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Lic. Gloria del S. Zamorano Lujan
Calle Indaburo, esquina Colón s/n Edificio de la Contraloría General del Estado Gerencia de Capacitación-CENCAP, 2do Piso Telf.: 591-2-2177400 - interno 205.
Impresión en: Centro de Capacitación – CENCAP
https:// cencapcontraloria.milaulas.com https:// cencapcontraloria.milaulas.com
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El presente material fue desarrollado, elaborado y diseñado por profesionales y especialistas de la (Centro de Capacitación), sus derechos
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Índice Página Presentación _________________________ _________________________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________ 4 Esquema de contenido __________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ ___________ 6 Explore sus pre-conocimientos pre-conocimientos ______________________ ______________________________________________ ________________________ 7 1.
Marco Conceptual de las Políticas Públicas_________________ Públicas_________________________________ ________________ 8 1.1. Nociones de las Políticas Públicas ________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________ 8 1.2. Política y Políticas Públicas ___________________________________ _________________________________________________ ______________ 9 1.3. Precisando el concepto de Política Pública ___________________________________ 10 1.4.
La Argumentación, Debate y Participación en las Políticas Públicas ____________ 12
1.5. Los Tipos de Políticas Públicas __________________________ _____________________________________________ ___________________ 13 1.6. Ciclo de las Políticas Públicas ______________________________________________ 14 1.6.1. 1.6.2.
Variables Analíticas de las Políticas Públicas ____________________________________ 14 Fases o etapas del ciclo de las políticas políticas públicas ________________________________ 19
1.7. Los Indicadores en las Políticas Públicas ________________________ _____________________________________ _____________ 25 1.8.
Legalidad, Legitimid ad, Control y Eficacia del Estad o ________________________ 30
Bibliografía ______________________________ _____________________________________________________ _______________________________ ________ 32
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Centro de Capacitación
Módulo 2: Marco Conceptual de las Políticas Públicas
Presentación El presente texto de apoyo al proceso de capacitación en el curso de “ ” se estructura en tres módulos, en el primer módulo se estudia los conceptos básicos del Estado y su rol en la economía para alcanzar sus fines. En el segundo s egundo módulo se estudia el marco conceptual de las políticas públicas, así como las etapas que forman parte del proceso y finalmente los indicadores que permiten de alguna forma evaluar la acción gubernamental. Finalmente en el tercer módulo se estudia el marco normativo relacionado a las políticas públicas para su aplicación en el sector público.
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Módulo 2: Marco Conceptual de las Políticas Públicas
Centro de Capacitación
Competencia del módulo
•
Describe el alcance de las Políticas
Publicas, indicando los conceptos, elementos y tipos, explicando el ciclo de las Políticas Publicas.
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Centro de Capacitación
Módulo 2: Marco Conceptual de las Políticas Públicas
Esquema de contenido Son el curso de acción que sigue un actor o un conjunto de actores al tratar un problema o asunto de interés. El concepto de políticas presta atención a lo que de hecho se efectúa y lleva a cabo, más que a lo que se propone y quiere.
Entre ellos se tiene la formación de la agenda, la formulación, la implementación, la evaluación
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Módulo 2: Marco Conceptual de las Políticas Públicas
Centro de Capacitación
Explore sus pre-conocimientos
¿Por qué es importante tomar en cuenta las políticas públicas en la interacción gobierno-sociedad?
1 ¿Cuál es el criterio de clasificación de las Políticas Públicas?
2
¿Cómo advierten las
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Centro de Capacitación
Módulo 2: Marco Conceptual de las Políticas Públicas
En el anterior apartado se vio principalmente la importancia que tiene la participación del Estado como dinamizador de la economía economía y de esta forma alcanzar su finalidad. En ese sentido el Estado, la administración pública, sus autoridades debieran establecer políticas públicas de acuerdo al marco constitucional constitucional y legal de forma específica. Por ello es importante conocer los antecedentes e importancia de las políticas públicas.
Harold Laswell, define en los años cincuenta a la política pública como: “(…) disciplinas que se ocupan de explicar los procesos de elaboración y ejecución de las políticas (…), con base científica, interdisciplinaria y al servicio de gobiernos democráticos”.
Veinte años después en 1971 agregaría un punto crucial en el concepto: “el conocimiento del proceso de decisión y el conocimiento en el proceso de decisión”.
Lo primero referido a las necesarias para participar en la toma de decisiones públicas (conocer el proceso de decisión de la política) y lo segundo referido a las requeridas para contribuir a la invención de una confiables (incorporar datos y teoremas de las ciencias en el proceso de decisión de la política con el propósito de mejorar la decisión pública). Es decir, había una diferencia entre ciencia para comprender (conocimiento del proceso de decisión) y ciencia para decidir (conocimiento en el proceso de decisión). Esta diferencia desarrolló dos
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Centro de Capacitación
Módulo 2: Marco Conceptual de las Políticas Públicas
Para los franceses Yves, Mény y Jean Claude Thoening, Thoening, el estudio de las políticas públicas, públicas, no es otra cosa que el estudio de la acción de las autoridades públicas.
