BGEGDGC OMJ^JDIQIE AGH _G_G\GH H]\GHQG[G
Aisusuh smkgogi smkgogi kgcgh aiseusi bgtg eudigc ^mhaiaiegh ^ghlgsidg ^ghlgsidg agh Emwgroghmogrggh Emwgroghmogrggh Ajsmh ^mhogbpu ^mhogbpu 0 C. 0 C. GO]\ \GDIB, \GDIB, \.Go., B.^a.
Aisusuh jdmc Emdjbpje 9
Hgbg 0 Izzgtih Hisg
(717<;>>>>>??) (717<;>>>>>??)
]dfgtuh \grirjc
(717<;>>>>>3>) (717<;>>>>>3>)
Hurud [izey Gbgdiygc
(717<;>>>>>9>) (717<;>>>>>9>)
Emdgs 0 ; ^KI G7
FGE]DQG\ QG[KIYGC AGH IDB] EMO][]GH ^[JAI KGCG\G IHOO[I\ ]HIVM[\IQG\ I\DGB HGCADGQ]D ]DGBG ( ]HI\H] ) @M^G[G @d.Qgbgh \iswg Hj. 9 Qgcuhgh @mpgrg ;>7=
7
Egtg ^mhoghtgr
Gdcgbaudiddgc pu`i syueur pmhyusuh pgh`gtegh empgag Gddgc \_Q ygho bgsic bmbkmriegh hgfgs emciaupgh, smcihoog pmhyusuh agpgt bmhymdmsgiegh pmbkugtgh bgegdgc ihi amhogh `uaud —Omjpjditie —Omjpjditie agh _gwgsgh Husghtgrg‒. Bgegdgc ihi aikugt uhtue bmbmhuci sgdgc sgtu tuogs bgtg eudigc ^mhaiaiegh ^ghlgsidg agh Emwgroghmogrggh. Agdgb bgegdgc ihi bmbkgcgs tmhtgho pmhomrtigh pmhomtigh, tmjri omjpjditie, pmhomrtigh wgwgsgh husghtgrg,cgeiegt, tu`ugh agh dgih-dgih. Gecirhyg pmhyusuh sgbpgiegh tmribg egsic gtgs pmrcgtighhyg tmrcgagp bgegdgc ihi, agh pmhudis kmrcgrgp smbjog bgegdgc ihi kmrbghfggt kgoi airi pmhyusuh smhairi agh ecusushyg pmbkglg pgag ububhyg. Qge gag ogaiho ygho tge rmtge, kmoitudgc gaghyg bgegdgc ihi. ^mhyusuh bmhygagri kgcwg agdgb pmhyusuhgh bgegdgc ihi bgsic `guc agri smbpurhg, tgpi pmhyusuh tmdgc bmdgeuegh ygho tmrkgie agdgb pmhudisghhyg. \mbjog bgegdgc ihi agpgt bmbkmriegh subkghogh pjsitif pjsitif kgoi eitg smbug.
@mpgrg, 79 Bmi ;>7= ^mhyusuh
;
Agftgr isi
@uaud ………………………………………………………………......…. 7 Egtg pmhoghtgr …………………………………………………………... ; Agftgr isi ………………………………………………………………....
<
Kgk I ^mhagcudugh ^mhagcudugh G. Dgtgr kmdgegho …………………………………………………..
1
K. [ubusgh bgsgdgc ……………………………………………….
1
L. Qu`ugh …………………………………………………………...
1
Kgk II ^mbkgcgsgh 7. ^mhomrtigh omjpjditie agh Qmjri omjpjditie ……………………...
=
;. ^mhomrtigh agh cgemegt wgwgsgh husghtgrg …………………….. 3 <. Dghagsgh ejhsmpsi wgwgsgh husghtgrg …………………………. 7> 1. Qu`ugh agh Gsgs Gsgs agri wgwgsgh husghtgrg husghtgrg …………………….…. 77 =. Emauauegh agh ^mrghgh wgwgsgh husghtgrg husghtgrg …………………..… 7< Kgk III ^mhutup Emsibpudgh ………………………………………………………….. 7?. \grgh ……………………………………………………………….… 7? Agftgr ^ustgeg ………………………………………………………….… 73
<
KGK I ^MHAGC]D]GH G. Dgtgr Kmdgegho
Agdgb emciaupgh kmrkghosg agh kmrhmogrg, emghmegrgogbgh (pmhagpgt, empmrlgyggh, cukuhogh agh smkgogihyg) bmbmrduegh sugtu pmrmegt gogr kghosg ygho kmrsghoeutgh agpgt kmrsgtu ouhg bmbmdicgrg emutucgh hmogrghyg. Cgd tmrsmkut bmrupgegh omjpjditie. Gagpuh
Omjpjditie
Ihajhmsig
gagdgc
wgwgsgh
husghtgrg.
]pgyg
pmbmrihtgc agh rgeygt bmhymdmhoogrgegh emciaupghhyg, bmbmrduegh sugtu ejhsmpsi ygho kmrupg _gwgsgh husghtgrg ygho aibgesuaegh uhtue bmh`gbih emdghosuhogh ciaup, emutucgh widgygc smrtg `gti airi. _gwgsgh husghtgrg itu ygho smdgh`uthyg bmh`gai pghaghogh gtgu visi kghosg agdgb bmhu`u tu`ughhyg. \mcihoog agpgt aipgstiegh kgcwg pmrsgtugh agh emsgtugh agdgb emkcihmeggh kghosg Ihajhmsig tiage gegh cghlur kmrghtgegh egrmhg ihi kmrgrti cidghohyg Hmogrg emsgtugh Ihajhmsig. K.
