Latin declension
1
Latin declension Latin grammar
Conjugation Subjunctive by attraction Indirect statements Declension Uses of the ablative Uses of the dative
Latin is an inflected language, and as such has nouns, pronouns, and adjectives that must be declined in order to serve a grammatical function. A set of declined forms of the same word pattern is called a declension. declension . There are five declensions, which are numbered and grouped by ending and grammatical gender. For simple declension paradigms, visit the Wiktionary appendices: First declension, Second declension, Third declension, Fourth declension, Fifth declension.
Grammatical cases A complete Latin noun declension consists of seven grammatical cases: nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, dative, ablative and locative. They are abbreviated to the first three letters. The sequence NOM-VOC-ACC-GEN-DAT-ABL has been the usual order taught in Britain and many Commonwealth countries since the publication of Hall Kennedy's Latin Primer (1866). It reflects the tendencies of different cases to share similar endings (see Syncretic trends below). For a discussion of other sequences taught elsewhere, see here. However, some schools teach it in the order NOM-GEN-DAT-ACC-ABL-VOC, NOM-GEN-DAT-ACC-ABL-VOC, as first given.
Comparisons to English usage • The nominative nominative case marks the subject of a statement statement and performs performs the action of the verb in in the sentence sentence " Mary is going to the store" or " Mary is my sister". It also names the predicate nominative: "Mary is my sister ". ". • The vocative case is used used to address address someone or something in in direct speech. speech. In English, English, this this function is expressed expressed by intonation or punctuation: " Mary, are you going to the store?" or "Mary!" ("Mary" is vocative). Historically, English-language noun paradigms translated translated this case with a prefaced interjection such as "O Mary!" Note that some English words (notably "Sir" and "Madam") carry quite different connotations when used to address a person than when used to describe a person. • The accusative accusative case marks the direct object of a verb. In English, except except for a small number of words which which display a distinct accusative case (e.g., who/whom, I/me, he/him), the accusative and nominative cases are identical in form; they are usually distinguished only by word order. • The genitive case (also known as the possessive case) case) expresses possession, measurement, or source. In English, the genitive case is represented analytically by the preposition of or by the enclitic " –'s", which itself developed from the genitive case. This " –'s" closely resembles the Latin third declension's genitive suffix " –is". In Latin, as in English, the genitive singular may be identical to the nominative plural of a noun (apart from the apostrophe in English, which does not change pronunciation): pronunciation): e.g., "equi" = "horse's/ horses", insulae = "island's/ islands", islands", etc. • The dative case marks marks the recipient recipient of an action, action, the indirect indirect object of a verb. In English, the prepositions prepositions to and for tend to denote this case analytically. However, note that in English, the dative may be marked by word order without a preposition; contrast contrast "Give me the book" with "Give the book to me" ("Give to me the book" would be incorrect or at least very unusual).
Latin declension
• The ablative ablative case expresses expresses separation, separation, indirection, indirection, or the means by which an action action is performed. performed. In English, the prepositions by, with, from, in and on are most commonly used to indicate this case. • The locative locative case expresses expresses the place place where an action is performed. The Latin locative case case is extremely extremely marginal, applying only to the names of cities and small islands and to a few other isolated words. The Romans considered all islands to be "small" except for Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Crete, Crete, and Cyprus. Much of the case's function had been absorbed into the ablative. For singular first and second declension, the locative is identical to the genitive singular form, and for the singular third declension, the locative is identical to the ablative singular form. For plural nouns of all declensions, the locative is also identical to the ablative form. The few fourth and fifth declension place-name words would also use the ablative form for locative case. However, there are a few rare nouns that use the locative instead of a preposition: Domus → Domī (at home), Rūs → Rūrī (in the country), Humus → Humī (on the ground), Militia → Militiae (in military service, in the field), Focus → Focī (at the hearth; at the center of the community). In archaic times, the locative singular of third declension nouns was actually interchangeable interchangeable between ablative and dative forms, but in the Augustan Period, the use of the ablative form became fixed.
Syncretic trends Syncretism, where one form in a paradigm shares the ending of another form in the paradigm, is common in Latin. The following are the most notable patterns of syncretism: • The vocative is always identical to the nominative nominative in the the singular and plural, except in the the second declension declension masculine nouns ending in -us or -ius and a few Greek nouns. For example, the vocative of Aeneās is Aenea, although Aeneās is first declension. • The dative is always the same as the ablative ablative in the plural, and and in the singular in the second declension, declension, the the third-declension full i-stems (i.e. neuter i-stems, adjectives), and fourth-declension neuters. • The genitive singular is is the same as the nominative nominative plural plural in first-, first-, second-declension, second-declension, and fourth declension nouns that are not neuter. • The dative singular is is the same as the genitive genitive singular singular in firstfirst- and fifth-declension fifth-declension nouns. • Plural neuter neuter nominative/accusati nominative/accusative ve always ends in -a (with (with a few few exceptions: exceptions: demonstrative demonstrative hic and related istic and illic, relative/interrogative quī and friends; in all of them, the neuter plural takes the same form as feminine singular nominative). • The accusative accusative singular ends in short short vowel plus plus -m, except except for a few neuters with unusual base forms. • The accusative accusative plural (assuming not neuter) ends ends in a long long vowel plus -s; so does the nominative nominative plural of the third, fourth and fifth declensions (again assuming not neuter). • The locative locative is identical to the ablative in the fourth and fifth declension. declension. • The locati locative, ve, ablativ ablative, e, and dative dative are are identical identical in in the plural. plural.
2
Latin declension
3
History of cases Old Latin had only two patterns of endings. One pattern was shared by the first and second declensions, with a clear similarity to the first and second declensions of Ancient Greek. The other pattern was used by the third declension and was very different from Greek, even for direct cognates. When new words were absorbed into Latin, they were generally placed in the third declension.
Nouns First declension (a) Nouns of this declension usually end in –a and are typically feminine, e.g. 'road' ( via, viae fem.) and 'water' ( aqua,
aquae fem.). There is a small class of masculine exceptions generally referring to occupations, e.g. 'farmer' (agricola, agricolae masc.) and 'sailor' ( nauta, nautae masc.). The predominant letter in the ending forms of this declension is a. The nominative singular form consists of the stem and the ending -a, and the genitive singular form is the stem plus -ae. aqua, -aewater f. Singular Nominative aqua Vocative Accusative Genitive
agricola, -ae farmer m.
