Theory

Types of Insulated Conductors Wire a pliable metallic strand or a twisted or woven assembly of such strands, often insulated w/ dielectric dielectric material & used as a conductor of electricity Cable a single insulated conductor or a bound or sheathed combinations of conductors insulated from one another

Basic Theory

Common Insulators for Electrical Wires & Cables Plastic Thermoplastic capable of softening when heated & of hardening again when cooled Thermosetting becomes permanently rigid when heated & cannot be softened again

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Basic Theory Thermoplastic - polycarbonate - polyethylene - polypropylen p olypropylene e - polystyrene - polyvinyl & vinyl

Insulation Codes for Electrical Wires

Thermosetting - polyester - polyurethane - epoxy - melamine - phenolic

Basic Theory

Insulated Wire Coding

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Basic Theory

Basic Theory

Types of Cables Service Entrance Cable (SE & USE) Non-metallic Non-metallic Non-metal lic Sheathed Sheathed Cable Cable (NM or NMC Underground Feeder (UF) Metal-clad Cables Flexible Armored Cable (AC) Metal Clad Cable (MC) Communication Cable Coaxial Cable Telephone Cable

Basic Theory

Conduit

Wire and Cable Additional Protection….. CONDUIT Non-metallic - PVC Metallic - Rigid Metal Conduit (RMC) - Electric Metallic Tubing (EMT) - Flexible Metal Conduit (FMC)

Basic Theory

PVC Conduit

A tube, pipe, or duct for enclosing enclosin g and protecting electric wires and cables

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Basic Theory

Metal Conduit Rigid Steel (RS) Intermediate Metal Conduit (IMC) Electrical Metallic Tubing (EMT) Aluminum Conduit (AL)

Basic Theory

Rigid Steel Conduit

Basic Theory

Rigid Steel Conduit

Basic Theory

Electrical Metallic Conduit

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Basic Theory

RMC threadless connector & coupling

Basic Theory

Basic Theory

Flexible Metallic Conduit known to the trade as Greenfield

Basic Theory: Electric Circuit

Raceways & Cablebus Types: Surface Raceways Metallic Nonmetallic Floor Raceways Underfloor raceways Cellular metal floor raceways Cellular concrete floor raceways Full Access Floor

Battery provides the voltage source Electrical Wires as the conductor for the current Bulb provides the Resistance

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OHM’S LAW


Kinds of Electrical Circuits: Circuits: - Series Circuits


Series Circuits: An arrangement of component in an electric circuit in which the same current flows through each component in turn without branching

- Parallel Circuits

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Parallel Circuits: An arrangement of component in an electric circuit in which all positive terminals are connected to one conductor & all the negative terminal are connected to the second conductor, conducto r, the same voltage are being applied to each component


Electrical Circuits Circuits Classified by NEC: - General Purpose Branch Circuit - Appliance Branch Circuit - Individual Branch Circuit



General Purpose Branch Circuits:

Appliance Branch Circuit:

Supplies outlets for lighting, and appliances, including convenience receptacles

Supplies outlets intended for feeding appliances.

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Load Chart for Residential Appliances: Appliances

Watts

Individual Branch Circuit: Designed to supply a single specific item

Load Chart for Residential Appliances: Appliances

Watts

Water Heater (MP) 4,500 Water Heater (SP) 1,600 Television 300 Audio Centre 350 PC & Peripherals 1,000 Pumps 1,200

Range 4,500 Air Con (3/4hp) 1,200 Central Air Con 5,000 Range Tops 6,000 Dryer 5,000 Dishwasher 1,200 Microwave 1,000 Refrigerator 300 Freezer 350 Washing Machine 1,200 Hand iron 1,650

Rqrd Breaker Amperage

Appliance/s in Circuit

30 AT 30 AT 40 30 30 20 20 20 20 20 20

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 or more 1 or more 1 or more 1 1

Branch Protection

Rqrd Breaker Amperage

Appliance/s in Circuit

30 AT 20 20 20 20 20

1 1 1 or more 1 or more 1 or more 1

OVERCURRENT

An excessive current flow in the circuit, due to the following: - overload in the equipment or conductors - short circuit

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Branch Protection

Overcurrent Protection Devices

Overcurrent protection devices are designed to protect equipment and structures from fire. It stops the flow of current in a circuit when the amperage is too high for the circuit.

