M y ide ide a OF OF
educatiOn Swa Vvkaada
Compiled by D. Ka Waa
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© Av A, 28 F E, J, 28 F Ip, F 29 3M3C ISBN 98-8--3-2 Printed in i n India at k ·
ContentS Section 1 : int roduction
. Sw Vvk T E E —Sw 2. Sw Vvk E —Sw Yw
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Section 2 : tHouGHtS tHAt educAte FroM WitHin
. 2. 3. . . 6. . 8. 9. . . 2. 3. . . 6. .. 8.
p E S E S T T g E M Eg T W Lgg T M g g T Sk Lgg Hg E E Ep C T M w w wg M A A CC -Bg Bg H Rg Rg
9 62 6 68 3 8 82 8 8 9 92 9 3 8 9
Appen A ppen dix
Sw Vvk W T Tk k 2
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PubliSher’S note
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wami Vivkaada, th grat g rat pirital lmiary lmiar y, thikr, p-pp , p g . A p, -ig vii dati i iig a iraig mbr g pp w v. Rgzg , unesco kwg Sw Vvk w. Ov w k v pg Sw’ g . S g, D. Walia, W alia, Radr i Edati, Edati, Na Natial tial Cil Cil Ed Edatial atial R g, pp g Sw p. W v g g v q, gvg Te Complete Works o Swami Vivekananda . gv p vw Sw’ g Sw , w v w w-p. T gp Sw , p G S mk th Ramakriha Ordr. Writt at unesco’ bht, Sw Vvk’ tial ida. It wa pblihd i unesco’ unesco’ Prpt Prp t (V ( Vlm xxxiii, N 2, J 23) p w p . T Sw Yatiwaraada (1889–1966), wh wa a Vi-pridt th Rk M Rk M.
Publisher’s note
W ar thakl t Pr. W Pr. J. J. S. Rajpt r r writig a valabl valabl Pra t thi bk b k ad th itrt h hwd i thi prjt. W hp that th bk will rv W r v a a hadbk r r tdt, tdt, , p, , p , p, . k 2 J 28
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PreFACe
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v g v w p pv p pp p . T p vg p, p, . T vv p. p. Sw Vivkaada wa h gi Gd t hmait hmaityy. H ddi w , p g g, p p vg g g . Sw Vvk p I w w w. T p Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam— w — — g vv, vv, gw, gw , pg , p p - w . I w pv I g v. Swami Vivkaada xplaid ad a d labratd it i th gl glbal bal txt. What a prhma artilati ad prtati h w ! T w w w z g k w I, p pat glry. T bai tt th Idia traditi rati, g kwg w p w q . A prt jtr hitry hitr y, wh th pt a glbal villag vill ag i big did di d all ard, thr i a gratr d t aqir a btl drtadig th thght Swami Vivkaada
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Preace g v g v . Wp w w g g w- p p v p g g g.. Swami Vivkaada’ Vivkaada’ ida vari apt ap t dati dati v p g w . O v rag t artilat: ar tilat: “T “ T tr dati dati, , hwvr, hwvr, i t yt v g .” Ev I p , I vg, vvg, pg. I v v , p, v, p z g . H v v w g pv. T p g pp . Ig p v g v p g. Ov , I v v p r had mphai val ilati, rtr rtra, a, ad vp. F, p w kwg g pp I. Rg v, j v. T pv
ad rrt itrprtati larim i th mltirligi I . L q Sw Vvk: “I p g kwg w g, I p, v p I; w v v pp”. O p , I w wk Swami Vivkaada Vivkaada t my w qri ad r vari apt dati. It gradally bam b am pprmt i my v w g
my idea o education
Swami Vivkaada Vivkaad a dati. I ggtd ggtd t my llag llag D. W p p p wk Sw Vvk g w v wg w g . T w pp pv p . I k tim. Svral mit hlar hav giv valabl ggti whih hav ditly had th qality th tt. T lat Swami Gklaadaji, th th Had Had th Ramakriha Rama kriha M C D, gg p Sw Sj, p A S Rk M Rk M Hq B M W Bg, gav vral valabl v alabl ggti drig th t h ditig tag. W v Sw Yiwaraadaji iwaraa daji ad Swami Prabhaadaji at at th bgiig bgii g will g p pg g Sw Vvk. I gv gg k p. I p gratitd t all rd. It i my d d hp that th tahig t ahig w p g k, I, w Sw Sw Vvk p g p jv jv -g g I. W pp : “Lt all wrk hard, my brthr; thi i tim r lp. O wk p g I . S , ,, wg. S pg. A A wk , jv, g v v w— .” .” Pfss J.S. rajp Cp, N C E (NCE) (99-999) & D, N C E R g (NCER) (999-2)
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Section 1 : int roduction
SWAmi ViV SWAmi V iVeK eKAnAnDA AnAnDA the eDuCAtioniSt PAr exCellenCe
Swami Vivekananda—His Lie and Personality
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rgal, majti gr mmadig pr, vat larg p g, Sw Vvk w 3 w W’ Rg Cg 893. T , w I, , w trgth, rag, d, lv, ad mali—th ‘-kg g’ ppg. Sw Vvk w N D 2 Jaary 1863 i Klkata, i a rptabl middl-la amily ami ly.. H , Vw D, w , v . Ag -, Vw w kp g p. O , N’ , Bvw Dv, w p, k , v H . T ah hi part Nardra wa wa difrt, yt tgthr thy prvidd a gial atmphr r th pri by gw g g w g . Dg v , vp w pp igrd, bt whih thr appriatd appriatd ad rgizd rgi zd a ig g v. A k p mditati ad wld aily bm grd. O wh h
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my idea o education
wa atd th i mditati alg with m hi rid, pp g v p N, w . N’ pw — g g w g vg —w rmarkabl. I hi latr li h ht i i, i, twlv gg g p w w v, g v g ! N kg w -. H f, w w . Ev , N g wg k, k k himl wld bm a mk. Bt hi ambiti ly bam v g g S C Cg. H g p q . B . I w . W H, pp g S Rk, ait Dakhiwar. Dakhiwar. Hi mtig with Sri Ramakriha R amakriha i Nvmbr Nv mbr 1881 prvd prvd t b a trig tr ig pit i hi li. li . Abt g, N : H [Sri [Sri Ramakriha] Ram akriha] lkd lkd jt lik a rdiary rdia ry ma, ma, with thig rmarkabl abt him. H d th t h mt impl lagg I g, ‘C g ?’—I p k q w I b akig aki g thr all my li: ‘D y y bliv i Gd, G d, Sir?’ ‘Y,’ p. ‘C pv , S?’ ‘Y.’ ‘Hw?’ ‘Ba I Him jt a I y hr, ly i a mh itr .’ T p . … I g g ma, day ar day day,, ad I atally ata lly aw that rligi ld b gv. O , g, g w .
the educationist Par excellence
Sri Ramakriha’ li wa pirital xpri ad ahivmt. H al divrd m trth grat igi . . A S Rk R k : : I v p g—H, I, C— I v w p H . I v G w w g p, g g p. S Rk g N g p, M Nardra a th ladr th grp. Ar th Matr’ Matr’ paig away,, th yg dvt gathrd away g athrd tgthr i a dilapidatd Bg, k, w Rk O. W j p k mmitmt t thir Matr ad hi tahig, thy drd v pv v v p p. vg g g I, , N w g wk pp . W , v q w w w . . N, N , w pp I . H v p p pirital hritag, hr itag, bt had aild t rap it bt. T wak p w pv, , g , pp w . Hw w I g? H : W v gv k v W v ad rai th ma. ma . … Agai, th r r t rai thm mt mt .
my idea o education N D it Swami Vivkaada, ad h had d hi li’ li’ mii. mi i. kg k p w w p pp:
. I w B w pg pv . B g I w , Eg ad mdrizati had brght w hp. Yt, rtig , Vvk , ‘A w hdrd, mdrid, hal-datd, ad datialid w Eg I—g .’ I , N ‘ w Ev H Sp,’ ‘tralatd Spr’ Spr’ bk ‘Edati’ it Bgali r G Cp, p.’ I N g p w H Spr r m tim.6 Bt, algid hi tdy Sp W pp, v p I Sk p. 2. S R Rk, k, Dkw, p p w w I. H w p pk , p p pw g p g F M M. I Sw Vvk’ Vvk’ , , M z z th itlltal, mtial, thial, ad a d pirital lmt g w . 3. Swami Vivkaada’ Vivkaada’ amily al prvidd a trg mral . D g p
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pgg, w w. I , kwg qird i hi yth prmptd prmptd him latr t gathr a mh wv w—w I W. W . 4. Eq p, , w Sw’ kwg I - p aqird drig hi hi wadrig wadri g thrght th try. try. Hi pilgrimag tra t rarmd rmd him. H bam a tr lv lvr r w w q sarvabhutahite ratāh (g v w g).
A Vvk p p I, w k p H W’ W ’ Rg Rg, , (893 893)) i Chiag. Vivkaada al lt that thi might giv him a pprtityy t d mthig r hi try. pprtit try. S h agrd t g. Wh th Parliamt Rligi vd i Sptmbr Sptmb r 1893, Vivkaada ratd a ati. ati. Whil thr dlgat pk w , Vvk pk G , , v . H r rligi harmy ad apta all rligi rlig i brght brght him grat g rat alaim. Wh th Parliamt wa vr, vr, h wt a ltr tr i th t h Midwt ad th Eat at th Uitd S. p g , p , pk wv wv w, g M’ p M’ p w ‘w .’ Vivkaada’ tr th Uitd Vivkaada’ Uitd Stat al had a rvita rvital-lzg I. v, w g W W I w pg try. H wa t. H alway pk abt abt hi try try with w ith
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p p. T, wk W p - I p p I . I p v p p- pj I W W ’ ’ . A gv gvg g p , Sw gvg gv g V Yg Yg Nw Yk. Yk. T g V S . I 89 Eg v v E. . . S ad Hritta Mllr. Mllr. Hi ltr lt r thr wr qit l. l. I Dmbr 1895 Vivkaada rtrd rtr d t th Uitd Stat, whr h tid hi la i i Nw Yrk Yrk ad al ltrd , Ep g Ap 896. I M 896, Sw M M w at Oxrd. At th d Dmbr 1896, Vivka Vivkaada ada aild ai ld I Ep. Wh th w w brk brk that Swami Viv Vivkaada kaada wa rtrrtrg I, pp v pp gv ’ w. T Sw v S I J 89 p W W p. Whrvr h wt, wt, addr wlm wr wr prtd ad g . I Vvk’ p t th addr, addr , h idiatd that th at h had a pla i mid t p p . I , 2 D 89, w : M w whih will wil l brig bl ida t th dr vrybdy vr ybdy,, ad w w . O M 89, w k, Sw p w Rk M. T w gg gz v p g g ,
the educationist Par excellence , wk. W w wk g Rk M, Sw Vivkaada’ brthr diipl, Swami Akhadaa Vivkaada’ Ak hadaada, da, wa pg g M Bg w k p pp , w w g rm a ami. H immdiatly im mdiatly tartd rli wrk. Si th th Ramakr Ra makriha iha Mii ha tid t t m t th aid g - . I p p 993, F M, D-G unesco, :
I k th Ramakriha Mii whih Vivkaada tablihd 897 w unesco w p 945. B p g vp. B p p g g p . B gz v p g. A w Vvk’ Vvk’ I, tr, whih hi brthr diipl had maagd whil h wa W, w g p B, v k. T q Rk R k M M. . Vvk Vvk pz w ‘-kg’, w v vp v p . A Sw v q qg g R I S S Jj ata had t p, bt h dlid th fr a it itd itd with p . I J 1899, 1899, h rtrd rtr d t Erp with hi brthr p S Nv, I p. A
my idea o education
hrt tay i Ld, L d, Vivkaad Vivkaadaa aild r Nw Yrk. Yrk. A w C w ad la la ld t th dig th Vdata Vdata Sity S ity i Sa Sa F. H v Nw Yk, J 1900 wt t Pari, whr h tayd r thr mth. Drig thi tim h partiipatd par tiipatd i th Cgr th Hitry Rg w Uv Ep. T Sw k 9 D 9. F p p B , g g w gg gz. H p w p p g, p g: w v . C’ gv w k ?… L g v — I kw v v! O 4 Jly 1902, h wa mr vigr tha h had b r g , w w v v. I th vig h mditatd ad l hi bdy b dy,, a h himl had h ad p, g g . H w 39 .
