Practice Exercises in Morphology Linguistics 201 Free and Bound Morphemes
List the morphemes in each word below, and state whether each morpheme is free (F) or bound (B). 1. creating 2. seaward 3. wastage 4. poetic 5. modernize
6. unhealthy 7. waiter 8. reconsider 9. keys 10. incompletion
Word Trees
For each word below, draw a word tree. 1. shipper 2. disobey 3. resettled 4. anticlimaxes 5. unemployment
6. simply 7. jumping 8. digitizes 9. activity 10. confrontational
Practice Exercises in Morphology Linguistics 201 Free and Bound Morphemes
List the morphemes in each word below, and state whether each morpheme is free (F) or bound (B). 1. creating create (F) ing (B)
2. seaward
6. unhealthy un (B) health (F) y (B) 7. waiter
sea (F) ward (B) 3. wastage
wait (F) er (B) 8. reconsider
waste (F) age (B) 4. poetic poet (F) ic (B) 5. modernize modern (F) ize (B)
re (B) consider (F) 9. keys key (F) s (B) 10. incompletion in (B) complete (F) ion (B)
Word Trees
For each word below, draw a word tree. 1. shipper 2. disobey 3. resettled 4. anticlimaxes 5. disengagement
1.
6. simply 7. jumping 8. digitizes 9. activity 10. confrontational
N
2.
V
V
DAff
DAff
V
ship
er
dis
obey
3.
V V DAff
V
IAff
re
settle
d
4.
N N DAff
N
IAff
anti
climax
es
5. 3.
N V DAff
V
DAff
dis
engage
ment
6.
Adv
7.
V
Adj
DAff
V
IAff
simple
y
jump
ing
For #7, “jumping” could also be either a noun (“Jumping over the water was dangerous”) or an adjective (“The jumping bunnies looked ridiculous.”) In both of these cases, “ing” is a derivational affix. 8.
V V N
DAff
IAff
digit
ize
s
9.
N Adj V
DAff
DAff
act
ive
ity
10.
Adj N V
DAff
DAff
confront
ation
al
Practice Exercises in Morphology II Linguistics 201 Derivational and Inflectional Affixes
For each word below, indicate whether the word is morphologically simple (S), includes an inflectional affix (I), or includes a derivational affix (D). 1. rider 2. colder 3. silver 4. lens 5. legs
6. reader 7. redder 8. radish 9. redness 10. rotation
Esperanto
Esperanto is an artificial language that was invented by Ludwig Zamenhof in 1887. It was designed to be easy to learn and is based largely on the languages of western Europe. It is now primarily spoken in France, although it may also be found in eastern Asia, South America and eastern Europe. There are now between 200-2,000 native speakers and about 2,000,000 people worldwide speak it as a second language. Examine the following data from Esperanto and then answer the questions below: 1. bono 2. instrua 3. malfacila 4. patrino 5. instruisto 6. porti 7. facila 8. patro 9. portisto 10. instrui
‘goodness’ ‘instructive’ ‘difficult’ ‘mother’ ‘teacher’ ‘to carry’ ‘easy’ ‘father’ ‘porter’ ‘to instruct’
11. portistino ‘female porter’ 12. pura ‘pure’ 13. malbone ‘badly’ 14. facile ‘easily’ 15. bona ‘good’ 16. malgranda ‘small’ 17. bone ‘well’ 18. facilo ‘easiness’ 19. granda ‘big’ 20. instruo ‘instruction’
A. What are the morphemes that correspond to the following lexical categories and concepts? i.
Nouns
iv. Adverbs
ii.
Verbs
v. Feminine
iii.
Adjectives
vi. The opposite (not…)
B. Translate the following English words and phrases into Esperanto. i.
“purity”
ii.
“bad”
iii.