Branch Protection

Branch Protection

Types of Overcurrent Protection Devices:

Circuit Breaker

Fuse

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Branch Protection

Branch Protection

Circuit Breaker A switch that automatical automatically ly interrupts an electric circuit to prevent excess current from damaging apparatus in a circuit or from causing a fire

Branch Protection

Branch Protection

Ground-Fault Circuit-Interrupter (GFCI)

Ground-Fault Circuit-Interrupter (GFCI)

(GFCI) help protect individu individuals als against shock, in addition to providing current overload protection it detects even a very small current leak to a ground, which may not be detected by a conventional circuit breaker

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Branch Protection

Branch Protection Typical Molded Case Circuit Breaker

Switchboard

Frame Size

Trip Setting

Voltage Remarks

50 A 100 A

15 20 30 40 50 240 V 1-3 pole 15 20 30 40 240 V 1-3 1 -3 pole 50 70 90 100 600 V 225A 70 90 100 125 600 V 1 -3 pole 150 175 200 225 400A/600A 125 150 175 200 225 600 V 1-3 pole 250 300 350 400 500 600 800A/1200A 250 300 350 400 500 600 V 1-3 pole 600 800 1000 1200 1600A 400 600 800 1000 600 V 1-3 pole 1200 1600

Branch Protection

Branch Protection

Fuse

Fuse

An overcurrent protective device with a circuit opening fusible element which opens (break) when there is an overcurrent in the circuit

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Air-conditioning System:

Air-conditioning System: 3 direct ways the human body gives off heat:

Comfort describes a delicate balance of pleasant feeling in the body produced by its surroundings. A comfortable atmosphere describes our surroundings when we are not aware of discomfort.

Comfort involves four things: (1) temperature, (2) humidity, (3) air movement, and (4) air cleanliness. Conduction

Convection

Radiation

Air-conditioning System: Psychometric Chart: 4th way the human body gives off heat:

The study of air & its Properties

Evaporation of perspiration

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Air-conditioning System: Psychometric Chart: Psychrometric Psychrometri c Chart Componen Components: ts: •

• • •

• •

Dry-bulb temperature Wet-bulb temperature Relative humidity Specific volume Moisture content Heat content


Air-conditioning A mechanical installation installatio n system providing warmed, cooled, clean and otherwise treated air into the habitable spaces of a building

Air-conditioning System: Refrigeration is the process of removin removing g heat from where it is not wanted. - Heat is removed from food to preserve its quality and flavor - Heat is removed from room air to establish human comfort

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The liquid called the refrigerant is fundamental to the heat transfer accomplished by a refrigeration machine.

Heat in buildings comes principally from four sources: electrical electrical energy, the sun, outdoor air temperatures and the building’s occupants

- a commercial refrigerant is any liquid that will evaporate and boil at relatively low temperatures. During evaporation or boiling, the refrigerant absorbs the heat.

- Every kilowatt of electrical energy in use produces 3413 Btu/h - At noon, a surface directly facing the sun may receive 300 Btu/h, on a clear day - An individu individual al will give give off about about 400 400 Btu/h Btu/h in a 23.3° 23.3° room



Refrigerants are used in the process of refrigeration refrigeration..

A refrigerant is a substance that picks up latent heat when the substance evaporates from a liquid to a gas.

Refrigeration is a process whereby heat is removed from a substance or a space.

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Air-conditioning System: Common Refrigerants: Sulfur dioxide Methyl chloride Ethyl chloride Ammonia Carbon dioxide Freon

Air-conditioning System: Sulfur dioxide - colorless but toxic liquid or gas, therefore not a safe refrigerant Methyl chloride - a good refrigerant but flammable Ammonia - a very toxic & flammable gas Carbon dioxide - very harmful in large concentration & without the presence of oxygen

Air-conditioning System: Freon air-

- reason for tremendous growth of residential conditioning system - not flammable - low toxicity - can cause frostbite on skin contact

Air-conditioning System: Freons effect to the environment: - major contributor to ozone depletion - 1987 Montreal Protocol call for total phaseout of freon & other chlorofluorocarbons - 1996, non-production in developing countries

- no thermal effect to most metals

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Air-conditioning System: REFRIGERATION COMPONENTS:

Alternative to Freon: - Genetron AZ 20

- SUVA 410A

By adding some components to the system, these problems can be eliminated. The four major components that make up mechanical refrigeration systems are the following:

- Puron 1. The evaporator 2. The compressor 3. The condenser 4. The refrigerant metering device



REFRIGERATION COMPONENTS:


The evaporator

The compressor

The evaporator absorbs heat into the system

The compressor is the heart of the refrigeration system

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The condenser

The metering device

The condenser rejects both sensible (measurable) and latent (hidden) heat from the refrigeration system




