NISM - Series MUTUAL FUND Distributors Certification Examination - June 2010
Index Day 1 Part 1 1. Concept and Role of Mutual Funds 2. Fund Structure and Constituents 3. Legal and Regulatory Environment Part 2 4. 5. 7. 8.
Offer Document Fund Distribution and Channel Management Practices Investor Services Return,Risk & Performance of Funds
Chapter 1
CONCEPT AND ROLE OF MUTUAL FUNDS
History of Mutual Funds in India Phase 1 (1964-87) :
Growth of UTI
Phase 2 (1987-93) :
Entry of Public Sector Funds-S.B.I.,Canara etc.
Phase 3 (1993-96) :
Emergence of Private Sector Mutual Funds Joint Ventures between Foreign Funds & Indian Promoters - bringing latest product innovation, investment management techniques, and investor servicing technology
Phase 4 (1996-99) :
Growth and SEBI Regulation
Phase 5 (1999-04) :
UTI Act 1963 repealed in Feb 2003 UTI Mutual Fund becomes SEBI compliant Assured Return Schemes of UTI taken over by a special undertaking administered by GOI Emergence of large & uniform industry
Phase 6 (2004…) :
Consolidation & Growth 32 Mutual Funds as at 31-03-07
What is a Mutual Fund ?
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It is a pool of money, collected from investors, and is invested according to certain investment objectives
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The ownership of the fund is thus joint or mutual, the fund belongs to all investors.
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A mutual funds business is to invest the funds thus collected, according to the the wishes of the investors who created the pool
Important characteristics of a Mutual Fund? ●
The ownership is in the hands of the investors who have pooled in their funds so it is joint or mutual.
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It is managed by a team of investment professionals and other service providers.
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The pool of funds is invested in a portfolio of marketable investments.
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The investors share is denominated by ‘units’ whose value is called as Net Asset Value (NAV) which changes everyday.
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The investment portfolio is created according to the stated investment objectives of the fund.
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Mutual Funds are also known as Financial Intermediaries
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In India, Mutual Funds are constituted as TRUSTS.
Advantages of Mutual Funds to Investors ? ●
Portfolio diversification
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Professional Management
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Economies of Scale
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Reduction in Risk
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Liquidity
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Tax Deferral
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Tax benefits
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Convenience and Flexibility
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Regulatory Comfort
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Systematic Approach to investment Limitation of a Mutual Funds?
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Lack of Customisation
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Choice Overload
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Issue relating to management of protfolio of Mutual Funds
Mutual Fund Classifications – Open ended Funds
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In an open ended fund, investors can enter and exit out of the fund, at NAV related prices, at any time, directly from the fund. Open ended scheme are offered for sale at a pre- specified price, say Rs. 10, during the New offer period. After a pre-specified period say 30 days, the fund is declared open for further sales and repurchases.
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Investors receive account statements of their holdings,
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The number of outstanding units goes up and down
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The unit capital is not fixed but variable.
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The corpus of an Open-ended scheme changes everyday
Mutual Fund Classifications – Close ended Funds ●
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A closed -end fund is open for sale to investors for a specified period, after which further sales are closed. Further transactions happen in the secondary market (stock exchange) where closed-end funds are listed. The price at which the units are sold or redeemed depends on the market prices, which are fundamentally linked to the NAV.
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The number of units of closed ended funds remains unchanged.
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The unit capital is fixed because of one time sale.
Mutual Fund Classifications – Interval Funds.
Interval Funds ●
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Combine features of both open-ended and close ended schemes. They are largely close-ended, becomes open ended at pre- specified intervals. Might become open-ended between 1 to 15th Jan, & 1 to15 July,each year. The benefit for investors is they are not completely dependent on the exchange.
Mutual Fund Classifications – Active Funds / Passive Funds Active Funds ●
where the fund manager has the flexibility to choose Portfolio, within the parameters of Schemes
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The expenses for running the fund turn out to be higher.
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Investors would expect such funds to outperform the market.
Passive Funds ●
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Invest on the basis of a specified index, whose performance it seeks to track. The proportion of each share in the portfolio would also be the same as the weight age assigned to the share in the Sensex. Thus, the performance of these funds would mirror the concerned index. Such schemes are also called index schemes. Running Cost of such scheme would be low.
Types of Funds - By Investment Objective
Equity
Debt
Equity Funds Index Funds Sector Funds
Fixed Income Funds GILT Funds
Balanced Funds
Money Market
Money Market Mutual Funds
Liquid Funds
Risk associated with various types of funds Risk Level
Debt Funds
Hybrid Funds
Equity Funds
High Risk Sector Funds Balanced fund based on Flexible asset allocation Growth Funds High Yield Debt Fund
Diversified Equity Funds Index Funds Value Funds Equity Income Funds Dividend yield Funds Balanced fund based on Fixed asset allocation Monthly Income Plans Capital protection funds Diversified Debt Fund Gilt Funds
Low Risk
Money Market & Liquid schemes
What are Equity Funds ? (A Risky asset class) • Aggressive Growth Funds (Targets maximum capital appreciation.) • Growth Funds (Capital appreciation over 3 to 5 years at above average rate.) • Speciality Funds Sector Funds (Bank, Power, Pharma, IT, Telecom) Foreign Securities Fund Mid cap or Small cap Equity funds • Diversified Equity Funds (Do not focus on any one or few sectors or shares) • Equity Index Funds (These funds take only the overall market risk) • Value Funds (Invests in the companies whose shares are under-priced) • Equity Income or Dividend yield funds (Invests in the shares of the companies with high dividend yield.)
ELSS ( Equity Linked Saving Scheme )
• 3 year lock in period • Minimum investment of 90% in equity markets at all times • So ELSS investment automatically leads to investment in equity shares. • Eligible under Section 80 C up to Rs.1 lakh allowed • Dividends are tax free. • Benefit of Long term Capital gain taxation.
Arbitrage Funds
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Take contrary positions in different markets / securities, such that the risk is neutralized, but a return is earned.
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For instance, by buying a share in BSE, and simultaneously selling the same share in the NSE at a higher price.
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Most arbitrage funds take contrary positions between the equity market and the futures and options market.
Comparison of Equity Funds
Types of Equity Funds Sector Funds
Investment Objective Risk Return on Investment Liquidity Asset allocation
Concentrates in Single sector of market for investment. High Risk
Growth Funds
Diversified Equity Funds
Thematic Funds
Capital appreciation in 3 can invest in across all the To invest into theme to 5 years sectors. like infrastructure
Index Funds
To mirror the index
High Risk
Average
Above average
Market risk
High
High
High
High
Related more with Market Return
Yes
Yes Diversified across all sectors
Yes Diversified across all sectors
Yes Can be Diversified across as per theme
Among sector only
Focused on stocks within a Invest in to companies certain business or Features show promise of strong industry. More volatile than growth in coming years the overall market.
Yes Most diversified
Best of the return are invest across A passive fund style generated per unit of risk companies which are suits to conservative taken by the investors. part of said theme. investors.