Education— Educa tion—What What It It Means Means S Nv w kw Sw Vvk w w p w w pk. T q v w j . Swj kw p v g v , pg . Ag Vvk w k , v g j
that ar rlvat rlva t ad viabl tday. tday. I rdr t drtad hi thght, w hld rt idr hi -qtd diti
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: ‘E p .’ Vvk’ Vvk ’ kabl iight. Firt all, al l, th wrd ‘maitati’ impli that g wg p. T g k . A Vv Vvk k , ‘w “” “ ” w “v”, kg v w , w kwg.’ Ag V pp, kwg g, k pk p , k gg g . ‘M’ p p gw, g w, pv p, ,, v. Nxt i imprta imprta i th Swami’ Swam i’ diti dati dati p ‘ .’ T g’ p, w g , kw r kw that h i br with. ‘Pttial’ ‘Pttial’ pak p ak th pibility awakig mthig that i lyig drmat. I Sf, k Of Human Potential , p : () the capacity q p w p . F , w g , ‘A p M, w- p’; (b)) the propensity i a attribt whih idiat what a pr (b k w pp v. I gg g p’ v. F p, R g’ prpity,, xprd i hi Gitanjali, idiat hi trg prpity p v w ;
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() the capability ma a pr’ pr ’ mtivati ad iy i y i wkg w . I thig mr tha t ha a pr’ pr’ apaity t prrm. Rathr R athr,, it p’ g p g g— k v v v. . T, th thr t hr pt—apaity, pt—apaity, prpity ad apa—pz p , pv: () T w k g g p; ()) T vp ( vp g; g; () S-vp -pw. A p v v w, w . T, lar t h whih h hld try tr y t dvlp, ad whih whih h hld miimiz, tr, r igr. igr. T agai, a a hi h pttial tart tar t t ld, ld, thy hld b prv prvizd izd i rdr v pp vp. T wrd ‘prti’ i th Swami’ diti dati v g. W v w g, g, ., p p ward a a d. T Eglih wrd ‘prt’ impli mplti, g g w. T Gk w teleics tralatd a ‘prt’, ‘prt’, ad ggt th ida attaiig att aiig a gal ga l r a d. Drawig th maig, ma ig, may ld that p p g zg g p.
Te Goal o Education T g —g — w v . Ev v kp p w
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p w, w g g vg v. kg v p I vz, Vivkaada’ Viv kaada’ th wrd wrd ‘prti ‘prti’’ d t b viwd w v: . ‘’ p p z ’ w v-p . T V pp g , i h arily a vitim irmta. T mai a g g . Epg p , Vvk : T Lg Dv w pp. I k p k , g g g. G, p , w k g , p g. 2. A p v, p ‘p’ v p g . A Sw Vvk :
T w p pp qp v gg , w d t brig t trgth trgt h haratr, a pirit philap, g — w ? Ral dati i that whih abl t tad ’ ’ w g. E, , pv ‘-g, ‘ -g, -k-kg, -kg .’ T p w p g p— w w pv , p , v .
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my idea o education T w v v g vidyāā (p v) aparā I p, parā vidy vidyā ( v). T v p v; w vidyā, g, , g w g w g Vvk p . Vivkaada Viv kaada al brvd that, i dati dati i t rv th g, , p kwg w g p. Ev p k S Rk , w p, ‘A g I v, g I .’ A p v, ’ kwg p kp pp gg v. T, g p.
Education Educ ation and Social Justice Justice S ar, r dii di i Vivkaada’ Vivkaada’ ida dati ha b a impliti aalyi trig tri g rd hi diti dati. Hwvr Hwvr,, thi ail t d jti t m hi hi ida , p w , w , w prd gal dati ad th gal atally ahivd, . I pp, , Vvk’ p j . , w p p ‘’ ‘ ,’ g I . I pg ‘,’ Sw q p g p j (.3)—atah kshetrikavat kshetr ikavat ( btrti btrt i)—that )—that i t ay, ay, jt a a armr brak brak th barribarr ir t a r watr w atr,, whih thrar thra r w by it w r g , p’ pw w
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p w p , ,, v pp . S v k. Extral btal might b i th t h rm air ditribti pp, q mi dvlpmt dvlpmt ad i-plitial itability; whra g v w dati ytm, h a th tahr-tdt rlatihip, th tdt’ apaity t mak pral jdgmt r t adapt t g, ’ p p. I k , k w p: () I p p g ; () I pv, g pp g p , v pp w k p p g.
A , , wv, g g w kp V ida that whatvr gd r bad impri a mid arri, arr i, a hma big i tially pr ad divi, d ivi, ad a rpitry p p . . I Vvk’ vw, pr’ itrati with ity hld riv d attti. T pp p w-g g. I , wv, g q v pp rdm, a rdm tial r thir datial datial grwth. A , g Vvk, pv rr a wll a th pprtity r ah it mmbr t
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dvlp hi r hr pttial t th maximm. Edati mt mbra th whl ity, with pial attti t th wh w, , v v g .
raining the Mind Vivkaada rrd with tm Vivkaada tmprary prary thikr thi kr wh wh h artd that th mid—th hi itrmt larig— drv dr v mr attti tha it had arlir rivd. rai raiig ig th mid hld b a tdt’ hight pririty, ad t imply th amlati, th mmrizig ad th rpatig rp atig at. I th lg r, tg t g ’ ’ mid with w ith irmati, thial kill ad l trivia ly rat mr prblm i ’ g . Y g p p ’ . Lg w Sw’ . H : v , g . I g g— kg, wkg w , .— pw w . A pw kpg k pv. g p j v g, p g g w pvg
rig hithr ad thithr. T tdt trai hi mid t b v ‘.’ Nxt, th tdt mt lar hw t dtah hi mid m id rm ditrati that th at imp thmlv i pit himl. T, imltaly, h mt dirt th mid t th dird bjt ad th ll ll r hi mid m id it. giv a xampl:
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the educationist Par excellence v g g p p pp. Lkw, w , q pw k j p. Similarly,, th Swami al watd tdt t ltivat willSimilarly wi llpw. Ag , w-pw vp w ‘
rrt ad xpri xpr i will ar ar brght brght dr trl ad bm ritl. r itl.’ ’ Will-pwr i ary a ry t ly t d dt t g p, g ’ .
Culture and Education— Education—Te Te eacher eacher and the Pupil Ev p ‘vz,’ p ‘.’ I p hi rathr rathr ar arrid ad t rgtt. rgtt. Nvrthl, Vvk : I w k, p kwldg.. … Kwld kwldg Kwldg g i ly ki-dp, a ivilizati ivilizati , g vg. A v g g g . th brilliat mid . S. Elit, dati wa bt a maita . H , ‘T pp , , i t tramit ltr; ltr i likly li kly t b limitd t what .’ Similarly, Vivkaada Vivkaada brvd br vd that, thrgh dati, v g, g w v . I p, v g— p, pr ad tahr—ait t ahr—ait him. Bt waday, a rmal dati ha bm mr ad mr itittializd, tahr p p g . A p w k, w k, w
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my idea o education w pp g. T j p. T k g q v g p ’ w . T p kwg , kw w . A g, w gv , v, p . F , w v Sp— vg , g g p. A p. A Vvk :
T w w v , ’ g ’ g g . S .
I v ‘ p vg’ v g wk . O ’ , hi iat trgth trgt h ad kwldg, h hld hld ltivat th p śraddhā śraddhā— , , , v . T v v g. T aittiriya Upanishad (1.11.2) giv th itrti: Āchārya devo bhava—lt deva (.. p wpp g ). T -pp p, p , Vvk’ . T Up v . B g , ppil wr t pray tgthr that t hat thy wld mtally mtally bb g g/g p.
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Character Education and Universal Values Vvk ’ g Vvk’ g, , S R Rk k , , mānush d t bm mān-hush—that i, a ma d t bm a tr ma. ‘H al i a ma,’ h aid, ‘wh pirital wk’. Fwg M, Vvk pz ‘ , g, -kg.’ Lg v pvg , :
… w ar alway tryig tr yig t plih p th tid. What pg p w ? T g k gw. I rdr t rtiy th t h dt i th xitig x itig ytm, ma’ m a’ limitd viw himl, h iml, whih th xitig ytm ytm dd , . A g p p . H g . Ag V pp, pp, g g v , vg: p , v , , , . ’ ’ , . S kwg, k wg, k, v k , p kwg . Mv, v v , kwg, g, v . T ’ g g p, g p g. p’ highr prit li with th rlt that thir hidd pt v. O w w, p, g, , vg v
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bm vidt i a pr trarmd t rarmd rm a big g. A p kwg w w, p pw p w , p dagr. Ti i a ri ri prblm lmig larg hmaity’ hmait y’ z.. A z A Vvk v: I w i hav b divrd, ad thir ft ha b w v v — g . A w v ; v p , w , v w , w , gg, gg. gg. I v vp, Vivkaad Vivka adaa trgly rmm r mmdd dd th adpti adpt i a ‘pir ,’ k p ‘g .’ .’ B ‘g’ ‘g’ p g. Rg pp p v g. T w p g ’ v. I gv g k. Dg p p , Sw Vvk v:
W ? ? Mk Mkg g j g g A, v v . T, ww v, g—, p, p, v g.
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the educationist Par excellence C-g w Vvk’ , g -, w pi tr-tag i tday’ tday’ dati. A pr i what hi g v . Epg Sw , ‘E g w p w , g w w w .’ .’ T w Sw’ Sw ’ g w -kg, -g . Evg p , v g, v v, v p . Ev w w pp, g g wk . A p’ p. W g p g, . T pw , p . T why, thrgh th aqiiti ad rptiti dirabl habit, ’ . T pp w, g , vp ’ . I , p g g. T w Swami Vivkaada Vivkaa da aid: ‘W ‘ Wrd, v thght, t hght, tribt - kg p; , w-.’ H ’ p k zg w v pv pp . Ep p , p w , w p ltrally-apprvd ltrally-appr vd val t th yg, i ritial ritia l t haratr . C-g g g what i right ad wrg. Bt imltaly, r altrativly, w w g wg. I
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g g pp v p g . I ay a, tahr hld b mral xmplar i th larm ad th hl ar t rv a ara r th tahig thi. T tdt th hav th xpri big bi g part a grp g rp ppl wh tak mral val va l rily, rily, ad thi hlp thm v p. T p vpz vpz v g w-g . k g , Vvk g - vp g. I p ‘ w all pp, , , wk w q p ! T , p .’ Ad th Swami Swami xptd that th dati dati ytm wld wld g p w ig. Itrtigly, Itrtigly, th unesco rprt rpr t Learning to Be pblihd i 1972, whil dig th aim dati, hd thi am . I : ‘T p, , g v p .’
Te Education System and the Poor S w v p . Vvk,, wv, Vvk wv, w g p wk, p p I, w I w g p g . H g w v . U w bld all vr th bdy, th ati ld t ri. H iitd
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w pp , w v p p, w p p g . I , Sw’ w p. H , ‘T q — g — wk gv g.’ T trd i rt yar ha b t hi th t h rpibility , g , pv , p , p S. Y, p S, pvg. A v , p g vrrwdd hig, hig, thy a hardly ha rdly tak advatag ay - pp . Vvk Vvk k k , w p—w p—w g g, g w g —wk p . T, taiabl rgrati rgrati Idia, i t r aythig ayth ig l, tp p gv g g v. T gv k -, , g g w wk w v. Frthrmr, thy mt b giv ltr, witht whih thr p g- pg. T Swami wa partilarly wrrid abt th dgradati w I. H w p w , v w w g, , . I Vvk’ I, p w v g p,
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my idea o education pp F’ p ‘Cz.’
Conclusion T v g Sw Vvk p w g, g . O g w gg ppg g w p ity, ad itit i tryig tr yig t rat a w typ t yp hma big r it. Itrtigly, Swami Vivkaada had viid a ity with a w typ t yp hma big bi g i whm kwldg, ati,
wrk, ad trati wr harmily har mily bldd, bldd, ad h pp p p w p vg . T right t dati r vry, garatd by th C I, w Vvk’ Vvk ’ , g. H g , hwvr,, ha b hwvr b adptd i may ma y tri alrady al rady.. Mrv, p tri, r ida what titt ad ailr ai lr ha altrd, raiig w hp r th wak, drprivilgd drprivi lgd ti th iti—th vry ppl wh r vari ra at p p w g g.. Vvk’ Vvk ’ ry r th pli th dwtrdd dwtrdd ma, partilarly par tilarly th lg-gltd wm, ha vkd a avrabl rp rm q, w d, thrby rbbig th wak thir rdm r dm t w . U g p w v v. T w j Sw. T k w Vvk’ g g p unesco.
3
the educationist Par excellence
• • • • •
Hi mmitmt tward ivral val ad tlra, v w w. T tr trggl ggl i avr th pr ad dtitt, t rd pvrty ad t limiat limi at dirimiati dirimi ati agait wm— wm— g .. H v , vp. T g p. A v w g. g.
Himl a viiary ad a rigial thikr, Vivkaada Vivkaada p p A, J 89: ‘B w, vzti—ivilizati ha ha bg bg whr yt.’ yt.’ Ti i tr. tr . I w vz v g, Vvk v , ha mad mh prgr ar a r. Ti i why w d that t hat mild, g, , , p rth—th ig a halthy ivilizati—hav iv ilizati—hav t t tak rt i ay ity it y a appriabl al, althgh w prmatrly prmatrly g vg. T k g th drprivilgd all a ll vr th wrld wrld i l trikig tha th a k g pvg . q g g, Vvk p ‘-kg -g .’ F , g , Vvk’ g g - .