[ubusgh Bgsgdgc
Gagpuh rubusgh bgsgdgc agdgb pmhyusuhgh bgegdgc ihi, ygitu 0 7. ;. <. 1. =. L.
Gpg ygho Aibgesua amhogh Omjpjditie agh Qmjr i Omjpjditie : Kgogibghg ^mhomrtigh agh Cgemegt _gwgsgh Husghtgrg : Gpg Dghagsgh Ejhsmpsi agri _gwgsgh Husghtgrg : GpgQu`ugh agh Gsgs _gwgsgh Husghtgrg : Kgogibghg Emauauegh agh ^mrghgh _gwgsgh Husghtgrg : Qu`ugh ^mhudisgh Bgegdgc Gagpuh tu`ugh agri pmhyusuhgh bgegdgc ihi, ygitu 0
Bmhomtgcui ^mhomrtigh agh Qmjri agri Omjpjditie.Agpgt Bmh`mdgsegh Gpg itu _gwgsgh Husghtgrg agh Cgemegthyg.Bmhomtgcui Dghagsgh Ejhsmpsi _gwgsgh Husghtgrg.Bmhomrti Qu`ugh agh Gsgs agr i _gwgsgh Husghtgrg.Bmhomtgcui Emauauegh agh ^mrghgh _gwgsgh Husghtgrg. Husghtgrg.
1
KGK II ^MBKGCG\GH 7. ^mhomrtigh Omjpjditie agh Qmjri Omjpjditie
Omjpjditie
Omjpjditie kmrgsgd agri egtg omj agh pjditie. Omj kmrgrti kubi agh pjditie kmrgsgd agr i kgcgsg Yuhghi pjditmig. ^jdi grtihyg emsgtugh bgsygrgegt ygho kmrairi smhairi agh tmig grtihyg urusgh. Omjpjditie bmrupgegh Idbu pmhymdmhoogrggh hmogrg ygho smt igp emki`geghhyg aiegitegh amhogh bgsgdgc “ bgsgdgc omjorgfi widgygc gtgu tmbpgttihoogd sugtu kghosg Omjpjditie aigrtiegh smkgogi sistmb pjditie gtgu pmrgturgh-pmrgturgh agdgb wu`ua emi`gesghggh agh strgtmoi hgsijhgd ygho aiajrjho jmc gspirgsi hgsijhgd
omjorgfie
(empmhtihogh
ygho
titie
kmrgthyg
tmrdmtge
pgag
pmrtibkhogh omjorgfi, widgygc w idgygc gtgu tmrritjrigd t mrritjrigd agdgb grti dugs) sugtu sugt u Hmogrg, ygho gpgkidg aidgesghgegh agh kmrcgsid gegh kmragbpge dghosuho gtgu tiage dghosuho empgag systmb pjditie sugtu Hmogrg. \mkgdiehyg pjdite Hmogrg itu smlgrg
dghosuho
gegh
kmragbpge
empgag
omjorgfi
Hmogrg
ygho
kmrsghoeutgh. Omjpjditie kmrtubpu pgag omjorgfi sjsigd, bmhomhgi situgsi, ejhaisi gtgu ejhstmdgsi omjorgfi agh smogdg smsugtu ygho aighoogp rmdmvgh mhogh egrgetmristie omjorgfi.
Qmjri Omjpjditie
^mhagpgt agri pgegr-pgegr omjpjditie smkgogi kmrieut 0 g.
^ghaghogh g`grgh Frmamrile Frmamrile [gtzmd ^gag gkga em 79 Frmamrile pmrtgbg egdi bmrubusegh tmhtgho omjpjdtie smkgogi pmhmditigh ygho idbigc agh uhivmrsgd amhogh pjeje-pjeje smkgogi kmrieut 0
7. Agdgb cgd tmrtmhtu pmrtubkucgh hmogrg agpgt aighgdjoiegh amhogh pmrtubkucgh jroghisb ygho bmbmrduegh bmbmrduegh rugho dihoeup. =
;.
Hmogrg iamhtie amhogh rugho ygho aitmbpgti jdmc emdjbpje pjdjtie Agddgb grti emeugsggh.
<.
\ugtu kghosg agpgt bmbpmrtgcghegh emdghosuhogh ciauphyg tiage tmrdmpgs agri cueub gdgb.
1.
\mbgeih tihooi hidgi kuagyg sugtu kghosg bgeg bgeih kmsgr emkutucgh gegh subkmr agyg gdgb. Kmragsgregh cgd tmrsmkut Frmamrile bmhombuegegh ogogsgh kgru, ygitu agsgr-agsgr suprgstrultur suprgstrultur omjpjditieg omjpjditieg 0 emeugtgh emeugtgh tjtgd/ tjtgd/ bmhymduruc sugtu kghosg cgrus bgbpu bmwgagi pmrtubkucgh ejhaisi agh emauauegh omjorgfishyg. Amhogh ambieigh pmbieirgh rmtzmd bmhygtgegh kgcwg gag egitgh
ghtgrg struetur agh emeugtgh pjditie pjditie smrtg omjorgfi omjorgfi agh tuhtutgh
pmrembkghogh gtgu
pmtubkucgh hmogrg
ygho
aighgdjoiegh amhogh
jroghisb.
k.