Un gobierno tiene una política económica, o sea que realizan un conjunto de intervenciones, que elige hacer o no hacer ciertas cosas en un campo específico, en este caso, la economía. Es en este último sentido en el que cabe hablar claramente de política pública; es decir, de los actos y de los "no actos comprometidos" comprometidos" de una autoridad pública frente a un problema o sector relevante de su competencia”.(Meny y Thoening, 1992: 1992: 89) 89)
Para entender qué son las políticas públicas, es necesario diferenciar dos conceptos que en nuestro idioma no tienen traducción: Politic (política), policies policies (políticas).
Entendida como las relaciones de poder, los procesos electorales, las confrontaciones entre organizaciones sociales con el gobierno. gobierno. Hablar de política (en singular) –politic- refiere a las relaciones de poder (objeto de estudio de la Ciencia Política);
Relacionadas con las acciones, decisiones y omisiones por parte de los distintos actores involucrados en los asuntos públicos.
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Centro de Capacitación
Módulo 2: Marco Conceptual de las Políticas Públicas
También podemos hablar de las relaciones de poder de algún sector: la política de las políticas económicas, la política de las políticas ambientales, ambientales, etc. En este sentido, las políticas son: “el curso de acción que sigue un actor o un conjunto de actores al tratar un problema o asunto de interés. El concepto de políticas presta atención a lo que de hecho se efectúa y lleva a cabo, más que a lo que se propone y quiere. Las políticas se conforma mediante un conjunto de decisión, y la elección entre alternativas” .
Las políticas se entienden como una declaración de intenciones, una declaración de . “las políticas son una cadena causal entre las condiciones iniciales y las futuras consecuencias: si X, entonces Y”.
En ese sentido s entido se puede considerar a las políticas públicas como hipótesis:
Como se indicó, las políticas son cursos de acción destinados a la solución de problemas, donde inclusive el no hacer nada es una acción que se tiene que tomar en consideración y poner en práctica o no. Las políticas denotan también las intenciones de las fuerzas políticas, particularmente las intenciones de los gobernantes, las consecuencias de sus actos; tiende a significar intenciones más que consecuencias. Las políticas se convierten en el resultado de una serie de decisiones y acciones de numerosos actores políticos y
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Centro de Capacitación
Módulo 2: Marco Conceptual de las Políticas Públicas
Conceptualizar qué es una política pública no es un tema sencillo, ya que el término se encuentra sujeto a algunas dificultades semánticas, a lo que se suma que los académicos e investigadores de esta materia también suelen diferir en sus opiniones opiniones con respecto a su significado. El concepto tradicional de Políticas Públicas se refiere al:
A ese concepto, se puede precisar que: Si bien la autoridad lo es a cuenta de que responde a un , sus funciones están establecidas y limitadas por la . Cuando se dice poder público se está diciendo poder poder limitado por las leyes (estado de derecho). Y cuando se dice legitimidad gubernamental se está diciendo que el programa de acción debe ser aceptado por la población. Es más, la población debe sentirse hacedora de este programa de acción para que el mismo adquiera una constante legitimación. legitimación. También se puede decir que la política pública supone: “las decisiones de una una autoridad legítima, adoptada dentro de su campo legítimo de 2
jurisdicción y conforme conforme a procedimiento procedimientoss legalmente establecidos” establecidos” .
En ese sentido, en el anterior planteamiento se refuerza los criterios de al señalar que:
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Centro de Capacitación
Módulo 2: Marco Conceptual de las Políticas Públicas
Ya no sería sólo lo perteneciente al Estado y su administración. Lo público sería la esfera constituida por la participación de la ciudadanía, ciudadanía, en la planificación, ejercicio y control de las decisiones, o del programa de acción de este poder público.
Ya no se referiría sólo a la participación individual de cada ser humano en el campo político, sino a la manifestación colectiva de participación en las decisiones políticas de un Estado.
Atendiendo a lo señalado anteriormente, la política pública puede ser entendida como:
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Centro de Capacitación
Módulo 2: Marco Conceptual de las Políticas Públicas
realidad y puede llegar hasta cambiar sus valoraciones como resultado del proceso de persuasión recíproca. recíproca. De esta manera la discusión puede producir producir resultados que van más allá de la capacidad de los métodos autoritarios o tecnocráticos de elaboración de las políticas” políticas” 6 (Majone citado por Aguilar Villanueva, 2003:60
La argumentación y la deliberación deliberación son formas necesarias de democracia participativa. La democracia participativa se encuentra expresamente establecida en el numeral 1 del parágrafo I del Artículo Ar tículo 11 de la Constitución Política del Estado boliviana. Precisamente, la argumentación y la deliberación son elementos constitutivos de “ ”.
