MODUL 4 Pembangunan Pedesaan (…rural (… rural development…)
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…kerangka logis pembangunan Socially and Culturally Acceptable and Responsible
Politicall Feasible
Sustainable Development
Economicall y Viable
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…definisi pembangunan …pembangunan, menurut Margono Slamet (1992), Vembriarto (1984): “ perubahan sosial yang direncanakan sebagai usaha manusia untuk memperbaiki kehidupannya ” …pembangunan “ usaha memperbaiki memperbaiki kondisi kondisi yang kurang manusiawi menjadi kondisi yang lebih manusiawi (kondisi yang mendukung eksistensi manusia seutuhnya ( Rohmad, 1999); …pembangunan ( development ) atau atau identik identik dengan istilah ( growth, change, modernization, progress, evolution, evolvement, building up, enlargement, increase, improvement ) menurut Dawm Rahardjo (1980), (1980), Margono Margono Slamet (1988); Mardikanto Mardikanto (1993): (a)..proses yang diupayakan secara sadar dan terencana; terencana; (b)..proses perubahan yang mencakup banyak aspek kehidupan manusia, baik sebagai individu individu maupun maupun sebagai sebagai warga masyarakat; (c)..proses pertumbuhan ekonomi;
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…definisi pembangunan ….pembangunan diartikan oleh Fakih (2001) sebagai “proses pemanusiaan manusia” Oleh Slamet (1992) dimaknai sebagai “perubahan sosial yang direncanakan sebagai usaha manusia untuk mempebaiki kehidupannya” …pembangunan, menurut Lionberger dan Gwin (1982): “ proses pemecahan masalah, baik masalah yang dihadapi oleh setiap aparat dalam setiap jenjang birokrasi, di kalangan peneliti dan penyuluh, maupun masalah-masalah yang dihadapi warga masyarakat ” masyarakat ”
….tahap …. tahap 1: 1: Pembangunan adalah usaha untuk meningkatkan meningkatkan pendapatan nasional bruto (GNP). Teori pertumbuhan pertumbuhan Harrod-Domar. Modal adalah dasar investasi (Todaro, 1987) tahap 2: 2: Teori transformasi struktural (Dualisme tradisional-pedesaan) dan
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…definisi pembangunan pedesaan …pembangunan pedesaan diartikan sebagai: “ pembangunan usahatani atau pembangunan pertanian” (Mosher, 1974; Bertrand, 1958); …” pembangunan wilayah pedalaman (hinterland) terintegrasi (Friedman dan Doglas, 1971); …” perubahan sosial di wilayah pedesaan (Rostow, David McClelland dan Inkeles); …”modernisasi pertanian dan industrialisasi pedesaan (Mosher, 1974; Merton, 1984) …”meningkatkan produksi dan produktivitas pertanian dan kesejahteraan masyarakat pedesaan (Hansen, 1981) …” proses rekayasa sosial atau rancang bangun masyarakat pedesaan (Less and Presley); …” perubahan orientasi dari pertanian produksi ke bisnis
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…definisi pembangunan pedesaan … Julius Nyerere dalam Syahyuti (2006) mendefinisikan pembangunan pedesaan sebagai “…the participation of people in a mutual learning experience involving themselves, their local resources, external change agents, and outside resources ”. …menurut Norman Uphoff dan Milton J. Esman, E sman, terdapat empat jenis pembangunan Esman, pedesaan, yakni: (1) yang berbasis pertanian; (2) yang berbasis multisektor; (3) yang berbasis sumberdaya alam dan lingkungan; dan (4) yang berbasiskan pelayanan jasa-jasa sosial berupa kesehatan, pendidikan dan lain-lain. …menurut Mosher, Bertrand, J Scott dan Friedman pembangunan pedesaan identik dengan: (1) modernisasi pertanian; (2) pembangunan wilayah pedalaman; (3) pengentasan kemiskinan; (4) peningkatan pertumbuhan ekonomi; (5) pemerataan dan penanggulangan kesenjangan; (6) pengembangan masyarakat pedesaan; (7) pemberdayaan masyarakat pedesaan; dan (8) pembangunan regional terintegrasi dll
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…definisi pembangunan masyarakat …menurut Rohmad (1999): “ pembangunan dipengaruhi oleh manusia (termasuk di dalamnya nilai, tradisi, kebiasaan, tingkat ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi yang dimiliki oleh manusia) dan lingkungan (lingkungan sosial dan lingkungan alam)”; …pembangunan masyarakat ( community development ) adalah “ inisiatif inisiatif masyarakat masyarakat dalam proses tindakan sosial untuk memperbaiki memperbaiki kondisi hidupnya (Christenson dan Robinson, 1989);
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…definisi pembangunan masyarakat pedesaan …menurut Huie (1976): “ pembangunan masyarakat pedesaan adalah proses pembuatan keputusan dan pengembangan program-program yang yang dirancang untuk meningkatkan kinerja dan kehidupan masyarakat pedesaan”; pembangunan masyarakat pedesaan diartikan sebagai “ pembangunan
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…pendekatan baru pembangunan pedesaan .. pembangunan pedesaan (khususnya di Jawa) harus bergeser dan fokus pada partisipasi dan swadaya masyarakat, prakarsa swasta, usaha kecil dan lokal (hasil penelitian penelitian Collier Collier dkk, dkk, 1996). Dasarnya: Dasarnya: (1)…dua puluh lima tahun lalu banyak buruh tani tuna kisma di Jawa
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…pendekatan baru pembangunan pedesaan (4)…dua puluh tahun terakhir (1996-2006) para petani semakin rasional dan berorientasi bisnis (modern atau komersial), sehingga petani terdorong untuk mengusahakan komoditas yang dianggap menguntungkan. Akibatnya, terjadi eksploitasi sumberdaya lahan, genetik dan perubahan pola tanam (dari pola seragam ke diversifikasi). menjadi tidak terkendali dalam diversifikasi). Masyarakat pedesaan menjadi berproduksi, terutama dalam penerapan teknologi pertanian konvensional.
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…paradigma pembangunan pedesaan … paradigma diartikan oleh Thomas Khun (1970) sebagai “… suatu kerangka referensi (world view) yang menjadi dasar keyakinan atau pijakan suatu teori”:
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..pembangunan pedesaan dari atas (top-
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..pembangunan
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… pen e a an pembangunan
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…pen e a tan pembangunan partisipatif
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…pembangunan
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