Plural
Singular
Plural
–a
aquae
–ae
agricola
–a
agricolae
–ae
aqua
–a
aquae
–ae
agricola
–a
agricolae
–ae
aquam
–am aquās
–ās
agricolam –am agricolās
–ās
[1] –ae aquae
aquārum –ārum agricolae
–ae
agricolārum –ārum
Dative
aquae
–ae
aquīs
– īs
agricolae
–ae
agricolīs
– īs
Ablative
aquā
–ā
aquīs
– īs
agricolā
–ā
agricolas
– īs
Locative
aquae
-ae
aquīs
– īs
agricolae
-ae
agricolīs
– īs
mensa, -ae table f. Singular Nominative mensa Vocative Accusative
Plural
–a
mensae
–ae
–a
mensae
–ae
mensam –am mensās
–ās
mensa
Genitive
mensae
–ae
mensārum –ārum
Dative
mensae
–ae
mensīs
– īs
Ablative
mensā
–ā
mensīs
– īs
First declension Greek nouns The first declension also holds three types of Greek loanwords, derived from Ancient Greek's Alpha Declension. They are declined irregularly in the singular, but are sometimes treated as if they were native Latin nouns, e.g. a instead of the original athlēt ēs. Interestingly, archaic (Homeric) first declension Greek nouns and nominative athlēt a Zeus (Zeus the cloud-gatherer, in classical adjectives are formed exactly the same way as in Latin: nephelēgerét Greek, would be nephelēgerét ēs). For full paradigm tables and more detailed information, see the Wiktionary appendix First declension.
Latin declension
4
Second declension (o) The second declension is a large group of nouns consisting of mostly masculine nouns like equus, equī ("horse") and
puer, puerī ("boy') and neuter nouns like castellum, castellī ("fort"). There are several small groups of feminine exceptions, including names of gemstones, plants, trees, and some towns and cities. In the nominative singular, most masculine nouns consist of the stem and the ending -us, although some end in -er , which is not necessarily attached to the complete stem. Neuter nouns generally have a nominative singular consisting of the stem and the ending -um. However, every second-declension noun has the ending -ī attached as a suffix to the root of the noun in the genitive singular form. The predominant letter in the ending forms of this declension is o. Masculine: dominus, – ī master m. Singular Nominative dominus Vocative Accusative
domine
Plural
–us
dominī
– ī
–e
dominī
– ī
dominum –um dominōs
–ōs
Genitive
dominī
– ī
dominōrum –ōrum
Dative
dominō
–ō
dominīs
– īs
Ablative
dominō
–ō
dominīs
– īs
Neuter: bellum, – ī war n. Singular
Plural
Nominative bellum –um bella
–a
Vocative
bellum –um bella
–a
Accusative
bellum –um bella
–a
Genitive
bellī
– ī
bellōrum –ōrum
Dative
bellō
–ō
bellīs
– īs
Ablative
bellō
–ō
bellīs
– īs
Nouns ending in -ius and -ium have a genitive singular in -ī in earlier Latin, which was regularized to -iī in the later language. Masculine nouns in -ius have a vocative singular in -ī at all stages. These forms in -ī are stressed on the same syllable as the nominative singular, sometimes in violation of the usual Latin stress rule. For example, the genitive and vocative singular Vergilī (from Vergilius) is pronounced [werˈɡiliː], with stress on the penult, even though it is short.
[2]
There is no contraction of -iī(s) in plural forms.
Latin declension
5
fīlius, – ī son m. Singular Nominative fīlius Vocative Accusative
auxilium, – ī aid, help n. Plural
Singular
Plural
–ius
fīliī
–iī
auxilium
–ium
auxilia
–ia
fīlī
– ī
fīliī
–iī
auxilium
–ium
auxilia
–ia
fīlium
–ium
fīliōs
–iōs
auxilium
–ium
auxilia
–a
Genitive
fīlī
– ī fīliōrum –iōrum auxilī – ī auxiliōrum –iōrum (later) fīliī (later) -iī (later) auxiliī (later) -iī
Dative
fīliō
–iō
fīliīs
–iīs
auxiliō
–iō
auxiliīs
–iīs
Ablative
fīliō
–iō
fīliīs
–iīs
auxiliō
–iō
auxiliīs
–iīs
Second declension R nouns Some masculine nouns of the second declension end in an – er or an – ir in the nominative singular. For such nouns, the genitive singular must be learned to see if the E is dropped. For example, socer, – erī keeps its E. However, the noun magister, – trī ("teacher") drops its E in the genitive singular. Nouns with – ir in the nominative singular never drop the I. The declension of second declension R nouns is identical to that of the regular second declension, with the exception of the vocative singular, which is identical to the nominative rather than ending in an -e. For declension tables of second declension nouns, see the corresponding Wiktionary appendix. Second declension Greek nouns The second declension contains two types of masculine Greek nouns and one form of neuter Greek noun. These nouns are irregular only in the singular, as are their first declension counterparts. Greek nouns in the second declension are derived from Omicron Declension. Some Greek nouns may be declined as normal, Latin nouns. For example, theātron can appear as theātrum. Peculiarities In the older language, nouns ending with – vus, – quus and – vum take o rather than u in the nominative and accusative singular. servos, – ī slave m. equos, – ī horse m. aevom, – ī eternity, age n. Singular Nominative servos
Singular
Singular
–os
equos
–os
aevom
–om
serve
–e
eque
–e
aevom
–om
servom
–om
equom
–om
aevom
–om
Genitive
servī
– ī
equī
– ī
aevī
– ī
Dative
servō
–ō
equō
–ō
aevō
–ō
Ablative
servō
–ō
equō
–ō
aevō
–ō
Vocative Accusative
The plural of deus (god, deity) is irregular.
Latin declension
6
Nom. dī/diī/deī Voc.
dī
Acc.
deōs
Gen.
deōrum/deum
Dat.
dīs/diīs/deīs
Abl.
dīs/diīs/deīs
The vocative singular of Deus is not attested in Classical Latin. In Ecclesiastical Latin the vocative is Deus. In poetry, -um may be substituted for -ōrum as the genitive plural ending.
Third declension (i) The third declension is the largest group of nouns. These nouns may end in – a,– e, – ī, – ō, – y, – c, – l, – n, – r , – s, – t, or
– x . It consists of masculine, neuter, and feminine nouns of variable nominative cases and roots. The third declension includes flumen, fluminis neut. ("river"), flos, floris masc. ("flower"), and pax, pacis fem. ("peace"). Each noun has the ending -is as a suffix attached to the root of the noun in the genitive singular form. Masculine, feminine and neuter nouns each have their own special nominative singular endings. For instance, most masculine nouns end in an
– or (amor). Most feminine nouns end in an – īx (phoenīx), and most neuter nouns end in an – us (onus). As in all declensions, some nouns defy these rules. prīnceps, prin cipisleader, chief, prince m. Singular Nominative prīnceps Vocative Accusative
prīnceps
Plural
phoenīx, phoe nīcisphoenix, fire-bird f. Singular
Plural
-s
1
prīncipēs
–ēs
phoenīx
-s
1
prīncipēs
–ēs
phoenīx
prīncipēs
–ēs
[3] –em phoenīca
–um
phoenīcis
prīncipem –em
cōnāmen, c onaminis effort, struggle n. Singular
Plural
-s
1
phoenīcēs –ēs
cōnāmen
—1
cōnāmina –a
-s
1
——
cōnāmen
—1
cōnāmina –a
——
cōnāmen
—1,2
cōnāmina –a
–is
——
cōnāminis –is
——
Genitive
prīncipis
–is
prīncipum
Dative
prīncipī
– ī
prīncipibus –ibus
phoenīcī
– ī
——
cōnāminī – ī
——
Ablative
prīncipe
–e
prīncipibus –ibus
phoenīce
–e
——
cōnāmine
–e
——
Locative
prīncipī
– ī
prīncipibus –ibus
phoenīcī
– ī
——
cōnāminī – ī
——
1
The nominative singular is formed in one of four ways: with -s, with no ending, or by one of these two with a different stem from the oblique
cases. The same is true of other forms that are the same as the nominative singular: the vocative singular and the neuter accusative singular. 2
The nominative and accusative of neuter nouns are always identical. It should not be assumed that – en is always the appropriate ending, as it
might appear above.