“female teacher”
Practice Exercises in Morphology II Linguistics 201 Derivational and Inflectional Affixes
For each word below, indicate whether the word is morphologically simple (S), includes an inflectional affix (I), or includes a derivational affix (D). 1. rider 2. colder 3. silver 4. lens 5. legs
D I S S I
6. reader 7. redder 8. radish 9. redness 10. rotation
D I S D D
Esperanto
Esperanto is an artificial language that was invented by Ludwig Zamenhof in 1887. It was designed to be easy to learn and is based largely on the languages of western Europe. It is now primarily spoken in France, although it may also be found in eastern Asia, South America and eastern Europe. There are now between 200-2,000 native speakers and about 2,000,000 people worldwide speak it as a second language. Examine the following data from Esperanto and then answer the questions below: 1. bono 2. instrua 3. malfacila 4. patrino 5. instruisto 6. porti 7. facila 8. patro 9. portisto 10. instrui
‘goodness’ ‘instructive’ ‘difficult’ ‘mother’ ‘teacher’ ‘to carry’ ‘easy’ ‘father’ ‘porter’ ‘to instruct’
11. portistino ‘female porter’ 12. pura ‘pure’ 13. malbone ‘badly’ 14. facile ‘easily’ 15. bona ‘good’ 16. malgranda ‘small’ 17. bone ‘well’ 18. facilo ‘easiness’ 19. granda ‘big’ 20. instruo ‘instruction’
A. What are the morphemes that correspond to the following lexical categories and concepts? i.
Nouns
o
iv. Adverbs
e
ii.
Verbs
i
v. Feminine
in
iii.
Adjectives
a
vi. The opposite (not…)
mal
B. Translate the following English words and phrases into Esperanto. i.
“purity”
puro
ii.
“bad”
malbona
iii.
“female teacher”
instruistino
Practice Exercises in Morphology III Linguistics 201 I. Morphological Analysis
From the following data sets, identify the strings of sounds which correspond to the morphemes in each language. Swahili
Swahili is a Bantu language which is spoken primarily in East Africa. There are approximately 800,000 native speakers of Swahili, and some 30,000,000 people (!) worldwide speak Swahili as a second language. anapenda atapenda alipenda amependa alinipenda alikupenda alimpenda alitupenda aliwapenda nitampenda Pronouns he: me: you: him: us: them: I:
'he likes' 'he will like' 'he liked' 'he has liked' 'he liked me' 'he liked you' 'he liked him' 'he liked us' 'he liked them' 'I will like him'
alimona alimsaidia alimpiga alimchukua alimua ananitazama atakusikia alitupanya ninakupenda nitawapenda
Tenses [present]: [future]: [past]: [past part.]:
Translate the following English sentences into Swahili: i. He has hit me. ii. He helps us. iii. I will look at you.
'he saw him' 'he helped him' 'he hit him' 'he carried him' 'he killed him' 'he looks at me' 'he will hear you' 'he cured us' 'I like you' 'I will like them' Verbs see: help: hit: carry: kill: look: hear: cure: like:
Cree
Cree is an Algonquian language which is spoken primarily in Canada. There are approximately 100,000 native speakers, who can be found from the Rocky Mountains in Alberta all the way to James Bay in northern Quebec. niwapahten kimachishen nitapinan kiwapahten nimachishenan kitapinawaw
'I see' 'You cut' 'We sit' 'You see' 'We cut' 'You (pl.) sit'
Pronouns I: You: We: You (pl.):
niwapahtenan kimachishenawaw nitapin kiwapahtenawaw nimachishen kitapin
'We see' 'You (pl.) cut' 'I sit' 'You (pl.) see' 'I cut' 'You sit'
Verbs see: cut: sit:
II. Word-Formation Processes
Name the word-formation process exemplified by each of the following derivations. 1. Graphical User Interface 2. professor
prof
!
3. information + commercial 4. drink
GUI
!
infomercial
!
drank
!
5. sandwich (named after John Montagu, the 4th Earl of Sandwich!) 6. un- + rely + -able 7. wind + shield 8. orientation 9. good
unreliable
!
windshield
!
orientate
!
better
!
10. a process
to process
!
