LOAD FLOW berbasis METODA GAUSS-SEIDEL 1. Persamaan Jaringan
Persamaan yang menggambarkan kerja jaringan sistem daya yang menggunakan kerangka bus referensi, dalam bentuk impedansi adalah : V Bus = Z Bus I Bus atau dalam bentuk admitansi adalah : I Bus = Y Bus V Bus Apabil Apabilaa bus pentan pentanaha ahan n termas termasuk uk dalam dalam jaring jaringan, an, elemen elemen – elemen elemen matri matriks ks Imped Impedan ansi si bus bus dan dan admi admita tans nsii bus bus akan akan mema memasu sukk kkan an efek efek elem elemen en – elem elemen en yang yang terpasang pararel ke tanah seperti kapasitor dan reaktor statis, line charging, dan elemen parare pararell pada pada persam persamaan aan transf transform ormato ator, r, dimana dimana bus pentan pentanaha ahan n dipili dipilih h sebaga sebagaii titik titik referensi. referensi. Tegangan bus pada jaringan menghasilkan menghasilkan persamaan persamaan yang diukur terhadap tanah. Dan jika bus pentanahan tidak termasuk dalam jaringan, elemen – elemen matriks tidak menyertakan efek elemen yang terpasang pararel dan salah satu bus yang ada dalam jaringan harus dipilih sebagai titik referensi. Dalam hal ini, efek elemen – elemen yang pararel dianggap sebagai sumber arus dalam bus – bus dalam jaringan, dan tegangan bus dalam persamaan diukur terhadap bus referensi referensi yang dipilih. dipilih.
2. Persamaan pembebanan pada bus
Daya aktif dan reakif pada suatu bus i adalah : * P i – JQi = V I i i
1
Dan arus adalah :
I i =
P i − jQi V i*
subtitusi dari persamaan diatas :
2
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P i
n
Qi
n
V i
*
V i
y ij
y i V
0
3
j i
1
karena penyelesaian matematika studi aliran daya merupakan persamaan aljabar nonlinier maka penyelesaiannya menggunakan metode iterasi 3. Studi aliran daya Metode Gauss Seidel
Dalam Dalam kajian kajian tentan tentang g aliran aliran daya, daya, penting penting untuk untuk
memecah memecahkan kan
sepera seperangka ngkatt
persamaan non linear yang direpresentasikan dengan persamaan (3) untuk dua variabel variabel yang tidak diketahui diketahui pada masing-masi masing-masing ng node/simpul. node/simpul. Dalam metode Gaus Seidel Seidel (3 (3) diselesaikan untuk V untuk V i dan rangkaian iterasinya menjadi.
P i sch − jQ sch i *( k )
V i
+
V i ( k 1) =
+ ∑ yijV j( k )
(4)
j ≠ i
∑ yij
Dimana Dimana yij yang diperlihatkan dalam huruf lowercase (bagian bawah) merupakan sebuah admitansi admitansi per unit. Pisch dan Qisch merupakan daya aktif dan daya reaktif yang dijela dijelaska skan n
per unit. unit. Dalam Dalam menuli menuliss garis garis KCL, KCL, arus arus mema memasuk sukii bus bus i diasumsikan
positif. positif. Demikia Demikian n pula, untuk untuk bus dimana dimana daya daya ril dan daya daya reaktif reaktif diinjeks diinjeksikan ikan ke dalam bus, seperti bus generator, Pisch dan Qisch mempunyai mempunyai nilai-nilai nilai-nilai positif. positif. Untuk memuat bus dimana dimana daya reaktif reaktif dan daya daya ril mengalir mengalir jauh dari bus, Pisch dan Qisch mempunyai nilai negatif. Jika (2.3 (2.3)) dipecahkan untuk Pisch dan Qisch, kita mempunyai.