REFRIGERATION COMPONENTS: Removing moisture Dehumidifying the air Dehumidifying the means to remove the moisture, and this is frequently desirable in refrigeration systems

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Types of Air-conditioning System:

Types of Air-con Air-conditioning ditioning System:

Duct-free Type

Duct-free Type

Ducted Type

Packaged Equipment all of the components are built into one cabinet Split-system Equipment condenser is located outside, remote from the evaporator, and uses interconnecting i nterconnecting



Duct-free Type:

Duct-free Type:

Package Equipment: Window Room Air Condition Conditioners ers (WRAC)

Package Terminal Air Conditioners (PTAC)

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Air-conditioning Systems:

Air-handling Unit (AHU) Aircon Type

Hi-wall

Wall Mounted

Underceiling

Cassette

Air-conditioning Systems: Aircon Type Ceiling Mounted

hp

Applicable Area

1.00

20

1.50

24

2.00

32

2.50

38

4.00

50

Slimpacs

Air-conditioning Systems:

Hp

Applicable Area

3.00

45

4.00

50

6.00

80

Aircon Type

Hp

Applicable Area

Ceiling Cassette

3.00

45

5.00

85

Ceiling Cassete

Floor Mounted

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Air-conditioning Systems: Aircon Type Floor Mounted


Hp

Applicable Area

3.00

45

5.00

80


Condensing Unit (CU)


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Building Services Systems:

Ducted Type:

Air-conditioning Systems (Types): Ducted Type (Centralized Type)

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ACU SPACES: CHILLED WATER PLANT CHILLED WATER PLANT COOLING TOWER AIR-HANDLING UNIT

COOLING TOWERS Cooling towers extract heat from the water that is used to cool the condenser coils of the chilled water plant.

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FAN ROOMS (AHU) AND OUTDOOR AIR LOUVERS In an all-air system, an air handling unit in a fan room circulates air through a filter and thermostatically controlled hot water and chille chilled d water coils to condition it.


Air-conditioning Systems (Types): Ducted Type (Centralized Type)

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Duct System Configuratio Configurations: ns:







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Basic Mechanical Symbols:

Basic Mechanical Symbols:

Typical Grilles & Diffusers Designs

Typical Grilles & Diffusers Designs

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Elevator System: The Basic

lift, elevator (Am.) a mechanical installation for lifting of passengers or goods from one level or storey in a building to another.


In 1853, American inventor Elisha Otis demonstrated a freight elevator equipped with a safety device to prevent falling in case a supporting cable should break


Elevators are classified on the basis of driving methods •

•

Electric Traction - driven by electric motor Hydraulic Traction - driven by oil-power


In 1854 Otis dramatized his safety device on the floor of the Crystal Palace Exposition in New York. With a large audience on hand, the inventor ascended in an elevator cradled in an open-sided shaft. Halfway up, he had the hoisting cable cut with an axe. The platform held fast and the elevator industry was on its way.

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Elisha Otis didn't actually invent the elevator, he invented the brake used in modern elevators.

Electric Elevator

Elisha Otis was inspired to design what w as then called the "safety elevator".

Geared Traction Machine Geared Machine for MRL

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Elevator Car

Hydraulic Elevator

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Hydraulic Jack Arrangements

Single, Central

Elevator System:

Single side-acting (direct)

Hydraulic Jack Arrangements

Single side-acting (indirect)

Twin side-acting (direct)

Twin side-acting (indirect)

Elevator System:

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Elevator System:

Escalator System:

ESCALATOR moving staircase, moving stairway; a motorized staircase used as a means of automated vertical vertical circulation, in which treads fixed to a circulating belt move up or down in the plane of the stair.

Escalator System:

Escalator System:

Basic Application Application:: - Commercial Malls Shopping Centers Offices Casinos

Preferred transportation systems whenever heavy traffic volumes are expected between floors

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Escalator System:

Escalator System:

Basic Application Application::

Others:

- Transportation

- Hotels - Sports Centers - Connecting Bldgs

Airports Railway Terminals Mass Transit

Escalator System:

Escalator System:

Straight Escalator:

Spiral Escalator:

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Escalator System:

Escalator System:

Design Standard:

- Operating Speed:

90 ft/min 2000 - 4000 persons/ persons/hr hr 120 ft/min 5000 - 8000 persons/ persons/hr hr