Debt Funds
Schemes with an objective that limits them to investments in debt securities like Treasury Bills, Government Securities, Bonds and Debentures are called debt funds. Types of Debt funds: Gilt funds Invest in only treasury bills and government securities, with Zero credit risk. Diversified debt funds Invest in a mix of government and non-government debt securities. Junk bond schemes Invest in companies with poor credit quality.
What are debt funds? Fixed maturity plans are debt funds where the investment portfolio is closely aligned to the maturity of the scheme & usually for shorter term – less than a year. Floating rate funds: Invests in floating rate debt securities where the interest rate payable by issuer changes in line with the market. NAV`s of such schemes fluctuate lesser than debt funds that invest more in debt securities offering a fixed rate of interest. Liquid schemes or money market schemes invest only in debt securities that matures within 91-days. They are the lowest in risk among all kinds of mutual fund schemes.
What are hybrid funds?
Monthly Income Plan ●
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Seeks to declare a dividend every month. invests largely in debt securities. & Small percentage in equity shares to improve the scheme’s yield. Capital Protected Schemes
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They are close-ended schemes, They are structured to ensure that investors get their principal back, irrespective of market conditions. Mainly invests in Zero coupon govt securities whose maturity is aligned with scheme`s maturity.
What are other types of funds? Gold Exchange Traded Fund, ●
They are like an index fund that invests in gold. NAV of such funds moves in line with gold prices in the market. Gold Sector Funds
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Such funds like any equity sectors funds the prices of these shares are more closely linked to the profitability and gold reserves of the companies. NAV of these funds do not closely mirror gold prices. Real Estate Funds
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Such funds make it possible for small investors to take exposure to real estate as an asset class. although permitted by law, such mutual funds are yet to hit the market in India.
What are Other types of Funds Commodities Funds ●
Such funds Invest in shares of Companies that are in to commodities Like Gold sector funds, Commodity Sector Funds etc. International funds
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Invest outside the country the Common practice is tie up with a foreignfund. In such case a feeder fund will be launched & will subsequently invest into the host fund of the foreign fund house. Fund of funds (FOF)
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Such funds invest in various other funds, whether in India or abroad. They are designed to help investors get over the trouble of choosing between ultiple schemes and their variants in the market.
Exchange Traded Funds
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An open ended fund that trades on stock exchange.
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A baskets of securities that are traded, like individual stocks, on an exchange.
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ETF`s can be bought and sold throughout the trading day like any stock.
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It tracks a market index and trades like a stock on the stock market.
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One must pay a brokerage to buy and sell ETF units.
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ETF`s are not the index funds.
Comparison of Debt Funds Debt Funds Liquid Funds Investment Objective Return
Gilt Funds
Diversified Debt Funds
FMP
MIP
For consistent For higher return For fixed returns over for regular returns & liquidity. than gilt funds & fixed-maturity income Between the call rates & Nearly Fixed sort of Higher than pure Moderate Higher Yield 1yr T Bills returns debt fund High Liquidity
High Yield Debt Funds For higher returns High
Default Risk
Very less
Nil
Yes
Yes
Yes
High
Interest rate risk
Nil
Medium to high
Yes
Nil
Yes
Yes
Credit rating
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
short duration fixed income paper & into equity funds
risky debt instruments
Portfolio
Liquidity
Invest in short-term debt invest G-Secs of Invest in a mix of Schemes maturity is instruments with less central & state govt govt and non govt aligned with portfolio than 1 year maturity. & T. Bills. securities. maturity Very High
3 Business days
can be redeemed comparatively before maturity at 3 Business days low exchange.
Balanced Fund
The discussion on asset allocation brought out the benefit of diversifying the investment portfolio across asset classes Balance fund is rarely a 50/50 fund! Equity oriented Balanced funds (up to 65% in equity) Income oriented Balanced fund (up to 65% in debt) Investing in a balanced scheme makes things simpler for investor, because Fewer scheme selection decisions to be made
Parameters to consider while selecting any fund
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Fund Age
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Scheme running expenses
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Tracking error
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Regular income yield
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Risk, return and risk adjusted returns
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Investor behavior
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Experts view
Investment Choices
Investor can Achieve income & capital appreciation in all funds by various choices available such as
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Dividend Option – Regular Dividend
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Dividend Reinvestment Option
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Growth Option
Most of the Funds are available with all above options Investor can choose according to his investment objective.
Very Important Points ●
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An Open Ended Fund offers repurchase facility unconditionally at all times (But It is not obliged to keep selling new units at all times). A Gilt Fund is a special type of Fund that invests in Dated Securities only. Units from an Open ended fund are bought through Distributors, Banks, Post offices, brokers appointed by AMC. The Unit Capital of a closed Ended Fund is fixed. Also the number of units are also fixed. Each unit holder of a mutual Fund is part owner of the asset of that Mutual fund ( he is not a creditor, not a debtor and not a trustee of that mutual fund). Units from an Open Ended fund are bought from the Fund Itself ( not from the AMFI, stock exchange, distributors or the banks).
Very Important Points ●
The Liquidity needs of an investor are met through Money Market Funds.
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A retired person generally needs a greater proportion of Debt Funds.
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A young investor, for growth and wealth creation, should be advised to invest in Equity Growth Funds. Retired investors should not invest in securities which bear risk of capital erosion. An Equity Fund can be said to be concentrated when Top 10 holdings account for more than 50% of net assets invested. The size of the market cap of fund’s equity holdings is inversely proportional to the level of risk assumed by the fund. ( Large Market Cap have low risk). A steady holdings of investments in an equity fund’s portfolio indicates both Long Term orientation and Lower Transaction Costs. Before investing in equity fund one should look at Ex Mark, Beta, Yield, Age and size of the fund, Portfolio turnover rate.
Very Important Points – Debt Funds ●
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Debt Schemes are popular because the returns are more predictable. Equity returns are volatile and very less predictable. If an investor needs income, he should select a fund with high current yield. YTM ( Yield to maturity) of debt fund’s portfolio gives an indication of Total Return ( Not current income).
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Longer the average duration of debt fund portfolio, greater the interest rate risk.
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Long term Debt funds carry high interest rate risk.
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Running a Money Market Mutual Fund requires more of Trading Skills.
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The investors should invest in Debt Fund with a Higher Rated Portfolio and Lower Expense Ratio. An Ideal money market MF has lower expense Ratio.
Question for Revision Q-1 What is not an advantage of the Mutual Fund ? (a) professional management (b) Choice over load (C) High liquidity (d) Economic scale Q-2 Which of the following fund targets capital appreciation over 3 to 5 year period at above average rate? (a) Aggressive growth fund (b)Growth fund (c) Sector fund (d)None of the above. Q-3 Gold funds can invest in (a) Gold (b) Gold futures
(c) Shares of gold mines (d) All of the above.
Q-4 Which of the following fund would fall under passive management ? (a) (c)
Diversified Equity Fund (b) Index Fund Equity Growth Fund (d) all of Above.