n
n
j = 0
j = 0
P i ( k +1) = ℜ V i*( k ) [ i( k ) ∑ yij − ∑ yijV j( k ) ]
Qi( k +1) = −ℑ V i*( k ) [i( k )
n
∑
yij −
n
∑ y V
( k ) ij j
j ≠ i
]
j ≠ i
(5)
(6 )
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diperlihatkan dengan huruf-huruf uppercase, yakni Yij = - Yij, dan unsur-unsur diagonal adalah Yij = ∑ Yij, (2.4 (2.4)) menjadi
V i ( k +1) =
P i 6 ch − jQi sch ( k ) + ∑ j ≠i yijV j *( k ) V i
(7 )
Y ii
dan
n
j= 0 j≠ i
∑
P i( k + 1) = ℜ V i*( k ) [V i(k )Y i i yi V j j( k )
j ≠ i
n
j = 0 j ≠ i
∑
Qi( k + 1) = − ℑ V i*( k ) [V i( k )Y ii yijV j(k )
(8)
j ≠ i
(9)
Yij meliputi admitansi ke tanah charging susceptance dan admitansi yang lain. Yan Yang
cocok
terhadap
tanah.
Sebuah
model del
yang ang
dipresent entasikan
mentra mentransf nsform ormasi asikan kan kandunga kandungan n rasio rasio nomina nominal-o l-off ff,, yang yang melipu meliputi ti
untu ntuk
efek efek tap setti setting ng
transformator. Karena kedua kedua komponen tegangan tegangan ditetapkan ditetapkan untuk slack slack bus, ada persamaan persamaan 2(n-1) yang harus dipecahkan oleh metode iterasi. Di bawah kondisi operasi normal, besarnya besarnya tegangan tegangan bus yang berada berada di sekitar sekitar 1.0 per unit unit atau dekat dengan dengan besarnya besarnya tegangan tegangan slack bus. bus. Besarnya Besarnya tegangan tegangan beban bus bus agaknya agaknya lebih rendah rendah daripada daripada nilai slack bus, tergantung tergantung pada keperluan keperluan daya reaktif, reaktif, dimana tegangan tegangan yang dijadwalkan dijadwalkan pada generator bus agak tinggi. serta,
sudut fasa bus beban berada di bawah referensi
sudut sesuai sesuai dengan permintaan permintaan daya ril, ril, sedangkan sedangkan sudut sudut fasa generator generator bus mungkin mungkin berada diatas diatas nilai referensi referensi tergantung tergantung pada pada jumlah jumlah daya ril ril yang yang mengalir mengalir ke dalam dalam bus. Demikianla Demikianlah h untuk metode metode Gaus-Seide Gaus-Seidel, l, estimasi estimasi awal tegangan tegangan dari dari 1,0 + j0,0 untuk untuk teganga tegangan n yang yang tidak tidak diketahui diketahui memuaska memuaskan, n,
dan solusi solusi yang yang konverg konvergens ensika ikan n
berkorelasi dengan catatan operasi aktual. Untuk Untuk bus P-Q, P-Q, daya daya real dan reakti reaktiff Pisch dan Qisch diketahui. diketahui. Diawali Diawali dengan sebuah estimasi awal, (7 (7 ) dipecahkan untuk komponen tegangan yang ril dan imajiner.
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namun demikian karena [VI] ditetapkan, ditetapkan, hanya hanya bagian imajiner imajiner dari Vi(k+1) ditahan, dan bagian ril dipilih agar memuaskan. ( i( k
1)
+
)2
+
(f i( k
1)
+
)2
Vi
=
2
(10) 10)
atau
e (i k
1)
+
di mana i
=
( k +1)
Vi
2
( f i( k
dan f i
1)
+
−
(11) 11)
)2
( k +1)
merupakan merupakan komponen komponen ril dan dan imajiner imajiner tegangan tegangan VI(k+1)
dalam rangkaian iteratif. Tingkat Tingkat konver konvergen gensi si
diting ditingkat katkan kan deng dengan an
menera menerapkan pkan faktor faktor kecepat kecepatan an
terhadap solusi yang kurang lebih dihasilkan dari masing-masing iterasi. iterasi.