Practice Exercises in Morphology III Linguistics 201 I. Morphological Analysis
From the following data sets, identify the strings of sounds which correspond to the morphemes in each language. Swahili
Swahili is a Bantu language which is spoken primarily in East Africa. There are approximately 800,000 native speakers of Swahili, and some 30,000,000 people (!) worldwide speak Swahili as a second language. anapenda atapenda alipenda amependa alinipenda alikupenda alimpenda alitupenda aliwapenda nitampenda Pronouns he: a me: ni you: ku him: m us: tu them: wa I: ni
'he likes' 'he will like' 'he liked' 'he has liked' 'he liked me' 'he liked you' 'he liked him' 'he liked us' 'he liked them' 'I will like him'
alimona alimsaidia alimpiga alimchukua alimua ananitazama atakusikia alitupanya ninakupenda nitawapenda
Tenses [present]: na [future]: ta [past]: li [past part.]: me
Translate the following English sentences into Swahili: i. He has hit me. amenipiga ii. He helps us. anatusaidia iii. I will look at you. nitakutazama
'he saw him' 'he helped him' 'he hit him' 'he carried him' 'he killed him' 'he looks at me' 'he will hear you' 'he cured us' 'I like you' 'I will like them' Verbs see: ona help: saidia hit: piga carry: chukua kill: ua look: tazama hear: sikia cure: panya like: penda
Cree
Cree is an Algonquian language which is spoken primarily in Canada. There are approximately 100,000 native speakers, who can be found from the Rocky Mountains in Alberta all the way to James Bay in northern Quebec. niwapahten kimachishen nitapinan kiwapahten nimachishenan kitapinawaw
'I see' 'You cut' 'We sit' 'You see' 'We cut' 'You (pl.) sit'
Pronouns I: ni You: ki We: ni- -an You (pl.): ki -awaw
niwapahtenan kimachishenawaw nitapin kiwapahtenawaw nimachishen kitapin
'We see' 'You (pl.) cut' 'I sit' 'You (pl.) see' 'I cut' 'You sit'
Verbs see: wapahten cut: machishen sit: tapin
II. Word-Formation Processes
Name the word-formation process exemplified by each of the following derivations. 1. Graphical User Interface GUI Acronym 2. professor prof Clipping 3. information + commercial infomercial Blend 4. drink drank Internal Change 5. sandwich (named after John Montagu, the 4th Earl of Sandwich!) Eponym 6. un- + rely + -able unreliable Affixation 7. wind + shield windshield Compound 8. orientation orientate Back formation 9. good better Suppletion 10. a process to process Conversion !
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
More Morphology Practice Exercises Linguistics 201 Turkish Turkish is an Altaic language. It is the official language of Turkey and is spoken by about 50 million people worldwide. 1. deniz 2. denize 3. denizin 4. eve 5. evden 6. evjikden 7. denizjikde 8. elde
'an ocean' 'to an ocean' 'of an ocean' 'to a house' 'from a house' 'from a little house' 'in a little ocean' 'in a hand'
9. elim 10. eller 11. dishler 12. dishiminiz 13. dishleriminiz 14. eljike 15. denizlerimizde 16. evjiklerimizde
'my hand' 'hands' 'teeth' 'of our tooth' 'of our teeth' 'to a little hand' 'in our oceans' 'in our little houses'
A. Give the Turkish morpheme which corresponds to each of the following English translations. ocean:
in:
my:
house:
to:
of:
hand:
from:
our:
tooth:
[plural]:
little:
B. What is the order of morphemes in a Turkish word (in terms of noun, plural marker, etc.)?
C .How would you say "of our little hands" in Turkish?