Reerences Reerenc es and Notes Notes . Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda , Av A, k [hereafer , CW] . 9. 2. Te Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna Sri Ramakriha Ramakr iha Math, Chai Chai [hereafer , Gp] p. 3. ,
3
my idea o education 3. CW. CW. 6.2. . CW CW.. 8.6. . Datta, B. 993. Swami Vivekananda, Patriot-Prophet—A Study. k: N . pp. 88, 286. 6. G, Sw. 996. Yuganayak Vivekananda , 3 v ( Bg), k: U , V. I, p. . . Bhagavad Gita, .2. 8. CW CW.. .29. 9. Sp F M M,, D-G D-G unesco, th ai th Exhibiti ad Smiar i Cmmmrati th Ctary Ctar y Swami Vivkaada’ Vivkaad a’ appara at Rg, Cg, 893, gv unesco Hq, 8 O 993. 0. Vvk p S Jj p w v g Yk Cg Sw’ v W, 893. 11. Rmai Rllad, Te Life of Vivekananda and the Universal Gos pel , . E. F. M-S (k: Av A, 992), p. 66. 2. CW. .38. 3. CW. .28. . CW. .2. . CW. .-8. 6. CW. 3.32. . CW. 6.38. 8. CW. .9. 9. CW. 3.29. 20. G. H. Bk, . S. Eliot and Education . L: F & F, 9, p.86. 2. Srimad Bhāgavatam, 3.29.2. 22. CW. CW. .83.
32
the educationist Par excellence 23. CW. .28. 2. Gp, 8. 2. CW. 2.. 26. CW. CW. . ... 2. CW. 3.82; .23. 28. CW. CW. 2.3. 29. CW. CW. .2. 3. CW. CW. 2.. 2 .. 3. CW. 2.388. Lear arnin ningg to Be, : unesco, 972, 32. Eg F ., Le p. 6. Letters rs o Swami Vivekananda Vi vekananda , p. 2. 33. Lette 34. F (92-997) Bz, kw , vp g p ’ v. Ag F, w w , drtad hw th kwldg h aqir rlat t himl ad t th ity h liv i. Frir laid mphai bildig w p w wrd, bt tr rality—i.. t drtad tr rality. Critial w g p . Vvk v pr i th makr hi w dtiy ad prpr dati p v . 3. CW. 3.. 36. I w vw . W A A D D, , Te Lessons of History, , ‘Evl ‘E vlti ti i m drig rrdd tim ti m ha b ial i al rathr tha bilgial: it ha prdd t by hritabl variati i th pi, bt mtly by mi, plitial, itlltal ad mral ivati tramittd t idividal ad grati , ’ (W D A D, Te Lessons o History, Nw Yk: S & S, 968, p. 3).
3
33
SWAmi ViVeKAnAnDA on eDuCAtion
W
w q p- . E—E Wtr— W tr—ar ar gagd rr dad, dad, i dviig dviig bttr bttr mthd pg kwg pvg . Dp , w , , p w w br, ad mh wr, a i grally lt, thr i a grwig g. T q g q v, v , p pp, k p .
Education Educa tion in Ancient India India I v gz w , I, q , w v kw w. B pp walth Idia ltr, ltr, th rig datiit idrd idrd v , p w. B w w g arhitt th glri ltr thi grat lad wr ait ad r. It i t thm that w hav t tr r light ad gid pp v -g I. I g - I, Sw Vvk, w g
3
sami s ami ieK ananda on education educatio n
p p , w, zally applid, will ailitat tablihig a ytm that will b a harmi bldig th ltr thi lad with th W. Ev Ev i th midt m idt hi yl yli i ativiti th Swami larly w w g. H v: T gg w g p, vg w g g g wg w. I p -kg , gv . A gv , g g, w .
Bt hi wa t a dtrtiv dtr tiv ritiim. H lly vializd vializ d p p Idia ha t rv rviv iv at all. S h aid: ‘W ‘W mt hav li-bildg, -kg, -kg .’ Ti, i at, i th summum bonum dati, a da w vp p . T Sw p p p , gg pp pg kwg. S : ‘I v aimilatd aim ilatd v ida ad mad thm yr li ad haratr, har atr, v w g w .’
rue Aim o Education T j , , v kwg v , vp g pw p,
3
my idea o education
p . H pp g w ha lart lar t ad gathrd ad th t h prmt prmt hi grwth—ph g rwth—phyiyi, , , p. Swami Vivkaada ha takld t akld th prblm i it tirty. Uk w p p p g v k w, grad arhitt arh itt ha ggtd that a glri mai hld . T w v: Evry impr Evry i mprvmt vmt i Idia rqir rt rt all a phaval g. B g w p , g g w p . I p g kwg w g, I p, v p I; w v v pp.
Te Role o Religion T qti ari a t why rligi hld b aiatd w . T w v I. T pg ‘v it th mid’ mid ’ th tdt a ma irmati r whih p . T vg . B g g , , g . H g vg w w p p p, w w w . ‘Wv kw,’ v Sw Vvk, ‘hld, ‘h ld, i trit pyhlgial lagag, lag ag, b what h divr v. W “” w v kg v .’
36
sami s ami ieK ananda on education educatio n I , w w w w . H v p q : A — , — , ‘pp’— -p g rgaizd brai ll—r ll—r,, ar thy itgratd i tgratd bdy-mid? bdy-mid? Or, p , w v ? It i vidt that a hma big i t a ma m a ll. H i . W p w th difrt thri a t th tr tr atr hma pralityy. Bt it i impibl t rmlat ay ytm dati alit w vg p , p g w w . . ‘E ’, Sw Vvk , ‘ p v, g v w.’ H d rligi a ‘th maitati maitati th diviity divi ity alrady i ma’. Ti l-ralizati i pibl ly thrgh dati whih i ‘th maitati prti alrady i ma’. T attaimt prti brig t th divi atr. T gal p v v th l by rmvig th arti ad rtati whih v gw w k p.
Growth o the Personality B, w , w w g. W w g, w v gw p. I g p pp w g - , dwllig i th phyial bdy b dy,, havig rga -prp pg ‘-g’ , w
3
my idea o education
, g w. T p g vp p. A w , - p pg g. C w phyial bdy, th pyhlgial big bm a mbdid g— p. T all-rd all-r d ltr—phyial, itlltal, mral, ad pirital. A mplt mplt ytm dati dati at dirgard ay th p. I k vp , pp -p , q kwg, pp g , vp w . I v g p - w v k vv g p g v p w ad rihd by al dir ad mrbid gratiati th . T phyial bdy i t b taid by prpr matrial d, th mid t b dvl dvlpd pd thrgh th aimilati aimi lati th g p , , p . A mpl mplt t ytm ytm dati dati, , a ha b tatd, impli a bala ad a d harmy btw bt w th prprly dvlpd bdy, bdy, , . pv p , w g - , v g p w g wkg . T , w p wkg v ’ pp p S, w pg g p, , p. B, wv , w v q w . I
38
sami s ami ieK ananda on education educatio n p g g p , w v g v w, w v kwg kw g p z.
Religion Ought to be be the Basis Wh th Swami Swami privd privd that rligi h hld ld b th rm w g w , p g, v g. S : ‘I k p g . M, I w l’ pii abt rligi. T tr tral priipl hav l’ pp.’ I impartig rligi rlig i dati dati t th tdt, tr i t ’ , vz. l, it rlati t th prm Spirit ad it attitd tward thr l. Ti i th bai mm atr tig all rligi. It i t b ditigihd rm rital ad rmial whih difr widly bt hlp th tdt t t raliz rali z th tral tr al p p w G. It i dl t ay that ly a pr ad alrt mid ha th t h gp — p. T H w p kwg p pg pp pq . T , , p z g g kwg v . B p p kwg q g vg p, p, ,, p.
Te Need or B T g g ally by paig thrgh th vari tag li, ar
39
my idea o education
athr. Lt r attti th rt thm whih i athr. vry prtit pr tit with th i i with whih w ar dalig dali g w. w. It i brahmacharya, th prid -trl - trl ildig ildig prati ti, mtal diipli, di ipli, ad tdy. tdy. A brahmachāri , i h wat t tak th vw lilg lilg libay libay ad d himl hi ml , brahmachāri w g . O, k that a mk. Bt Bt rmally th yth, ar h d himl him l pp qpp gg w p, g . Ag H , g āshrama— p -gratiati bt r th prrma dti, wrhip, v. Dg p p, pp. I , . T w g brahmacharya. I w p . Spkg pp tdt li t r prt-day dati, dati, Swami Vivkaada Vivkaad a brv: ‘T ld ititti ititti livig with th gr g r ad h pg . W w w W p w V, brahmacharya gg , śraddhā .’ Bhh ā ga gavv a ta tam m B brahmachāri:
T tdt mt prati l-trl ad tdy th ripr iptr, alg a lg with thr brah larig. lar ig. H hld hld brv trit tr it ti, vr ily ily dpartig rm it. H mt lar lar t fr hi hart’ ha rt’ wrhip wrhip t th Divi Divi Sl g O G g .
sami s ami ieK ananda on education educatio n Spkg pw , S Rk :
I p brahmacharya wv , medhā nādi (v g) w p, .. … pw g w . H g w p pg pg . W g z G. G g p p g p. p. C g, w, , w , w brahmacharya. I g p g, p g. A Sw Vvk v:
T hma rgy whih whi h i xprd xpr d a x-rgy, i xxal thght, wh hkd ad trlld, aily bm hagd it ojas . It i ly th hat ma ad wma wh a mak ojas , ad tr it i th brai; that i why hatity w g v. v . … B v brahmacharya g v ; q g w kw . T g gg w-pw.
Modern Mod ern Medical Men Men Support the the Indian Indian Ideal Ideal T vw pp p W . Ov : It i a mdial— mdia l—aa phyilgial—at phyilgial—at that th bt b t bld i th bdy g t rm th lmt rprdti i bth x. I a pr ad rdrly li, thi mattr i i abrbd. It g k , ,
my idea o education
v, . T , k ad difd thrgh hi ytm, mak him maly, trg, brav, ad hri. hri. I watd it lav him fmiat, wak, ad irrlt, itlltally ad phyially dbilitatd, ad pry t xal xa l irritati, irr itati, dirdrd ti, mrbid mrbid aa, v, w v , pp, , . T p th grativ rga i attdd with a tabl ira vg p . I w p Nw Yk v: ‘C, p , w p, , .’ thee Unk Unkno nown wn,, D. A C, wk, Man th v:
It i wll wll kw that xal xa l x impd itlltal itllt al ativity. I rdr t rah it ll ll pwr, itllig m t rqir bth th pr wll-dvlpd xal glad ad th tmprary rpri th xal apptit. Frd g pz p p p v . Hwv v k pp. H gz v, p w w w g v v v. W wk, v, w pp p, g g pg . q w w : ‘F g p g, g, ,
2
sami s ami ieK ananda on education educatio n , g p. p.’’
Mahatma Ma hatma Gandhi’ Gandhi’s Views on B T g brahmacharya w Brahman p z. T - -trl ad maitati mai tati th gathrd rgy alg th li pirital trivig ad lvig rvi, bth whih lad th brahmachāri tward th hight illmiati. illmi ati. I r w, M G v p brahmacharya g v . H p p brahmacharya w v: Mr trl aimal pai pa i ha b thght t b tatamt t brvig brahmacharya. I l that thi pti i implt ad wrg w rg.. Brahmacharya ma trl all th rga rga . H wh attmpt t trl ly g, w p, . ggv w , ggv ggv g w , g w g, g g g g w , p th ly rmaiig rmai ig rga i lik li k pttig ’ ’ had i th t h r, ad xptig xpt ig t ap big brt. … I w prati imlta l-trl l-trl i all dirti, dirt i, th attmpt will p . W p g g g g g w w v vg g p p, v: v: M . … M p brahmacharya -g w k w
3
my idea o education brahmachāris . T , , w frt t xpri th braig ld witr i th rhg . Brahmacha Brahm achary ryaa g,
w . … S g g p w brahmacharya . … Cg v g w. Nv G w k v p. ‘Ev ,’ Sw Vvk, ‘ p brahmacharya śraddhā, , w w .’ .’.
Cultivation o Śā or Faith in Onesel T w śraddhā , Dv g, p v ag, aith i ’ ’ pttialiti ad apaity r l-ralizal-raliza. I w Sw gv w w śraddhā: T g w w v G. T w g w v . B . I , . Lv v , . I g w w k w . A p , Sw’ Sw ’ z , , Atma—pr Atma—p r Spirit. Spirit. T bdy bdy r r i a Devālaya, th abd Dv Bg. J , G w S . I Brahma Mandira, p Brahman Brahman, p Sp.
sami s ami ieK ananda on education educatio n
T g p -, vg v w-g. T g v p w vpg v.