Vi( k
1)
+
=
V1
2
(f i( k
1)
+
)2
(12) 12)
Dimana α adalah faktor kecepatan. Nilainya tergantung pada sistem. Tingkat 1,3 hingga 1,7 ditemukan memuaskan untuk sistem-sistem khusus. Tegangan Tegangan yang diperbah diperbaharui arui langsung langsung mengganti menggantikan kan nilai nilai sebelumny sebelumnyaa dalam solusi solusi persam persamaan aan berikutn berikutnya. ya. Proses Proses dilanjut dilanjutkan kan sampai sampai
peruba perubahanhan-per peruba ubahan han dalam
komponen komponen ril dan imajiner imajiner tegangan tegangan bus itearsi itearsi berturut-t berturut-turut urut berada dalam akurasi akurasi yang ditetapkan, misalnya.,
e (i k+ 1) − e (i k ) ≤ e f i(k + 1) − f i( k ) ≤ e
(13) 13)
Untuk Untuk daya daya yang yang tidak tidak sebandi sebanding ng yang yang selaya selayakny knyaa kecil kecil dan dapat dapat diteri diterima, ma, sangat sedikit sedikit toleransi toleransi yang harus ditetapkan pada kedua komponen tegangan. Sebuah tega teganga ngan n yang yang seca secara ra akur akurat at
bera berada da pada pada tingk tingkat at 0,000 0,00001 01 hingg hinggaa 0,000 0,00005 05 pu
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berlanjut sampai besarnya elemen yang paling luas dalam kolom∆ P dan ∆ Q kurang dari nilai yang ditetapkan. Sebuah akurasi daya yang tidak sebanding adalah 0,001 pu. Sekali Sekali solusi solusi dikonver dikonvergensi gensikan, kan, jaringan jaringan daya ril ril dan reaktif reaktif pada slack bus dihitung dari (8) (8) dan (9 (9).
4. Aliran Daya dan Rugi-Rugi Jaringan
Setelah selesai menyelesaiakan iterasi untuk tegangan tiap-tiap bus, maka langkah selanjutnya adalah menghitung aliran daya dan rugi-rugi pada jaringan. Jika kita anggap sebuah jaringan yang menghubungkan dua bus i dan j dan j.. Maka arus yang mengalir mengalir I I ij, ij, arus yang terukur pada bus i bernilai positif jika ia mengalir ke arah bus j bus j.. i ⇒ j diperoleh dari I ijij = I l l + I i0i0 = yij(V i-V j )+yi0V I
(14)
Begitu pula jika sebaliknya j ⇒ i diperoleh dari I ji = -I l l + I j0 = y ji(V j-V )+y i j0V j
(15)
Daya compleks Sij dari bus I ke bus b us j dan Sji dari bus j ke bus I adalah : S ijij = V I* i ij
(16)
S ji = V j I*ij
(17)
Dari persamaan diatas diperoleh S Lij = S ijij + S ji
(18)
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5. Flowchart
START
Basemva = 100 Accuracy = 0,001 Accel = 1,8 Maxiter = 100
Baca busdata Baca linedata
Membentuk Branch Admitansi
Membuat matrix ber elemen nol
Membentuk off diagonal elemen matrix Ybus
Membentuk diagonal elemen matrix Ybus
Mulai Counter Untuk iterasi
Menghitung tegangan Bus i
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B
A
Menghitung daya aktif pada bus i
Menghitung daya reaktif pada bus i
Tidak Menguji konvergensi
Ya Cetak Voltage Voltage magnitude magnitude dan sudutnya, daya aktif dan daya reaktif dari generator dan beban, shunt capasitor, total daya generator dan total beban dan total shunt capasitor
Menghitung aliran daya dan rugi daya
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Contoh Aplikasi 1
Pada gambar menunjukkan diagram segaris dalam sistim tenaga 3 (tiga) bus dengan pembangkitan pada bus 1. Harga tegangan pada bus 1 diatur sampai 1,05 pu. Beban pada bus 2 dan 3. Impedansi-impedansi saluran dalam per unit pada dasar 100 MVA, dan untuk suseptansi muatan pada saluran diabaikan. Tentukan aliran daya dan rugi-rugi dengan meoda gauss-seidel
0.02 + j0.04
1
2 256.6 MW 110.2 Mvar
G 0.0125 + j0.025 0.01 + j0.03 Slack Bus V1 = 1.05<0o
3
138.6 MW 45.2 Mvar