^ghaghogh g`grgh [uajdf e`mddmh E`mddmr bmdgh`utegh tmjri rgtzmd. E`mddmr bmhmogsegh kgcwg hmogrg gagdgc sugtu jroghisbm ygho aighoogp smkgogi 0 prihsip agsgr‒. Msmhsihyg gagdgc smkgogi kmrieut0 7. Hmogrg bmrupgegh sgtugh kijdjois, sugtu jroghisb ciaup ygho bmbidiei ihtmdmetugd. ;. Hmogrg bmrupgegh sgtu sistmb pjditie/ pmbmrihtgcgh ygho bmdiputi kiagho kiagho 0 Omjpjditie, mejhjbi mej hjbi pjditie, ambj pjditie, sijsigd pjditie, agh ag h ergtj pjditie ( pjditie bmbmrihtgc) <. Hmogrg tiage cgrus kmroghtuho pgag pmbkmegdgh dugr.
l.
^ghaghogh g`grgh Egrd Cguscjfmr
6
^ghaghogh ihi kmrembkgho ai @mrbgh emtieg kmrgag aikgwgc emeugsggh Gajjdf Citdmr agh `uog kmrembkgho ai @mpgho agdgb g`grgh Cgej Ilciu ygho aidghagsi smbghogt biditmrisbm agh fgsisbm. ^jeje tmjri ihi pgag agsgrhyg bmhoghut pghaghogh/ g`grgh/ tmjri E`mddmh, ygitu ygitu 0 7.
Emeugsggh ibpmriub agrgtgh ygho ejbpge gegh agpgt bmhom`gr emeugsggh ibpmiub bgritibm uhtue bmhousgi pmhogwgsgh dgut.
;.
Kmkmrgpg hmogrg kmsgr gegh tibkud uhtue bmhougsgi mrjpg, gfrieg, gsig kgrgt (`mrbgh agh itgdig) smrtg `mpgho ai gsig tibur rgyg.
<.
Omjpjditie gagdgc ajetrih hmogrg ygho bmhitiekmrgtegh sjgd-sjgd srgtmoi pmrkgtgsgh. [ugho ciaup kghosg agh tmeghgh-tmeghgh emeugsgh agh sj sig ygho rgsigd bmhocgrusegh pmmbkgoigh kgru emegyggh gdgb ai auhig. Omjpjditie gagdgc dghagsgh kgoi tihagegh pjditie agdgb pmr`ughogh bmhagpgtegh rugho ciaup. ^jeje pjeje tmjri ihi pgag agsgrhyg bmhoghut tmjri [uajdf E`mddmh agh kmrsifgt mespghsif
a.
^ghaghogh g`grgh \ir Cgdfjra Bgleihamr Qmjri ihi pgag agsgrhyg bmhoghut bmhoghut — ejhsmp emeugtgh‒ bmhlmtusegh
wgwgsgh
kmhug,
ygitu
ejhsmp
emeugtgh
agh
aiagrgt.
G`grghhyg bmhogtgegh 0 kgrgho sigpg agpgt bmhougsgi —agmrgc `ghtuho‒, ygitu Mrurgsig Mrurgs ig ( Mrjpg agh Gsig), ig agpgt bmhougsgi bmhougsgi —pudgu auhig‒, ygitu Mrjpg, Gsig agh Gfrieg. \mdgh`uthyg kgrgho sigpg agpgt bmhougsgi pudgu auhig gecirhyg agpgt bmhougsgi auhig.
m.
^ghaghogh g`grgh \ir _gdtmr [gdmioc [g dmioc agh Gdfrma Qcymr Bgcgh Emaug gcdi ihi bmbidiei ogogsgh 0 wgwgsgh Kgcgri‒, ygitu emeugtgh ai dgut. G`grghhyg bmhogtgegh kgcwg kgrgho sigpg bmhougsgi dgutgh gegh
?
bmhougsgi —pmragoghogh‒. Bmhougsgi pmragoghogh kmrgrti bmhougsgi —emegyggh Auhig‒ smcihoog pgag gecirhyg bmhougsgi auhig. f.
^ghaghogh g`grgh _. Bitlcmd, G \gvmrsey, Oiudij Ajucmt, agh @jch Frmamrile Lcgrdms Fuddmr Emmbpgt gcdi omjpjditie ihi kmrpmhagpgt kgcwg emeugtgh ai uagrg `ustru ygho pgdiho bmhmhtuegh. Bmrmeg bmdgciregh tmjrj —wgwgsgh Airoghtgrg‒ ygitu ejhsmp emeugtgh ai uagrg. Emeugtgh ai uagrg cmhagehyg bmbpuhygi agyg ygho agpgt aighagdegh uhtue bmhghoeis ghlgbgh agh bmdubpucegh emeugtgh dgwgh amhogh bmhocghlureghhyg ai eghagho smhairi gogr dgwgh dgwgh tiage bgbpu dgoi bmhymrgho. bmhymrgho.
o.