Reerences Vive kananda, vl.3, 8th d., p.301 1. Te Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda (H CW.) 2. I., p.32. 3. I., p.32. . I., p.32. . CW CW.. .28. ( ) 6. I., p.2. . CW CW.. .38. ( ) 8. I. 9. CW CW.. .23. ( ) . I., p.366. . Srimad Bhāgavatam, . Sw v, ., p.6. 2. Sayings o Sri Ramakrishna, 8 ., p.. 3. CW. .. ( ) Bhakti-Yoga oga 4. D. N, Esoteric Anthropology q Bhakti-Y Aw Aw D, p.62. . Man the Unknown, 8 ., p.. ervada da Mandira, 3 ., pp.3-. 6. F Yerva Experime nts with ruth, ., pp.28-9. .. My Experiments 8. CW. .369. ( ) 9. CW. 2.3. (9 )
Swami Vivekananda in Colombo, January, January, 1897
Swami Vivekananda as a Wandering Monk, Jaipur, 1891
Swami Vivekananda at Oakland, February, 1900
Section 2 : tHouGHtS tHAt educAte FroM WitHin
PhiloSoPhY oF eDuCAtion E p . (CW.. .38) (CW wg . N kwg ; . W w ‘kw’, , pg gg, w ‘v’ ‘v’; w ‘’ w ‘v’, kg v w , w kwg. W Nw v gv. W g v. W W g w wg ? I w w ; . … T g pp gav th ggti t Nwt, ad h tdid hi w mid. m id. H g pv k g ad divrd a w lik li k amg thm, whih w all th t h law gv. I w pp, g . A kwg A kwg, , , , p p, , . I v, v, w vg g w k , w , ‘W ‘W g. g.’’ (CW.. .28) (CW
What i d dati ati? I I it bk bk-l-larig arig?? N. N. I it div divr r kw kwl-lg? N v . T g w p w g
9
my idea o education
ritl i alld dati. Nw idr, i that dati a a rlt whih th t h will, wil l, big tily hkd by r thrgh grati, i wll-igh killd kil ld t; i that dati w w v , w , ar diapparig diappari g by ; i that t hat dati whih i lwly lwly kg k g ? (CW CW.. .9) E p , g, . W v -g, -kg, -kg imilati ida. I y hav aimilatd v ida ad a d mad , v ay ma wh ha gt by hart a whl library. library. … I dati w , g g w, p rishis . (CW. 3.32) Ngv g wk . D w p g w, tllig thm thy will vr lar aythig, ad allig thm , ? I pk k w g thm, thy ar bd b d t imprv imprv i tim. What Wh at hld gd , g g g thght. thgh t. I y a giv thm t hm pitiv ida, ppl will grw g rw p w g. (CW. .) I gg , p , vg w p k pp kg g , w w thy will wi ll gradally b abl t d th thig bttr b ttr.. Pitig Pitig k, k, w ’ g g.. (CW.. . (CW .))
PhilosoPhy o education
Y at tah a hild h ild aymr tha tha y a grw a plat. All y a d i th gativ id—y id—y a ly ly hlp. hlp. It It i w; vp w — k w . . (CW CW.. .) T dati that y ar gttig w ha m gd pit, bt it ha a trmd trmd diadvatag whih i grat g rat that th g g wg w. I p -kg , gv dati. A gativ dati dati r ay traiig traii g that i bad g w . (CW CW.. 3.3 3.3)) W v W v p p . … Y , k , k , wk . v v .. (CW.. 3.3 (CW 3.3) W v W v w , p p , w , li, thrgh atial mthd a ar a pratial. O r v g , v g p. I kw w w v wk . B w g wk. (CW. 3.32) W v vz? z? I g v v w w. . (CW. 8.228) Edati ha yt t b i th wrld, ad ivilizati—ivilizaivil izati—iviliza g g w . (CW CW.. 3.) T p wg. T w kw w k. (CW. 8.28)
my idea o education
T y wh hav rad Hrbrt Spr rmmbr what ‘ ’ w Ep w p pv ; , , w vg kp. T p v ,, p. E g ; pp, g w, p v. v , pp tly.. Eah by prad hi littl mat ad it p it, brig tly brig k k g w. A , Sk g, gg — g p . (CW. 8.68) T w I — w I — [] w . A I v k , I v v v w. W I k , I k , I w k v . H v w k p pp . T w w w k. A I pg w Jk J , v g g . . (CW.. 6.6) (CW Bk ; rt kwldg i t tak what i tial. tia l. ak ak that ad v p . (CW.. .236) (CW I v W vz , k hart. It ly mak m t tim mr lh, ad that will wil l . . (CW CW.. .2)
2
PhilosoPhy o education I w v brai, tha b b all brai ad hart, har t, … h wh ha hart .. (CW CW.. 2. 2.))
Brig light t th igrat, ig rat, ad mr light t th datd, r v ! (CW. 3.2) F g ; g g, g, g g kwg. (CW. .9) Tr i ly prp prp i th t h whl li—dati. li—dati. Othw w w, w? (CW. 8.3) Tr ar [mr tha] a hdrd bk mpriig th Upaihad, m vry mall ad m big, ah a parat trati. T Up v , imply tah priipl. Ty ar [a it wr] hrthad t tak dw dii i [lard ambli a mbli], ], grally i th rt rt kig. T wrd Upaihad may ma ‘‘ittig’’ [ ‘‘ ‘‘g g ’’ ’’]. ]. (CW.. . (CW .6) 6) E p, p . E tatly rivig ida rm thr ly t wrk thm t it it typ, ty p, that i, alg th atial li. T tim ha t m p. A p w v ; z, .. w p … . (CW. 8.23-2)
3
SoCietY AnD eDuCAtion W, p W, v g . T w p pp qp v gg , w g trgth haratr, a pirit philathrpy ad th rag — w ? R w abl t tad ’ w lg. T dati that y vg w g kg pp. Y wkg k , v vg g j- . . (CW.. .-8 (CW .-8))
Gttig by hart th thght thght thr i a rig lagag, ad tg yr brai with thm ad takig ta kig m ivrity g, ! F p ! I ? W g ? E kp, g g w, Dp Magitray, whih i athr rm lrkhip—i lrkhip—i’’t that th at all? W g w w g? Op y ad what a pit ry r d d i riig i th lad B, pv w! W w? Nv. (CW.. .8 (CW .82) 2) W wat W wat that d dati ati by whi whihh harat haratrr i rmd, rmd, tr trgth gth , p, w ’ ’ w . (CW CW.. .32)
society and education
T g g w p w g , . (CW.. . (CW .9) 9) I -kg w w. (CW. 3.22) E, , ! vg g Ep vg v p pp, w g my mid th tat r w pr ppl, ad I d t hd . W ? E w w I g. (CW.. . (CW .83) 83)
O , w I g, ‘I w p W , W gg, W , W , W W , , w g g pw W W ’ ’;; , I g, ‘F ‘F! ! By imitati, thr’ ida vr vr bm ’ ’ w; thig, th ig, , w. D ’ k ?’ O , w I g, ‘W W g, w w g?’ O , I g, ‘T lightig i itly bright, bt ly r a mmt; lk t, , zz zzg g . Bw!’ (CW CW.. . .)) W v gv g W . W v w . S w gv g w v . Ng pv g . W v kw w ! … W v wk wk. . (CW CW.. .332)
my idea o education
T pp.
(CW CW.. 3.26)
I v , j . I w v , w . (CW. 6.3) O p pg w . A , thy will w ill thmlv b abl t kw what i gd r thm w , w p w . I w p w p g . (CW CW.. 6.93) A , p p . T , w g , w ; w , w . (CW. 8.68)
E g g, g. T g g (I). (CW.. 8. (CW 8.)) T v w gv , vp v. T g k w pp p. Up w g . . (CW CW.. .362 .362))
T w g vg ppp , , w g g . T , v w w. (CW. 3.29)
6
society and education
All th mmbr a ity ght ght t hav th am pprt g w, , kwg. (CW. .6) Nw, rm th ldt tim, Nw, tim , y kw, kw, th primar prim aryy dati, g H , g vg . A w z z … g Gv. T v pv g . T v I , ba vry ma hld mh lad rm th Gvrmt. T , v, , w, . T gv w th lad, pay a rtai rtai amt rv rv t th Gvrmt, p, vg , . (CW. 8.68) T whl difr btw th Wt Wt ad th Eat i i thi: t hi: T , w , .., vz, i gral, it ptrat it th ma. T highr la i I A , w w w . (CW. 8.36) Frm th day wh dati ad ltr t bga t prad g p p, gw btw th mdr ivili ivilizati zati a Wtr Wtr tri, tri , ad vz I, Egp, R, . (CW. .82) S v k pg g . … kwg w p . , ggp, , , g w p g. I
my idea o education
g g, pv w al diappar. By By mtal xhag bth parti will w ill bm . . (CW.. .9 (CW .9)) E pp, v w p. U , w . (CW.. .2 (CW .2)) I v I g p, I p v . M v; gv , , p p. . (CW CW.. 6. 6.)) Y p M w g, w g, pp, , , , Śrutis , Bhakti p, Eg will b tagh t aght. t. … ahig ahig will wi ll b impartd hr irrptiv irrp tiv , w w v j w w . . (CW.. .8 (CW .8))
T , g, makig. Bt, itad that, w ar alway tryig t plih p th tid. What i plihig plih ig p th tid wh thr ? T g k gw. T w , w w g, w, p w-g, pw, wh that ma i rady, h a d aythig ad vrythig h k; p p p g w w k wk. (CW. 2.) Why d t th ati ati m mv v?? Fir Firtt d dat at th ati ati, , rat rat gv , w w g. F pw, w w w prig. T kig ar g; whr i th w ati, th w
8
society and education
pw pp? Bg p. T, v , pp, w v w . (CW CW.. 3.26) M k . T vg . B v , g, p . (CW.. 8.2) (CW W g W w v v. What i dd dd i traiig traiig thm thm it r mthd ad bildi bildigg p . T g k ; p p p wk p g g . (CW. 8.2) A ? ? A A p p kttl-drm availabl i Idia? Mak th by har th dptd d th itrmt. Harig rm byhd th d th fmiat rm mi ad th litig t kirtana, w-g v wm. … T damaru ad hr hav t b dd; drm p . (CW. .232-3) I v W vz , k . I k . … W thr i it btw th hart ad th brai, lt th hart w. … I w k g pla, whih itllt a vr rah; it g byd b yd itllt, w p p. . (CW CW.. .2-3) Aw v . .
(CW CW.. . . )) 9
my idea o education
F g G F g, pw i prt i all—whthr maitd r t. W hall hav t pw gg . … Ag w , p. T ay t ay, bt hw t rd it it prati? Tr ar thad lh, kid-hartd m i r try wh hav vg. I w v gv g w , w . F , w w p , w prad lwly thrght th whl Idia. w tr hav rtly b tartd i Madra Madra ad Klkata; thr i hp mr . T, th gratr part th dati t th pr hld b giv rally, tim i t yt rip r hl. Gradally i th mai m ai tr will wi ll b taght agriltr, idtry, t., ad wrkhp wrkhp will b tablihd tablihd r th rthra . wkp Ep A, w k . I w w, k . (CW CW.. .8- .8-)) I r bk thr i th dtri dtri ivral qality, bt i wrk w mak grat dititi. It wa i Idia that lh ad diitrtd wrk th mt xaltd typ wa prahd; bt i prati w ar awlly rl, awlly hartl—abl hartl—abl k g w -- -- . (CW. .2) A p p g g v j i, I hav vry littl t ay hr, r i th rt pla, th qti i whthr pyhial bjt ar apabl iti . W ?
