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Mole concept lesson plan cxcFull description
thinkiit lecture notes iitjee chemistry physical
Complete description on Mole Concept for High School students
moles concept
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1
LESSON PLAN
Subject
: Chemical
Education Unit
: SHS
Class / Semester
: X/1
Topic
: Basic Laws o Chemistr! and Chemical Calculations
Sub "ateri Sub Content #llocation o Time
: The mole concept : $ % &' minutes (1 meetin)*
I. STANDARD COMPETENCE
:
$+ Understand the basic laws o chemistr! and its application in chemical calculations (stoichiometric*+
II. BASIC COMPETENCE
:
$+$ ,ro-in) and communicati communicatin) n) the undamental undamental laws enactment chemistr! throu)h e%periments and appl! the concept o moles in sol-in) chemical calculations+
III. INDIKATOR : INDIKATOR : :
1+ Comprehend #-o)adro.s number $+ E%plain the meanin) mole as the unit o amount o substance+
$ + Con-ert the number o moles b! the number o particles0 mass0 and -olume o )ases+
IV. LEARNING OBJECTIVES : :
Students can: •
Comprehend #-o)adro.s number
•
e%press oral or written understandin) as a unit o amount o substance mole+
•
etermine the relationship between the number o moles o the substance0 the mass and the -olume o )ases b! the number o particles contained in the substance0 and appl! them in a chemical calculations+
V. LEARNING STRATEGY
"ethod
: Lecture and discussion
#pproach
: Concept
"odel
: 2nducti-e3educti-e
•
•
•
V. LEARNING MATERIALS The mole concept
Avogadro constant L!
onations do not stop until the relationship #-o)adro number o particles (molecules0 atoms0 ions* and the -olume o )as0 but e%tended urther to the relationship o mass and
number o particles o matter+ #s an illustration o the relationship o mass and number o particles o a substance0 let4s re-iew the particles emitted b! radioacti-e elements below+ Based on the measurement results0 it is 5nown that one )ram o radium emits alpha particles can be as much as 11+6 7 1'
18
particles+ #lpha particles as much as 11+6 7 1'
18
helium e9ui-alent o 8+8 7 1' 36 )+ #lpha particle is a helium nucleus+ Then the number o helium atoms in one )ram is: R"#$% m & 1)
Alph" p"'t$cle( )!
11+6 7 1'
18
* +el$% "tom m
particles
So0 in the helium contained 1) 1+'8 7 1'
8+8 7 1' 36 )
$
atoms o helium+ This is the relationship
o mass ()* and number o particles (atoms*+ Based on calculations0 alwa!s emer)in) number o 6+'$ 7 1'
$
or the number o molecules
whose mass is o -alue or the relati-e atomic mass o the element or elements o the relati-e molecular mass o the compound+ E%ample: 2n 1; ) o water ("r H $ < = 1;* contained 6+'$ 7 1'$ molecules o H $ <+ 2n $ ) o sodium (>a #r = $* contained 6+'$ 7 1'$ atoms >a+ 2n ;+ ) o sodium chloride (>aCl "r = ;+* n) ter5andu 6+'$ 7 1' $ ions >a ? and 6+'$ 7 1' $ ions Cl 3 Thereore0 the number o 6+'$ 7 1' $ e%pressed as a constant #-o)aro abbre-iated L+ L = 6+'$ 7 1' $ particles #-o)adro.s >umber 2n chemistr!0 it is nearl! impossible to deal with a sin)le atom or molecule+ 2nstead0 chemists ha-e de@ned a )roup o particles that is con-enient to wor5 with+ Since molecules are e%tremel! small0 !ou mi)ht suspect that the number o particles in this )roup is )oin) to be -er! lar)e+ 2n act0 the number o particles in this )roup is 6+'$ 7 1'$ particles0 and the name o this )roup is the mole (abbre-iated as mol*+ The number 6+'$71'$ is called #-o)adro.s number and is s!mboliAed as the capital letter >+ #lthou)h 2talian scientist #medeo #-o)adro did not determine this number0 but the number was named in honor o him+
