EXERCISE 11 Transfer of Water and Materials In and Out of the Plant
INTRODUCTION The mainten maintenance ance of a steady living state is very vital for every livi li ving ng or orga gani nism sm.. Th Thus us,, th this is eq equi uili libr briu ium m is ac achi hiev eved ed th thrrou ough gh th the e regulation of the transport of specic substances to particular sites, moving molecules in and out of the cells through membranes, either permeable or semi-permeable. This activity of the cell is involved in cellular activities like growth, absorption and respiration. Transport can also be either passive or active depending on the energy requirement of th the e pr proc oces ess. s. Di Diu usi sion on is a ki kind nd of pa pass ssiv ive e tr tran ansp spor ortt wh wher erei ein n dissolved molecules move from higher to lower concentration.
HYPOTHESIS oncentration of the solvent, si!e of the dissolving particle and temperature aects the rate of transport through membranes.
O!ECTI"ES ". To determine some factors that aect the diusion process. #. To dierentiate diusion from imbibition. $. To determine some factors that aect the permeability of cell membranes. %. To To demonstrate the various processes by which materials are transported and transpired.
RESU#TS $ Di% Di%usi usion on of of Sele Sele&te &ted d Plant Plant Pi'( Pi'(en ents ts & & & &
Test tube tube " contains contains "g atsuete atsuete Test tube tube # contains contains "g atsuete atsuete place in boiling water bath Test tube tube $ contains contains "g atsuete atsuete Test tube tube % contains contains "g atsuete atsuete
SUST)NCE Test T est tube "
seeds s eeds a and nd "' m mll distille distilled d wat water er seeds and seeds and "' ml ml dis distille tilled d water water and seeds s eeds a and nd "' m mll vegetabl vegetable e oil seeds and seeds and "' ml h heated eated veget vegetable able oil oil
OSER")TION * CO#OR INTENSITY+ ,
Test tube # Test tube $ Test tube %
,,, ,, ,,,,
$ Os(osis
TUR-ID CE## O. O)T O. MOSES P#)SMO#Y/ED CE## *0 salt solution+
$ .a&tors a%e&tin' the inte'rit2 of Cell Me(3ranes
(ugar beets slices placed on dierent chemicals and conditions. TEST TUE
INTENSIT Y CO#OR
TEST TUE
INTENSITY O. CO#OR
)
,,,
D *&hlorofor (+
,,,
,,
E *a&etone+
,,,,
*roo( te(4+
*refri'erator +
C *56 oC+
TEST TUE . *NaOH+
- *HCl+
,
lue 7 e%e&t of te(4erature ro8n7 e%e&t of or'ani& sol9ents Pin:7 e%e&t of 4H
$ I(3i3ition
Mediu(
I(3i3ant
Initial
.inal
in
INTENSI Y CO#O ,,,
,,,,
Water
@erosene
Wei'ht *'+
8ei'ht
Wei'ht
ru33er
6;5
6;5
6
8ood
<;5
=;>
?<;=1
seeds
16
16;1
1
ru33er
6;5
6;A
06
8ood
6;B
1;<
06
seeds
16
16;1
1
$ Mo9e(ent of 8ater throu'h the ste(
)echay leaves immersed in "' ml of '.'"* of eosin dye solution.
Tra&es of eosin d2e solution
$ Co(4arison of the Cuti&ular and Sto(atal Trans4iration
+eaf no petroleum elly applied. +eaf had petroleum elly applied on the upper surface. +eaf had petroleum elly on the lower surface. +eaf D had petroleum elly on both surface.
RESU#TS *de&reasin' order of dr2ness+ #E). / / / D
$ -uttation
Droplets were formed on the leaf margin.
DISCUSSIONS $ Di%usion of Sele&ted Plant Pi'(ents
The rate of diusion is aected by the rate of the concentration gradient of the solvent and temperature. olor intensity shows the rate of the process. 0n the e1periment, wherein Test tubes and D contained " g atsuete seeds and vegetable oil, the diusion was faster compared to the other test tubes containing water as a solvent. This is because the greater the gap between the concentration gradients in the seed and the solvent, the faster the rate of diusion. Test tube containing atsuete seeds in water turned out to have the slowest rate because water is less concentrated than vegetable oil. 2bserving also the dierence between the test tubes to which heat was applied. Test tube , boiled, turned out to have a faster rate of diusion than and the same with D compared to . This is because the higher the temperature, the faster the rate of the process. nother factor was the si!e of the dissolving material, though it was not emphasi!ed in the e1periment, the bigger the si!e of the solute, the slower the rate of diusion. arotene, the pigment escaping from the seeds, travelled the farthest because it is the most soluble among the pigments.