Data admitansi pada saluran adalah y12 = 1/z12 = 10-j20, y13 = 1/z13 = 10-j30, dan y23=1/z23 = 16-j32 Data beban dalam per unit adalah :
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dalam saluran dihitung dengan persamaan 6-18. Iterasi dari kondisi ini berhenti bila | Vn+1 – Vn|<ε, Vn|<ε, dengan ε adalah tetapan tetapan yang harganya ditentukan, ditentukan, sehingga susunan pogramnya dalam bahasa MATLAB sebagai berikut : disp(' disp(' '); '); disp('__________________________' disp('__________________________' ); disp(' disp(' ') ') disp(' disp(' Studi Aliran Daya pada sistem 3 bus ' ); disp(' disp(' dengan penyelesaian metode Gauss-Seidel ' ); disp('___________________________' disp('___________________________' ); disp(' disp(' '); '); % DAsar 100 MVA epsilon = 0.00001; x = 1; % Data impedansi pada saluran : z12 = 0.02 + j*0.04; z13 = 0.01 + j*0.03; z23 = 0.0125 + j*0.025; % Admitansi pada saluran : y12 = 1/z12; y13 = 1/z13; y23 = 1/z23; % Beban dalam per unit : s2 = -(256.6 + j*110.2)/100; s3 = -(138.6 + j*45.2)/100; % Bus 1 sebagai slack bus dengan : v1 = 1.05 + j*0.0; vk1 = conj(v1); %estimasi tegangan awal untuk : v2 = 1.0 + j*0.0; e3 = 1.0 + j*0.0; iter = 0; disp('_________________________' disp('_________________________' ); disp('! disp('! ! ! '); disp('! disp('! ! daya pada ! aliran daya pada saluran !' ); disp('! disp('! iterasi ! slack bus ! !'); !' );
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ik21 = conj(i21); % Daya dalam bentuk bilangan kompleks pada bus 1 : s1 = (vk1*(v1*(y12+y13)-(y12*v2+y13*v3)))*100; % aliran daya dalam bentuk bilangan kompleks pada saluran : s12 = v1*ik12*100; s21 = v2*ik21*100; x = abs(v3-e3); e3 = v3; fprintf('%i' fprintf( '%i', , iter), disp([s1, s12, s21]); end disp('___________________________________' disp('___________________________________' ); disp(' disp(' '); '); disp('===============' disp('===============' ); disp('! disp('! lanjutan 1 !'); !' ); disp('===============' disp('===============' ); % DAsar 100 MVA epsilon = 0.00001; x = 1; % Data impedansi pada saluran : z12 = 0.02 + j*0.04; z13 = 0.01 + j*0.03; z23 = 0.0125 + j*0.025; % Admitansi pada saluran : y12 = 1/z12; y13 = 1/z13; y23 = 1/z23; % Beban dalam per unit : s2 = -(256.6 + j*110.2)/100; s3 = -(138.6 + j*45.2)/100; % Bus 1 sebagai slack bus dengan : v1 = 1.05 + j*0.0; vk1 = conj(v1); %estimasi tegangan awal untuk : v2 = 1.0 + j*0.0; e3 = 1.0 + j*0.0; iter = 0; disp('_________________________' disp('_________________________' ); disp('! disp('! ! ! '); disp('! disp('! ! daya pada ! aliran daya pada saluran !' );
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% konjugat dari arus pada aluran : ik13 = conj(i13); ik31 = conj(i31); ik23 = conj(i23); % aliran daya dalam bentuk bilangan kompleks pada saluran : s13 = v1*ik13*100; s31 = v3*ik31*100; s23 = v2*ik23*100; x = abs(v3-e3); e3 = v3; fprintf('%i' fprintf( '%i', , iter), disp([s13, s31, s23]); end disp('___________________________________' disp('___________________________________' ); disp(' disp(' '); '); disp('===============' disp('===============' ); disp('! disp('! lanjutan 2 !'); !' ); disp('===============' disp('===============' ); % DAsar 100 MVA epsilon = 0.00001; x = 1; % Data impedansi pada saluran : z12 = 0.02 + j*0.04; z13 = 0.01 + j*0.03; z23 = 0.0125 + j*0.025; % Admitansi pada saluran : y12 = 1/z12; y13 = 1/z13; y23 = 1/z23; % Beban dalam per unit : s2 = -(256.6 + j*110.2)/100; s3 = -(138.6 + j*45.2)/100; % Bus 1 sebagai slack bus dengan : v1 = 1.05 + j*0.0; vk1 = conj(v1); %estimasi tegangan awal untuk : v2 = 1.0 + j*0.0; e3 = 1.0 + j*0.0; iter = 0; disp('_________________________' disp('_________________________' );