G`grgh Hilcjdgs @. \pyebgh G`grgh ihi bmhocgsidegh tmjri ygho aihgbgegh Qmjri Agmrgc Kgtgs ([ibdgha), ygitu tmjri wgwgsgh ejbkihgsi ygho bmhoogkuhoegh emeugtgh agrgt, dgut, uagrg. Agdgb pmdgesghgghyg tmjri ihi aissmsugieghamhogh empmrdugh agh ejhaisi ssugtu hmogrg.
;. ^mhomrtigh agh cgemegt wgwgsgh husghtgrg
^mhomrtigh _gwgsgh husghtgrg
Istidgc wgwgsgh kmrgsgd agri –wgwgs’ ygho kmrgrti pghaghogh, tih`gugh, pmhodicgtgh ihamrgwi. Gegr egtg ihi bmkmhtue egtg –bgwgs’ ygho kmrgrti bmbghagho, bmhih`gu, gtgu bmdicgt. \maghoegh ’wgwgsgh’ kmrgrti lgrg pghagho lgrg tih`gu, gtgu lgrg bmdicgt. \maghoegh istidgc husghtgrg husghtgrg kmrgsgd agri egtg –husg’ ygho kmrgrti empudgugh agh’ghtgrg’ ygho kmrgrti aigpit aightgrg aug cgd. Istidgc husghtgrg aipgegi uhtue bmhoogbkgregh emsgtugh widgygc pmrgirgh agh ouousgh pudgu-pudgu Ihajhmsig ygho tmrdmtge aightgrg \gbuarg ^gsifie agh \gbuarg Ihajhmsig smrtg aightgrg kmhug Gsig agh kmhug Gustrgdig. Gustrg dig.
3
Kmragsgregh tmjri tmhtgho wgwgsgh, dgtgr kmdgegho fgdsgfgc pghlgsidg, dgtgr kmdgegho pmbieirgh gspmd emwidgygcgh, gspme sjsigd kuagyg agh gspme emsm`grgcgh, tmrkmhtuedgc sgtu wgwgsgh hgsijhgd Ihajhmsig ygho aismkut wgwgsgh husghtgrg amhogh rubusgh pmhomrtigh smkgogi kmrieut 0 7. Kmragsgregh Emtmtgpgh Bg`dis ^mr busygwgrgtgh [geygt Qgcuh 799< agh 7993 tmhtgho OKCH, smkgogi kmrieut0 _gwgsgh husghtgrg ygho bmrupgegh wgwgsgh hgsijhgd ygho kmrsubkmr pgag pghlgsidg agh kmragsgregh ]]A 791= gagdgc lgrg pghagho agh siegp kghosg Ihajhmsig bmhomhgi airi agh dihoeuhoghhyg amhogh bmhoutgbgegh pmrsgtugh agh emsgtugh kghosg agh emsgtugh widgygc agdgb
bmymdmhoogrgegh
emciaupgh
kmrbgsygrgegt,
kmrkghosg,agh
kmrhmogrg uuhtue bmhlgpgi tu`ughh hgsijhgd. hgsijhgd. ;. Bmhurut ^rjf. A[. _gh ]sbgh (Emtug ^rjorgb \-; ^EH-]I) 0 —wgwgsgh husghtgrg gagdgc lgrg pghagho kghosg Ihajhmsig bmhomhgi airi agh tgchgc girhyg smkgogi hmogrg empudgugh <. Bmhurut emdjbpje emr`g wgwgsgh husghtgrg, ygho aiusudegh bmh`gai emtmtgpgh bg`dis pmrbusygwgrgtgh rgeygt agh aikugt ai dmbcghhgstgcuh 7999 gagdgc smkgogi kmrieut 0 —lgrg pghagho agh siegp kghosg Ihajhmsig bmhomhgi airi agh dihoeuhoghhyg ygho smrkg kmrogb agh kmrhidgi strgtmois amhogh bmhoutgbgegh pmrsgtugh agh emsgtugh kghosg smrtg emsgtugh widgygc agdg bmhymdmhoogrgegh emciaupgh kmrbgsygrgegtgh, kmrkghosg, agh kmrhmogrg uhtue bmhlgpgi tu`ugh hgsijhgd. Agpgt aisibpudegh kgcwg wgwgsgh husghtgrg gagdgc lgrg pghagho sugtu kghosg ygho tmdgc bmhmogrg tmhtgho airi agh dihoeuhoghhyg agdgb mesistmhsihyg
ygho
smrkg
tmrcukuho
(ihtmrgesi
agh
ihtmrmdgsi)
smrtg
pmbkghouhghyg ai agdgb kmrhmogrg ai tmhogc-tmhogc dihoeuhoghhhyg dihoeuhoghhhyg kgie hgsijhgd, rmoijhgd, bgupuh odjkgd.
Cgemegt _gwgsgh Husghtgrg
9
Cgemegt wgwgsgh husghtgrg gagdgc emutucgh husghtgrg, agdgb pmhomrtigh0 lgrg pghagho ygho smdgdu utuc bmhymduruc agdgb dihoeup husghtgrg ambi empmhtihogh hgsijhgd. Cgd tmrsmkut kmrgrti kgcwg smtigp wgrog kghosg agh gpgrgtur Hmogrg wg`ik kmrpieir kmrsiegp agh kmrtihage smlgrg utuc bmhymduruc ambi empmhtihogh kghosg agh Hmogrg Ihajhmsig. Ambieigh `uog prjaue ygho aicgsidegh jdmc jdm c dmbkgog Hmogrg cgrus agdgb dihoeup agh ambi empmhtihogh
kghosg
agh
Hmogrg
Ihajhmsig,
tghpg
bmhocidghoegh
empmhtihogh dgihhyg, smpmrti empmhtihogh agmrgc, ojdjhogh, agh jrgho pmr jrgho.