6
society and education
F , w jv jv . kg p, w w w amiliar, ami liar, ad whih w hav rad mh, i it tr that vry i thi t hi wrld i abl t drtad th dmtrati v j? k w p. W w ? Ng. I q g pv g g p p g p. B . T g lty i th way. I iti dmtrati ma brigig dw rtai rta i at t a pla whih i ivral r all hma g, w g , I j w. I w , v w v. W w w vg ? W ? I w w v. v. (CW.. .92(CW .92-3) 3) O pp. O Eg vg v g g p p.. O v p. k gg. v ’ gg. Iv g . I g w g k p. T v g gv p w v k w. Y p v g g , ., w v mh, w hav t d mh mr. I am prd my ra, I d t dpair, (ad) (ad) I am ig ig daily dai ly a glri ad wdrl tr i my mtal vii. ak ak gratt ar ar th yg w p. (CW CW.. 9.6-)
6
the true teAC te ACher her
I g , w kw p p. T w w B, V Kra; bt thy ar all ly wrd, ytax, y tax, tymlgy t ymlgy,, phillgy, th dry b rligi. T tahr wh dal t mh w w w wrd l th pirit. It i th kwldg th pirit th p g . (CW. 3.8-9) T d diti diti ary ar y i th tahr i—il. T q k, ‘W w k p ?’… T g… T q qg. … ’ pg p . … H mt b prtly pr, ad th al m th val hi w. w . (CW.. 3. (CW 3.) ) T g, xitig itlltal r thr alti i th tagh taght. t. Smthig pp g g. T p. (CW. 3.-) T ly tr tahr i h wh a vrt vrt himl, a it wr, p ’ . T
62
the true te ache acherr
w w v , ’ g ’ g drtad thrgh hi mid. Sh a tahr a rally tah ad l. All th gativ, brakig-dw, dtrtiv w v g. (CW. .83) N w v g ; . T gg w wk g g. . (CW.. .93) (CW My ida dati i pral tat with th tahr— gurugriha-vāsa. Witht th pral li a tahr thr wld . . (CW.. .22) (CW
63
the teACher AnD the tAuGht
O v v w w atr i lik a blazig r r ad hld hav br br him a livig liv ig p g g. (CW CW.. .369) T I… v . T p. I w thghtt that kwl thgh k wldg dg i ard that ma ma ght t ll it. Kwldg mt b giv rly ad witht w itht ay pri. T tahr d t tak ta k tdt witht harg, ad t ly , mt thm gav g av thir tdt d ad lth. pprt pprt w … g … . (CW. .62-3) Tr ar rtai diti ary ary i i th taght, taght, ad al . T g p,, p kw kwg, g, pv. p v. (CW. .2) g, p, . … A t th thirt ar kwldg, it i a ld law that w all gt gt wv w w. N g g w w p. … T trggl, a tat ght, a rmittig grapplig g rapplig with r w , g w v
6
the teacher and the tauht
v. … T w w p pv w z . (CW. 3.8) W ,, , , p w . W , , , v w g , gw g . … I w v g kp p k g
ltrr, th tahr tahr xptig hi h i v dllar ad th pr taghtt xptig tagh xp tig hi brai t b lld with w ith th tahr’ tahr’ wrd, gg w w . (CW. 3.2) T tr tahr i wh a thrw hi whl r it th g. W p w v w. (CW.. .99 (CW .99)) Y , . T p vg kg g. T V w kwg—v kwg—v — q wkg, wk . W v pp w pp , g, , , . vg w . (CW.. .36 (CW .366) 6) T bd btw th tahr ad th taght … i pliar t I. T , w j , I p , . I I lik a adpti. T tahr t ahr i mr tha my w w athr, ad I am trly hi hild, hi ld, hi i vry rpt. I w him bdi
6
my idea o education
ad rvr rt, br b r my w w athr v; ba, , gv , w w v, v, g g . . A w v, p v. (CW. 8.8) T diipl di ipl mt hav aith i th gr gr (tahr) (tahr).. I th Wt th tahr imply giv itlltal kwldg; that i all. T rlatihipp with th tahr rlatihi t ahr i th gratt i li. My dart v g; , ; . M v g. (CW. 8.2) H w g gv, g kg, g pg , g. g. (CW.. .-8) (CW F (p) , v , p , G . (CW. .28) T g g g , g (p ). T w, g immrd i igra, igra , yt, i th prid thir hart, ay a y kw vg, p , k ; ladig th blid, bth all a ll it th dith. … T wrld i ll th. Evry wat t b a tahr; vry bggar wat k g ! J gg , , . (CW.. 3. (CW 3.)) T ‘vg w g’ pg . W w w
66
the teacher and the tauht
w p w V, brahmacharya gg , śraddhā ’ w . A g w w whih aim at datig r by i th am mar ma r a that w , g v . (CW CW.. .366) Y k p gw . A . B p g w w w. W pv , th gativ. Y Y a tak t ak away th btal, bt kwldg w . L , . g ; k g, wk p. Y g . T w w atr. S with th t h dati a hild; a hild dat . . (CW.. .) (CW A g g p gvg gv g kg, gv th taght riv, bt th mt hav mthig t giv, p v. (CW CW.. .8 .8)) T g g g. … F -, w k; gv w , w k w . v v tdi; giv t th tagh taghtt i arda with hi h i tdy. tdy. I, , v, p—k , w . (CW CW.. . .98) 98)
6
eDuCAtion oF the mASSeS
T g g , w. N p wld b ay avail til th ma ma i Idia ar ar mr w , , w , w . (CW (CW.. .222-3) A v pp g p g . T I’ pzg w g … g . I w g, w v … pg g . . (CW.. .82 (CW .82)) T v w gv , vp v. … T gv ; p w gg w ; w wk w v. Ev , v , v w wk w v. Gv ida—that i th ly hlp thy rqir ad th th rt mt
llw a th ft. Or i t pt th hmial tgthr, th z z w . (CW CW.. .362 .362)) T g w g p . Sppig v yr High High (Maharaja Myr) Myr) p a v vg, w g,
68
education o the masses
pv I , p w g p , w k livig, tha m t th hl. Nw i th mtai d t M, M g . I p , g . T g-, -g sannyāsins w , gg vg vg, g g. I gz g , w g p p, , pg, g . Spp Spp w g vg v g vg w , g, p, . T g ggp g. B g , gv p a hdrd tim mr irmati thrgh th ar tha thy g g k. (CW CW.. .363) Egrd i th trggl r xit, thy (th lwr la) pp wkg kwg. Ty hav wrkd lg lg irmly lik mahi… mahi … ad th lvr datd ti hav tak th btatial btatial part pa rt th . … B v g. T w g wkg kg itd rt agait thi… T ppr la will wi ll lgr b abl t rpr th lwr, lwr, try tr y thy vr vr mh. T wll-big th highr la la w li i hlpig th lwr t t gt thir lgitimat right. Trr, I ay, ay, t yrlv t th t h tak pg g . k , ‘Y — p p r bdi, bdi ,’… I thy riv thi th i ympathy y mpathy rm y, thir wk w . (CW. .8-9)
69
my idea o education
I p , pg, , vw. v w. (CW CW.. 8.38) Hw pg w p , wg kwg? Ev v g w w p , w hav rivd th blig dati. Bt kw r rtai g pv g, p g w . . (CW CW.. 6.89) M w w w g v, th lt m ad wm ttl thir w at. Lt thm t hm kw
what r rathr rathr a wll a thr ati hav thght q . L p w g w w,, . (CW CW.. .29 .29)) W mt W mt hav hav a hld th pirital ad lar dati . … Y , k , k k , wk . (CW.. 3.3) (CW Ig p w; w g w . E g, p w w. (CW. .99) I w, vg , ’ w g p, v v k g . (CW. 8.329-3)
education o the masses
Y mt gt tgthr a mbr pr, p r, idigt lk. Havig Havi g , w p , ggp, ., … v p w k p kg p , w w k , . Y v g p g k . G g, , i th vig, at , ay tim—ad p thir y. Bk ., w w’ ’ —gv g. (CW CW.. 6.289-9 6.289-9) E , pibl. Or rrmr d t whr th wd i, thy wat t av th ati by marryig marry ig th widw; d y thik that v ww g? … T w v g v g , v. H, M, C, v k v w g pk. T gv bak thir lt idividality idiv idality.. Ty ar t b datd. … Hw? Hw? Y v . . Nw I g , v I, , g . L g vg vg gg g v . S I v gzg ww w. (CW. 8.3-8) Idia i t b raid, raid , th pr ar t b d, dati i t t b p, v p v. (CW. .368) I thr i iqality i atr, till thr t hr mt mt b qal ha — g — wk hld b giv mr ha tha th trg. I thr wrd, wrd,
my idea o education
chandāla. I , chandāla d t. Fr, Fr, gratr hlp mt b giv g iv t him whm atr w w . (CW. 6.39) T p . I g g kwg? C gv ? N w rih m vr hlpd aybdy! I all tri tri it i th middl g wk. (CW CW.. 6.32 6.32))
It i ltr that withtad w ithtad hk, hk , t a impl ma kwlg. … W W kw k w , w v kwg, w ? T k g; thy ar lik avag, ba ltr i t thr. Kwldg k-p, vz , g vg. S g pp; g. ah th ma i th vralar, giv thm ida; thy will g , g ; gv ltr. Util y giv thm that, thr a a b prma . . (CW.. 3.29 (CW 3.29)) A g v pp pp- g w, , kwg. T d qti i: th wh ay that i th igrat ad th t h pr b giv g iv librty librt y, i.. ll right r ight t thir bdy, walth, t., ad i thir hildr hav th am pprtity t bttr thir diti ad aqir kwldg a th th rih r ih ad th g , w pv— g ? I Eg I v , ‘W w v w g ?’ (CW CW.. .6)
2
eDuCAtinG the Women
T [w] [w] v gv g v p, v g w ‘’. (CW. .23) Brahmachāriṇis dati ad haratr hld tak p th
kk g. g.
(CW.. 6.89) (CW
I villag ad tw thy will w ill p tr ad triv r r th p . Tg v p w p . (CW.. .2 (CW .2-8) -8) Purānas as , hkpig ad th art, th dti Hitry ad th Purān pp k vp v g. (CW CW.. 6.89)
O wg, w g, , , wk, pgg , w g w japa, wp, p p p g. g. (CW.. .2 (CW .2) ) A g w Ag w g g q q p p v . I p -. (CW CW.. .32)
3
my idea o education
With h With h a dati dati wm wm will lv lv thir w w prblm prblm.. T v p, v dpd thr ad thy ar gd ly t wp thir g pp p g. (CW. . 32) Edat yr wm rt ad lav thm t thmlv; th w w . (CW. 6.) O v g th wm datd. Y, Y, th m, ar datig datig yrlv t dvlp yr mahd, mah d, bt what ar y dig t dat v w pp , w w v v ? (CW. 6.88) Hw v w …? B , v g , w pk w! I p pp I , v p w. (CW.. 6.8 (CW 6.888-9) 9) Rg, , , kpg, kg, wg, gi—th impl tial pit i th t h bjt ght ght t b g w. … T Mākā āṭśāā g vg g . B g wrhip w’t w’t d; thir dati mt b a y-pr y- pr i
all mattr. Idal haratr ha ratr mt alway b prtd br vw g w v priipl l. T bl xampl Sitā, Sitā, Sāvitri, Sāvitr i, D, Lāv, Mā g
educatin the omen
, p w v g . (CW CW.. 6.93- 6.93-)) I th mdr day thr i a gratr impt tward highr Ep , p g w w gg g . O , pp I w w , w w . I g that Oxrd Ox rd ad Cambridg ar ld t wm tday, tday, ar Hv Y; k Uv p w w g. I I g, v g g— , , vg ; v w . (CW CW.. 8.69) I v k w v v , p [ Nw Yrk rk]. ]. I admir adm ir y r all al l that y kw, kw, bt I dilik d ilik th way w ay v w w g. I g g. M p g g w w v. (CW CW.. .2) I v p brahmachārins brahmachāriṇis , w w v k vw sannyāsa ad try tr y t arry arr y th light dati amg , vg vg, g , whil th lattr will w ill d th am a m amg wm. Bt Bt th whl wk w . J v , v g w. … p k vp v g w p , w p p . W
my idea o education