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I21 = -i12; i13 = y13*(v1-v3); i31 = -i13; i23 = y23*(v2-v3); i32 = -i23; % konjugat dari arus pada aluran : ik12 = conj(i12); ik21 = conj(i21); ik13 = conj(i13); ik31 = conj(i31); ik32 = conj(i32); % aliran daya dalam bentuk bilangan kompleks pada saluran : s12 = v1*ik12*100; s21 = v2*ik21*100; s13 = v1*ik13*100; s31 = v3*ik31*100; s32 = v3*ik32*100; % rugi-rugi daya dalam bentuk bilangan kompleks pada saluran : sl12 = s12+s21; sl13 = s13+s31; x = abs(v3-e3); e3 = v3; fprintf('%i' fprintf( '%i', , iter), disp([s32, sl12, sl13]); end disp('___________________________________' disp('___________________________________' ); disp(' disp(' '); '); disp('===============' disp('===============' );
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disp('! disp('! ! sl23 !'); !' ); disp('_____________________________________________________' disp('_____________________________________________________' ); disp(' disp(' '); format short g while x>= epsilon iter = iter + 1; vk2 = conj(v2); ek3 = conj(e3); v2 = 1/(y12+y23)*((conj(s2)/vk2)+(y12*v1+y23*e3)); v3 = 1/(y13+y23)*((conj(s3)/ek3)+(y13*v1+y23*v2)); % arus pada saluran i23 = y23*(v2-v3); i32 = -i23; % konjugat dari arus pada aluran : ik23 = conj(i23); ik32 = conj(i32); % aliran daya dalam bentuk bilangan kompleks pada saluran : s23 = v2*ik23*100; s32 = v3*ik32*100; % rugi-rugi daya dalam bentuk bilangan kompleks pada saluran : sl12 = s12+s21; sl13 = s13+s31; x = abs(v3-e3); e3 = v3; fprintf('%i' fprintf( '%i', , iter), disp([s32, sl12, sl13]); end
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Single Line diagram dari sistem yang akan di hitung adalah sebagai berikut : Slack
G
G
1
2
3
G 26
8
G
G
5
18
6
13
7
4
9
12
14
16
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Data yang diperlukan untuk melakukan perhitungan dalam makalah ini adalah berupa data : beban untuk tiap-tiap tiap-tiap bus, data data dari generator, generator, data kapasitor shunt, shunt, data tapping transformator, dan data resistansi, reaktansi serta kapasitansi dari line transmisi dan transformator. Untuk input yang dibutuhkan oleh program untuk melakukan perhitungan data yang digunakan dibagi dalam dua bagian yaitu : a. Busdata Bus Bus Voltage Angle No Code Mag. Degre 1 1 1.025 0.0 2 2 1.02 0.0 3 2 1.025 0.0 4 2 1.05 0.0 5 2 1.045 0.0 6 0 1.0 0.0 7 0 1.0 0.0 8 0 1.0 0.0 9 0 1.0 0.0 10 0 1.0 0.0
--Load-MW Mvar 0.0 0.0 22.0 15.0 64.0 50.0 25.0 10.0 50.0 30.0 76.0 29.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 89.0 50.0 0.0 0.0
---Generator--injected MW Mvar Qmin Qmax Mvar 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 79.0 0.0 40 250 0 20.0 0.0 40 180 0 100 0.0 40 80 2 300 0.0 40 160 5 0.0 0.0 0 0 2 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0
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b. Linedata
Dari
Ke bus 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 5 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 8 9
R bus 2 18 3 7 8 13 26 13 8 12 6 7 11 18 19 21 8 9 12 10
X pu 0.0005 0.0013 0.0014 0.0103 0.0074 0.0035 0.0323 0.0007 0.0008 0.0016 0.0069 0.0053 0.0097 0.0037 0.0035 0.0050 0.0012 0.0009 0.0020 0.0010
C pu 0.0048 0.0110 0.0513 0.0586 0.0321 0.0967 0.1967 0.0054 0.0240 0.0207 0.0300 0.0306 0.0570 0.0222 0.0660 0.0900 0.0069 0.0429 0.0180 0.0493
tap setting pu Transfo Transformat rmator or 0.0300 0.0600 0.050 0.0180 0.0390 0.025 0.0 0.0005 0.0001 0.0150 0.0990 0.0010 0.0001 0.0012 0.045 0.0226 0.0001 0.025 0.0200 0.0010