Question for Revision Q-5 Which one of the following funds does not qualify as a speciality fund? (a)Pharma Fund (c) Small-Cap Fund
(b) Balanced Fund (d) Emerging Markets Fund
Q-6 After NFO in Open Ended fund transactions can be done by ? (a) Existing Investors (b) Existing & New Investors (b) New Investors (d) None of the Above. Q-7 Compare to Sector Funds Thematic Fund would have a wider choice for investment ? (a) True (b) False Answers: Q-1 : (b), Q-2 : (b), Q-3 : (d), Q-4 : (b), Q-5 : (b) , Q-6 : (b), Q-7 : (True)
Chapter 2
FUND STRUCTURE AND CONSTITUENTS
Structural Frame Work of Mutual Funds Sponsor (Reliance capital Limited)
Trustee Rel. Cap. Trustee Co. Ltd.
Appoints
Responsible for investors money (Primary Guardian)
*Custodians are appointed by Trustees
AMC Rel. Cap. Asset. Mgmt. Ltd
Fund Management Banks
Contributes at least 40% in the capital
Marketing & Development Registrar & Custodian* Karvy & CAMS
Regulatory structure of MF in India ●
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The structure of mutual funds in India is governed by SEBI(Mutual Fund) Regulations, 1996. It is mandatory to have a three tier structure of Sponsor-Trustee-Asset Management Company. The Sponsor is the promoter and he appoints the Trustees who are responsible to the investors of the fund. AMC is the business face of the mutual fund as it manages all the affairs of the fund
How are Mutual Funds Structured ●
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In India Mutual fund is the form of a Public Trust created under the Indian trust Act 1882. The fund sponsor acts as the Settler of trust, contributes the initial capital and appoints the trustees to hold the trust for the benefit of the unit holders. Mutual fund is just a “pass-through vehicle” In India, Mutual funds are organized as trusts. The trust is either managed by a Board of Trustees, or by a trustee company. The trustees hold the unit holders money in a fiduciary capacity. (Money belongs to unit holders) In legal sense, the investors are the beneficial owners of investments.
Sponsor ●
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The sponsor is a promoter of the mutual fund Sponsor appoints the Trustees, the AMC and custodians with prior approval of SEBI and in accordance with SEBI Regulations.
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Sponsor must have a 5-year track record in the financial Services business.
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Sponsor must have been profit making in at least 3 of the above 5 years.
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Sponsor must contribute at least 40% of the net worth of the AMC
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Sponsor could be a bank (SBI, PNB, ICICI, HDFC) a financial institution (Fidelity, Franklin Templeton) or a Corporate (Reliance, Birla, Tata etc.)
Trustee
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The role of the trustee is to safeguard the interest of the investor of the fund.
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The trustee make sure that the fund are invested as per the investment objective.
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There must be at least 4 members in the Board of Trustees and at least 2/3 of the members of the board of trustees must be independent.
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Trustee of one mutual fund can not be a trustee of another mutual fund.
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All major decisions are taken by trustee.
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The 3rd schedule of the SEBI regulations specifies the content of the trust deed.
Rights & Obligations of trustees Rights :●
Trustees appoint the AMC, consultation with the sponsor according to SEBI.
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All Schemes floated by the AMC have to be approved by the Trustees.
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Trustees can seek remedial actions from AMC & in cases dismiss the AMC Obligations :-
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Trustees must ensure due diligence on the part of AMC in the appointment of constituents and business associates Trustees must furnish to the SEBI, on half yearly basis a report on the activities of the AMC
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Trustees must ensure compliance with SEBI regulations
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The meeting of the trustees should be held at least once in every 2 months.
Asset Management Company ●
Must be registered with SEBI
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AMC also can be formed as Pvt Ltd Company.
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Amc is responsible for all operational aspects.
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AMC gets fees for fund management.
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AMC must have a minimum net worth of Rs. 10 Cr., at all times
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An AMC cannot be an AMC or Trustee, of another Mutual Fund
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AMC’ s cannot indulge in any other business, other than that of asset management. AMC can not be trustee / AMC for another MF.
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At least half of the members of the Board of an AMC, have to be independent
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Quaterly reporting to trustees.
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The agreement between the Trustees and the AMC is known as “Investment Management Agreement”.
Functions of the Custodians
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Responsible for the securities held in the mutual fund’s portfolio and is required to be registered with SEBI
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Custodian is appointed by the Board of Trustees
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Keep an investment record of the mutual fund
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Collect dividends and investment payments due on the mutual funds investment The custodian and sponsor cannot be the same entity The custodian is the guardian of the funds and assets of investors
Registrar and Transfer Agents ●
They are responsible for issuing and redeeming units of the Mutual Fund. Their other services include:
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Process investor applications
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Record details of Investors
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Send information to Investors
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Process dividend payout
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Incorporate changes in investor information
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Keeping Investor information up to date
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Example Karvy and CAMS
Other's important authorities
Auditors : ●
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Auditors are responsible for the audit of accounts. The auditor appointed to audit the scheme accounts needs to be different from the auditor of the AMC. While the scheme auditor is appointed by the Trustees
Fund Accountants : •
Fund accountants calculate the NAV by collecting the information about the assets and liabilities of each scheme.
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AMC can either handle this activity in house or can higher the agency.
Other's important authorities
Distributors :They play a key role in selling suitable types of units to their clients. But before selling distributors needs pass the prescribed certification tests Collecting Bankers :The Investors Money go into bank account of the scheme they have invested in . These banks accounts are maintained with collection bankers who are appointed by AMC.
Important Points ●
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The appointment of AMC can be terminated by Majority of directors of trustees. Fund manager is responsible for filing details of the funds’ portfolio with SEBI. A sponsor of a mutual fund can act as the distributor of the Mutual fund. The sponsor can be compared as promoter of a company Sponsor can contribute to the initial corpus of the trust. Sponsor contributes to the capital of the AMC and can invest in his own fund’s schemes. Sponsor can not act as Trustee , Custodian of the Mutual Fund.
Important Points
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A sponsor of a mutual fund can act as the distributor of the Mutual fund.
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Sponsor can contribute to the initial corpus of the trust.
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Sponsor contributes to the capital of the AMC.
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Sponsor can invest in his own fund’s schemes.
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Sponsor can not act as Trustee of Mutual fund.
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Sponsor can not act as Custodian of the Mutual Fund
Questions for Revision Q-1 The appointments of fund distributors are made by (a) The Transfer Agents (b) The Fund Sponsor (c) The Trustees
(d) The AMC
Q-2 In India, a mutual fund has to be structured: (a)
As a trust
(b)
As an investment company
(c)
Either as a trust or as a company at the choice of the sponsor the above
(d)
None of
Q-3 Which of the following entities is responsible for issuing and redeeming units? (a) Custodian
(b) Bankers
(c) Registrar
Q-4 Minimum Net worth needed by AMC ? (a) 10Cr
(b) 15 Cr
(c) 20Cr (d) 5Cr.
Answers: Q-1 : (d), Q-2 : (a), Q-3 : (c), Q-4 : (a)
(d) Distributors.