Para una mejor comprensión de las políticas públicas y a manera de referencia, se pueden clasificar mediante la utilización de una serie de criterios o parámetros, entre los que se
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Centro de Capacitación
intervención intervenci ón
Módulo 2: Marco Conceptual de las Políticas Públicas
área o sector al que se vincula el problema que se intenta solventar.
Política fiscal Política de ambiente, etc.
medio
Política de tercera edad Destinatarios
Las políticas públicas también se suelen catalogar en función de sus destinatarios o de los grupos de sujetos sobre los que actúa.
Política de juventud Política para las personas con discapacidad, etc.
Fuente: Elaboración en base a sistematización de fuentes secundarias secundarias de información
La política pública se puede interpretar también como un proceso; es decir, como un flujo continúo de acción que se destina a solventar un problema definido políticamente como colectivo en un momento determinado. Desde este punto de vista, la política pública se concibe como un sistema de acción dinámico, en permanente movimiento.
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Centro de Capacitación
Módulo 2: Marco Conceptual de las Políticas Públicas
cómo las instituciones “cambian la distri -bución de los intereses políticos, recursos y
reglas, creando nuevos actores e iden-tidades, proveyendo a los actores de criterios de éxito y de fracaso, construyendo reglas reglas de comportamiento adecuado adecuado y dotando a ciertos individuos, y no a otros, de autoridad y otros tipos de recursos” (March y Olsen, 1997:
258). De este modo, como resume Guy Peters (2003: 36-37), las instituciones se caracterizan por cuatro aspectos principales. El primero y más importante es que una institución institución es, de alguna manera, un rasgo estructural de la sociedad y/o forma de gobierno. Por tanto, una institución trasciende a los individuos e impli¬ca a grupos de individuos a través de cierto conjunto de interacciones pautadas que son predecibles, según las relaciones específicas que existen entre los acto¬res. Una segunda característica es que la institución mantiene un cierto grado de estabilidad a lo largo del tiempo. El tercer rasgo es que la institución afecta al comportamiento individual, por lo que restringe, de manera formal o informal, las conductas de sus miembros, de manera que existe una dependencia recíproca entre instituciones y actores. Esta vinculación implica que los comportamientos de los actores institucionales se vean limitados por el marco institucional y que, al mismo tiempo, los actores se conviertan en agentes del cambio, que influyan en la evolución institucional. Por último, entre los miembros de una institución debe haber cierto sentido de valores
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Centro de Capacitación
Módulo 2: Marco Conceptual de las Políticas Públicas
Los actores son aquellos sujetos, personas físicas o jurídicas, que se encuentran implicados, de algún modo, en el proceso de las políticas públicas. En las polí¬ticas públicas intervienen dos tipos de actores: los actores públicos y los actores privados. Los actores públicos son aquellos que pertenecen al entorno político-admi-nistrativo; es decir, se encuentran vinculados institucionalmente a la estructura organizativa del Gobierno y/o de la Administración Pública. Estos actores suelen participar, en mayor o menor medida, en todas las etapas del proceso de las po-líticas públicas. Sin embargo, tienen un papel más visible en determinadas fases. Por ejemplo, los actores pertenecientes a la Administración Pública suelen tener un rol más activo en la implementación y ejecución de las políticas públicas, aun¬que pueden intervenir también en la fase de formulación, ejerciendo la función de apoyo a la toma de decisiones. Los actores privados son aquellos individuos y grupos organizados (o no) que forman parte de la sociedad. En el análisis de esta variable se pueden tener en cuenta dos enfoques no excluyentes, por lo que pueden aplicarse de manera conjunta a la hora de investigar una política pública: el enfoque actores privados-participantes y el enfoque actores privados-destinatarios. privados-destinatarios.
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Centro de Capacitación
Módulo 2: Marco Conceptual de las Políticas Públicas
Desde esta perspectiva, entre el conjunto de actores que pueden llegar a participar en el proceso de las políticas públicas destacan los partidos políticos, los grupos de presión, las organizaciones organizaciones no gubernamentales, gubernamentales, la opinión pública, los medios de comunica¬ción, los movimientos sociales y los lobbies. Por otro lado, la dimensión actores privados-destinatarios privados-destinatarios permite aproximar¬se al estudio es tudio de aquellos actores sociales que son receptores directos o indirectos de las políticas públicas. En este enfoque se diferencian cuatro categorías de acto¬res privados (Knoepfel et al., 2007): los grupos objetivo (individuos (individuos y grupos cuyo comportamiento se considera, políticamente, la causa (in)directa del problema que la política pública intenta solventar); los beneficiarios finales o beneficiarios directos (personas o grupos que sufren los efectos negativos del problema, por lo que la eficacia de la política pública puede mejorar su
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Centro de Capacitación
Módulo 2: Marco Conceptual de las Políticas Públicas
importante resaltar que la estructura organi-zativa aglutina también otros recursos (humanos, presupuestarios, etc.).