<. Dghagsgh Ejhsmpsi _gwgsgh Husghtgrg
Ejhsmpsi wgwgsgh husghtgrg tmrairi agri tiog uhsur agsgr 0 _gagc (ljhtjur), Isi (ljhtmht), Qgtg dgeu (ljhault). Emtioghyg ai`mdgsegh smkgogi kmrieut 0 7. _gagc (Ljhtjur) _gagc emciaupgh kmrbgsygrgegt, kmrkghosg agh kmrhmogrg bmdiputi smduruc widgygc Ihajhmsig ygho bmbidiei emegyggh gdgb agh pmhauaue amhogh ghmeg rgogb kuagyg. \mtmdgc bmhmogrg agdgb Hmogrg Emsgtugh [mpukduei Ihajhmsig, kghosg Ihajhmsig bmbidiei jroghisgsi emhmogrggh ygho bmrupgegh wgagc kmrkgogi emoigtgh emhmogrggh agdgb wu`ua suprgstruetur pjditie. ;. Isi (Ljhtmht) Isi gagdgc gspirgsi kghosg ygho kmrembkgho ai bgsygrgegt agh litg-litg smrtg tu`ugh hgsijhgd ygho tmragpgt agdgb ^mbkueggh ]]A 791=. ]htue bmhlgpgi gspirgsi ygho kmrembkgho aibgsygrgegt bgupuh litg-litg agh tu`ugh hgsijhgd smpmrti tmrsmkut aigtgs, kghosg Ihajhmsig cgrus bgbpu bmhliptgegh pmrsgtugh agh emsgtugh agdgb emkcihmeggh agdgb emciaupgh hgsijhgd. Isi bmhyghoeut ug cgd ygho msmhsigd ygitu 0
7>
g. [mgdisgsi gspirgsi kghosg smkgogi emsmpgegtgh kmrsgbg smrtg pmhlgpgigh litg-litg kagh tu`ugh hgsijhgd. k. ^mrsgtugh agh emsgtugh agdgb emkcihgeggh ygho bmdiputi smbug gspme emciaupgh hgsijhgd. <. Qgtg dgeu ( Ljhault) Qgtg dgeu bmrupgegh cgsid ihtmrgesi ghtgrg wgagc agh isi, ygho tmrairi agri tgtg dgeu kgtihigc agh dgcirigh. Qgtg dgeu kgtihigc bmhlmrbihegh `iwg, smbghogt, agh bmhtgditgs ygho kgie agri agr i kghosg Ihajhmsig, smaghoegh tgtg dgeu dgcirigh tmrlmrbih agdgb tihagegh pmrkugtgh agh pmridgeu agri kghosg Ihajhmsig. Egaug cgd tmrsmkut gegh bmhlmrbihegh iamhtitgs `gti airi gtgu emprikgaigh kghosg Ihajhmsig kmragsgregh ememdugroggh agh emkmrsgbggh ygho bmbidiei rgsg kghoog agh lihtg empgag kghosg agh tghgc gir smcihoog bmhibkudegh hgsijhgdisbm ygho tihooi agdgb smbug gspme egciaupgh hgsijhgd.
1. Qu`ugh agh Gsgs _gwgsgh Husghtgrg
Qu`ugh _gwgsgh Husghtgrg
_gwgsgh husghtgrg kmrtu`ugh bmwu`uaegh hgsijhgdisbm ygho tihooi ai smogdg gspme emciaupgh rgeygt Ihajhmsig ygho dmkic bmhoutgbgegh empmhtihogh hgsijhgd agripgag emciaupgh ihaiviau, emdjbpje, ojdjhogh, sueu kghosg, gtgu agmrgc. Cgd tmrsmkut kuegh kmrgrti bmhocidghoegh empmhtihogh-empmhtihogh ihaiviau, emdjbpje, ojdhogh, sueu kghosg bgupuh agmrgc. Empmhtihogh-empmhtihogh tmrsmkut tmtgp ai cjrbgti, aigeui, agh aipmhuci smdgbg tiage kmrtmhtghogh amhogh empmhtihogh hgsijhgd gtgu empmhtihogh bgsygrgegt kghyge. Hgsijhgdisbm ygho tihooi ai smogdg kiagho emciaupgh ambi tmrlgpgihyg tu`ugh hgsijhgd tmrsmkut bmrupgegh pghlgrgh agri bgeih bmhihoegthyg rgsg, pgcgb, agh smhogt emkghosggh agdgb `iwg
77
kghosg Ihajhmsig smkgogi cgsid pmbgcgbgh agh pmhocgygtgh _gwgsgh Husghtgrg.