$ Os(osis
0n a turgid cell of oat of 3oses, the direction of water was inward which causes the swelling of the vacuole 4violet part5. ut after immersing the cell in a 6* salt solution, the cell becomes plasmoly!ed and water moving in the cell goes out, thus, the vacuole shrinks. The turgid cell does not burst because of the cell wall and remains intact in a plasmoly!ed cell because of the its rigid property and resistance to rupturing.
$ .a&tors a%e&tin' the inte'rit2 of Cell Me(3ranes
The eect of temperature on cell membrane is shown by , and . olor intensity was used as an indicator of the damage done to the membranes. has the greatest color intensity, followed by and . These results show that at room temperature, little or no damage and stress is done to the membranes. t low temperatures 4like the temperature inside the refrigerator5, there is damage and stress done to the membranes. The most damage and stress is done to the membranes if the cells are subected to high temperatures 4like the temperature of the water bath5. 7eating the membranes, molecules start to spin and vibrate faster. The water will e1pand too, disrupting the membranes. +ipids become more 8uid as temperature goes up, making the membranes fragile. 7eating proteins, the amino acids will untangle and break apart, forming holes that will destroy the structure. ny pigment will spill out indicating the intensity of the color. (lides D and 9 show the eect of organic solvents on cell membrane integrity. The color intensity of 94treated with acetone5 was greater than that of D4treated with chloroform5. This shows that acetone has done more damage to the membranes and thus a stronger organic solvent than chloroform. ecause the cell membrane:s outer layer is nonpolar 4hydrophilic5, nonpolar organic solvents would cause damage to the membrane and pigments would escape out of the cell.
(lides ; and < shows the eect of p7. (lide <, which was treated with 7l, has a greater color intensity than ;. This outcome shows that 7l, an acid, causes more damage to the membranes than does =a27, a base. 91treme p7 causes membrane proteins to denature. The lower the p7, the more protein denatures, allowing pigments to leak out of the cell.
$ I(3i3ition 0mbibition is the absorption of 8uid by a solid or colloid that results in swelling. The e1periment showed that wood is a good imbibant of water while wood and rubber are good imbibants of kerosene. 0n imbibition, living cells are not necessary for the process to take place. 0n seeds, both living 4seed itself5 and dead 4seed coat5 absorbed water and are involve in the process. 0mbibition is
important to seed germination because its swelling eect causes the seed coat to rupture and allows radical to move downward forming the root. $ Mo9e(ent of 8ater throu'h the ste(
0n the e1periment, the 1ylem tissues of the pechay stalk were stained with the eosin dye proving that water moves up the stem through the 1ylem tissues.
$ Co(4arison Trans4iration
of
the
Cuti&ular
and
Sto(atal
The petroleum elly decreases the rate of transpiration of the leaves. +eaf , not covered with the elly, turned out to be the driest because nothing obstructs the stomata on the surface of the leaf. +eaf , upper surface covered, is ne1t because inspite of the elly on the upper surface, the lower surface containing more stomata is still e1posed. +eaf , lower surface covered, is second least dry and leaf D as least dry because all the stomata were covered reducing the rate of transpiration. $ -uttation
RE.ERENCES >otany? n introduction to )lant iology 4% th edition5@. #''A. Bames D. 3auseth. ).#C htt43io11013;ni&er8e3;&o(#o&:ed(edia&h6>6>1=Water alan&eP;F4' htt4888;3iolo'2(ad;&o(resour&es3eetroot <64i'(ent<;do&
EXERCISE 1= RESPIR)TION
INTRODUCTION ellular respiration is the catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules for the production of T). 4ampbell, #''A5
0n the process, it results in the release of both carbon dio1ide and water.