Chapter 3
LEGAL AND REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT
Regulating Agencies of Mutual Fund
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Mutual Funds are regulated by SEBI (Mutual Funds) Regulations, 1996 SEBI regulates all funds, except offshore funds i.e. those schemes offered in a foreign country Bank-sponsored mutual funds were jointly regulated by SEBI and RBI Subsequently it has been clarified that all MFs being primarily capital market players,regulatory come under the umbrella of SEBI. RBI regulates the money and government securities market where the mutual funds invest. But not the MMMF.
Regulating Agencies of Mutual Fund
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Liquid funds which invest in money market instruments are now governed by SEBI alone. ( Money Market Mutual Funds are now regulated by SEBI). But they need to comply with RBI's regulations If a bank-sponsored mutual fund offers a guarantees, it requires RBI permission SEBI does not regulate Non Banking Finance companies. The finance ministry is the supervisor of both the RBI and SEBI Aggrieved parties can make appeals to the Ministry of finance on the SEBI rulings relating to mutual funds.
Self regulatory organizations (SRO’s) ●
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In developed Countries it is common for market players to Create SRO, Whose prime responsibility is to regulate the their own members Where ever SRO exits statutory regulatory bodies lays down the broad policy framework and leave micro regulation to the SRO. SRO are the second-tier in the regulatory structure & gets their powers from the apex regulating agency and act on their instructions
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SRO facilitate decentralization in the regulatory structure.
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For Instance - Stock exchanges are Self-Regulatory Organizations
What are the objectives of AMFI ? ●
AMFI is an industry association, incorporated in 1995, is not an SRO, so it can
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Just issue guidelines to members. It cannot enforce regulations.
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To Define & Maintain high professional , ethical standards in all areas of operation in MF Industry. To recommend best business practice and code of conduct to be followed by the members and other engaged in various activities. To interact with the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) and represent to SEBI on all matters concerning the mutual fund industry. To represent to the Government, Reserve Bank of India and other bodies on all matters relating to the Mutual Fund Industry.
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To develop a cadre of well trained agent distributors.
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To Undertake nationwide investor awareness programme to promote better understanding of the concept & working of mutual funds
AMFI code of ethics (ACE)
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Amfi Code of Ethics sets out the standards of good practices to be followed by the AMC in their operations and in their dealings with investors , intermediaries and the public. SEBI Regulation 1996 requires all the AMC and trustees to abide by the code of conduct.
AMFI code of ethics (ACE) Integrity Members and their key personnel, in the conduct of their business shall observe the high standard of integrity and fairness in all the dealing with the investors, issuer,market intemediaries,other members and regulatory and other government authorities. Mutual Fund Scheme shall be organized, Operated, Managed and and their portfolios of securities selected, in the interest of all classes of unit holder and not in the intererest of ●
Sponsors
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Directors of Members
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Members of Board of Trustees or Directors of the Trustee company
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Brokers and Other Market Intermediaries
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Associates of Members
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A Special class selected from out of Unit Holders
AMFI code of ethics (ACE) Due Diligence ●
Mem bers in the conduct of their Asset Management Business shall at all times
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Render high standard of service
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Exercise due diligence
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Excercise independent professional judgement
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Member shall have and employ effectively adequately resources and procedures which are needed for the conduct of Asset Management activity Disclosures
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Member shall ensure timely dissemination to all unitholder of adequate,accurate, and explicit information presented in a simple language about the investment objectives, investment policies, financial positions and general affairs oooof the scheme.
AMFI code of ethics (ACE) Professional Selling Practice ●
Member shall not use any unethical means to sell,market or induce any investors to buy their products and scheme Investment Practice
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Members shall manage all the schemes in accordance with the
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Fundamental investment objectives and investment policies stated
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In the offer documents and take investment decisions solely in the
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Interest of the unitholders.
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5.2 Members shall not knowingly buy or sell securities for any of their schemes from or to
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Any director, officer, or employee of the member
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Any trustee or any director, officer, or employee of the Trustee Company
AMFI code of ethics (ACE) Operations ●
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Members shall avoid conflicts of interest in managing the affairs of the schemes and shall keep the interest of all unitholders paramount in all matters relating to the scheme. Members or any of their directors, officers or employees shall not indulge in front running (buying or selling of any securities ahead of transaction of the fund, with access to information regarding the transaction which is not public and which is material to making an investment decision, so as to derive unfair advantage). Reporting Practices
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Members shall follow comparable and standardized valuation policies in accordance with the SEBI Mutual Fund Regulations.
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Members shall follow uniform performance reporting on the basis of total return.
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Members shall ensure scheme-wise segregation of cash and securities accounts. Unfair Competition
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Members shall not make any statement or become privy to any act, practice or competition, which is likely to be harmful to the interests of other Members or is likely to place other Members in a disadvantageous position in relation to a market player or investors, while competing for investible funds.
AMFI code of ethics (ACE) Observance Of Statutes, Rules And Regulations ●
Members shall abide by the letter and spirit of the provisions of the Statutes, Rules and Regulations which may be applicable and relevant to the activities carried on by the Members. 10.0 Enforcement Members shall:
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Widely disseminate the AMFI Code to all persons and entities covered by it
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Make observance of the Code a condition of employment
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Make violation of the provisions of the code, a ground for revocation of contractual arrangement without redress and a cause for disciplinary action Require that each officer and employee of the Member sign a statement that he/she has received and read a copy of the Code Establish internal controls and compliance mechanisms, including assigning supervisory responsibility.
AMFI code of ethics (ACE) - Summary AMFI code of ethics broadly deals with: ●
Integrity
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Due diligence
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Disclosures
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Professional selling practices
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Investment practices
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Operations
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Reporting practices
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Unfair competition
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Observation of statutes, rules and regulations
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Enforcement
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Definitions like AMFI, Member, Trustee, Trustee company etc.
AMFI guidelines & norms for intermediaries (AGNI) ●
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Take necessary steps to ensure that the clients’ interest is protected. Adhere to SEBI Mutual Fund Regulations and guidelines issued from time to time related to selling, distribution and advertising practices. Be fully conversant with the key provisions of the Scheme Information Document (SID), Statement of Additional Information (SAI) and Key Information Memorandum (KIM) as well as the operational requirements of various schemes Highlight risk factors of each scheme, avoid misrepresentation and exaggeration and urge investors to go through SID/KIM before deciding to make investments. Disclose to the investors all material information including all the commissions (in the form of trail or any other mode) received for the different competing schemes of various Mutual Funds from amongst which the scheme is being recommended to the investors.