Latin declension
7
Third declension i-stem nouns The third declension also has a set of nouns that are declined differently. They are called i-stems. I-stems are broken into two subcategories: pure and mixed. Pure I-stems are indicated by the parisyllabic rule or special neuter endings. Mixed I-stems are indicated by the double consonant rule. • Masculine & Feminine • Parisyllabic Rule: Some masculine and feminine third declension i-stem nouns have the same number of syllables in the genitive as they do in the nominative. For example: amnis, – is. The nominative ends in -is. • Double-Consonant Rule: The rest of the masculine and feminine third declension i-stem nouns have two consonants before the – is in the genitive singular. For example: pars, partis • Neuter • Special Neuter Ending: Neuter third declension i-stems have no rule. However, all of them end in – al, – ar or
– e. For example: animal, – ālis. This can be remembered with the help of the mnemonic involving a pirate named Al: "Al, ar' e' going pirating today?" Pure I-stems may exhibit peculiar endings in both singular and plural. Mixed I-stems employ normal (consonant) 3rd declension endings in the singular but I-Stem endings in the plural. Note the alternative I-stem endings indicated in parentheses. amnis, amnis
pars, partis
animal, animālis
stream, torrent m. (Pure)
part, piece f. (Mixed)
animal, living being n. (Pure)
Pa ris yllab ic Ru le
D ou ble Co ns on an t R ule
Sp ecial N eut er En din g
Singular Nominative amnis Vocative Accusative
amnis
Plural
Singular
-s
1
amnēs
–ēs
pars
-s
1
amnēs
–ēs
pars
amnem –em (-im) amnēs
Plural
Singular
Plural
-s
1
partēs
–ēs
animal
—1 animālia
–ia
-s
1
partēs
–ēs
animal
—1
animālia
–ia
–ēs (-īs) partem –em partēs
–ēs
animal
—1 animālia
–ia
partim -im
(-īs)
Genitive
amnis
–is
amnium –ium
partis
–is
partium –ium animālis –is
animālium –ium
Dative
amnī
– ī
amnibus –ibus
partī
– ī
partibus –ibus animālī – ī
animālibus –ibus
Ablative
amne
–e(-i)
amnibus –ibus
parte
–e
partibus –ibus animālī – ī
animālibus –ibus
amnī 1
The nominative singular is formed in one of four ways: with -s, with no ending, or by one of these two with a different stem from the oblique
cases. The same is true of other forms that are the same as the nominative singular: the vocative singular and the neuter accusative singular.
The rules for determining I-stems from non-I-stems and "mixed" I-stems should be thought of more as "guidelines" than "rules": even among the Romans themselves, the categorization of a 3rd declension word as an I-stem or non-I-stem was quite fluid. The result is that many words that should be I-stems according to the parisyllabic and consonant stem rules actually are not, such as canis or iuvenis. By the parisyllabic rule, "canis" should be a masculine I-stem and thus differ from the non-I-stems by having an extra -i- in the plural genitive form: "canium". In reality, the plural genitive of "canis" is "canum", the form of a non-I-stem. This fluidity even in Roman times results in much more uncertainty in Medieval Latin, as scholars were trying to imitate what was fluid to begin with.
Latin declension
8
Peculiarities In the third declension, there are four irregular nouns. Case
vīs
sūs, suis
bōs, bovis
Iuppiter,
force, power f.
swine, pig, hog c.
ox, bullock c.
Iovis Jupiter m.
Singular Plural Singular Nominative vīs
Plural
vīrēs
sūs
suēs
Singular bōs
Plural
[4]
bovēs
[4]
bovēs
Singular Iuppiter
Vocative
vīs
vīrēs
sūs
suēs
Accusative
vim
vīrēs
suem
suēs
bovem
bovēs
Iovem
Genitive
——
vīrium suis
suum
bovis
boum
Iovis
Dative
——
vīribus suī
subus
bovī
bōs
bōbus būbus
Ablative
vī
vīribus sue
subus
bove
bōbus būbus
Iuppiter
[4] [4]
Iovī [4] Iove [4]
Fourth declension (u) The fourth declension is a group of nouns consisting of mostly masculine words like 'wave' ( fluctus, fluctūs masc.) and 'port' ( portus, portūs masc.) with a few feminine exceptions, including 'hand' ( manus, manūs fem.). The fourth declension also includes several neuter nouns like 'knee' ( genu, genūs neut.). Each noun has the ending -ūs as a suffix attached to the root of the noun in the genitive singular form. The predominant letter in the ending forms of this declension is u. portus, – ūs port, haven, harbor m. Singular Nominative portus
Plural
cornū , – ūs horn, strength n. Singular
Plural
–us
portūs
–ū s
cornū
–ū
cornua
–ua
Vocative
portus
–us
portūs
–ū s
cornū
–ū
cornua
–ua
Accusative
portum
–um
portūs
–ū s
cornū
–ū
cornua
–ua
Genitive
portūs
–ū s
portuum –uum
Dative
portuī
–uī
portibus
–ibus
cornū
–ū
cornibus
–ibus
Ablative
portū
–ū
portibus
–ibus
cornū
–ū
cornibus
–ibus
cornūs –ū s cornuum –uum
In the dative and ablative plural, – ibus is sometimes replaced with – ubus. This is so for only a few nouns, such as
artus, "the limbs". The declension of domus is irregular:
Latin declension
9
domus, – ūs house, home f. Singular Nominative domus Vocative Accusative
domus
Plural
–us
domūs
–us
——
–ū s
domum –um domōs / domūs
–ōs / ū s
Genitive
domūs
–ū s
domōrum / domuum –ōrum / uum
Dative
domuī
–uī
domibus
–ibus
domō
–ō
domibus
–ibus
Ablative
Fifth declension (e) The fifth declension is a small group of nouns consisting of mostly feminine words like 'affair, matter, thing' ( rēs, reī fem.) and 'day' (diēs, diēī usually feminine, except on notable days when it is masculine). Each noun has either the ending -ēī or – eī as a suffix attached to the root of the noun in the genitive singular form effigiēs, – ēī effigy, ideal f. Singular Nominative effigiēs Vocative Accusative
Plural
spēs, – eī hope, anticipation f. Singular
Plural
–ēs
effigiēs
–ēs
spēs
–ēs
spēs
-ēs
–ēs
effigiēs
-ēs
spēs
–ēs
spēs
-ēs
effigiem –em effigiēs
–ēs
spem
–em
spēs
-ēs
effigiēs
Genitive
effigiēī
–ēī
effigiērum -ērum speī
–eī
spērum -ērum
Dative
effigiēī
–ēī
effigiēbus -ēbus
speī
–eī
spēbus
-ēbus
effigiē
–ē
effigiēbus -ēbus
spē
–ē
spēbus
-ēbus
Ablative
Note that nouns ending in iēs have long ēī in the dative and genitive, while nouns ending in a consonant + ēs have short eī in these cases.
