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[Bernard Myers]-Tests Psychotechniques Pour Les Cadres _ Logique
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LES TESTS D’HYPOTHÈSE Hypothèse statistique Une hypothèse statistique statis tique est un énoncé (une affirmation) affirm ation) concernant concernant les caractéristiques (valeurs des paramètres, forme de la distribution des observations) d’une population.
Test d’hypothèse d’hypothè se Un test d’hypothèse (ou test statistique) est une démarche qui a pour but de fournir une règle de décision permettant, sur la base de résultats d’échantillon, d’échantillon, de faire un choix entre deux hypothèses statistiques.
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D'HYPOTHESE
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Hypothèse nulle (H0) et hypothèse alternative (H 1) L’hypothèse selon laquelle on fixe à priori un paramètre de la population à une valeur particulière s’appelle l’hypothèse nulle et est notée H 0. N’importe N’im porte quelle quelle autre hypothèse qui diffère diffère de l’hypothèse H 0 s’appelle l’hypothèse alternative (ou contre-hypothèse) et est es t notée H1. C’est l’hypothèse nulle qui est soumise s oumise au test et toute la démarche démarche du test s’effectue en considérant cette hypothèse comme vraie.
Seuil de signification du test Le risque, consenti à l’avance et que nous notons α, de rejeter à tort l’hypothèse nulle H0 alors qu’elle est vraie, s’appelle le seuil de signification du test ou erreur de première espèce et s’énonce s’énonce en probabilité ainsi :
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Exemple de formulation formulation d’un test : Supposons que nous affirmions que la valeur val eur d’un paramètre θ d’une population popula tion est égale à la valeur θ0. On s’intéresse s’intéresse au changement cha ngement possible du paramètre θ dans l’une l ’une ou l’ l ’autre direction (soit (soit θ > θ 0 soit θ < θ 0). On effectue effectue un test bilatéral. Les hypothèses hyp othèses H0 et H1 sont alors al ors : H0: θ = θ0 H1: θ ≠ θ0 Il peut y avoir av oir trois possibilités possibili tés différentes différentes d’hypothèse alternative H 1:
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1°) Test unilatéral à gauche Dans ce cas l’hypothèse l’hypo thèse alternative alternati ve H1 est θ < θ 0
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2°) Test unilatéral à droite Dans ce cas l’hypothèse l’hypo thèse alternative alternati ve H1 est θ >θ 0
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3°) Test bilatéral Dans ce cas l’hypothèse l’hypo thèse alternative alternativ e H1 est θ ≠θ0
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Définition: On appelle valeur critique critique la valeur θ i (i= 1; 2) qui sert de frontière entre la zone de rejet et la zone d’acceptation d’acceptation de H 0. La région de rejet de H 0 est aussi appelée région critique.
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Tests de conformité Les tests de conformité conformité sont destinés à vérifier vérif ier si un échantillon peut être être considéré considér é comme extrait extrait d’une population donnée ou représentatif r eprésentatif de cette population, vis -à-vis varia nce ou la fréquence fréquence observée. Ceci implique impli que d'un paramètre comme la moyenne, la variance que l a loi théorique du paramètre est connue au niveau de la population.
1/ Comparaison C omparaison d’une d’une moyenne observée et d’une moyenne m oyenne théorique théorique
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1°) 1°) Formulation Fo rmulation de l’hypothèse l’hypo thèse H0 et de l’hypothèse l’hypo thèse alternative alternati ve H 1 H0: µ = 4000kw.
Et
H 1: µ ≠ 4000kw.
2°) 2°) Niveau N iveau de significatio si gnification n ou risque d’erre d’erreur ur α : α = 0,05. soit Z 3°) Choix de la statistique.
α/2 =
1,96.
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6°) La prise de décision. Il s’ensuit s’ensuit donc do nc que pour rejeter l’hypothèse l’hypoth èse nulle null e H0, la moyenne moyenn e X de l’ l ’échantillon échantil lon doit doit être, soit inférieur ou égale à 3902 kW, soit supérieure ou égale à 4098 kW.
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Exemple 2: Le ministère min istère de la défense national nati onale e affirme que le niveau niv eau moyen moyen de stress chez les 500 pilotes pil otes canadiens canadi ens des avions a vions supersoniques se se situe à 6%, sur une un e échelle de 1 sur 10, avec un écart type de 1,2. le commandant d’une base militaire militai re québécoise trouve trouve le chiffre avancé ava ncé par le ministère mi nistère trop élevé. Il recueille recueill e donc un échantillon échantill on de 28 pilotes pi lotes canadiens d’avio d’avions ns supersoniques supersoniques et il i l constate que leur niveau nivea u moyen de stress est de 5,6. A la lumière des résultats recueilli recueillis, s, peut-on accepter les allégations all égations du commandant? commanda nt? On suppose que qu e la populati popu lation on suit une loi lo i normale et on prendra un risque d’err d’erreur eur de 1%.
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) Fo
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6°) La prise de décision. Il s’ensuit s’ensuit do pour rejeter l’hypothèse l’hypoth èse nulle null e H0, la moyenne moyenn e X de l’ l ’échantillon échantil lon doit doit
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b) Cas où la variance de la population est inconnue
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6°) La prise de décision. Il s’ensuit s’ensuit do pour rejeter l’hypothèse l’hypoth èse nulle null e H0, la moyenne moyenn e X de l’ l ’échantillon échantil lon doit doit
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