- Width: 32” (0.82 meters) meters) 48” (1.21 meters) meters) - Slope: 30

°

(United States) 30 and 35 (other countries) °

°

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Escalator System:

Escalator System:

Basic Configurations:

Basic Configurations:

- Parallel

- Cross-over

Escalator System:

Escalator System:

Basic Configurations: Basic Design Principles: - Walk Round - to minimize the movements of people - to minimize the movements of goods - to prevent clashes b/w people & goods - to prevent bottleneck

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Travelators System:

Travelators System:

The Travelators or moving walkways are identical to Escalators, except their surface along the travel are smooth from end to end. They can be inclined and horizontal during the travel

Travelators System:

Fire Protection System: Fire Protection Objectives: Maintain conditions conducive to: - Life Safety - Property Protectio Protection n - Minimized Business Interruption

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Fire Protection System: Elements of Fire Protection: - Early Detection & Alarm System - Means of Egress - Compartmentati Compartmentation on - Smoke Control - Emergency Power - Fire Suppression System

Fire Protection System: Fire Protection Requirements:

provide an automatic spray dedicated to the area of fire outbreak have temperature sensitive elements that respond immediately immediately to heat, discharging the contents of the water main use less water to control a fire than the firefighting service

Fire Protection System: Types of Fire Protection Systems:

Detection systems Fireproofing for buildings Fire walls, fire barriers, fire doors, and other fire resistant constructio construction n Smoke control systems Sprinkler systems Special extinguishing systems, including those using wet or dry chemical chemicals, s, foam, or "clean" agents

Fire Protection System: Types of Detectors: Conventional spot-type ionization and photoelectric photoelec tric smoke detectors Duct-type smoke detectors Line-type photoelectric smoke detectors High sensitivity spot-type smoke detectors High sensitivity sensitivity air sampling smoke detectors Fixed temperature heat detectors Rate-of-rise heat detectors Rate-of-rise compensated heat d etectors Flame detectors

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Fire Protection System: Allowable Sprinkler Pipework:

Fire Protection System: Wet-pipe System:

Domestic pipework - solvent cement bonded, post-chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) Industrial and commercial pipework - threaded galvanised mild steel

Fire Protection System: Dry-pipe or Wet-and-Dry System:

Fire Protection System: Two-end Side with Centre Feed Pipe:

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Fire Protection System: Two-end Centre with Central Feed Pipe:

Fire Protection System:

Fire Protection System: Three-end Side with End Feed Pipe:


Two-end Centre with End Feed Pipe:

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Sprinkler Head Spacing: 12.00 m²

- area covered by one head (max)

4.00 m

- distance between heads (max)

2.00 m

- distance from wall to ceiling mounted head (max)

2.00 m

- distance between heads in the same room (min)

Fire Protection System: Quartzoid Bulb Fusible Strut Duraspeed Solder Types Orange Red Yellow Green Blue Mauve Black

Fire Protection System: Quartzoid bulb - a glass tube is used to retain a water valve on its seating

- 57ºC - 68ºC - 79ºC - 93ºC - 141ºC - 182ºC - 204 or 260ºC

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Fire Protection System: Fusible strut - has two metal struts soldered together to retain a water valve in place

Signal System: Types:

Fire Protection System: Duraspeed solder type - contains a heat collector which has a soldered cap attached

Signal System: Provided to send and receive electronically coded information

Fire Alarms Telephone Systems Security Systems Central Monitoring & Control Systems

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Signal System: Consists of: - A signal source - A means of conveying the signal - Indicating equipment at the destination

Signal System: Signal requires a “sensor”

The Means of Conveying a Signal requires: - low-voltage wiring - air waves

The Signal Indicators must provide either: - audible sounds - visual info - printed data

Signal System: Symbols for Signal Systems

Signal System: Alarm Initiating Device - for Fire and Smoke detection - could be automatic or manually operated - Automatic Operation includes: Fire Detector Smoke Detector - Manual Operation include: Pull Station - Audio Indicators are: Bell Horns

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Signal System: Telephone Systems

Signal System: Wireless Area Network (WAN) Systems

Signal System: Local Area Network (LAN) Systems

Signal System: Security Systems - to extend the surveillance activities of a limited security force in order to remove or reduce the incidence of crime - Detecting devices are: CCTV Motion Detectors Intrusion Detectors Scream Alarms

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Signal System: Central Monitoring Monitoring & Control Systems - controls and operates all service systems in a building specifically specifically those that utilizes energy HVAC Lighting Shading Devises Electrical Electric al Loadings

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JPT- Building Utilities Notes.pdf

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