Pronouns Relative and demonstrative pronouns are generally declined like first and second declension adjectives, with the following differences: • the nominatives are often irregular • the genitive singular ends in -īus rather than -ae or -ī. • the dative singular ends in -ī: rather than -ae or -ō. These differences identify the "pronominal" declension, and a few adjectives follow this pattern.
Personal pronouns The first and second persons are irregular. They may be only masculine or feminine.
Latin declension
10
First Person
Second Person
ego, meī I m. and f. nōs, nostrum we m. and f. tū, tuī thou m. and f. vōs, vestrum ye m. and f. Singular
Plural
Nominative ego
Singular
Plural
nōs
tū
vōs
——
——
tū
vōs
Accusative
mē
nōs
tē
vōs
Genitive
meī
Dative
mihi
nōbīs
tibi
vōbīs
mē
nōbīs
tē
vōbīs
Vocative
Ablative
nostrum
tuī
1
1
vestrum
1
—if the genitive is objective, nostrī and vestrī
Usually, to show the ablative of accompaniment, cum would be added to the ablative form. However, with personal pronouns and the interrogative (not with 3rd person), cum is added on to the end of the ablative form. For example:
mēcum, nōbīscum, tēcum, vōbīscum and quōcum (sometimes quīcum). is, eī he, they m.
ea, eaeshe, they f.
Singular Plural Singular Nominative is
id, eait, they n.
Plural
Singular Plural
eī, iī
ea
eae
id
ea
-
-
-
-
-
-
Accusative
eum
eōs
eam
eās
id
ea
Genitive
eius
eōrum eius
eārum
eius
eōrum
Dative
eī
eīs, iīs eī
eīs, iīs
eī
eīs, iīs
Ablative
eō
eīs, iīs eā
eīs, iīs
eō
eīs, iīs
Vocative
The third person reflexive pronouns always refer back to the subject whether it be singular or plural. — , suī himself, herself itself, oneself, themselves Nominative — Vocative Accusative
sē, sēsē
Genitive
suī
Dative
sibi
Ablative
sē, sēsē
Latin declension
11
Interrogative pronouns The interrogative pronouns are used strictly for asking questions. It is best not to confuse them with the relative pronoun and the interrogative adjective (which is declined like the relative pronoun). Interrogative pronouns rarely occur in the plural, though they may. The plural interrogative pronouns are the same as the plural relative pronouns. quiswho? m. and f. quid what? n. only Singular Nominative quis Vocative
quid
-
-
Accusative
quem
quid
Genitive
cuius
cuius
Dative
cuī
cuī
Ablative
quō
quō
Demonstrative pronouns and adjectives hic, haec, ho c this, this one Masculine
Feminine
ille, illa, illud that, that one Neuter
Masculine
Feminine
iste, ista, istud that of yours Neuter
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Nominative hic Vocative
-
Accusative hunc
hī
haec
hae
hoc
haec
ille
illī
illa
illae
illud
illa
iste
istī
ista
istae
istud
ista
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
hōs
hanc
hās
hoc
haec
illum
illōs
illam
illās
illud
illa
istum
istōs
istam
istās
istud
ista
Genitive
huius
hōrum huius
hārum huius
hōrum illīus
illōrum illīus
illārum illīus
illōrum istīus
istōrum istīus
istārum istīus
istōrum
Dative
huic
hīs
huic
hīs
huic
hīs
illī
illīs
illī
illīs
illī
illīs
istī
istīs
istī
istīs
istī
istīs
Ablative
hōc
hīs
hāc
hīs
hōc
hīs
illō
illīs
illā
illīs
illō
illīs
istō
istīs
istā
istīs
istō
istīs
Intensive pronouns ipse, ipsa, ipsum himself, herself, itself Masculine Singular
Neuter
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
ipsī
ipsa
ipsae
ipsum
ipsa
-
-
-
-
-
-
Accusative
ipsum
ipsōs
ipsam
ipsās
ipsum
ipsa
Genitive
ipsīus
ipsōrum ipsīus
ipsārum ipsīus
ipsōrum
Dative
ipsī
ipsīs
ipsī
ipsīs
ipsī
ipsīs
Ablative
ipsō
ipsīs
ipsā
ipsīs
ipsō
ipsīs
Nominative ipse Vocative
Plural
Feminine
Latin declension
12
Relative pronouns quī, quae, quod who, which, that Masculine Singular
Feminine
Neuter
Plural
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
quī
quae
quae
quod
quae
-
-
-
-
-
-
Accusative
quem
quōs
quam
quās
quod
quae
Genitive
cūius
quōrum cūius
quārum cūius
quōrum
Dative
cui
quibus
cui
quibus
cui
quibus
Ablative
quō
quibus
quā
quibus
quō
quibus
Nominative quī Vocative
Adjectives First and second declension adjectives First and second declension are inflected in the masculine, the feminine and the neuter; the masculine form typically ends in – us (although some end in -er , see below), the feminine form ends in – a, and the neuter form ends in – um. Therefore, adjectives are given like altus, alta, altum. altus, – a, – um high, long, tall Masculine Singular Nominative altus Vocative Accusative
alte
Feminine
Plural
Singular
Neuter
Plural
Singular
Plural
–us
altī
– ī
alta
–a
altae
–ae
altum –um alta
–a
–e
altī
– ī
alta
–a
altae
–ae
altum –um alta
–a
–ōs
altam –am altās
–ās
altum –um alta
–a
altum –um altōs
Genitive
altī
– ī
altōrum –ōrum altae
–ae
altārum –ārum altī
– ī
altōrum –ōrum
Dative
altō
–ō
altīs
– īs
altae
–ae
altīs
– īs
altō
–ō
altīs
– īs
Ablative
altō
–ō
altīs
– īs
altā
–ā
altīs
– īs
altō
–ō
altīs
– īs
First and second declension – r adjectives Some first and second declension adjectives' masculine form end in an – er . As with second declension nouns –r nouns, some adjectives retain the e throughout inflection, and some omit it. Sacer , sacra, sacrum omits its e while
miser , misera, miserum keeps it.