D. Give the English translation for the Turkish form "dishjiklerden".
Czech (this one's tricky!): Czech is a Slavic language which is spoken by about 10 million people, primarily in the Czech Republic. nesu ponese povedete poplavu priplavesh priyedou odvedeme odyede poyede nesou plavou vedeme
‘I carry’ ‘He will carry’ ‘You (pl) will lead’ ‘I will swim’ ‘You will swim here’ ‘They will drive here’ ‘We will lead away’ ‘He will drive away’ ‘He will drive’ ‘They carry’ ‘They swim’ ‘We lead’
yedu ponesu yede nese odnesou odplavete poplaveme prineseme prinese odvedu odnesesh
‘I drive’ ‘I will carry’ ‘He drives’ ‘He carries’ ‘They will carry away’ ‘You (pl.) will swim away’ ‘We will swim’ ‘We will bring here’ ‘He will bring here’ ‘I will lead away’ ‘You carry away’
A. Identify the Czech morphemes which correspond to the following English translations: Verbs carry: bring: lead: drive: swim:
Pronouns I: he: we: you: you (pl.): they:
Tense, Location here: away: will:
B. What is the order of these morphemes in Czech (in terms of verbs, pronouns, tense, location)?
C. Provide Czech translations for the following English sentences: 1. He will swim.
2. They drive away.
3. You lead away.
4. I will bring here.
More Morphology Practice Exercises Linguistics 201 Turkish Turkish is an Altaic language. It is the official language of Turkey and is spoken by about 50 million people worldwide. 1. deniz 2. denize 3. denizin 4. eve 5. evden 6. evjikden 7. denizjikde 8. elde
'an ocean' 'to an ocean' 'of an ocean' 'to a house' 'from a house' 'from a little house' 'in a little ocean' 'in a hand'
9. elim 10. eller 11. dishler 12. dishiminiz 13. dishleriminiz 14. eljike 15. denizlerimizde 16. evjiklerimizde
'my hand' 'hands' 'teeth' 'of our tooth' 'of our teeth' 'to a little hand' 'in our oceans' 'in our little houses'
A. Give the Turkish morpheme which corresponds to each of the following English translations. ocean: deniz
in: de
my: im
house: ev
to: e
of: in
hand: el
from: den
our: imiz
tooth: dish
[plural]: ler
little: jik
B. What is the order of morphemes in a Turkish word (in terms of noun, plural marker, etc.)? noun - adjective - plural - possessive pronoun - preposition Exception: when "imiz" (our) is combined with "in" (of), the "in" appears inside of the "imiz". For example, #12: dishiminiz "of our tooth" C .How would you say "of our little hands" in Turkish? eljikleriminiz
D. Give the English translation for the Turkish form "dishjiklerden". from little teeth
Czech (this one's tricky!): Czech is a Slavic language which is spoken by about 10 million people, primarily in the Czech Republic. nesu ponese povedete poplavu priplavesh priyedou odvedeme odyede poyede nesou plavou vedeme
‘I carry’ ‘He will carry’ ‘You (pl) will lead’ ‘I will swim’ ‘You will swim here’ ‘They will drive here’ ‘We will lead away’ ‘He will drive away’ ‘He will drive’ ‘They carry’ ‘They swim’ ‘We lead’
yedu ponesu yede nese odnesou odplavete poplaveme prineseme prinese odvedu odnesesh
‘I drive’ ‘I will carry’ ‘He drives’ ‘He carries’ ‘They will carry away’ ‘You (pl.) will swim away’ ‘We will swim’ ‘We will bring here’ ‘He will bring here’ ‘I will lead away’ ‘You carry away’
A. Identify the Czech morphemes which correspond to the following English translations: Verbs carry: nes bring: nes lead: ved drive: yed swim: plav
Pronouns I: u he: e we: eme you: esh you (pl.): ete they: ou
Tense, Location here: pri away: od will: po
B. What is the order of these morphemes in Czech (in terms of verbs, pronouns, tense, location)? tense/location - verb - pronoun Note: when a location (here/away) is specified, then the future morpheme ("po") does not appear on the surface. C. Provide Czech translations for the following English sentences: 1. He will swim. poplave 2. They drive away. odyedou 3. You lead away. odvedesh 4. I will bring here. prinesu