& table0 chemists 5new that the mass ratio o one carbon atom to one sulur atom was 1$ amu to $ amu+ 2 the! measured out one atomic mass in )rams o both substances (in other words0 1$ )rams o carbon and $ )rams o sulur*0 the! would ha-e the same number o atoms o each element+ The! didn.t 5now how man! atoms were in each pile0 but the! 5new the number in each pile had to be the same+ This lo)ic is the same as 5nowin) that i a bas5etball has twice the mass o a soccer ball0 then 1'' lbs o bas5etballs and ' lbs o soccer balls both contain the same number o balls+ This amount o substance (its molecular mass in )rams* became 5nown as a )ram3molecular mass+
Definition Mol
Based on calculations0 the 6 ) o iron contained 6+'$ 7 1'
$
atoms o iron0 in one
milliliter o water contains +& 7 1' $$ molecules o water+ The numbers o this ma)nitude is not eicient when used or the calculation o the substances in the laborator!+ Dor simplicit!0 the scientists set up a unit amount o substance which speciies the number o particles o matter+ This unit is called the mole+ Under the a)reement0 or the particles o the #-o)adro constant amount or 6+'$ 7 1'
$0
stated at a mole+ 2n other words0 one mole of any
substance contains 6+'$ 7 1' $ particles of matter, both atoms, molecules, or ions. E%ample: 2n one mole o iron contained 6+'$ 7 1' $ atoms De+ 2n one mole o water contains 6+'$ 7 1' $ molecules o H $ <+ 2n one mole o sodium chloride contained 6+'$ 7 1' $ ions >a ? and 6+'$ 7 1' ions Cl 3+
$
Molar Mass
Based on calculations0 it is 5nown that in 1; ) o water contained 6+'$ 7 1' molecules o H $ <0 $ ) o sodium contained in 6+'$ 7 1' sodium chloride contained 6+'$ 7 1'
$
$
atoms >a0 and in ;+ ) o
$
units o the ormula >aCl+
a = $0 and "r >aCl = ;++ Based on this inormation0 there has been re)ular contact between the mass o matter ()*0 #r or "r0 and number o particles (L). Substance "ass ()* #r / "r (sma* >umber o particles H$< 1; 1; 6+'$ 7 1' $ molecules o H$< >a $ $ 6+'$ 7 1' $ atoms >a >aCl ;+ ;+ 6+'$ 7 1' $ units o >aCl
"ol 1 1 1
Felationships based on proicienc! le-el table0 it is 5nown that the mass o matter in the amount e9ual to the -alue o #r or "r contains a number o particles as much as 6+'$ 7 1' $ or b! one mole+ Thus0 it was concluded that the mass o one mole o a substance e9ual to the -alue o #r (or atoms* or "r+ (or compounds*+ The mass o one mole o a substance is called the molar mass ("m* with units o )rams per mole () mol 31*+ Molar volume
B! #medeo #-o)adro: at a certain temperature and pressure0 the same -olume o an! )as contains the same number o molecules+ This means that an! )as or the same -olume and measured at the same , and T will contain the same number o molecules+ 2 the number o )as molecules as the #-o)adro constant (L = 6+'$ 7 1' $ molecules*0 it can be said that is the number o moles o )as+ Based on the calculation that reers to #-o)adro4s law0 at 'GC and 1 atm (ST,0 Standard Temperature and ,ressure*0 the -olume o one mole o )as is $$+& liters+ The -olume o one mole o )as is 5nown as the )as molar -olume0 m abbre-iated+ Substance ei)ht "ol olume >umber o molecules ()rams* (liters* >< $ &6 1 $$+& 6+'$ 7 1' $ molecules o >< $ >H 18 1 $$+& 6+'$ 7 1' $ molecules o >H C< $; 1 $$+& 6+'$ 7 1' $ molecules o C< CH & 16 1 $$+& 6+'$ 7 1' $ molecules o CH & How to determine the -olume o a )as at standard stateI To determine the -olume o )as at a certain temperature and pressure can be calculated usin) the ideal )as e9uation+ 2deal )as e9uation is an e9uation which is deri-ed based on the assumption o chemical e%perts with reerence to the results o e%periments such as Ch"'le(, Amonton, Bo-le, and G"- L%(("c.