AMFI guidelines & norms for intermediaries (AGNI) ●
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Abstain from indicating or assuring returns in any type of scheme, unless the SID is explicit in this regard. Maintain confidentiality of all investor deals and transactions. When marketing various schemes, remember that a client’s interest and suitability to their financial needs is paramount. Intermediaries will not rebate commissions back to investors and avoid attracting clients through temptation of rebates / gifts etc. A focus on financial planning and advisory services ensure correct selling, and also reduces the trend towards investors asking for pass back of commission. All employees engaged in sales and marketing should obtain AMFI (NISM Series-V-A: Mutual Fund Distributors Certification Examination)
Investors Rights & Obligations Service Standards Mandated for a Mutual Fund towards its Investors:
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Schemes, other than ELSS, need to allot units or refund moneys within 5 business days of closure of the NFO. Open-ended schemes, other than ELSS, have to re-open for ongoing sale / re-purchase within 5 business days of allotment. Statement of accounts are to be sent to investors as follows: NFO - within 5 business days of closure of the NFO. 1. Post-NFO investment – within 10 working days of the investment 2. Ongoing Investments – Once in quarter end of calender year with in 10 working days 3. Request by investor - To be dispatched with in 5 working days with out charges
Investors Rights & Obligations ●
●
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Investor can ask for a Unit Certificate for his Unit Holding. AMC is bound to issue unit certificates within 30 days of receipts of request. NAV has to be published daily, in at least 2 newspapers NAV, Sale Price and Re-purchase Price is to be updated in the website of AMFI and the mutual fund
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case of Fund of Funds, by 10 am the following day
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In the case of other schemes, by 9 pm the same day
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The investor/s can appoint upto 3 nominees, .
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The investor has a right to pledge the units held.
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Dividend warrants have to be dispatched to investors within 30 days of declaration of the dividend
●
Redemption / re-purchase cheques would need to be dispatched to investors
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within 10 working days from the date of receipt of transaction request.
Investors Rights & Obligations ●
Unit-holders have proportionate right to the beneficial ownership of the assets of the scheme.
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Investors can choose to change their distributor or go direct. In such cases, AMCs will need to comply, without insisting on any kind of No Objection Certificate from the existing distributor. Investors can choose to hold the Units in dematerialized form. The AMC is bound to co-ordinate with the RTA and Depository to facilitate. In the case of unit-holding in demat form, the demat statement given by the Depository Participant would be treated as compliance with the requirement of Statement of Account.
Investors Rights & Obligations
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The mutual fund has to publish a complete statement of the scheme portfolio and the unaudited financial results, within 1 month from the close of each half year. Advertisement need to publish in one national English & regional language of the region where the HQ of the mutual fund is situated. Debt-oriented, close-ended / interval, schemes /plans need to disclose their portfolio in their website every month, by the 3rd working day of the succeeding month. Unit-holders can inspect key documents such as the Trust Deed, Investment Management Agreement, Custodial Services Agreement, R&T agent agreement and Memorandum & Articles of Association of the AMC.
Investors Rights & Obligations ●
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Scheme-wise Annual Report, or an abridged summary has to be mailed to all unit- holders within 6 months of the close of the financial year. The offer document has details of the number of complaints received and their disposal. Pending investor complaints can be a ground for SEBI to refuse permission to the AMC to launch new schemes. The trustees / AMC cannot make any change in the fundamental attributes of a scheme, unless a written communication is sent to each Unit-holder, and an advertisement should be published in news papers (english & regional). An option of exit would be give to unit holders with out any exit load. with in 30 days.
Investors Rights & Obligations ●
●
The appointment / Termination of an AMC - A majority of the trustees or by 75% of the Unit-holders (in practice, Unit-holding) of the Scheme. The Winding of a Scheme - Only after 75% of the Unit-holders (in practice, Unit-holding) pass a resolution to wind-up a scheme.
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The Trustees are bound to obtain consent of the Unit-holders:
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Whenever required to do so by SEBI, in the interest of the Unit-holders
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●
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Whenever required to do so by 75% of the Unit-holders (in practice, Unitholding) of the scheme. When the trustees decide to wind-up or prematurely redeem the scheme If an investor feels that the trustees have not fulfilled their obligations, then he can file a suit against the trustees for breach of trust.
Limitations to Investors right ●
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Investors cannot sue the trust as they are not distinct from the trust Investors cannot lodge complaints against the trustees (with the Registrar of Public Trusts) or the AMC (with the CLB). Investors can lodge complaints with SEBI for non-compliance. Investors cannot be compensated if the performance of the fund is below expectations. There are no legal remedies available for a prospective investor. The principle of caveat emptor (let the buyer beware) applies to mutual fund investments. So, the unit-holder cannot seek legal protection on the grounds of not being aware, especially when it comes to the provisions of law, and matters fairly and transparently stated in the Offer Document.
Unclaimed Amounts ●
The mutual fund has to deploy unclaimed dividend & redemption amounts in the money market.
●
AMC can recover investment management and advisory fees at maximum rate of 0.50% p.a.
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●
●
●
Recovery of such unclaimed amounts by the investors is as follows: If the investor claims the money within 3 years, then payment is based on prevailing NAV i.e. after adding the income earned on the unclaimed money If the investor claims the money after 3 years, then payment is based on the NAV at the end of 3 years AMC is expected to make a continuous effort to remind the investors through letters to claim their dues.
●
The Annual Report has to mention the unclaimed amount and the number of such investors for each scheme.
Important Points ●
●
● ●
●
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SEBI entertains the complaints against MF and intervenes with fund managements to help the investor. SEBI requires that sponsors of a new scheme should appoint a compliance officer who must issue a Due Diligence Certificate to the effect that all regulations have been complied with by the fund and sponsors. The fund investors are neither shareholders nor depositors in the AMC Mutual fund has to deploy unclaimed dividend and redemption amount in money market, where they can charge .50% as investment management and advisory fees. Unit holders have right to timely service, right to information, right to approve changes in fundamental attributes, right to wind up a scheme, right to terminate the AMC. 3rd Schedule of SEBI (MF) regulations 1996 specifies the contents of the Trust Deed.
●
The body to which investors may address their complaints is SEBI.
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Investors money is not protected by the Companies Act.
Questions for Revision Q-1. Bank owned mutual funds are regulated by (a) RBI and SEBI (b) Respective parent banks (c) RBI
(d) SEBI
Q-2. If an investor failed to claim the redemption proceeds after 3 years of due date he has the right to receive an amount equal to (a) Zero
(b) Face value of the unit
(c)Due date NAV plus interest @15% p.a. (d)NAV at the end of three years after the due date Q-3 Payment of redemption is delayed then what % Interest has to be paid by AMC ? (a) 10% (b)20%
(c)9%
(d) 15%
Answers: Q-1 : (d) Q-2 : (d) Q-3 : (d)
Chapter 4
OFFER DOCUMENT
New Fund Offer
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●
●
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Units of mutual fund are offered to investors for the first time through a NFO. Following are the key steps leading to NFO. AMC decide the scheme to take to the market. AMC prepares offer Document for the NFO. This needs to be approved by the trustees. The documents are to be filed with SEBI. And any observation made by SEBI needs to be incorporated in OD.
●
Only After approval from SEBI & trustees OD can be issued in the Markets.
●
AMC decides the suitable time for launch
New Fund Offer
●
●
AMC holds events for intermediaries and press to make them familiar with the scheme.
Finally offer documents and Application forms are distributed to market intermediaries for investor to apply.