1 1 0.960 1 1 0.960 1 1.017 1.050 1.050 1 1 1 1 0.950 1 1 0.950 1 1
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7. Program Matlab
Program matlab yang digunakan untuk studi aliran daya metode gauss seidel ini dibagi dalam lima file program yaitu : a. program program dengan dengan nama data program ini adalah input data bagi program yang lainnya, data dalam program ini terbagi atas dua bagian yaitu :
busd busdat ataa yang yang beri berisi si data data beba beban, n, data data gene genera rato tor, r, data data volta voltage ge
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Ybus(n,n) = Ybus(n,n)+y(k)/(a(k)^2) + Bc(k) elseif nr(k)==n Ybus(n,n) = Ybus(n,n)+y(k) +Bc(k) else, end end end clear Pgg
c. Program Program dengan nama nama lfgauss lfgauss Progra Program m ini untuk untuk perhit perhitunga ungan n studi studi aliran aliran daya daya metode metode gauss gauss seidel seidel dan
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end DV(n)=0; end num = 0; AcurBus = 0; converge = 1; Vc = zeros(nbus,1)+j*zeros(nbus, zeros(nbus,1)+j*zeros(nbus,1); 1); Sc = zeros(nbus,1)+j*zeros(nbus, zeros(nbus,1)+j*zeros(nbus,1); 1); while exist('accel')~=1 accel = 1.3; end while exist('accuracy')~=1 accuracy = 0.001; end while exist('basemva')~=1 basemva= 100; end while exist('maxiter')~=1 maxiter = 100;
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Vc(n) = (conj(S(n))/conj(V(n)) - YV )/ Ybus(n,n); else, end if kb(n) == 0 V(n) = V(n) + accel*(Vc(n)-V(n)); elseif kb(n) == 2 VcI = imag(Vc(n)); VcR = sqrt(Vm(n)^2 - VcI^2); Vc(n) = VcR + j*VcI; V(n) = V(n) + accel*(Vc(n) -V(n)); end end maxerror=max( max(abs(real(DP))), max(abs(imag(DQ))) ); if iter == maxiter & maxerror > accuracy fprintf('\nWARNING: Iterative solution did not converged after ') fprintf('%g', iter), fprintf(' iterations.\n\n') fprintf('Press Enter to terminate the iterations and print the results \n') converge = 0; pause, else, end end
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%clc disp(tech) fprintf(' Maximum Power Mismatch = %g \n', maxerror) fprintf(' No. of Iterations = %g \n\n', iter) head =[' Bus Voltage Angle ------Load------ ---Generation--Injected' ' No. Mag. Degree MW Mvar MW Mvar Mvar ' ' ']; disp(head) for n=1:nbus fprintf(' %5g', n), fprintf(' %7.3f', Vm(n)), fprintf(' %8.3f', deltad(n)), fprintf(' %9.3f', Pd(n)), fprintf(' %9.3f', Qd(n)), fprintf(' %9.3f', Pg(n)), fprintf(' %9.3f ', Qg(n)), fprintf(' %8.3f\n', Qsh(n)) end fprintf(' \n'), fprintf(' Total ') fprintf(' %9.3f', Pdt), fprintf(' %9.3f', Qdt), fprintf(' %9.3f', Pgt), fprintf(' %9.3f', Qgt), fprintf(' %9.3f\n\n', Qsht)
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In = (V(n) - V(k)/a(L))*y(L) + Bc(L)*V(n); Ik = (V(k) - a(L)*V(n))*y(L)/a(L)^2 + Bc(L)/a(L)^2*V(k); Snk = V(n)*conj(In)*basemva; Skn = V(k)*conj(Ik)*basemva; SL = Snk + Skn; SLT = SLT + SL;
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8. Hasil Program
Dari data yang diinput pada program menghasilkan keluaran sebagai berikut : Power Flow Solution by Gauss-Seidel Method
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Bus
Voltage No.
Mag.
Angle
------Load------
Degree
MW
Mvar
---Generation--MW
Mvar
Injected Mvar
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--Line-from 4
to
Power at bus & line flow MW
Mvar
75.000
47.733
MVA 88.901
--Line loss-MW
Mvar
Transformer tap
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10
0.000
0.000
0.000
-6.454
-38.277
38.818
0.015
0.558
12 -110.908
-7.217
111.143
0.303
-0.291
9
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