HYPOTHESIS 0f the products of photosynthesis are utili!ed in the process of cellular respiration in order to generate T), then &ellulose and 'lu&ose are the materials that under'o a series of 4ro&esses in order to release &ar3on dioGide and 8ater as
well as energy in the form of heat;
O!ECTI"ES The e1ercise mainly aims to achieve an understanding of cellular respiration in plants in relation to the role of the rea&tants, the details of its main 4ro&esses and the manufacturing of its 4rodu&ts. (pecically, this study aims to? & reate an understanding of the role of o1ygen in plant cellular respiration & 3ark how heat is produced by germinating seeds & Depict the processes that allow that generate carbon dio1ide among soaked seeds
RESU#TS $
Use Of OG2'en (etup 4germinating seeds5? hange in color of the red ink in the adacent bottle (etup 4killed seeds5? =o change in either bottle
$
Produ&tion of Heat Ener'2 Setu4 ) *'er(inatin' seeds+ Stead2 rise in te(4erature as ti(e 4asses 32 & (tart? $ degrees & fter $' minutes? $. degrees & fter " hour? $E.6 degrees & Setu4 *:illed seeds+ No &han'e te(4erature at an2 ti(e durin' the stud2 & (tart? $C degrees & fter $' minutes? $C degrees & fter " hour? $C degrees
in
$
Produ&tion of Car3on DioGide The water in the adacent 8ask became blurry. lso, there was an evident change in its color
DISCUSSIONS $ Use of OG2'en The change in color of the ink can only be seen in (etup because the germinating seeds are undergoing cellular respiration whereas the killed seeds demonstrate no change at all. The reason for this is because of the use of o1ygen in the process of cellular respiration. Fhen the seeds use o1ygen, they release carbon dio1ide. This carbon dio1ide then reacted with the water in the adacent bottle thus forming carbonic acid 4the lighter colored liquid that replaces the red ink5. $ Produ&tion of Heat Ener'2 0n the earlier hypothesis, it was discussed that T) is released during cellular respiration in the form of heat energy. Fe therefore conclude that because the germinating seeds undergo cellular respiration, the temperature rises in the (etup 8ask because of this release of heat whereas the killed seeds do not undergo any change because they do not respire. $ Produ&tion of Car3on DioGide
There was a noticeable change in color of the blue solution as well as in the quality of the water because it became blurry. This can be e1plained by the carbon dio1ide production of the plant while respiring. s the seeds produce carbon dio1ide, it mi1es with the water, forming carbonic acid. Fe know it is carbonic acid because the change in clarity of the water indicates that it has become acidic.
& Part .urther Stud2 uestions & )ero3i& Res4iration 2ccurs only if free o1ygen is present, the process of glycolysis and the Grebs cycle occur in dierent
places with the former in the cytoplasm and the latter in the mitochondria with glucose being completely o1idi!ed into carbon dio1ide and water. 4occurs in plant and animal cells5 & )naero3i& Res4iration ;unctions when there is a lack of free o1ygen, the whole process occurs in the cytoplasm with glucose incompletely o1idi!ed 4occurs in muscle cells H lactic acid fermentationI some fungi and bacteria in the formation of yeast H alcohol fermentation5 .a&tors a%e&tin' &ellular res4iration 3any factors aect the process of cellular respiration but we can point out three that may serve as primary in8uences. & The a(ount of nutrients su&h as fats 4roteins and &ar3oh2drates H the more nutrients available, the more energy is produced. lso, the type of nutrients supplied can aect the amount of energy that can be transformed because each nutrient possesses its own set of qualities that may aect cellular respiration. & Te(4erature of the en9iron(ent H the higher the temperature, the faster the rate of cellular respiration. & The state of a &ellH this mainly aects the rate of transforming the nutrients into energy. Forking cells would have a higher rate of respiration as opposed to dormant cells.
RE.ERENCES iology Eth 9dition 4#''A5 H =eil . ampbell J Bane . Keece http?LLwww.preservearticles.comL#'""'"'%#%"Ldierencesbetween-aerobic-and-anaerobic-respiration.html http?LLwww.ehow.comLlistMC%"EE$Mfactors-aecting-cellularrespiration.html
EXERCISE 1< PHOTOSYNTHESIS
INTRODUCTION )hotosynthesis is the process of converting light energy to chemical energy and storing it in the bonds of sugar.
HYPOTHESIS Fhen light energy is absorbed by autotrophs with the aid of chlorophyll, water and carbon dio1ide are the raw materials needed to produce molecules of glucose and release o1ygen.
O!ECTI"ES This e1ercise:s intention is to determine the role played by the reactants in photosynthesis and their overall eect to the products and the reaction itself. This study aims to? & Determine the importance of chlorophyll, light and
carbon dio1ide in photosynthesis & =ote the discharge of o1ygen & nd to demonstrate the separation of the chloroplast pigments
RESU#TS $ The Role of Chloro4h2ll in Photos2nthesis $ The Role of #i'ht in Photos2nthesis
$ The Role of CO< in Photos2nthesis
•
Color Intensities (+, ++, +++) •
With Hydrilla •
Set up A(boiled water) +
•
Set up B(boiled water and sodium bicarbonate) ++
•
Without Hydrilla •
Set up C(boiled water and sodium bicarbonate) +++
•
Set up A has less air (oy!en) bubbles compared to Set up B
$ Oxygen Liberation in Photosynthesis
•
A"ter se#eral minutes, air bubbles be!in to rise up to the end o" the in#erted test tube$