6 Charles4s law states that at a constant pressure0 the -olume o )as is directl! proportional to its absolute temperature+ "athematicall! ormulated as: JT #monton law states that at constant -olume0 the )as pressure is directl! proportional to the absolute temperature+ "athematicall! ormulated as: , JT Bo!le and Ka!3Lussac scale combinin) all three )ases (pressure0 temperature0 and -olume* produces the ollowin) e9uation: , J T #ccordin) to #-o)adro0 the e9uation can be written as: , = FT F is the molar )as constant which does not depend on ,0 T0 and 0 but onl! depends on the number o moles o )as+ F -alues based on e%periments is '+';$ L atm mol 31 31+ Based on the description0 the ideal )as e9uation can be written as ollows+ escription: P = ,ressure (atm* V = olume (L* PV = nRT T = absolute temperature (* n = number o particles (moles* R = )as constant (L atm mol 31 31* = '+';$ L atm mol 31 31 Chem$c"l C"lc%l"t$on(
M
>umber o substances in-ol-ed in the chemical reaction shown b! his reaction
coefficient. E%ample: The reaction between h!dro)en )as and chlorine to orm h!dro)en chloride )as is e%pressed in the ollowin) e9uation+ H$() ? Cl$() N $HCl() This e9uation implies that: 1 molecule H$ ? Cl$ N $ molecules o HCl molecule or n molecules o H $ ? Cl$ N n molecules $n HCl molecule 2 the -alue o n o the e9uation e9ual to 6+'$ 7 1'
$0
or b! the #-o)adro constant then n is
e9ual to one mole o molecules+ Thus0 the e9uation stated mole ratio+ 1 mol 1 mol H $ ? Cl$ N HCl $ mol M2t can be concluded that the chemical reaction coefficient in the e!uation sho"s a comparison of the number of moles of the reactin substances and substances reaction
8 products. Comparison o the coeicient o this reaction is called the stoichiometric ratio is abbre-iated RS. #s an illustration o the application o the concept o moles o chemical reactions can be listened to e%amples o the ollowin) reactions: E%ample: How man! moles o H $< are produced when $ moles o < $ reacted with e%cess H$ )asI Statement Oe%cessO su))ests that the amount o H $ is more abundant than that re9uired to react appropriatel! with $ mol < $+ Thereore0 the amount o H$< is produced depends on the amount o < $+ $H$ () ? <$ () N $H$< (l) Based on the e9uation0 $ moles o H $ reacts with 1 mole o < $ to produce $ moles o H$<+ 2 <$ is reacted much as $ moles o the number o moles o H $< can be determined rom the stoichiometric ratio (R# H$< / <$*+ mol H$< = (R# H$< / <$* % mol < $ = ($/1* % $ = & mol mol etermine the wei)ht o water produced when '+$ moles o butane )as burned in e%cess o%!)en+ umber o moles o water produced = FS 7 mol butane = (1': $* 7 '+$ mol = 1+$ mol "olar mass o water (mm H$<* = 1; )+mol 31 ei)ht o water = "m 7 H $< mol H$< = 1+$ 7 1; )+mol 31 mol = $$+ ) How man! molecules o C< $ are needed to orm P' ) o )lucose in the process o photos!nthesis with the help o solar ener)!I 6C<$ () ? 6H$< (l) N C6H1$<6 (s) ? 1$<$ () "ol )lucose = mass )lucose / "m C6 H1$<6 = P' ) / 1;' ) = '+ mol FS (C<$: C6H1$<6* = 6: 1 "ol C<$ = FS (C<$: C6H1$<6* 7 mol )lucose = (6/1* 7 '+ mol = mol >umber o molecules o C<$ = mole C< $ 7 L = mol C<$ 7 6+'$ 7 1' $ 31 mole5ul+mol = 1;+'6 7 1' $ molecules 2n reaction stoichiometr!0 an! 5ind o inormation which is 5nown and the t!pe o inormation in 9uestion can be sol-ed b! usin) the ollowin) our steps+ 1* rite the chemical e9uation e9ui-alent+ $* Chan)e the 9uantit! that is 5nown to the unit mole+ * Use the stoichiometric ratio (FS* o a chemical e9uation to determine the e9ui-alent amount in 9uestion in units o mol+ &* Chan)e the unit mole into the scale in 9uestion0 or e%ample in )rams or number o particles+
;
Con0e't$n1 Molec%le( to Mole( "n# V$ce Ve'("
e now 5now that because the mass o a sin)le molecule o H$S<& is P; daltons0 the mass o an #-o)adro.s number o H$S<& molecules is P; )rams+ e can use this inormation to @nd the mass in )rams o a sin)le H$S<& molecule because we 5now that P; )rams contains 6+'$71'$ molecules+ 2 we di-ide 6+'$71'$ molecules into P; )rams0 we will )et the mass o a sin)le H$S<& molecule in )rams+ #ter perormin) this calculation0 we would obtain an answer o 1+671'Q$$ )rams/molecule R tin!0 indeed+ 2 we are )i-en a number o molecules o a substance0 we can con-ert it into moles b! di-idin) b! #-o)adro.s number0 and -ice -ersa+ E2"mple:
How man! moles are present in 10'''0'''0''' (1 billion or 171' P* molecules o waterI Sol%t$on :
Con0e't$n1 G'"m( to Mole( "n# V$ce Ve'("
e can also con-ert bac5 and orth between )rams o substance and moles+ The con-ersion actor or this is the molar mass o the substance+ To con-ert the )rams o a substance into moles0 we di-ide b! the molar mass+ To con-ert the moles o a substance into )rams0 we multipl! b! the molar mass+ E2"mple:
How man! moles are present in 1'; )rams o waterI Sol%t$on :
P VI. STEPS LEARNING
". In$t$"l Act$0$t$e( Mot$0"t$on "n# Ape'(ep($
Students answer 9uestions rom teachers to e%plore students4 prior 5nowled)e (apperception* and remind the basic laws o chemistr! and relati-e atomic mass (#r* and relati-e molecular mass ("r*+ P'e'e3%$($te( Kno4le#1e
The law o conser-ation o mass (La-oisier law*
•
Di%ed ratio law (Law ,roust*
•
"ultiple comparisons law (alton4s Law*
•
olume ratio law (Ka!3Lussac4s Law*
•
#-o)adro4s H!pothesis
•
Felati-e atomic mass (#r* and relati-e molecular mass ("r*
•
5. Co'e Act$0$t$e(
Teachers showed me and e%plained the pictures o substances with the same amount
•
o 1 mole o the web pa)e+ Students discuss and conclude pen)ertia n mole as a unit o amount o substance as
•
well as the relationship between the number o moles o the substance b! the number o particles contained in the substance+
1'
Students obser-e teacher presentations on the relationship between the mass o the
•
unit mole0 and appl! them to chemical calculations b! the media as an e%ample o the web pa)e+ Students wor5 on and discuss the problems that e%ist on the web pa)e+
•
Students obser-e teacher presentations on the relationship between the number o
•
moles o )as -olume0 and appl! it to chemical calculations b! the media as an e%ample o the web pa)e+ Students do e-aluation problems that presented on a web pa)e
•
c. 6$n"l Act$0$t-
Teachers )i-e awards to students who are acti-e in the learnin) process+
•
Students (teacher3led* summariAe the material concept o the mole+
•
Teacher e%plains the core concepts o the material concept o the mole who has
•
concluded that as reinorcement+
VII. MEDIA LEARNING
1+Chemistr! boo5 $+eb pa)e
11 VIII. ASSESSMENT
a+ Co)niti-e #ssessment o co)niti-e tests such as tests students4 abilit! to communicate science writin) 1+ How man! atoms are in 1'+' moles o ,bI $+ How man! moles o C atoms are present in a sample o 1+$ 1'$& C atomsI + Calculate the molar masses o >aCl0 C<$0 $S<&0 and (>H&*,<&+ &+ hat is the mass in )rams o '+'$ moles o >aI + hat is the mass in )rams o +8 moles o DeClI 6+ How man! moles are in 1$+6 )rams o H $$ )as at ST,+ ;+ Dind the densit! o C<$ )as at ST,+ P+ Dind the -olume in Liters or '+'' ) < $ )as at ST,+ 1'+ Dind the mass in )rams or 1+ L o >< $ )as at ST, 11+ Calculate the percent composition or C1'H16 >$<;+ #nswer 5e!
1$
b+ #ecti-e Understandin) the concept o communicatin):
No.
St%#ent(
St%#ent
N%m5e'
N"me
A(pect( th"t "((e((e#
Tot"l Sco'e
1
A
B
C
D
E
6
#pecification aspects assessed$ # #bilit! to con-e! inormation B+Capabilities )i-e opinions / ideas C+The abilit! to as5 9uestions +The abilit! to ar)ue to reject the opinion o riends E+ abilit! to use a standard lan)ua)e D+ Elo9uence Assessment Method (Rubric) 1+ >ot )ood0 i one )ood wa! o con-e!in) inormation as well as )i-e ideas etc+ $+ ell0 i both )a-e wa! to con-e! inormation and ideas etc is correct but it is less clear+ +er! )ood0 i the )ood wa! to con-e! inormation and )i-e ideas etc+ are correct and -er! clear Score = Total Score: "a%imum score % 1''
S5ills to write the answers in ront o the class+
Score = Total Score: "a%imum score % 1''
•
"a%imum score = $
C'$te'$on (co'e( R%5'$c!:
1+(Score *: Fi)ht0 i the student answered correctl! and completel!+ $+(Score $*: >ot 9uite ri)ht0 i students with correct answer0 but not a complete write wa!+ +(Score 1*: >ot E%actl!0 i students answer imprecise and incomplete write down the answers+