Latin declension
13
miser, – era, – erum sad, poor, unhappy Masculine Singular Nominative miser Vocative Accusative
miser
Feminine
Plural
Singular
Neuter Plural
Singular
Plural
–er
miserī
– ī
misera
–a
miserae
–ae
miserum –um misera
–a
–er
miserī
– ī
misera
–a
miserae
–ae
miserum –um misera
–a
–ōs
miseram –am miserās
–ās
miserum –um misera
–a
miserum –um miserōs
Genitive
miserī
– ī
miserōrum –ōrum miserae
–ae
miserārum –ārum miserī
– ī
miserōrum –ōrum
Dative
miserō
–ō
miserīs
– īs
miserae
–ae
miserīs
– īs
miserō
–ō
miserīs
– īs
Ablative
miserō
–ō
miserīs
– īs
miserā
–ā
miserīs
– īs
miserō
–ō
miserīs
– īs
sacer, – cra, – crum sacred, holy Masculine Singular Nominative sacer Vocative Accusative
sacer
Feminine
Plural
Singular
Neuter
Plural
Singular
Plural
–er
sacrī
– ī
sacra
–a
sacrae
–ae
sacrum –um sacra
–a
–er
sacrī
– ī
sacra
–a
sacrae
–ae
sacrum –um sacra
–a
–ōs
sacram –am sacrās
–ās
sacrum –um sacra
–a
sacrum –um sacrōs
Genitive
sacrī
– ī
sacrōrum –ōrum sacrae
–ae
sacrārum –ārum sacrī
– ī
sacrōrum –ōrum
Dative
sacrō
–ō
sacrīs
– īs
sacrae
–ae
sacrīs
– īs
sacrō
–ō
sacrīs
– īs
Ablative
sacrō
–ō
sacrīs
– īs
sacrā
–ā
sacrīs
– īs
sacrō
–ō
sacrīs
– īs
First and second – īus genitive adjectives Nine first and second declension adjectives are irregular in the genitive and the dative in all genders. They can be remembered by using the mnemonic acronym UNUS NAUTA. They are:
ūllus, – a, – um; any nūllus, – a, – um; no, none (of any) uter, – tra, – trum; which (of two) sōlus, – a, – um; sole, alone neuter, – tra, – trum; neither (of two) alius, – a, – ud; (gen. sing. alīus; another) ūnus, – a, – um; one tōtus, – a, – um; whole alter, – era, – erum; the other (of two)
Latin declension
14
ūllus, – a, – umany Masculine Singular Nominative ūllus Vocative Accusative Genitive
ūlle
Feminine
Plural
Singular
Neuter
Plural
Singular
Plural
–us
ūllī
– ī
ūlla
–a
ūllae
–ae
ūllum –um ūlla
–a
–e
ūllī
– ī
ūlla
–a
ūllae
–ae
ūllum –um ūlla
–a
–ōs
ūllam –am ūllās
–ās
ūllum –um ūlla
–a
ūllum –um ūllōs ūllīus – īus
ūllōrum –ōrum ūllīus – īus ūllārum –ārum ūllīus – īus
ūllōrum –ōrum
Dative
ūllī
– ī
ūllīs
– īs
ūllī
– ī
ūllīs
– īs
ūllī
– ī
ūllīs
– īs
Ablative
ūllō
–ō
ūllīs
– īs
ūllā
–ā
ūllīs
– īs
ūllō
–ō
ūllīs
– īs
Third declension adjectives Third declension adjectives are normally declined like third declension i-stem nouns, except for the fact they always have a – ī rather than an -e in the ablative singular (unlike i-stem nouns, in which only neuters have – ī). Some adjectives, however, like the one-ending vetus, veteris (old, aged), have an -e in the ablative singular (all genders), a -um in the genitive plural (all genders), and an -a in the nominative and accusative plural (neuter only). Third declension adjectives with one ending Third declension adjectives with one ending have single nominative ending for all genders. As with nouns, a genitive is given for the purpose of inflection. atrōx, – ōcis terrible, mean, cruel Masculine & Feminine Singular Nominative atrōx Vocative Accusative
atrōx
Neuter
Plural
Singular
Plural
–ōx
atrōcēs
–ēs
atrōx
–ōx atrōcia
–ia
–ōx
atrōcēs
–ēs
atrōx
–ōx atrōcia
–ia
atrōx
–ōx atrōcia
–ia
atrōcem –em atrōcēs
–ēs
1
Genitive
atrōcis
–is
atrōcium –ium atrōcis –is
atrōcium –ium
Dative
atrōcī
– ī
atrōcibus –ibus atrōcī – ī
atrōcibus –ibus
Ablative
atrōcī
– ī ²
atrōcibus –ibus atrōcī – ī ²
atrōcibus –ibus
1
—may end in – īs
² —may end in – e
Third declension adjectives with two endings Third declension adjectives that have two endings have one form for the masculine and feminine, and a separate form for the neuter. The ending for the masculine and feminine is – is, and the ending for the neuter is – e. Because the sexed form ends in an – is, we find the adjective genitive singular.