There are 3 Relevant dates related to NFO ●
NFO Open date
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NFO Close Date
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Scheme Reopening Date
The Offer Document
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●
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Offer Document is the most important source of information about a mutual fund scheme for investors OD is the operating document and describes the product. Mutual fund offer document is divided into two parts, Scheme information document (SID) and Statement of additional information (SAI). SID comprises of details of the scheme while SAI deals with statutory I information about the mutual fund that is offering scheme. Both documents are prepared in the format as prescribed by SEBI.
The Offer Document
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●
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SEBI does not approve or dis approve the offer document, it gives its observation which needs to be incorporated in the offer document by the mutual fund. Investors are required to read and understand the OD. Investors sign the form stating that they have read the OD. No recourse is available to investors for not reading the OD or KIM
●
The OD is issued by the AMC on behalf of the trustees
●
The AMC is responsible for the information in the OD
Contents of SID
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Cover Page has the name of the scheme followed by its type
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Open-ended / Close ended / Interval
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Equity / Balanced / Income / Debt / Liquid / ETF
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Finally the cover page has the following standard clauses.
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Table of Contents
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Highlights
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Introduction - Risk Factors
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Standard
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Scheme-specific - Minimum no. of investors in scheme, Definitions, Due Diligence Certificate (issued by the AMC)
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Information about the scheme - Units & Offer, Fees & Expenses ,Rights & Penalties Unit-holders, Litigation etc.
Updation of SID
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If a scheme is launched in the first 6 months of the financial year (say, April 2010), then the first update of the SID is due within 3 months of the end of the financial year (i.e. by June 2011). If a scheme is launched in the second 6 months of the financial year (say, October 2010), then the first update of the SID is due within 3 months of the end of the next financial year (i.e. by June 2012). Thereafter, SID is to be updated every year. In case of change in the fundamental attributes, the SID has to be updated immediately after the lapse of the time period given to existing investors to exit the scheme.
Contents of SID – Other changes ●
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●
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It will be printed on a separate piece of paper (addendum) and distributed along with the SID, until the SID is updated. If a change is superseded by a further change (for instance, change in load), then addenda is not required for the superseded change i.e. addenda is only required to disclose the latest position. The change is to be advertised in an English newspaper having nation-wide circulation, and in a newspaper of the language of the region where the head office of the mutual fund is located. The change is to be mentioned in the website of the mutual
Contents of SAI
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Information about Sponsors, AMC & Trustee ,shareholding responsibilities, names of directors and their contact information.
pattern,
profiles of key personnel, and contact information of service providers {Custodian, Registrar & Transfer Agent, Statutory Auditor, Fund Accountant (if outsourced) and Collecting Bankers} Condensed financial information (for schemes launched in last 3 financial years) How to apply Rights of Unit-holders Investment Valuation Norms Tax, Legal & General Information (including investor grievance redressal mechanism of past 3 years.
Update of SAI
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●
Regular update is to be done by the end of 3 months of every financial year. Material changes have to be updated on an ongoing basis and uploaded on the websites of the mutual fund and AMFI.
Contents of KIM ●
KIM is a summary of the SID and SAI. As per SEBI regulations, every application form is to be accompanied by the KIM.
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Name of the AMC, mutual fund, Trustee, Fund Manager and scheme
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Dates of Opening /Closing Issue & Re-opening for Sale & Re-purchase
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Plans and Options under the scheme
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Risk Profile of Scheme
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Price at which Units are being issued and minimum amount / units for initial purchase, additional purchase and re-purchase Bench Mark , Dividend Policy Performance of scheme and benchmark over last 1 year, 3 years, 5 years and since inception.
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Loads and expenses
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Contact information of Registrar for taking up investor grievances
Update of KIM
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KIM is to be updated at least once a year. As in the case of SID, KIM is to be revised in the case of change in fundamental attributes. Other changes can be disclosed through addenda attached to the KIM.
Fundamental attributes
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Fundamental attributes of a scheme are its basic features. For eg. Open or close ended, lock-in period, fund objectives, asset allocation, loads and charges etc. For any change in fundamental attributes, SEBI and Trustee approval is required. Investor approval is not needed. However, each investor must be informed through a communication and given the option to exit without exit load.
Standard risk factors ●
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Mutual fund and securities are subject to market risk and there is no assurance that the objective will be achieved NAV of units issued under the scheme can go up or down depending on factors and forces affecting capital markets. Past performance of the sponsor/AMC/ Mutual fund does not indicate the future performance of the scheme. The name of the scheme does not in any manner indicate any either the quality of the scheme or the future performance of the scheme
Scheme specific risks
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Risk arising from investment objective, investment strategy and asset allocation of the scheme Risk arising from non –diversification , if any If a scheme offers assured returns, the scheme must state that the assurance is on the basis of the guarantees provided by the sponsor/AMC If the AMC has no previous experience in managing a mutual fund, a disclosure to the at effect should be made
Important Points regarding OD and KIM ●
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In USA, the OD is known as prospectus The first time investor should read detailed offer document, once he has gained familiarity with the AMC, he can just refer to KIM
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The offer document is issued by the AMC / Trustees
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OD is a legal document.
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OD issued for launching of a new schemes is valid for a period of six months and if the scheme is not launched within this period a fresh OD is required to be filed. OD contains the accounting policies to be followed. Such policies should be in accordance with the SEBI regulations. OD must disclose the names and background of fund managers, key personnel, investor relation officer, AMC and its directors, custodian, registrar, transfer agent and the statutory auditor.
Important Points
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KIM is available at various distribution points such as banks, distributors and brokers AMC must confirm that a due diligence certificate signed by Compliance officer / CEO / MD has been submitted to SEBI. If a scheme’s name implies that it will invest primarily in a particular type of security or in certain industry, then it will invest at least 65% of the value of its assets in the indicated type of security/ industry. OD must contain brief description of investors’ complaint history for the last 3 Fiscal years of existing schemes. In practice, SID and SAI are two separate documents, though the legal technicality is that SAI is part of the SID. Both documents need to be updated regularly.
Questions for Revision
Q-1 Which of the following is the operating document for a mutual fund? (a) Offer Document (b) KIM (c) Trust deed (d) None of the above. Q-2 The OD may not disclose the names and background of (a) Fund manager (d)
(b) Key personnel
(c) Investor relation officer
Statutory auditor (e) None of the above.
Q-3 Offer Document issued on launch of the new scheme is valid for ? (a)
1 month
(b) 3 months
(c) 6 months
(d) 1 year.
Questions for Revision Q-4 Which of the following is not the scheme specific risk factor? (a) Risk arising from the schemes objective (b) Risk arising from the non-diversification (c) No previous experience in managing a fund (d) Movement in NAV because of the market movements. Q-5 SEBI directs that certain information must appear on the cover page of the offer document of any scheme. This includes the following except (a) A statement to the effect that the document contains information that a prospective investor should know before investing (b) A description of the investment policies for the scheme on offer (c) Opening, closing and earliest closing date for the offer (d) Type of scheme and price of units on offer
Questions for Revision Q-6 Which of the following document is attached with the application form? (a) Offer document (b) Prospectus (c) Offer for sale document (d) KIM. Q-7 Only one of the following statements is correct as regards the required frequency of updating the contents of the Offer Document of an existing mutual fund scheme. Which one? (a) Once issued, the OD of an existing scheme can`t be updated (b) The OD must be updated whenever there is a material change in its contents (c) The OD must be updated on a half-yearly basis (d) The OD must be updated on a yearly basis. Answers: Q-1 : (a), Q-2 : (e), Q-3 : (c), Q-4 : (d), Q-5 : (B), Q-6 : (d), Q-7 : (b)
Chapter 5
FUND DISTRIBUTION AND CHANNEL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Trainer must elaborate the concept before starting the ppt.