gwg p . T h mthr will mak rthr rt hr prgr prgr i th virt vi rt that g g . (CW CW.. 6.89) k gg w’ : H w w , g. Nw, , w thm abv vrythig l, that thy may dvlp a trg w, v g , w , g p , will t b i th t h lat araid v t giv p thir liv rathr tha ih i h a ih rm thir hatity. ha tity. I itit littl hrim t b ’ ’ k ’ , wv ? (CW.. .3 (CW .32-3) 2-3)
Wm mt b pt i a piti t lv thir w prblm Wm prblm w w. N g . A I w p g w. (CW.. .229 (CW .229-3) -3) I p g . A v w g k g ; , v’ k, ? T p w, wkg , g , I. (CW CW.. 6.896.89-9) 9) Hw p v (g pv Māāj Mākā āṭśāā)! S vg w , w g v ! H w, v v k g w w
6
educatin the omen
g? W I w w g, p-k g I ppv . T g g vv v p ww (CW.. 6.9 (CW 6.9-) -) brahmachāriṇis . I I g v ! W g p, ld t, ala, wrk t thir pli! Y Y did t try tr y t i i g kwg ! I g g , w w w. (CW.. 6. (CW 6.9) 9)
T libat will i tim b th tahr ad prahr th Math. I villag ad tw thy will w ill p tr ad triv r th prad mal dati. Trgh h dvt p w p . (CW.. .2 (CW .2-8) -8) T gv v. A w k . Ev g g w, g () w p w . . (CW.. .28) (CW I ak y all artly t d likwi likw i ad p girl’ hl i vry villag v illag ad try t pli thm. I th wm wm ar raid, th thir hildr hild r will by thir bl ati glriy th am — w , kwg, pw, v v wk wk .. (CW.. .2 (CW .22) 2) Biligiri ha tw widwd daghtr. Kidly dat thm ad k p g ww
my idea o education
w g g gg w g Eg Sk Sk. . (CW CW.. 8.39 8.39)) Dp: B, S, pp v p . W j g , k W vg. Swj: I gg w k k v. W w p , , g gp pp, g wg w. B what mattr it t th wll-big ity at larg? Wll, th wh ar pir th littl bit mal dati that w w v g-. Bt th trth i that th at m dt r thr mt mt rp it that g w g . B w p w g . A g g. Rligi traiig, th rmati haratr ad brva vw — . I w p w I, g , th dt y wr pakig pak ig hav rpt i. Bt blam w. (CW.. .22- (CW .22-))
I hav vr wm lwhr a ltrd ltr d ad datd [ A]. W- , w w w k th hr. It i idd tr, that ‘th Gdd Hrl liv i th h virt virt m a Lakhmi’ Lakhmi ’. I hav thad wm hr wh hart ar a pr ad tail a w. O, w ! I w v . S g w, try wm at b aly aly allwd t walk i th t h trt! … A w p ! Fw w
8
educatin the omen
marr id br marrid br twty r twty-v ad thy ar a r a th . T g k, , g, , k wk. T w w-- v v g g p. A w w dig? dig? W W ar vry rglar rg lar i marr ma rryig yig r girl gi rl at lv g p . What d r Ma j ji i?? ‘Dag ‘Daghtr htr hl hldd b p pprtd prtd ad datd with a mh ar ad attti a th ’. ’. A hld hld b marrid ar brvig brv ig brahmacharya p t th , g v brahmacharya p. B w w g? C w? T w p w-g. Ow w kw w w.. (CW CW.. .2-6)
9
lAnGuAGe W v W v’’ v g g k w . … W p k… w Rāmāyaṇa, Mahābhārata, Up, ., v p gg, gv . (CW.. .3 (CW .3)) T g p gg. g g. (CW CW.. .6)
‘A, wk, p ; w pw v w . Bv , pw w .’ , , w , p g g p gg trth i, trth i , philphy, philphy, hitry hitr y, ad ggraphy gg raphy.. I hav a p p w ; I , w wkk g . (CW. 6.) Sp . M gg M’ gg, q pv. I p g w v. (CW. .29) T Bgali lagag mt b mdlld t ar th Sakrit, ā, w g
8
lanuae . I g g Bg, , wv, Sk w , attmpt hld b mad t i w wrd. Fr thi prp, prp , Sk , w p g Bg Bg g gg. g. (CW CW.. .29 .29))
6
8
the mother moth er tonGue tonGue Y w w I I v g gg (Sk) , v w k w . Hw w pp w v gg g! T g g gg g pp. (CW CW.. 3.29)
Evry ma i apabl rivig kwldg i it i impartd w gg. A w v wp w pp w gg, g g v g p, g p p g kwg . (CW. .263) O , p g; p p g gg g, ? I pk g gg? g? (CW.. 6.8 (CW 6.8)) T gg w w p v, w w g, g, v, .— gg . W k , p, . N
82
the mother tonue
gg v v , v pv, g gv p, pk gg. Lgg k p — w w k; g — v k w k, w g g . O gg g imitatig th lw ad pmp mvmt—ad ly that— Sk. A gg ’ ’ pg pg . . (CW.. 6.8-8) (CW I , , wg g g Sk , g w k. A g pag, rm Bddha Bddha dw t Chaitaya ad Ramakr Ra makriha, iha, wh am r th wll-big th wrld, taght th mm pp gg pp v. (CW. 6.8) W g g g gg g xli xli th atral atra l ? D y t thik t yr hlati rarh i th lagag whih y ar atmd t pak at hm? Why th d y itrd itr d h a qr ad w g w p p k w? T gg w k pp g w p— gg wg pp ? (CW. 6.8)
83
the SAnSKrit lAnGuAGe
My ida i rt all t brig t th gm piritality that t hat ar trd p i r bk ad i th pi a w ly, , w, — g ; g kwg , w , , gg w pv, Sk w. I w, I w k thm pplar. I wat t brig t th ida ad lt thm b pp , v I, w h kw th Sakrit Sakr it lagag r t. … Trr Trr th ida g gg pp; , Sk g g w , th vry d Sakrit Sakr it wrd giv a prtig ad a pwr ad a trgth t th ra. T attmpt th grat Rāmāja Rām āja C w I w v w g g pp; v p, w w g pp w pg w g M. T . T w ; w p, pp g pg Sk Sk g gg g g . . (CW.. 3.29 (CW 3.29- -))
8
the sansKrit l anua anuaee
Ev g B p w pp Sk gg g . H w p , p gg , ā. T w g; pk gg pp, pp … I p qk w. B g w , Sk g hav prad. Kwldg am, bt th prtig wa t thr, w . … U gv ,… w , vg vg Sk gg, w w qk g v v . (CW CW.. 3.29 3.29)) W Sk Sk ? ? W p g Sk I I? ? (CW.. 3.298) (CW Sk Sk g gg g G.
(CW CW.. 3.3 3.3))
Sk Sk v g gg. g.
(CW CW.. 3.3 3.3))
Sk Sk pg g g I.
(CW CW.. 3.299)
O g I v p g w Sk g. T pp thi part par t th try hav r thir rligi a rtai bdl lal prtiti abt atig, drikig, driki g, ad bathig, ad w g. (CW CW.. 8.29) I pg, Sk gg w v -
kwldgd t b th dati dati all Erpa lagag, lagag , w, , g jgz Sk. (CW. 2.2)
8
my idea o education
Idia ha giv t atiqity th arlit itial phyiia, , g S W H, v v v g w p . Ev , g, g, , p — —w v I, j , v p vz, w v I, , S Sk k w. (CW.. 2.) (CW
86
hiGher eDuCAtion
O pgg kg p g g j . … G g! W gg w w! A , w w g w v , w W v g! A , kp w ! W g g? (CW. .366) D g ad trig tri g t thig vryday by mahiry? mahir y? T g w v p , w ggg p g vz w, w v g. (CW.. .368) (CW Tr i harm i i prahig th ida lvatig th ma by ma a tral llg, ad brigig brig ig dati a wll g p g. (CW CW.. .3) It i itdd t xtd th prati pr ati th Math, by datg M g , W S I Sp,
8
my idea o education vg Uv ,
will aqir a maly diipli by livig i tat with thir . . (CW.. . (CW .3) 3) T ma i r try ar lik th t h lpig Lviatha. T p p v w p . A v w gt that d t d i thir davr dig ay gd t thir try. Bt it i t thir alt, pr llw! A a thy m t thir llg, thy d d thmlv athr v v . (CW CW.. .38) T w v g g , vg w pg Eg, g p w p . I p w p g v, v B.A. M.A. w pp ! A, ! Hw w p ! ‘I v g , , w vg; I implr impl r y, ir, t giv m m m ma t prvid r myl , w v!’’ Ev w v, -p -p w w v w w p. S , , . T g-, p g v p v: ‘‘A! I gg , , !’ (CW.. .3 (CW .3) ) W v W k, k, wrd, h [Sri [Sri Ramakr R amakriha] iha] had , ad mh th mr atral, mh th mr halthy, halthy, wa hi h i mid, mh th p g, kg g . B g v,
88
hiher education
thght r himl. Ba w hav pt hal r liv i v w w pp’ g. g . (CW.. .6(CW .6-8) 8) T Sk v p . T girl vry vr y rarly g p t th ivriti; bt thr ar w p p. . (CW.. 8.69) (CW I wv g k Uv; w I k $. . W v ? I . S th datial ititti rigr ar imply i mply t gt a , p v — k, p, gp p, . (CW. 8.69-)
W v g M pv W g, Sk, V, Erpa Er pa lagag; lag ag; w mt hav a pr, ad papr pritd Eg V. W , I kw v p g. (CW. .6) It wld wld b wll t p a Tlgial Cllg i Madra, ad th gradally xtd x td it p, t giv g iv a thrgh dati dati g V Bā pp, g kwg g w. A pp Eg v g Cg. (CW. .3) k v. W v g [ w M 897] ?
89
my idea o education
T v p g . T g . T w vp . (CW.. .22 (CW .22)) Q. W p v ? A. I w . W W,, g p g k. I w v k w . B ! S w g śraddhā ad aith. Ty art that th Gitā i ly dtitt śraddhā a itrplati, ad that th at th Vda Vda ar bt rti g! Ty k v g g I, k , kw v w p v g, pk ! (CW CW.. .36- .36-)) T w g abt prahig prahig rligi rlig i ad givig givi g lar dati t r pp; . (CW CW.. 3.33)
9
teChniCAl eDuCAtion
W w , kw, kw, , , p g g , kwg w, ad with it th Eglih lagag ad Wtr i; w d vp , kg v, g t prvid r thmlv, ad av mthig agait a raiy r aiy . (CW.. .36 (CW .3688-9) 9) I I g g, I thm vr t Japa ad mak arragmt r thir thial
dati thr, that wh thy m bak, thy may tr kwg I. W g g g w ! (CW.. .32) (CW It wld wld b bttr i th ppl p pl gt a littl thial dati, g wk , wg g g v. v. (CW CW.. .36)
9
PrACtiCA PrACti CAl l exPerien exPerienCe Ce
W k W v, w w , w p v. Y p k g p gvg w k. Y wg p; I v p. Mp a ly rat riity i i t gt mr prt kwldg. B ,, v v w wv. v. (CW.. .8) (CW W may rad bk, har ltr, ad talk mil, W mil , bt bt xpri , -p. I . W , W , g g w . . (CW CW.. 8.92-3) Ep w v.
(CW.. .8 (CW .8))
. Y w v , p, w g p . I p p. W v g w p . W w v v. Sp g p w . (CW CW.. .39 .39)) A kwg p p. p .
(CW CW.. .2) .2)
I p , kwg w. w.
(CW CW.. 2.3 2.3))
L w’ g . O w , , w
92
Practica l exPerience exPerienc e p , g, ‘W ’; . T w g g, w , vg , w ! W g w g pi rty ld ir? It It will wil l ly rmbl it pi. Firt, it hld b mad rd-ht ad th it a b mldd it ay hap by hammrig. Nthig will avail i r try with g gwg vg p pp. (CW. .32)
I v , w , . I g w p , I p g p, k w g- v. T p , w, g . (CW.. 3. (CW 3. )) Y k pq v g th am t thr. D’t D’t y d m xriig vryday vryday with - v w? Wk g vg p . B p. I w’ p vg. W gg pq g pp, w v w . I t mak thm l thi d that dati i ary ar y at th p p . (CW.. .-2 (CW .-2)) T p. H q p. W w w . T wg -p. T . N
93
my idea o education g. T p Eg . T k wk . Spp . H w p w hi y ad a d had. … T dati that i giv g iv i -idd, wkg, kg . T , v , v g. … It i rgtt rgtt that th tr halth th ma i i i th hild. I g v g at b phd t arly arly.. I givig giv ig dati t a hild th w gw . A w w. Ng p v gg . (CW.. 9.6 (CW 9.6- -))
I w g pp. Y pp p , p. p . (CW.. . (CW .))
