LEARN TO READ LATIN CH. 11
Learn to Read Latin: Ch. 11 §104: Infinitives Present
Active
Passive
2nd PP. “to ____”
2nd PP., change -e to ī (3rd conj., change -ere to ī) “to be ____ed”
amāre amārī Perfect
3rd PP. + -isse “to have ____ed”
j.
amāvisse
Future
4th PP. + esse “to have been ____ed” amātus, -a, -um esse
ch
4th PP., change -us to ūrus “to be about to ____” amātūrus, -a, -um esse
e as
§106: Indirect Statement and the Subject Accusative • Present infinitive —> action simultaneous to the verb • Cōgitō eum carmina Vergilī bene intellegere. • I think that he understands the poems of Vergil well. • Perfect infinitive —> action prior to the verb • Cōgitō eum carmina Vergilī bene intellēxisse. • I think that he understood the poems of Vergil well. • Future infinitive —> action subsequent to the verb • Cōgitō eum carmina Vergilī bene intellēctūrum esse. • I think that he will understand the poems of Vergil well.
LEARN TO READ LATIN CH. 11
§109: Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs • Adjectives • Comparative Degree • Form: feminine of the positive sans the ending, plus -ior, -ius • pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum: pulchrior (m. / f.), pulchrius (n.)
Nom.
M. / F.
Neut.
-ior
-ius
Nom.
M. / F.
Neut.
-iōrēs
-iōra
-iōris
Gen.
-iōrum
Dat.
-iōrī
Dat.
-iōribus
j.
Gen.
Abl.
ch
Acc.
-iōrem
-ius
-iōre / -iōrī
Acc.
-iōrēs / -iorīs
Abl.
-iōra
-iōribus
e as
• Superlative Degree • Form: masculine of the positive sans the ending, plus -issimus, -a, -um • If the stem ends in r, add “-rimus, -a, -um” • fortis, forte: fortissimus, -a, -um
• Adverbs • Comparative Degree • Form: positive degree sans the ending, plus -ius • pulchrē —> pulchrius • Superlative Degree • Form: masculine superlative degree of the adjective sans ending, plus -ē • fortissumus —> fortissimē
LEARN TO READ LATIN CH. 11
§110: Irregular Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs Adjectives Positive
Comparative
Superlative
bonus good
melior, melius better
optimus best
malus bad
peior, peius worse
pessimus worst
magnus great
maior, maius greater
maximus greatest
parvus small
minor, minus smaller
minimus smallest
multus much, many
plūs / plūrēs, plūra more
plūrimus most
j. —
prior, prius earlier
prīmus first
Positive bene well
ch
Adverbs
Comparative
Superlative
melius better
optimē best
e as
male badly
peius worse
pessimē worst
magnopere greatly
magis more greatly
maximē most greatly
parum too little
minus less
minimē least, not at all
plūs more
plūrimum most
prius before, sooner
prīmum first
multum much ———
Vocabulary audācia, audāciae f. boldness; recklessness, audacity campus, campī m. (flat) plain castra, castrōrum n. pl. (military) camp mūrus, mūrī m. wall paulum, paulī n. small amount; a little signum, signī n. sign, signal; standard tēlum, tēlī n. spear; weapon ignis, ignis, -ium m. fire imperātor, imperātōris m. commander, general legiō, legiōnis f. legion lūx, lūcis f. light, daylight
LEARN TO READ LATIN CH. 11
prīmā lūce at daybreak maiōrēs, maiōrum m. pl. ancestors sēnsus, sēnsūs m. perception, feeling; sense
j.
arbitror, arbitrārī, arbitrātus sum judge, consider, think putō, putāre, putāvī, putātus think, suppose soleō, solēre, solitus sum be accustomed crēdō, crēdere, crēdidī, crēditus trust, believe (+ dat.) iaciō, iacere, iēcī, iactus throw; utter; lay, establish ēiciō, ēicere, ēiēcī, ēiectus throw out, expel loquor, loquī, locūtus sum speak inveniō, invenīre, invēnī, inventus find, discover sciō, scīre, scīvī / sciī, scītus know nesciō, nescīre, nescīvī / nesciī, nescītus not know pereō, perīre, periī, peritūrus pass away, be destroyed; perish, die
ch
e as
longus, -a, -um long; far; long-standing; far-reaching summus, -a, -um highest; top (of); last, final brevis, breve short, brief humilis, humile humble sapiēns, sapientis wise similis, simile similar (+ gen. or dat.) dissimilis, dissimile dissimilar, unlike, different (+ gen. or dat.)
diū (adv.) for a long time igitur (postpositive conj.) therefore longē (adv.) a long way, far; by far parum (indecl. subst.) too little, not enough (adv.) too little, inadequately prīmum (adv.) first; for the first time quam prīmum as soon as possible quam (adv.) as, how; (conj.) than
