Lab report on introduction to pump characteristicsFull description
Exercise 2 Post-Lab ReportFull description
Lab report on introduction to pump characteristicsDescripción completa
Mechanism
chem
Full description
huhu
Soil Lab
Frequency response of a Low pass filter & High pass filter By definition, a low-pass filter is a circuit offering easy passage to low-frequency signals and difficult passage to high-frequency signals. All low-pass filters are rated at a certain cutoff frequency. That is, the frequency above which the output voltage falls below 70.7% of the input voltage. This cutoff percentage of 70.7 is not really arbitrary, all though it may seem so at first glance. In a simple capacitive/resistive low-pass filter, it is the frequency at which capacitive reactance in ohms equals resistance in ohms. In a simple capacitive low-pass filter (one resistor, one capacitor), the cutoff frequency is given as:
Low pass filters will allow the low frequencies to pass through, but block the high frequencies. The cut off frequency is the frequency that the filter begins to attenuate the content. So a low pass filter set at 100Hz will remove the frequency content above 100Hz, but not below 100Hz. It follows that a sinewave with a fundamental frequency of 10Hz would not be affected by a 100Hz low pass filter. But a sinewave of 200Hz would be heavily affected by a low pass 100Hz filter as the frequency content above 100Hz would be removed.
Low-pass and high-pass filters
By far the most frequent purpose for using a filter is extracting either the low-frequency or the high-frequency portion of an audio signal, attenuating the rest. This is accomplished using a low-pass or high-pass filter.
Ideally, a low-pass or high-pass filter would have a frequency response of one up to (or down to) a specified cutoff frequency and zero past it; but such filters cannot be realized in practice. Instead, we try to find realizable approximations to this ideal response. The more design effort and computation time we put into it, the closer we can get. Circuit 1:
Results: The table below shows the observations made in the laboratory on oscilloscope: Given Frequen cy
Output Frequen cy
Input Voltage
Output Voltage
3 5 10 60 100 200 700 1000
3.2 5 11.39 66.83 106.4 208 724 1.024k
1.78 1.76 1.78 3.34 3.32 880m 880m 1.38
1.76 1.74 1.76 3.3 3.3 820m 820m 1.02
Outp ut Phas e -14 -7 -4.3 3.91 4.6 6.37 -6.94 20.2
Vout/Vi n 0.988 0.988 0.988 0.988 0.993 0.931 0.931 0.739
10k 15k 20k 40k 60k 80k
10k 15.4k 21.16k 40.5k 61.3k 81.7k
2.52 2.2 1.96 1.76 1.68 1.68
2 1.56 1.14 740m 520m 420mv
-32.6 -49.7 -46.7 -100 -114 -98.2
0.793 0.709 0.581 0.42 0.309 0.25
Circuit 2:
Results: The table below shows the observations made in the laboratory on oscilloscope: Given Frequen cy 30 60 100 300 500 800 1k 4k 7k 12k 17k 25k 50k 70k 80k
Collaboration : Myself, Abhi and Zach worked together to understand the functionalities of both the Low pass filter and high pass filter. Input wave is a sine wave given by using function generator. For the first time we got an opportunity to use the Oscilloscope to measure the reading over the circuit and note them down through channel 1 and channel 2.
Learning’s from the lab : From the lab I got to know that a low pass filter passes signals with a frequency lower than the cut-off frequency and attenuates signals with frequencies higher than the cutoff frequency. A high pass filter passes signals with a frequency higher than a certain cut-off frequency and attenuates signals with frequencies lower than the cutoff frequency. Finally, I am able to produce desired graphs by building two filters from the components available in the lab.