Traditional Distribution Channels
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Individual Agents Those agents who facilitates the investment individually for Insurance co`s or Govt. Savings schemes etc.
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Institutional Channels The changing competitive context led to the emergence of the institutional distributors for a wide spectrum of financial products such as Private Distribution Companies Banks and NBFC`s Post Offices
Newer distribution Channels Technologies has opened the doors to newer ways with help of such technologies there is a emergence of newer distribution channels which would play an important role in the years to come. Internet • Direct Interactions • Reduction in Cost • Convenience • Less paper work • High standards in Servicing the clients Stock Exchanges • High penetration • High volume of transactions • Cost effectiveness.
Pre-requisites to become MF Advisor
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The Individual needs to pass the certification Examination conducted by NISM. And get the ARN registration from AMFI.
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With out Certification / registration one can not advise or sell any Mutual fund schemes.
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In case of corporates employee involved in sales & Marketing has to Pass the
certification examination. ●
Once the passing certification one can advise all the AMC`s Mutual Fund After
completing the empenalment process with each AMC separately
Commission structure for mutual fund agents
Initial ( Upfront )commission Paid on the amount mobilised by agents. The scheme application forms carry a suitable disclosure to the effect that the upfront commission to distributors will be paid by the investor directly to the distributor, based on his assessment of various factors including the service rendered by the distributor. Trail commission it is paid normally on quarterly basis for the funds that remain invested in the scheme. Trail is an effective way to restrict the practice of rebating, and link commissions.
Example
Suppose an investor has bought 1000 units at Rs 10 each. The distributor who procured the investment may have been paid an initial commission calculated as a percentage on 1000 units X Rs 10 i.e. Rs 10,000. Later, suppose the NAV of the scheme goes up to Rs 15. Trail commission is payable on 1000 units X Rs 15 i.e. Rs 15,000 & not on the Rs 10,000 mobilised. The rates of commission are decided by the mutual fund themselves and are not subject to regulation by either AMFIor SEBI.
SEBI’s advertising code • Standard measures to compare such as Compounded Annualized Yield, CAGR etc. for scheme in existence for more than 1 year. • Annualised yields for at least one, three, five years & since launch • For less than 1 year performance, Absolute Return without annualisation except for Liquid Mutual Funds. • Dividend declared to be mentioned in rupees per unit with face value of each unit and the prevailing NAV at the time of declaration • Risk factors prominently stated • For comparing performance against benchmarks,appropriate benchmark to be used and identical time periods to be used • No add-ons during offer • Any ranking of fund to be explained appropriately
Loads
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Load is charged to investor when the investor redeems units. It is primarily used to meet the expenses related to sale and distribution of units
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Load charged on redemption is exit load. It reduces price.
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Maximum Exit load is 7%. (For Open ended Funds)
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Exit load should be charged equally for all types of investors. AMC should not discriminate on the basis of Investment Value. Load is an amount which is recovered from the investor.
Questions for Revision Q-1 Which one of the following statements is correct? (a) An individual agent can distribute/sell only one mutual fund's products (b) Any category of distributors/agents can distribute as many of the mutual funds' products as allowed by the concerned AMCs (c) Banks are not allowed to sell mutual fund products, except their own funds' (d) A distribution company can distribute/sell only one mutual fund's products Q-2 Which of the following can invest in Indian Mutual fund? (a) SEBI (b) RBI (c) Foreign Banks (d) AMFI. Q-3 Which of the following categories of distributors will be exempt from passing the AMFI Mutual Fund Test? (a) All the existing agents of UTI mutual fund and other funds (b) New applicants for distributorship, if the AMC approves their applications (c) Employees of banks who distribute the funds (d) None of the above. Answers: Q-1 : (b), Q-2 : (c), Q-3 : (d)
Chapter 7
INVESTOR SERVICES
Categories of investors eligible to buy MF units
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Resident Individuals
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Indian Companies
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Indian trusts and charitable institutions
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Banks
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NBFC’s
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Insurance companies
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Provident funds
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Non-resident Indians / PIO
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OCB’s
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SEBI registered FII’s
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Advisor should refer to the OD to know the eligible investors.
KYC Requirement for MF investors
It is compulsory for all investments of Rs 50,000 and above to be compliant with the regulatory requirements prescribed under the Anti-Money Laundering Act, 1992 and SEBI circulars in this regard.
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Broadly, mutual fund investors need the following Documents:
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Proof of Identity
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Proof of Address
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PAN Card
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Photograph
KYC Requirement for MF investors ●
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●
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In order to make the process hassle free for the MF investors, MF have made an arrangement with CVL ( CDSL venture Ltd) to comply with the documentation requirement. Select branches / offices of mutual funds, registrars and large distributors serve as Points of Service (POS) for the KYC documentation, listed in AMFI website – .www.amfiindia.com Investors will need to provide the Original, along with a copy of the relevant documents, to any of the POS (The Original will be returned after verification. Alternatively, the investor can provide a True Copy attested by a Notary Public, Gazetted Officer or Manager of a Scheduled Commercial Bank. CVL provides a facility where the POS, from their own office, can access CVL’s system, enter the requisite data and generate an acknowledgment with a Mutual Fund Identification Number (MIN).
KYC Requirement for MF investors • KYC documentation has to be done only ONCE, with CVL acting through the POS. • Based on this acknowledgment, the mutual fund investor can invest in any mutual fund. • In case of any change in address or any other information, investor can get it updated at any POS and the same will be changed with all the AMC where the investor has invested. • Where investment is made by a minor, KYC requirements have to be complied with by the Guardian. • In the case of investments by a Power of Attorney holder on behalf of an investor, KYC requirements have to be complied with, by both, investor and POA holder.
PAN requirement for micro SIPs ●
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PAN Card is compulsory for all mutual fund investments. Exception has been made for Micro-SIPs i.e. SIPs where annual investment (12 month rolling or April-March financial year) does not exceed Rs 50,000. Micro-SIP investment by individuals, minors and sole-proprietory firms are exempted from the requirement of PAN card. Instead of they can produce any of the photo identification document along with micro SIP application. Voter Identity Card, Driving License, Government / Defense identification card, Passport, Photo Ration Card Photo Debit Card (Credit card not included because it may not be backed up by a bank account). Employee ID cards issued by companies registered with Registrar of Companies) etc.... It may be noted that the relaxation in documentation requirements for microSIPs is not available for HUFs and non-individuals. It is available for NRIs, but not PIOs.