Latin declension
15
agilis, – enimble, swift Masculine & Feminine Singular Nominative agilis Vocative
agilis
Accusative
Plural
Neuter Singular
Plural
–is
agilēs
–ēs
agile
–e agilia
–ia
–is
agilēs
–ēs
agile
–e agilia
–ia
–ēs1
agile
–e agilia
–ia
agilem –em agilēs
Genitive
agilis
–is
agilium –ium agilis –is agilium –ium
Dative
agilī
– ī
agilibus –ibus agilī – ī agilibus –ibus
Ablative
agilī
– ī
agilibus –ibus agilī – ī agilibus –ibus
1
—may end in – īs
Third declension adjectives with three endings Third declension adjectives with three endings have three separate nominative forms for all three genders. Like third and second declension –r nouns, the masculine ends in an – er . The feminine ends in an – ris, and the neuter ends in an – re. With that information, we come upon the genitive singular needed for inflection, the feminine form. celer, – eris, – ereswift, rapid, brash Masculine Singular Nominative celer Vocative Accusative
celer
Feminine
Plural
Singular
Neuter
Plural
Singular
Plural
–er
celerēs
–ēs
celeris
–is
celerēs
–ēs
celere
–e celeria
–ia
–er
celerēs
–ēs
celeris
–is
celerēs
–ēs
celere
–e celeria
–ia
–ēs1
celerem –em celerēs
–ēs1
celere
–e celeria
–ia
celerem –em celerēs
Genitive
celeris
–is
celerium –ium celeris
–is
celerium –ium celeris –is celerium –ium
Dative
celerī
– ī
celeribus –ibus celerī
– ī
celeribus –ibus celerī – ī celeribus –ibus
Ablative
celerī
– ī
celeribus –ibus celerī
– ī
celeribus –ibus celerī – ī celeribus –ibus
alacer, – cris, – crelively, jovial, animated Masculine Singular Nominative alacer Vocative Accusative
1
alacer
Feminine
Plural
Singular
Neuter
Plural
Singular
Plural
–er
alacrēs
–ēs
alacris
–is
alacrēs
–ēs
alacre
–e alacria
–ia
–er
alacrēs
–ēs
alacris
–is
alacrēs
–ēs
alacre
–e alacria
–ia
–ēs1
alacrem –em alacrēs
–ēs1
alacre
–e alacria
–ia
alacrem –em alacrēs
Genitive
alacris
–is
alacrium –ium alacris
–is
alacrium –ium alacris –is alacrium –ium
Dative
alacrī
– ī
alacribus –ibus alacrī
– ī
alacribus –ibus alacrī – ī alacribus –ibus
Ablative
alacrī
– ī
alacribus –ibus alacrī
– ī
alacribus –ibus alacrī – ī alacribus –ibus
—may end in – īs
Latin declension
16
Comparative and superlative forms of adjectives As in English, adjectives have superlative and comparative forms. For regular first and second declension and third declension adjectives with one or two endings, the comparative is formed by adding an – ior for the masculine and feminine, and an – ius for the neuter to the base. The genitive for both are formed by adding an – iōris. Therefore, they are declined like the third declension. However, they are not declined as i-stems are. Superlatives formed by adding an – issimus, – a, – um to the base. Now, we find that superlatives are declined like first and second declension adjectives. Adjective
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
benignus, –a, –um (kind, nice) benignior, –ius benignissimus, –a, –um frīgidus, –a, –um (cold, chilly) frīgidior, –ius
frīgidissimus, –a, –um
calidus, –a, –um (hot, fiery)
calidior, –ius
calidissimus, –a, –um
pugnāx, –ācis (pugnacious)
pugnācior, –ius pugnācissimus, –a, –um
fortis, –e (strong, robust)
fortior, –ius
aequālis, –e (equal, even)
aequālior, –ius aequālissimus, –a, –um
fortissimus, –a, –um
Comparatives and superlatives of – er adjectives Adjectives (in the third and first and second declensions) that have masculine nominative singular forms ending in
– er have different forms. If the feminine and neuter forms drop the E, use that for the comparative form. The superlative is formed by adding a – rimus onto the masculine form. Adjective
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
pulcher, –chra, –chrum (pretty, beautiful) pulchrior, –ius pulcherrimus, –a, –um sacer, –cra, –crum (sacred, holy)
sacrior, –ius
sacerrimus, –a, –um
tener, –era, –erum (delicate, tender)
tenerior, –ius
tenerrimus, –a, –um
ācer, –cris, –cre (sharp)
ācrior, –ius
ācerrimus, –a, –um
celēber, –bris, –bre (celebrated, famous)
celēbrior, –ius celēberrimus, –a, –um
celer, –eris, –ere (quick, fast)
celerior, –ius
celerrimus, –a, –um
Comparatives and superlatives of – lis adjectives Some third declension adjectives with two endings in – lis in the sexed nominative singular have irregular superlative forms. The following are the only adjectives that have this unique form. Adjective
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
facilis, –e (easy)
facilior, –ius
facillimus, –a, –um
difficilis, –e (hard, difficult)
difficilior, –ius
difficillimus, –a, –um
similis, –e (similar, like)
similior, –ius
simillimus, –a, –um
dissimilis, –e (unlike, dissimilar) dissimilior, –ius dissimillimus, –a, –um gracilis, –e (slender, slim)
gracilior, –ius
gracillimus, –a, –um
humilis, –e (low, humble)
humilior, –ius
humillimus, –a, –um
Latin declension
17
Irregular comparatives and superlatives As in most languages, Latin has adjectives that have irregular comparatives and superlatives. Adjective
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
bonus, –a, –um (good)
melior, –ius
optimus, –a, –um
malus, –a, –um (bad, evil)
peior, –ius
pessimus, –a, –um
magnus, –a, –um (great, large)
maior, –ius
maximus, –a, –um
parvus, –a, –um (small, slight)
minor, –us
minimus, –a, –um
multus, –a, –um (much, many)
plūs
plurimus, –a, –um
mātūrus, –a, –um (ripe, mature)
mātūrior, –ius
mātūrrimus, –a, –um
nēquam (worthless)
nēquior, –ius
nēquissimus, –a, –um
posterus, –a, –um (next, future)
posterior, –ius
postremus, –a, –um
superus, –a, –um (above, upper)
superior, –ius
supremus, –a, –um
exterus, –a, –um (outer, outward) exterior, –ius
extremus, –a, –um
novus, –a, –um (new, strange)
novior, -ium
novissimus, –a, –um
senex, senis (old, aged)
senior, –ius
——
iuvenis, –is (young, youthful)
iuvenior -ius / iūnior, –ius ——
3
1
2
• 1: noun used with genitive to express more of something • 2: often replaced by the regular form 'maturissimus, –a, –um' • 3: indeclinable
Declension of īdem The adjective īdem, eadem, idem means 'same.' It is a variant of the third person pronouns that were declined earlier. Generally, they are formed by adding – dem to a declined third person pronouns. However, some forms have been changed to ease pronunciation. īdem, eadem, idemthe same, same as Masculine Singular Nominative īdem
Plural eīdem,
Feminine Singular
Plural
Neuter Singular
Plural
eadem
eaedem
idem
eadem
eadem
eaedem
idem
eadem
eandem
eāsdem
idem
eadem
iīdem Vocative
īdem
eīdem, iīdem
Accusative
eundem
eōsdem
Genitive
eiusdem
eōrundem eiusdem
eārundem eiusdem
eōrundem
eīdem
eīsdem,
eīsdem,
eīsdem,
Dative
eīdem
iīsdem Ablative
eōdem
eīsdem, iīsdem
eīdem
iīsdem eādem
eīsdem, iīsdem
iīsdem eōdem
eīsdem, iīsdem
Latin declension
18
Declension of numerals See also: Roman numerals for symbology. There are several different kinds of numeral words in Latin: the two most common are cardinal numerals, and ordinal numerals. There are also several more rare numerals such as distributive numerals and adverbial numerals Cardinal numerals All numerals, except ūnum (one), duo (two), tria (three), centum (one hundred), and mīlia (thousand, sing. mīlle) are indeclinable adjectives. Ūnus, ūna, ūnum is declined like a first and second declension adjective with an – īus in the genitive, and – ī in the dative. Duo is declined irregularly, and tria is declined like a third declension adjective. duo, duae, duo two Masculine
Feminine Neuter Plural
Nominative duo Vocative Accusative Genitive
duae
duo
duo
duae
duo
duōs / duo
duās
duo
duōrum / duum duārum
duōrum
Dative
duōbus
duābus
duōbus
Ablative
duōbus
duābus
duōbus
It should be noted that ambō, "both", is declined as duo is, though its o is long. trēs, tria Masculine & Feminine Neuter Plural Nominative trēs Vocative
tria
trēs
tria
trēs, trīs
tria
Genitive
trium
trium
Dative
tribus
tribus
Ablative
tribus
tribus
Accusative
The word mīlle, is singular, an adjective and indeclinable. However, its plural, mīlia, is a plural 3rd declension I-stem neuter noun.