Gsgs _gwgsgh Husghtgrg
Gsgs wgwgsgh husghtgrg bmrupgegh emtmhtugh-emtmhtugh gtgu egiagc egiagc agsgr ygho cgrus aipgtuci, aitggti, aipmdicgrg, agh ailiptgegh ambi tmtgp tggt agh smtighyg ejbpjhmh pmbkmhtue kghosg Ihajhmsig ( sueu kghosg gtgu ojdjhogh) tmrcgagp emsmpgegtgh kmrsg bg. Cgrus aisgagri kgcwg `ieg gsgs wgwgsgh husghtgrg aigkgiegh, ejbpjhmh pmbkmhtue pm bkmhtue emsmpgegtgh kmrsgbg gegh geg h bmdghoogr emsmpgegtgh kmrsgbg tmrsmkut, tmr smkut, ygho kmrgrti kgcwg tmrlmrgi kmrgihyg kghosg agh Hmogrg Ihajhmsig. Gsgs wgwgsgh husghtgrg tmrairi agri 0 7.
Empmhtihogh ygho sgbg. Emtieg bmhmogeegh agh bmrmkut embmrameggh, empmhtihogh kmrsgbg kghosg Ihajhmsig gagdgc bmhocgagpi pmh`g`gc smlgr fisie agri kghosg dgih. \megrgho kghosg Ihajhmsig cgrus bmhocgagpi `mhis —pmh`g`gcgh‒ ygho kmkmag agri Hmogrg gsiho.
;.
Emgaidgh, ygho kmrgrti emsmsugigh pmbkgoigh cgsid amhogh ghaid, `mric pgygc usgcg, agh emoigtgh kgie jrgho pmrjrgho, ojdjhogh, emdjbpje, bgupuh agmrgc.
<.
Em`u`urgh, ygho kmrgrti emkmrghigh kmrpieir, kmregtg, agh kmrtihage smsugi rmgditg smrtg emtmhtugh ygho kmhgr kigrpuh rmgditg gtgu emtmhtugh itu pgcit agh eurgho mhge aiamhogr. Ambi emkmhgrgh agh embg`ugh kghosg agh Hmogrg, cgd ihi cgrus aidgeuegh.
1.
\jdiagritgs, ygho kmrgrti aipmrdueghhyg rgsg smtig egwgh, bgu bmbkri agh kmrejrkgh kgoi jrgho dgih tghpg t ghpg bmhihoogdegh liri agh egrgetmr egr getmr bgsihobgsiho.
=.
Emr`g sgbg, kmrgrti gaghyg ejjraihgsi, sgdiho pmhomrtigh ygho aiagsgregh emsmtgrggh smcihoog emr`g emdjbpje, kgie emdjbpje ygho emlid bgupuh emdjbpje ygho dmkic kmsgr, agpgt tmrlgpgi ambi tmrliptghyg sihmroi ygho dmkic kgie.
7;
6.
Emsmtiggh tmrcgagp emsmpgegtgh kmrsgbg uhtue bmh`gai kghosg agh bmhairiegh Hmogrg Ihajhmsig, ygho aibudgi, ailmtusegh, agh airihtis jdmc Kjmai Jmtjbj pgag tgcuh 79>3, subpgc pmbuag tgcuh 79;3 agh prjedgbgsi embmrameggh pgag tghoogd 7? Goustus 791=. Emsmtiggh tmrcgagp emsmpgegtgh kmrsgbg ihi sghogtdgc pmhtiho agh bmh`gai tjhooge utgbg tmrliptghyg pmrsgtugh agh emsgtugh agdgb emkcihmeggh. @ieg emsmtighh tmrcgagp emputusgh kmrsgbg ihi ojygc gpgdgoi gbkrue, agpgt aipgstiegh kgcwg pmrsgtugh agh emsgtugh agdgb emkcihmeggh kghosg Ihajhmsig gegh cghlur kmrghtgegh pudg. Ihi kmrgrti cidghohyg Hmogrg emsgtugh Ihajhmsig.
=.
Emauauegh agh pmrghgh wgwgsgh husghtgrg
Emauauegh _gwgsgh Husghtgrg
g.
_gwgsgh
husghtgrg
smkgogi
wgwgsgh
hgsijhgd
kghosg
Ihajhmsig
bmrupgegh g`grgh ygho aiygeihi aiygeihi emkmhgrghhyg jdmc smduruc rgeygt gogr tiage tmr`gai pmhygsgtgh agh pmhyibpghogh agdgb upgyg bmhlgpgi agh bmwu`uaegh litg-litg agh tu`ugh hgsijhgd. Amhogh ambieigh, wgwgsgh husghtgrg
bmh`gai
dghagsgh
visijhgd
agdgb
bmhhymdmhoogrgegh
emciaupgh hgsijhgd. k.
_gwgsgh husghtgrg agdgb pgrgaiob hgsijhgd agpgt aidicgt agri strgtifiegsihyg smkgogi kmrieut0
7.
^ghlgsidg
smkgogi
fgdsgfgt,
iamjdjoi
kghosg
agh
agsgr
Hmogrg
kmremauauegh smkgogi dghagsgh iaiid. ;.
]hagho-]hagho Agsgr 791= smkgogi dghagsgh ejhstitusi Hmogrg, kmremauauegh smkgoi dghagsgh ejhstitusijhgd. ejhstitusijhgd.
<.
_gwgsgh husghtgrg smkgogi visi Hmogrg, kmremauauegh smkgogi dghagsgh visijhgd.
1.
Emtgcghgh hgsijhgd smgogi ejhsmpsi hgsijhgd, kmremauauegh smkgogi dghagsgh ejhsmpsijhgd.
7<
=.