9
ConCentrAtion
T w kwg, w . (CW.. .3 (CW .3)) T v . (CW. 6.38) W v W q q g g kw kwg g. . F w g g, v mthd; ad that mthd i what i alld trati. T hmit wh wrk i hi labrat labratry ry trat all th pwp wr hi mid, brig bri g thm it , ad thrw thm ; z, kwg . T th pwr hi hi mid ad a d brght brght thm it i t ; ad h thrw thm t bjt thrgh hi tlp; ad tar w gv p . S it i i vry a—with a —with th prr i hi hair, ha ir, th tdt w k—w v w wkg kw. … T pw , kwg q q. . (CW.. 2.39 (CW 2.39-) -)
T w pw . … A v pw . T w v tatly rgttig rgttig what i tld him. H at trat
9
my idea o education
hi mid lg p aythig at a tim. ti m. Hri i th difr btw ma ad th t h aimal… T difr i thir pwr p wr trati al titt th difr btw ma . Cp w w g . T g . (CW CW.. 6.3 6.3)) All i ay li w wrk rk i th r rlt lt thi. Hig Highh ahi ahivv , , ., . (CW. 6.3) T pw k kwg. … I p w , g w g p g. A I g p j kwg, p it th brai, thad thad thght rh it th mid ad . Hw k g w j Rāja(CW.. 2.39 (CW 2.39) Rāja-YYoga. T p … . (CW. 6.86) m th vry dati i trati mid, g . I I v g v , I w . I w vp pw dtahmt, ad th with a prt itrmt i trmt I ld llt w. S , , vp pw . (CW CW.. 6.38-9) Edati i t llig Edati lli g th mid with a lt at. Pr Prtig tig th itrmt ad gttig mplt matry my w mid
96
concentration
[ ]. I I w p p, g , I , [g]. [g (CW.. . (CW .) ) C kwg; g b d witht it. Nity pr t t thght thght r i watd g, g ; ; v k k k. . (CW.. 6.23-) (CW T p wg. T w kw w k. C g . I I g v g v , I w , g g I w . I k pp g g ’ w. (CW CW.. 8.28 8.28)) w w v k brahmacharya p wv . (CW CW.. .38) Cp gv g p pw. pw . (CW.. .6) (CW
C g . g p g, , wg w pw. T g , w . O pw w g. g. (CW CW.. . .69) 69) B v brahmacharya () g v — g w kw . I
9
my idea o education
wg w w vg v g k k . (CW.. .22 (CW .22)) T g gg wpw. W p g. C gv w v k. T pital ladr m hav b vry tit, ad thi i what gv pw. (CW.. .263) (CW
Chatity i thgh thght, t, wrd, ad dd, alway, ad i all di di, w brahmacharya. (CW.. .9 (CW .9) ) U g . (CW. .69) Evry by hld b traid t prati ablt brahmacharya, , , — śraddhā—w . (CW. .369) T brahmachārin p g, w, . (CW.. .6 (CW .6))
N ld btai btai itlltal i tlltal grat til h wa phyi phyi- p. M gv g; w w wk, v v , p. D [] g . A v w , w by ad girl wr rivig riv ig thir dati, it wa abltly abltly g p, p g . p (CW.. 9.9) (CW
98
concentration
T g g bdy th hight i what thy all ‘ojas ’.’. Nw thi ojas i trd p i th brai, ad a d th mr ojas i i a ma’ had, th mr pw , , p g. O pk gg g, p pp; pak ithr batil lagag lag ag r batil thght, thght, yt w . Ev v pw. T pw ojas . Nw v ojas p. All th r that ar wrkig i th bdy i thir hight h ight ojas . Y Y q q . … T g p g w p g, g, w k , g ojas , … H k p g v it it ojas . It i ly th hat ma r wma wh a mak m ak ojas ; w alway b idrd th hight virt. A ma l that i , p g w, vg . . (CW CW.. .69-)
99
the minD A A , , , , diipl’ trl. By hard prati h ha diipl’ ha t arriv arr iv at th tag w g , g . H , ‘Y ; I , g’. … N, q w. I g . J I w , v j w p. T w g g. W k g I w k? I w v . (CW CW.. 8.9-)
T p v g pw . L ; v w w vg g gg w w .. B g g wg, yr mid l it bala. Tat i t gd. Bar all vil vi l ad w , w g pp, , . T . . (CW.. 8.) (CW All kwld kwldg g that that th th wrl wrldd ha ha vr vr riv rivd d m rm th mid; th iit i it library th ivr i i yr w mid. T w p gg, , whih t y t tdy yr w mid, bt th bjt yr w w . T g pp gv gg Nw, w . H g pv k g g
the mind
v w k g , w w w gv. I w pp g . . (CW.. .28 (CW .28)) Nv w wk wk vk . (CW CW.. . .23) 23) Phyial wak wak i th a at lat -third -thi rd r mir. W z, w wk; w … w pk g p-k v ; pkg g w . W ? wk. T wk g; g; w g g . (CW.. 3.2 (CW 3.2-2 -2)) Y v g — w g. T p th bdy. Y Y mt rtai grat g rat trgth trgt h i yr mid ad wrd. ‘I am lw, lw, I am lw’ lw’—rpatig —rpatig th ida i th t h mid, ma blittl ad dgrad himl. … H al wh i alway wk , ; w k , g. … B . Aw , ‘I v ’. … F , , , g, wg . All th gativ gativ thght thght ad ida ida that ar i thi wrld wrld hav hav p v p . … T I , ‘B , , ’ ’.. (CW.. .3-6) (CW
A kwg p p . (CW CW.. .2 .2)) I v k, k g g, g g. (CW. 8.3) I w w k w w . O g k g , g
my idea o education
k g g. T w w . L g g pp g. (CW CW.. . .)
Dig i vry gd, g d, bt that m m rm thikig. thi kig. … Fill th , , w g g, g , p g , w g g wk. (CW.. 2.86) (CW W ar what r thght W thght hav mad ; tak ar what k k.. (CW.. .) (CW W w kk w . .
(CW CW.. 8.9)
Lk p , kwg ; gg w g . (CW CW.. .28 .28))
All kwldg, thrr, thrr, lar r pirital, pirital, i i th hma mid. I may a it i t divrd, bt rmai vrd, w vg g w k , w , ‘W g,’ v kwg v p vg. T w v g kwg , p w k g, w g -kwg, . (CW CW.. .28 .28)) Bk ggt th ir i r light ad th mthd brigig that , w w w v th kwldg rlv. Wh th ir light ha ahd r , k g, k w. Y v k. Nv , g v. Nv wk wk, , pw .. (CW.. .8 (CW .8))
2
PoWer oF KnoWleDGe
g , kwg. (CW CW.. .2 .2)) wg g .
(CW CW.. .2 .2))
T kwg.
(CW CW.. .2 .2))
I, , p p kwg. kw g. (CW.. 2.389) (CW T g kwg g g w. (CW. .26) N gv ; kwg k . . (CW.. .) (CW wg ; k j . W p p ; wk wk ; , , p . (CW CW.. .) .) wg g w kwg. (CW. .3) wg k p.
(CW CW.. . .38) 38)
F v g wk; I hav b tld vr i I wa br that I wa a wak thig. t hig. It It
3
my idea o education
i vry dilt d ilt r m w t raliz my w trgth, trg th, bt by aalyi ad raig I gai g ai kwldg my w trgth, I . A kwg w v w, whr did it m rm? It It wa withi w ithi . What Wh at kwldg i ? N. wg w ; w . N v kwg; g w w .. (CW.. 2.339) (CW
muSiC AnD Art
I mi, Idia gav t th wrld hr ytm tati, with v , w w j 3 b.c., w Ep v v . (CW.. 2.-2) (CW Mi i whih th t llw ah thr i rapid i i hld th mid radily radily.. A hild lv livly mi, ba th p gv w. (CW. 6.3) W w , p . (CW.. 6.3) (CW T Dhrupad , Kheyal , ., Kirtana, Māthuraa ad Viraha ad thr lik mpiti that thr i.. Māthur i ral mi—r thr i lig. Flig Flig i th t h l, th rt r t vrythig. vry thig. Tr i mr mi i mm ppl’ ppl’ g, ad thy hld b lltd tgthr. T i Dhrupad Dhrupad ., pp Kirtana Kirtana w p p . . (CW.. .) (CW I , p p k g gg; ‘Shaguntala’ [Sk] w mmarizd by Grmay’ gratt pt, a ‘hav ad arth itd’. Idia ha giv t th wrld th abl Ap, whih wr pid by Ap rm a ld Sakrit bk; it ha giv
my idea o education
Arabian Nights , , v C B S B Sk k.. (CW.. 2.2) (CW I art, itrt mt b trd th priipal thm. Drama . I w g —, , , . p , g p, g; p g kp p v . . Athr dilt di lt thig i tag-maagmt, that i, mbimbig g kp . . (CW.. .) (CW p w pg g, k g, w g, q g v . S b i th with atr—ad whrvr that th i g, art g— v . (CW.. .28 (CW .28))
A —pg A .. T T vg. g. T w g p , w pp. T v p p pg . (CW. .29) I I, w vp v , v q , g g. I , p. Wv w p . (CW CW.. .96-) Nw w pp g gg, , p g , g. Nw w g
6
musicc and art musi
, w gg, , ad mi, t. bm ptaly itit with w ith ida ad . (CW.. 6.89) (CW
Glaig at a highly ihd paitig w at drtad w . Mv, , xtt, traid, trai d, at appriat th btl th th ad g, g wk . I pg, kpg w , k k; g , w b thig bt gd. Similarly, i mi, y a diplay ay k kpg , w pg . U gv p v , . . (CW CW.. .36-2 .36-2)) Wh t m p ath athr r i qik qik i i, , it t g, , , . Ag, p p p g trai jt r ft. ig by kpig t th ida, mat ma t t b vyd by a g, ttally diappard rm r try. Nw, , vvg w imprvmt imprvm t i thatr; bt, th thr had, all rgard r rāgas rāginis g g w. (CW. .362-3)
ChArACter-builDinG
It i waday waday a mm prati i r ity it y, t igiy igi y vir v. T p t th trm mral ad virt i thy arry arry a rligi rligi . B Sw Vvk q v v . Avg Av g pgg pgg , , w . H gv v g p v k ’ v (alld Atma A tma r Sl r Spirit Spir it i difrt traditi tr aditi), ), trth, prity, hty, prvra, rag, trgth, lv, ympa v , , , p. T Swami trgly lt that rligi hld rm th r . B g g , p— k all dmiatial rligi. Sh dati h aid, wld hlp a idividal t dvlp a prt haratr. haratr. May g vg v v p wg w p.
1. Character: Its Importance Importance and Making I w jg , k g p. Ev . W ; g w w g . G v w g k g,
8
character-buildin
g w g g w, wv . (CW CW.. .29 .29)) M, , w: vg w , g, vg, vg g , bakb, ar watd. A hdrd h ad th wrld bm vz v z. . (CW.. 3.223-) (CW
My d t pay, r am; am d d t pay, r larg. I v p; v w g w . . (CW CW.. .36) B mral. B brav. B a harthar t-whl whl ma. Stritly mral, brav p. D’ w g ri. Cward C ward ly i, brav m vr, , , t v i mid. ry t lv aybdy ad vrybdy vr ybdy … N rligi rlig i r y, my , v. N w, , , wk wk— — w . (CW (CW.. .3) Ng —v, , p. . (CW.. .36) (CW T G g p v. I w , w . C g . . (CW.. 8.383) (CW
T, p, , g. k w p w , kw w . . (CW.. 2.22 (CW 2.22)) T w p p . U ’ g, p w
9
my idea o education
w , w w , p p w w p. p. T p k k p. Ig v w . L L v g, p p g , th al will mir m iryy a i i th wrld, t br. br. W W may v v , w w p, w ’ g. (CW. .3) W w w gv g v w g? S p w, w , , g . T ’ v ad bt will w ill hav t ari ari thmlv r th gd may ma y,, w . B w w v p. (CW.. . (CW .)) Lv v , ; w g , w q. Lv w v. D v w ?… I , . I p v v w. (CW.. .) (CW
Y q q ; !
(CW CW.. . .))
T , ggg
tdi, th m ttal th bt hi mid. A plar p p , v p pitr, ad th rlt th mbid impri i what ’ . . (CW.. .2) (CW Ev wk w , v v , v g w k, v p , v w p v
character-buildin
, g wk ra, bily. … Eah ma’ haratr i dtrmid by th m ttal th t h impri. I gd impri prv, g, , . (CW. .)
Y mt hav trit mrality. Dviat a a ih rm thi, t hi, ad a d g v. (CW.. . (CW .)) I , ‘H ’, , w w ; vg v g w habit. Tat giv lati, ba, i it i ly habit, w k k . … T ; v p g . G g g, kg g ; w pp p. Nv p, p , , w k w . Charatr Char atr i rpatd habit, ad rpatd habit al . . (CW.. .2-8) (CW
2. Some Principal Virtues o Character Character a. aith in one’s diine sel b. truth, unselshness, loe, and serice c. strenth d. Patriotism a. aith in one’s diine sel
F, , v v, , , G— g g. . (CW.. 3.9) (CW
my idea o education
All pwr i withi y; y a d aythi aythig g ad vry vrythig. thig. Bliv i that, d t bliv that y ar wak. … All A ll pwr . S p p v w w . (CW. 3.28) Y ar th hildr h ildr Gd, th harr immrtal bli, hly p g. Y v —! I . (CW.. .) (CW D y kw k w hw mh rgy, rgy, hw may pwr, hw may kg ? W kw ? M v pad i ma rt am hr, ad yt bt iitimal p pw . T, t ay that y ar wak. Hw d y y kw what pibiliti g ? Y kw w w . F pw . . (CW CW.. 2.3-2 2.3-2)) T w w w v. T v w. Y g. Y w v pw. A , . (CW CW.. 8.228 8.228)) v, v , p pg w wk. w w , g w , g w , p w , vrythig that i xllt will m wh thi lpig l - v v. (CW CW.. 3.93 3.93)) I th hrma thik thi k that h i th Spirit, h will b a bttr ; k Sp, w
2
character-buildin
. I w k Sp, w w. (CW CW.. 3.2 3.2)) Al l big, grat r mall, ar qally maitati All mai tati Gd; . . (CW CW.. .2) T śraddhā w I w, w w, v, g k g . Gv p w pg , g vg,
ri. Giv that p. B trg ad hav thi śraddhā, v v g g w w.. (CW CW.. 3.32) M v zg v. (CW CW.. .6) .6) T v g p . I v v g p, I v g p v w v w v v v. . (CW CW.. 2.3 2.3))
b. truth, unselshness, loe, and serice
rth a b tatd i a thad difrt way, yt ah . (CW CW.. .) rth i prity, pr ity, trth i all-kwldg; trth mt b trgthtrg thg, gg, vgg. (CW. 3.22) rth d t pay hmag t ay a y ity it y, ait r mdr. S p g . S p , j . (CW.. 2.8) (CW
8
3
my idea o education
T g, g , w w g p. T p; g , k ; , . (CW. 2.8) w kw , w w . (CW.. 2.8) (CW
rth, prity, ad lh—whrvr lh —whrvr th ar prt, pw w v pr thr. thr . Eqippd Eqippd with th, th , idividal idiv idal i abl t w v pp. (CW CW.. .29 .29)) Evg , g. g. (CW .) U G.