Son el personal que interviene, de algún modo, en el desarrollo de las políticas públicas, y que garantiza, en cierta medida, el buen cumplimiento de las mismas. La aproximación al estudio de esta variable se debe hacer tanto desde una perspectiva cuantitativa (número de recursos humanos) como cualitativa. En este último supuesto, se debe verificar cuál es el perfil profesional del personal que participa en las políticas públicas, independientemente de su procedencia (pública o privada), con la finalidad de saber cuáles son sus capacidades, habilidades y competencias y, en consecuencia, si aporta
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Centro de Capacitación
Módulo 2: Marco Conceptual de las Políticas Públicas
En el ciclo de las políticas públicas se consideran cinco fases: o gubernamental).
(proceso de inclusión de un problema en la agenda
o (proceso de adopción de decisiones que implican la búsqueda y la selección de alternativas de solución para afrontar y solventar un problema). o (proceso de puesta en práctica de la política pública), la evaluación (proceso (proceso de comprobación comprobación de la eficacia, eficiencia y efectividad de la política)
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Centro de Capacitación
Enunciados evaluativos de los efectos de las políticas públicas
Módulo 2: Marco Conceptual de las Políticas Públicas
Criterios de evaluación de los efectos (efectividad, eficacia y eficiencia) Momento de la evaluación (evaluación ex ante, evaluación durante el proceso o evaluación ex post ) Oficialidad de la evaluación (enunciados formales o informales) Finalidad (enunciados conclusivos conclusivos o formativos)
Fuente: Elaboración propia en base a sistematización de fuentes secundarias de información Hasta aquí se ha prestado atención a cómo se forma a la agenda, o a quién hace que un problema pase a formar parte de la agenda política. Como se dijo al principio, plantear estas cuestiones es preguntarse por quién detenta el poder político en gran medida
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Centro de Capacitación
Módulo 2: Marco Conceptual de las Políticas Públicas
respecto a generalizaciones que es posible que se muestren como una visión excesivamente simplificada de la realidad. Por último, y aunque a ello no se haya dedicado mucha atención en lo que se ha visto, no debe perderse de vista que, incluso aquello que forma parte de la agenda puede permanecer en ella por tiempo indefinido. Los problemas entran en ella ocupando una cierta posición en una escala de urgencia de la decisión. Es po¬sible que problemas que llevan un tiempo en la agenda se vean permanentemente desplazados por recién llegados que son sentidos como más urgentes. El tiempo, más bien s u transcurso, es un factor muy importante a tener en cuenta. Desde que un problema entra a formar parte de la agenda hasta que se toma una decisión sobre el mismo transcurre un tiempo que puede alterar las condiciones de la deci¬sión misma. Por lo mismo que no equivale planificar una
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Centro de Capacitación
Módulo 2: Marco Conceptual de las Políticas Públicas
, definir un problema significa que, una vez reconocido como tal e incluido en la agenda de algún gobierno, el problema es percibido por los distintos actores interesados; es objeto de exploración, articulación e incluso cuantificación; y, en algunos casos, pero no en todos, se da una definición oficial, o al menos provisionalmente
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Centro de Capacitación
Módulo 2: Marco Conceptual de las Políticas Públicas
organización (generación). Cada opción o alternativa debe ser caracterizada de forma tan precisa como sea posible.
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Centro de Capacitación
Módulo 2: Marco Conceptual de las Políticas Públicas
resultados esperados. Es un proceso de gran complejidad porque: por una parte, interviene una multitud de actores, cada uno de los cuales tiene sus propias perspectivas, actitudes e intereses, y cuyo grado de compromiso con los objetivos del proceso puede variar; por otra, hay una multitud de “puntos de decisión” (cada vez que se requiere un
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Centro de Capacitación
Módulo 2: Marco Conceptual de las Políticas Públicas
Los indicadores son muy útiles en distintas fases del ciclo de las políticas públicas.
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Centro de Capacitación
Módulo 2: Marco Conceptual de las Políticas Públicas
Los indicadores son útiles en todas las fases del ciclo de las políticas públicas. A continuación se verá su utilidad en la identificación y definición de problemas, la implantación y la evaluación de las políticas públicas. públicas.
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