OCKH smkgogi pjdjtie agh strgtmoi hgsijhgd gtgu smkgogi emki`gesghggh agsgr hgsijhgd, kmremauauegh smkgogi dghagsgh jpmrgsijhgd.
^grgaiobg hgsijhgd smlgrg strueturgd agh fuhosijhgd bmwu`uaegh emtmregitgh cimrgreis pirgbiag agh smlgrg ihstrubmhtgd bmhagsgri emciaupgh hgsijhgd ygho kmraibmhsi emciaupgh kmrbsygrgegt, kmrk ghosg, agh kmrhmogrg. Cimrgreis pgrgaiobg hgsijhgd aiogbkgregh smkgogi kmrieut 0
^mrghgh _gwgsgh Husghtgrg
_gwgsgh husghtgrg kmrpmrgh pmhtiho kgoi emagudgtgh sugtu hmogrg. Egrmhg wgwgsgh husghtgrg sghogt kmrpmrgh pmhtiho uhtue bmbkghouh `iwg agh bmhubkucegh rgsg lihtg tghgc gir. ^mhmrgpgh wgwgsgh husghtgrg cgrus tmrlmrbih pgag pjdg pieir, pjdg siegp agh pjdg tihage ygho smhghtigsg bmhagcuduegh empmhtihogh kghosg agh hmogrg emsgtugh [mpukdie Ihajhmsig agripgag empmhtihogh prikgai gtgu emdjbpje smhairi. \mbug itu bmhoogbkgregh rgsg, pgcgb agh smbghogt emkghosggh gtgu hgsijhgdisbm ygho tihooi smkgogi iamhtitgs gtggu `gti airi kghosg Ihajhmsig. 71
Kghosg Ihajhmsig Ihajhmsig ygho bmbghagho Ihajhmsig smkgogi smkgogi sgtu emsgtugh widgygc, bmdiputi tghgc (agrgt), gir (dgut) tmrbgsue agsgr dgut agh tghgc aikgwgchyg agh uagrg aigtgshyg smlgrg tiage tmrpisgcegh, ygho bmhygtuegh kghosg agh hmogrg smlgrg utuc bmhymduruc bmhlgeup smomhgp kiagho emciaupgh hgsijhgd. ^mhmrgpgh wgwgsgh husghtgrg agdgb pmbkghouuhgh hmogrg ai kmrkgogi kiagho tgbpge pgag kmrkgogi prjyme pmbkghouhgh sgrghg agh prgsgrghg mejhjbi, ejbuhiegsi agh trghspjrtgsi. ^mhmrgpgh aikiagho sjsigd agh kuagyg tmrdicgt pgag emki`gegh uhtue bmh`gaiegh kghosg Ihajhmsig ygho Kcihhmeg Quhoogd Ieg tmtgp bmrgsg smkghosg, smtghgc gir, smhgsik agh smpmhghoouhogh amhogh gsgs ^ghlgsidg. ^mhmrgpgh wgwgsgh husghtgrg ai kiagho pmrtgcghgh emgbghgh tmrdicgt pgag emsigpsigoggh agh emwgspgaggh smduruc rgeygt bmdgdui sistmb pmrtgcghgh agh emgbghgh rgeygt smbmstg uhtue bmhocgagpi kmrkgogi ghlgbgh kghosg agh hmogrg. Agdgb emciaupgh hgsijhgd, wgwgsgh husghtgrg smkgogi wgwgsgh hgsijhgd kghosg Ihajhmsig aiembkghoegh aiembkghoegh pmrghghhyg uhtue 0 7.
Bmwu`uaegh smrtg bmbmdicgrg pmrsgtugh agh emsgtugh ygho smrgsi agh smdgrgs, smomhgp gspme emciaupgh hgsijhgd.
;.
Bmhubkucegh rgsg tghoouho `gwgk gtgs pmbghfggtgh dihoeuhogh sgdiho tmregit agh emtmroghtuhogh ghtgrg kghosg amhogh omjorgfi/rugho ciauphyg. Jdmc egrmhg itu pmbghfggtgh dihoeuhogh cgrus kmrtghoouho `gwgk. Kidg tiage, bgeg gegh bmhibkudegh emrusgegh dihoeuhogh dihoeuhogh ygho pgag gecirhyg gegh bmruoiegh kghosg kghosg itu smhairi.
<.
Bmhmogeegh
emeugsggh
ouhg
bmdihauhoi
empmhtihogh
hgsijhgd.
Empmhtihogh hgsijhgd bmh`gai agsgr cukuhogh ghtgrg kghosg. Gpggkidg empmhtihogh hgsijhgd sugtu kghosg sm`gdgh gtgu pgrgdmd amhogh empmhtihogh hgsijhgd kghosg dgih, bgeg emaug kghosg itugegh buagc tmr`gdih cukuhogh pmrsgcgkgtgh. Qgpi smkgdiehyg, kidg empmhtihogh hgsijhgd sugtu kghosg tiage sm`gdgh gtgu kmrtmhtghogh amhogh kghosg dgih, bgeg tmr`gaidgc ejhfdie gtgu pmrtmhtghogh ghtgrg emaugg kghosg itu.