(CW CW.. .8 .8))
U pg, pp v p p p . (CW.. .32) (CW M k k pp, gg pp kg k pp p . . (CW.. .8) (CW
T gv : T w , w .. (CW.. .) (CW T g. H w p p Śv. (CW. 3.3)
character-buildin
D g p k v , ‘H, p ,’ g p , kg g p . I v , gv. B k w pw v w, p p p. . (CW.. .6) (CW
H wh Śiva i th pr, i th wak, ad a d i th diad, di ad, wp Śv; Śv g, wrhip i bt prlimiary prlimiar y. H wh ha rvd r vd ad hlpd p g Śv , w kg , rd, r ra, r aythig, with him Śiva i mr plad tha w w H p. (CW.. 3. (CW 3.22) Lvg Lv g v v; ; g .
(CW CW.. .9)
Whr hl Whr hldd y y g t k rr Gd—ar Gd—ar t t all th th pr pr, th , wk, G? W wp ? (CW. .) c. strenth T g : g , wk . Strgth i liity, li li tral, immrtal; immrta l; wak i tat : : wk wk . (CW CW.. 2.3 2.3))
T wk g v wk, thikig thi kig trgth. trgt h. ah ah m th trgth that i alrady alr ady w . w (CW CW.. 2.3) Sg v; wk w . Ip v; p . Lvg
my idea o education
thr i virt; vi rt; hatig thr i i. Faith i Gd ad i ’ ’ w S v v; ; . (CW CW.. .9) O w w wk . T v w . , v, pz pzg. g. (CW.. .3 (CW .3)) T — wk, wk.. wk (CW.. 2.38) (CW I g g G. Av wk v. v (CW.. .3) (CW
d. Patriotism
W v p p , k , v g p kp . T g rm thr ra, bt vrythig mt b brdiatd t that idal li; ad t that a wdrl, glri, tr Idia will wi ll m—I am r it i mig—a mig—a gratr Idia tha t ha v w w.. (CW.. 3.3-) (CW I . … w g w g, w g, w p, w , v , p p p p— — I. (CW CW.. 3. 3.))
H , , k, - g g . (CW CW.. 3.8) I I, g , k w . (CW.. 3.22) (CW
6
character-buildin
Or ard mthrlad i a lad rligi ad philphy— p p g— , w w , , g p . (CW.. 3.3) (CW Hv g w -g ? I w w g w , w w k g? … Hv g ? I v g, w wk . (CW. 3.226-) I v p, I v w p. T g . … F, hart. … Fl, thrr, my wld-b rrmr, my wld- b patrit! D y l? l? D y l that milli mill i ad milli mil li g g v - g g ? D v vg g , v vg g? D g v k ? D k ? D k p? H g , g g v, g w ? H ?? A z w , ad hav y rgtt all abt yr am, yr am, yr wv, , pp, v w ? Hav y d d that? Tat i th rt rt tp t bm a patrit, patr it, v p. (CW CW.. 3.22-6) Y , ; pg g k, v w , p , p , w
my idea o education
wrd t th thir miri, t brig thm t hm t thi livig ? (CW.. 3.226) (CW O I! Fg … g w , igrat, th pr p r,, th illitrat, ill itrat, th bblr, bblr, th wpr, ar , . (CW CW.. .9-8) Wh y Wh y hav hav m wh ar rad radyy t t ari thir vrythig , k—w , I w g v p. I k ! ! (CW CW.. .2 .2)) Lt all wrk hard, my brthr; thi th i i tim r lp. O wk p g I . S wg. S pg. A wk , jv, g v w— . (CW. 3.) N ; v gg p ; w pw k ; g g gg . (CW CW.. 3.6)
8
hArmonY oF reliGionS 1. the essence o reliion
I lk p rligi a th irmt r dati dati.. Mid, I w, ’ p gi. I thik th tahr hld tak th ppil’ tartig-pit … vp g w . . (CW.. .23) (CW Rg k, k, , g, kg, v g. I g g. (CW. 3.23) I v G g w wp ww’ g p p’ . (CW.. .) (CW
T tr tral tr al priipl hav t b hld br th ppl. … F , w v wp g . T g- w v p pp b llwd;—Sri Rāmahadra, Sri Kriha, Mahāvira, ad S R Rk k g . (CW CW.. .38-8 .38-8)) Rg v . (CW. .38) Rg g .. (CW.. 8.8) (CW
9
my idea o education
Rz g, pp. pp. (CW. .232) T g w w v G. T w g wh d t bliv i himl. him l. It It ma aith i i all, ba . … I g w w k w . (CW.2.3)
Ev Ev g v gz g z v. v. (CW. 8.99) E p v. T g v w, w , g , . D wk, wp, p , philphy—by philphy— by r mr r all th—ad b b r. Ti w g. D, g, , k, p, , . (CW. .2) Ci, M, ad Pythagra; Pyt hagra; Bddha, Bddha, Chrit, Chr it, Mhammd; Lthr, Lthr, Calvi, Calvi , ad th Sikh; Tphy, Tphy, Spiritalim, ad th lik; all th th ma ly th prahig th Divi-.. - (CW.. 8.229) (CW T g k-p . T , , . (CW.. .63(CW .63-6) 6) A , I v —G p v jiva [v ]; G . ‘W v jiva, v G ’. (CW.. .2 (CW .2))
2
harmony o reliions B g w . … T -, . (CW CW.. . 3-8 3-8))
I th rt pla, all rligi admit that, apart rm th bdy whih prih, thr i a rtai rta i part r mthig whih d g k , p , , v . . (CW.. .38) (CW Alg with thi ida th l l w w d athr grp ida g p. (CW.. .39 (CW .39)) W g W g ,
wll a that it ltr ha b dimmd, ad that it primitiv p g g kwg kwg G. (CW. .322) p , k , p kgart rligi, t mak th t h pirital hild trg gh t k g p. … Rg , g, g; g g, z z. . (CW.. 2.3) (CW Rg w v k. W w w . T w w g v, . T v w k v w k v . . (CW.. . (CW .)) Nw m th qti: Ca rligi rally ra lly amplih ayg? I . I g . I what h i, ad will mak thi hma aima a imall a gd. Tat i w g . k g w w ? ? Ng . (CW CW.. 3.)
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my idea o education
Rg w g , G. (CW CW.. .9) M , g p. g g— w g. g . (CW.. 6.2) (CW . harmony o reliions
A g . .
(CW CW.. 6.) 6.)
I M [S Rk] … w g w g. T v p g. g . (CW.. .8) (CW S Rk v pk w g . S batilly tlrat wa h that vry vr y t thght that h g . H v v . g w . . (CW.. .2 (CW .2)) Hi [Sri Ramakriha’] whl li wa pt i brakig dw g. (CW.. .86) (CW O ww, , w p, . . … I p g w p, wp with thm all; I wrhip Gd with vry thm, i whatv wp H. I g q M; I C C’ ’ k br th rix; br r ix; I hall tr th Bddhiti tmpl, whr whr I hall tak rg i Bd Bddha dha ad i hi Law. Law. I hall g it th rt ad it dw i mditati with th Hid, wh i tryig Lg w g v .
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harmony o reliions
Nt ly hall I d all th, bt I hall kp my hart har t p . I G’ k ? O v gg ? I vl bk—th bk—th pirital pirita l rvlati th t h wrld. T Bibl, V, , k may pag, ad a iit i it mbr mbr pag rmai yt t b ldd. … W W tak i i all that t hat ha b i i th pat, jy th g p, p v ww w . S pp p, g p, ! ! (CW.. 2.3 (CW 2.3)) I th Parliamt Rligi ha hw aythig t th wrld : I pv w , p v p w, v p w . I v, v vv w g ad th dtrti dtr ti th thr, I pity him rm th bttm b ttm , p p vry rligi rlig i will b writt, wr itt, i pit rita: ‘Hlp ad t Figh Fight, t,’’ ‘Aimilati ad t Dtr Dtrti, ti,’’ ‘Harmy D.’ (CW. .2) I p w. W G w w , , w g . W I j g g g v v . Tg rligi ar tially th am, thy mt hav th variti p g . W v w v g, v v g. (CW CW.. .32-6)
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Swami Vivekananda in Caliornia, 1900
aPPendix
SWAmi SW Ami ViV V iVeK eKAnAnDA AnAnDA AS Seen bY WorlD thinK t hinKer erS S
R p p I’ pg, Vvk w pp pp ’ ’ p w k g w p I p. … H w g , pg, p g, , th am tim ll a dyami ad ry rgy ad a pai p I w. —Jawaharlal Nehru
Vvk w p Vvk p, , v w , v g , wk q w p v g g. W pv wkg gg, w kw w w, w kw w w, g , g li, grad, ititiv, phavig, that ha trd th l I, w , ‘B, Vvk v M, .’ —Sri Aurobindo
I at writ wr it abt Vivkaada witht w itht gig it raprap. Fw, , p —v g w pvg g w . H p w , p, p, w p— g
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my idea o education
ad writig—whih wr itig—whih at r th wdrl wdrl i i h . … Rk , aig i hi h i ativity ativit y, bdl i hi hi lv, prd prd ad vratil i hi widm, w idm, xbrat i hi mti, mril i hi attak, attak , bt yt impl impl a a hild—h wa a rar prality pralit y w . I v p v g Sw Vvk. T p Sw Sw Vvk Vvk wk p wg . H, w, p p p. —Subhas Chandra Bose Vvk g, g , p wk. … Spkg w j g pp p g , -pg w p g. Swj tattva-jnāna , w p v p w w g, v w . . —Vinoba Bhave H p- w kg. H w kg, v I A w pg g j. …H trgth ad baty, th gra ad digity hi barig, b arig, th dark light hi y, hi impig appara, ad rm th mmtt h bga t pak, th mm t h pldid mi mi hi rih r ih dp vi thralld th vat adi Amria Agl-Sax, pv pj g .
T thght thi warr warrir ir prpht Idia l a dp mark ma rk p U S.
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i e K a n a n d a a s s e e n b y o r l d t h i n K e r s I w p g p. Whrvr Whr vr h w wtt h h wa wa th th rt. rt. … Evrybd vrybdyy rgiz rgizdd i him at ight th ladr, ladr, th aitd Gd, th ma m a markd w p pw . …H w g , p Bv, g k H r. I at th th ayig hi, attrd a thy ar g pg k ’ , w rivig a thrill thril l thrgh my my bdy lik a ltri hk. Ad what hk, what traprt trapr t mt hav b prdd wh g w p ! —Romain Rolland Rg -g wk Vvk I g w p p I, pp, w pp p p, . … I k Vvk’ g v vp g w p I . … M w p, g w g, Vvk w p, p , v w w pp, w wk p v I w. —E. P. Chelishev
Ev w w a hdrd yar ar th birth bir th Nardraath D, w Sw Vvk, v lt t valat hi imprta i i th al a l wrld wrld hitry. I g W I w v gg dath. T paig th yar ad th may m ay tpd ad
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my idea o education
p v w v gg that i tri t m h will wi ll b rmmbrd a th w, p A i rd, ad a th mt igiat gr i th whl hitry Idia rligi, rlig i, mparabl i imprta imprt a t h grat tahr a Śakara ad Rāmāja, ad ditly p g g , C, Nāā Āw S I. —A. L. Basham A trikig gr, lad i yll yllw w ad ra rag, g, hiig lik th Idia i th t h midt th havy atmphr Chiag, , pg , p, v w — w p Sw Vvk, I p g Rg. Mk, , w, w-k w , rt impri wa th warrir warr ir rathr tha th mk, r h wa f th platrm, platrm, ad hi gr g r wa itit iti t with prid , p — pv vg g, gz ygt, ad by ma ilid t giv g iv tp, a thgh th w g thr. …Eraptrd, th hg mltitd hg p hi wrd; , ! ‘T a hath!’ hath!’ aid , a h am am t th grat hall, ha ll, ‘ad w d miiari miia ri t hi hi ppl! ppl! It wld wld b mr ttig that .’ —Annie Besant
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