Latin declension
19
mīlia, mīlium (a) thousand n. Plural Nominative mīlia Genitive Accusative Dative
mīlium mīlia mīlibus
Vocative
mīlia
Ablative
mīlibus
• Note that to write the phrase "four thousand horses" in Latin, the genitive is used: "quattuor milia equōrum", literally, "four thousands of horses". As stated before, the rest of the numbers are indeclinable adjectives. They are also indeclinable as substantives. 1
I
ūnus, –a, –um 11 XI
ūndecim
21
XXI
ūnus et vigintī 101
CI
centum et ūnus
2
II
duo, –ae, –o
12 XII
duodecim
22
XXII
duō et vigintī 200
CC
ducentī, –ae, –a
3
III
trēs, –ia
13 XIII
trēdecim
30
XXX
trīgintā
300
CCC
trecentī
4
IV
quattuor
14 XIV
quattuordecim 40
XL
quadrāgintā
400
CD
quadrigentī
5
V
quīnque
15 XV
quīndecim
50
L
quīnquāgintā
500
D
quīngentī
6
VI
sex
16 XVI
sēdecim
60
LX
sexāgintā
600
DC
sescentī
7
VII
septem
17 XVII
septendecim
70
LXX
septuāgintā
700
DCC
septingentī
8
VIII octō
18 XVIII duodēvigintī
80
LXXX octōgintā
800
D CC C octingentī
9
IX
novem
19 XIX
ūndēvigintī
90
XC
nōnāgintā
900
CM
decem
20 XX
vigintī
100 C
centum
1000 M
10 X
nōngentī mīlle
Ordinal numerals Ordinal numerals all decline like normal 1st and 2nd declension adjectives. • Primus = first • Secundus = second • Tertius = third • Vicensimus = twentieth Note: "secundus" only means "second" in the sense of "following". The adjective alter, -ra, -rum meaning "the other (of two)" was more frequently used in many instances that English would use "second". Ordinal numbers, not cardinal numbers, are commonly used to represent dates, because they are in the format of "in the tenth year of Caesar", etc. which also carried over into the Anno Domini system and Christian dating, i.e. "anno post Christum nato centensimo" = AD 100.
Latin declension
20
Distributive numerals A rare numeral construction denoting an equal number distributed among several objects, e.g. "How many each?" "Two by two." They decline like normal 1st and 2nd declension adjectives, and are logically always plural. Bis, Bina = "twice two". A classical example would be "Uxores habent deni duo deniqui inter se communes" = "groups of ten or twelve men had wives in common" –Gallic Wars, Julius Caesar Adverbial numerals Adverbial numerals are (as the name states) indeclinable adverbs, but because all of the other numeral constructions are adjectives, they are listed here with them. Adverbial numerals give how many times a thing happened. Semel = once, Bis = twice, Ter = thrice (three times), Quater = four times, etc.
Adverbs and their comparisons and superlatives Adverbs are not declined. However, adverbs must be formed if one wants to make an adjective into an adverb.
First and second declension adjectives' adverbs First and second declension adjectives' adverbs are formed by adding an – ē onto their bases. Adjective
Adverb
clārus, –a, –um (clear, famous)
clārē (clearly, famously)
validus, –a, –um (strong, robust)
validē (strongly, robustly)
īnfīrmus, –a, –um (weak)
īnfīrmē (weakly)
solidus, –a, –um (complete, firm)
solidē (completely, firmly)
integer, –gra, –grum (whole, fresh) integrē (wholly, freshly) līber, –era, –erum (free)
līberē (freely)
Third declension adjectives' adverbs Typically, third declension adjectives' adverbs are formed by adding an – iter onto their bases. However, most third declension adjectives with one ending simply add an – er to their bases. Adjective
Adverb
prūdēns, –entis (prudent)
prūdenter (prudently)
audāx, –ācis (bold)
audācter (boldly)
virilis, –e (courageous, spirited) viriliter (courageously, spiritedly) salūbris, -e (wholesome)
salūbriter (wholesomely)
Latin declension
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Adverbs' comparative and superlative forms Adverbs' comparative forms are their neuter adjectives' comparative forms. Adverbs' superlative forms are made in the same way in which first and second declension adjectives' adverbs are made. First and second declension adjectives' adverbs are formed by adding an – ē onto their bases. Positive
Comparative
clārē (clearly, famously)
clārius
Superlative clārissimē
solidē (completely, firmly) solidius
——
līberē (freely)
līberius
——
prudenter (prudently)
prudentius
prudentissimē
salūbriter (wholesomely)
salūberius
salūberissimē
Irregular adverbs and their comparative and superlative forms As so with adjectives, there are irregular adverbs with peculiar comparative and superlative forms. Positive
Comparative
Superlative
bene (well)
melius
optimē
male (ill, badly)
peius
pessimē
māgnoperē (greatly)
magis
maximē
multum (much, a lot)
plūs
plūrimum
parvum (little)
minus
minimē
nēquiter (worthlessly)
nēquius
nēquissimē
saepe (often)
saepius
saepissimē
mātūrē (seasonably, betimes) mātūrius
māturrimē
prope (near)
propius
proximē
nūper (recently)
——
nūperrimē
potis (possible)
potius (rather)
potissimē (especially)
—— secus (otherwise)
prius (before, previously) prīmum /primo (first) sētius / sequius (less)
Peculiarities within declension Irregularity in number Some nouns are declined in the singular only. This is the case with: • Materials such as aurum (gold) and aes (copper) • Abstract nouns such as celeritās (speed) and scientia (knowledge) • Proper names such as Iulius (Julius) and Clāra (Clara) There are nouns that are declined only in the plural as well (plurale tantum): • Many festivals, such as Saturnalia • Words like castra (camp) and arma (arms) • A few geographical names are plural such as Thēbae (Thebes).