7=
Ejhfdie ygho tmr`gai ghtgrg kghosg-kghosg itu, aismdmsgiegh kgie amhogh `gdgh agbgi bgupuh amhogh ememrgsgh. _u`ua ememrgsgh ygho mestrib mestr ib gagdgc pmrgho. ]thue bmh`gbih empmhtihogh hgsijhgdhyg tmrcgagp embuhoeihgh tibkudhyg ejhfdie amhogh kghosg dgih, sugtu kghosg cgrus bgbpu bmhmogeegh emeugsggh. 1.
Bmrmhtgho cukuhogh Ihtmrhgsijhgd agdgb upgyg uhtue bmhmogeegh pmragbgigh. Ihajhmsig smkgogi sugtu hmogrg empudgugh agh bmbidiei pjsisi sidgho aightgrg aightg rg aug kmhugg agh aug sgbuamrg, agpgt bmdgesghgegh pmrghgh ygho ambieigh itu smlgrg jpt ibgd.smkgogi hmogrg empudgugh ygho bmbidiei pmrkgtgsgh amhogh kghyge hmogrg dgih kgie ai egwgsgh sgbuamrg ^gsifie bgupuh sgbuamrg Cihaig. Kgtggs-kgtgs widgygc ghtgrg Ihajhmsig amhogh hmogrg tmtghooghyg, aitmhtuegh kmrsgbgg ghtgrg Ihajhmsig amhogh hmogrg-hmogrg ygho kmrkgtgsgh. ^mhmhtugh kmrsgbg tmhtgho kgtgs-kgtgs amhogh hmogrg tmtghoog. Amhogh pjsisi sidghohyg, kmrgrti dgutgh tmritjrigd Ihajhmsig bmrupgegh tmbpgt dgdudihtgs egpgdegpgd smduruc kghosg. Gpgkidg Ihajhmsig bgbpu bmhogtur dgudihtgs pmdgygrgh amhogh kgie, kmrgrti kgcwg Ihajhmsig tmdgc turut smrtg bmhmogeegh pmragbgigh auhig.
76
KGK III ^MH]Q]^ G. Emsibpudgh
\mlgrg ejhsmpsijhgd, wgwgsgh husghtgrg bmrupgegh omjpjditie kghosg Ihajhmsig. ^mrubusgh wgwgsgh husghtgrg kghosg Ihajhmsig ygho smdgh`uthyg aismkut _gwgsgh Husghtgrg itu bmrupgegh sgdgc sgtu ejhsmpsi pjditie agdgb emtgtghmogrggh [mpukdie Ihajhmsig. \mkgogi omjpjditie agri kghosg Ihajhmsig bgeg widgygc Ihajhmsig ygho tmrairi agri agrgtgh, dgut, agh uagrg ai gtgshyg aipghagho smkgogi rugho ciaup ygho sgtu gtgu utuc. _gwgsgh husghtgrg smkgogi wgwgsgh hgsijhgdhyg kghosg Ihajhmsig aiagsgregh pgag ejhstmdgsi dihoeuhogh tmbpgt tihoogdhyg ygho bmhocgsidegh ejhsmpsi wgwgsgh husghtgrg. @gai, wgwgsgh husghtgrg bmrupgegh pmhmrgpgh agri tmjri omjpjditie kghosg Ihajhmsig. Cgrus aisgagri kgcwg `ieg gsgs wgwgsgh husghtgrg aigkgiegh, ejbpjhmh pmbkmhtue emsmpgegtgh kmrsgbg gegh bmdghoogr emsmpgegtgh kmrsgbg tmrsmkut, ygho kmrgrti kgcwg gegh tmrlmrgi tmrlmrg i kmrgihyg kghosg agh hmogrg Ihajhmsig. K. \grgh
Agri smbug urgigh ygho tmdgc pmhyusuh sgbpgiegh aigtgs, sghogt pmrdu uhtue bmhliptgegh bgsygrgegt ygho kmrwgwgsgh husghtgrg uhtue bgsg ygho gegh agtgho. Cgd itu cgrus aibudgi sggt ihi agh budgi aitghgbegh sm`ge aihi pgag pmhmrus kghosg. Amhogh aitmrgpeghhyg wgwgsgh husghtgrg sm`ge aihi, bgeg omhmrgsi pmhmrus kghosg Ihajhmsig agpgt bmh`gai omhmrgsi ygho dmkic kgie dgoi agh bgbpu bmbpmrtgcghegh emagudgtgh hmogrg [mpukdie Ihajhmsig `uog agpgt bmh`gog pmragbgigh kghosg bgupuh auhig agri kmrkgogi ghlgbgh. Cgd ihi gegh sghogt kgie kgoi pgrg lgdjh pmbibpih gtgu pmdgeu pmbmrihtgcgh aibgsg ygho gegh agtgho. Bmrmeg gegh bmbmhtihogh empmhtihogh kghosg agh hmogrg agripgag empmhtihogh prikgai gtgu ojdjhogh, smcihoog gegh bmhourghoi ghoeg ejrupsi, ejdusi agh hmpjtisbm aibgsg ampgh.
7?
Agftgr ^ustgeg
\ri [gcgyu, Ghi. ;>7<. ^mhaiaiegh ^ghlgsidg agh Emwgroghmogrggh. @gegrtg0 Kubi Gesgrg \ubgrsjhj, \. ;>>=. ^mhaiaiegh Emwgroghmogrggh. @gegrtg0 Orgbmaig ^ustgeg ]tgbg cttp0//ia.wieipmaig.jro/wiei/wgwgsghZHusghtgrg
73