——
Latin declension
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Indeclinable nouns Indeclinable nouns are neuter nouns which occur only in the nominative and the accusative singular. There are only six such nouns: • fās — fate, divine law • īnstar — likeness • māne — morning • nefās — sin, abomination • nihil / nil — nothing, none • secus - sex, coitus
Heterogeneous nouns Heterogeneous nouns are nouns which vary in respect to gender. • A few nouns in the second declension occur in both the neuter and masculine. However, their meanings remain the same. • Some nouns are one gender in the singular, but become another gender in the plural. They may also change in meaning. Singular
Plural
balneum n. bath
balneae f. or balnea n. bath-house
epulum n. feast, banquet epulae f. feasts, banquets frēnum n. bridle, curb
frēnī m. bridle, curb
iocus m. joke, jest
ioca n. or ioci m. jokes, jests
locus m. place, location
loca n. places, locations; locī region
rāstrum n. hoe, rake
rāstrī m. hoes, rakes
Plurals with alternative meanings Nouns whose plural meaning is different from the singular meaning are called plūrālia tantum. Singular
Plural
aedēs, – is f. building, temple
aedēs, – ium rooms, house
auxilium, – ī n. help, aid
auxilia, – ōrum auxiliary troops
carcer, – eris m. prison, cell
carcerēs, – um starting-place of a chariot race
castrum, – ī n. fort, castle, fortress
castra, – ōrum milit. camp, encampment
cōpia, – ae f. plenty, much, abundance
cōpiae, – ārum troops
fīnis, – is m. end, boundary
fīnēs, – ium territory
fortūna, – ae f. luck, chance
fortūnae – ārum wealth
grātia, – ae f. charm, favor
grātiae, – ārum thanks
impedīmentum, – ī m. impediment, hindrance impedīmenta, – ōrum baggage littera, – ae f. letter (as in A, B, C, etc.)
litterae, – ārum epistle, scholarship, literature
mōs, mōris m. habit, inclination
mōrēs, – um m. morals, character
opera, – ae f. trouble, pains
operae, – ārum workmen
opis f.
[5]
help
opēs, – ium resources, wealth
Latin declension
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pars, partis f. part, piece
partēs, – ium office, function
sāl, salis m. salt, sea water
salēs, – um wit, smarts
Notes [1] The archaism aquai occurs frequently in Virgil, Cicero, Lucretius and others, to evoke the style of older writers. [2] Gildersleeve & Lodge §15, Allen & Greenough §12, §49c [3] Being a Greek word, the accusative form is phoenica (Ovid, Metamorphoses, 15.393 (http:/ / www.thelatinlibrary.com/ ovid/ ovid.met15. shtml)). Greek -a, like Latin -em, comes from the PIE athematic ending -m, which was pronounced as a vowel after consonants. [4] Here ō or ū come from Old Latin ou. Thus bō-/bū- and Iū- before consonant endings are alternate developments of the bov- and Iov- before vowel endings. — The double pp in the preferred form Iu-ppiter "Father Jove" is an alternate way of marking the length of the u in the etymological form Iū-piter . i is weakened from a in pater (Allen and Greenough, sect. 79 b). [5] (gen.; nom. and dat. do not occur) the goddess Ops (pers.)
References • Latin declensor (http:/ / molinarium.es/ declinador.html) (Spanish) • New Latin Grammar (http:/ / www.gutenberg.org/ ebooks/ 15665), an eBook, originally written by Charles Edwin Bennett, at the Project Gutenberg • Latin grammar - interactive (http:/ / latinskirecnik. 110mb.com/ latingram/ substantiva_eng.html) • A Student's Latin Grammar, by Cambridge Latin Course's Robin m. Griffin, Third Edition • Gildersleeve, B. L.; Gonzalez Lodge (1895). Gildersleeve's Latin Grammar (3rd ed.). M acmillan. ISBN 0-333-09215-5. • Greenough, J. B.; G. L. Kittredge, A. A. Howard, Benj. L. D'Ooge (1903). Allen and Greenough's New Latin
Grammar for Schools and Colleges (http:/ / www.perseus.tufts.edu/ hopper/ text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04. 0001). Ginn and Company.
Article Sources and Contributors
Article Sources and Contributors Latin declension Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=484041305 Contributors: 208.168.16.xxx, 212.25.85.xxx, 4pq1injbok, 7th Declension, A. Parrot, Aetherlur, Aeusoes1, Ahoerstemeier, Alexmoorehead42, Anakata, AneleZeravla, Angr, AnonMoos, Antandrus, Aramgar, Arda Xi, Asclepius, Attilios, AugPi, Benlisquare, Benwing, Bill3000, Billiot, Bjankuloski06en, Blurrzuki, Bombshell, Brion VIBBER, Brusegadi, B urschik, CSWarren, CanisRufus, CapnPrep, Carolus, Chris386, ChristopherWillis, Christophore, Ciacchi, Closedmouth, Cmdrjameson, Conversion script, Count Truthstein, Cynwolfe, DanMS, Darthanakin, David Martin Chao, Dev920, Dnik, Don4of4, Donarreiskoffer, Dpc01, Edcolins, Ehrenkater, Ekwos, EncycloPetey, Endorf, Epbr123, Erutuon, Ettrig, Fabullus, FilipeS, Foolman89, Furrykef, Gandalf1491, Gbnogkfs, Gerbrant, Getf42, Gilgamesh, GlobeGores, GoGi, Graham87, Grblomerth, Hairy Dude, Hao2lian, HappyInGeneral, Harryboyles, Horsieluvr77, Igodard, Ihcoyc, Inspector Baynes, Iridescent, J. Finkelstein, JSpung, Jaberwocky6669, Jason131813, Jed 20012, Jeffq, Jfblanc, Jheald, Jim1138, Jobber, JoergenB, Jogloran, John Riemann Soong, Jonathan Schäfer, Joriki, Jusdafax, Ka Faraq Gatri, Karenbudde, Kbolino, Kenyon, Kinzcg12, Kongming819, Kwamikagami, La Pianista, Laogeodritt, Largoplazo, Latintemplate, Laudaka, Lawrence King, Lesgles, Lexor, Lindsay1999, Literaturepitome, Looxix, Lotje, Makerowner, Marnanel, Mboverload, Mecv, Mhss, Mild Bill Hiccup, Mirage GSM, Mirv, Mochattez, Moogwrench, Moyogo, Mygerardromance, Naddy, Nightstallion, Nik42, Oda Mari, Pajamacore, Pajast, PaulGS, Penarc, Peter Chastain, Philx, Pinnerup, Prudentius, Psyche825, Quellyn, RPlunk2853, Radagast3, Reinyday, Rich Farmbrough, Richwales, Rodii, Rsvk, Ruakh, SJK, Salt Yeung, Sburke, Schoen, Shanes, Smilers, Som ethingWittyHere, Sotades, Starnestommy, Stephen MUFC, StradivariusTV, Subtilior, Tarquin, Tb, Tbone762, Tedius Zanarukando, The penguin boy, Theelf29, TimNelson, Ttownfeen, Turgan, UNIT A4B1, UnDeadGoat, Vanisaac, VashiDonsk, Vi Veri Veniversum Vivus Vici, Wally787, Wasabe3543, Wavelength, Weatherman1126, Wik, Wombat1138, Wordsmith, Xiaq, Yeom0609, Yolgnu, 393 anonymous edits
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