Demat Account - Benefits ●
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Dematerialisation is a process whereby an investor’s holding of investments in physical form (paper) is converted into a digital record. Investors purchase & sale of investments get automatically added or subtracted from their investment demat account, without having to execute cumbersome paperwork. Less paperwork in buying or selling the Units, and correspondingly, accepting or giving delivery of the Units. Direct credit of bonus and rights units that the investor is entitled to, into the investor’s demat account. Change of address or other details need to be given only to the Depository Participant, instead of separately to every company / mutual fund where the investor has invested. NSE’s platform is called NEAT MFSS. BSE’s platform is BSE STAR Mutual Funds Platform.
Transaction with Mutual Funds
Fresh Purchase Is a instance where the Investor does not have an investment account with specific Mutual Fund. Additional Purchase Once the Investor has the folio and he again transact new purchase transaction in the same folio. Online Transaction Are transaction done through Internet. AMC issues a personal PIN number through which investor can transact except the SIP.
Payment mechanism for purchase & additional purchase ●
Mutual funds do not accept cash.
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Application moneys need to come through normal banking channels like;
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Cheque
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DD
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NRI / PIO applications need to be accompanied by cheque drawn on an NRO account (for non-repatriable investment) or NRE account (for repatriable investment).
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If payment from NRI is by DD, and investment is on repatriable basis, a banker’s certificate will be required to the effect that the DD has come out of moneys remitted from abroad. When the NRI receives money in his bank account in India, the banker would issue a Foreign Inward Remittance Certificate (FIRC), which is evidence that the money was remitted from abroad.
Payment mechanism for purchase & additional purchase
Electronics clearing service (ECS), generally in case of SIP. Application Supported by Blocked Amount (ASBA) – This is a facility where the investment application is accompanied by an authorization to the bank to block the amount of the application money in the investor’s bank account. The benefit of ASBA is that the money goes out of the investor’s bank account only on allotment. Until then, it keeps earning interest for the investor. M-Banking is nascent in India. RBI has permitted banks to offer the facility of transferring up to Rs 50,000 per customer per day, through the mobile connection. Once people are comfortable with M-banking, this will become a convenient way to invest.
Investment plans and services
Most mutual fund schemes offer three options – – Dividend and – Growth. – Dividend reinvestment Option. These are different options within a scheme; they share the same portfolio. Therefore the portfolio returns are the same for all three options. However, they differ in the structure of cash flows and income accruals for the unit-holder, and therefore, the Unit-holder’s taxability, number of units held and value of those units.
Investment plans and services
Parameter
Dividend Payout Option
Dividend Reinvestment Option
Growth Option
Dividend received in bank accoun
Yes
NO
NO
Income Distribution Tax
Yes, for debt Schemes
Yes, for debt Schemes
NO
Increase in number of units on account Of reinvestment of Dividend
No
Yes extent of dividend and Income distribution tax NAV declines to the extent of dividend and Income Distribution tax
NAV change
NAV declines to the extent of dividend And Income Distribution tax
NO NAV captures The portfolio Change entirel
Investment plans and services Systematic Investment Plan SIP is investing a fixed sum periodically in a disciplined manner for long term. It gives benefit of Rupee Cost averaging ( Discussed in later half of presentation). Voluntary Accumulation Plan VAP is modified version of SIP. It is Voluntary Accumulation Plan. It allows the investor flexibility with respect to the amount and frequency of investment. In VAP, investor has to impose voluntary self discipline. Systematic Withdrawal Plan In cases where an investor does not want to withdraw all the amount invested at one time he can opt for facility called SWP which would enable investor to withdraw a specific amount at specific period. Systematic Transfer Plan It is a systematic way of investing an amount at pre-specified frequency from a pool of money available or from any debt scheme to equity.
Investment plans and services
Triggers It is type of an standing instruction given to particular fund for purchase or sell at desired market level.
Transactions cut off time
Sr.no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Scheme type Liquid Scheme Liquid Scheme Liquid Scheme Liquid Scheme Other Than Liquid above 1 Cr. Other Than Liquid up to 1 Cr. Other Than Liquid above 1 Cr. Other Than Liquid Other Than Liquid
Transaction Cut of time Applicable NAV Sale Previous day NAV Received upto 12 Noon Sale Received After 12 Noon Next day NAV Re-purchase Received before 3 pm Previous day NAV Re-purchase Received After 3 pm Next day NAV Sale Received any time Same day NAV Sale After 3 PM Next day NAV Sale (With Outstation cheque & DD) Same day NAV Re-purchase Same day NAV Received upto 3 PM Re-purchase After 3 PM Next day NAV
Questions for Revision Q-1 Investor A has opted for a systematic transfer plan. This means (a) The investor is allowed to transfer on a periodic basis a specified amount from one scheme to another scheme within the fund family (b) A specified amount is automatically transferred from his bank account to his fund account (c) The investor can withdraw specified amounts at periodic intervals from the plan (d) The investor can invest any amount in the scheme at periodic intervals Q-2 Which of the following is not true with respect to the SWP? (a) All allows the investor to make systematic withdrawals on a regular intervals (b) Here the amount withdrawn is treated as the redemption of units (c) SWP is same as the Monthly Income Plan (d) None of the above.
Questions for Revision
Q-3 Which of the following is not true with respect to the voluntary accumulation plan? (a) It give the flexibility to the investor regarding the amount to be invested (b) It give the flexibility to the investor regarding the frequency of investment (c) VAP follower is obliged to keep investing (d) None of the above. Answer: Q-1 : (a), Q-2 : (c), Q-3 : (d)
Chapter 8
RETURN, RISK & PERFORMANCE OF FUND
Drivers of Returns in a scheme
The portfolio is the main driver of returns in a mutual fund scheme. The underlying factors are different for each asset class.
Equity scheme
Securities Analysis Disciplines ●
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Fundamental Analysis & Technical Analysis - These are quantitative approaches to securities analysis. securities analysis is an important aspect of actively managed schemes. Fundamental Analysis entails review of the company’s fundamentals viz. financial statements, quality of management, competitive position in its product / service market etc. The analyst sets price targets, based on financial parameters like --
Earnings per Share (EPS): Net profit after tax ÷ No. of equity shares ●
This tells investors how much profit the company earned for each equity share that they own. Price to Earnings Ratio (P/E Ratio): Market Price ÷ EPS
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●
When investors buy shares of a company, they are essentially buying into its future earnings. P/E ratio indicates how much investors in the share market are prepared to pay (to become owners of the company), in relation to the company’s earnings. P/E may be high because the company’s prospects are indeed good, while another company’s P/E may be low because it is unlikely to replicate its past performance
Book Value per Share: Net Worth ÷ No. of equity shares This is an indicator of how much each share is worth, as per the company’s own books of accounts. Price to Book Value: Market Price ÷ Book Value per Share An indicator of how much the share market is prepared to pay for each share of the company, as compared to its book value. Note :Most financial indicators cannot be viewed as stand-alone numbers. They need to be viewed in the context of unique factors underlying each company. The fundamental analyst keeps track of various companies in a sector, and the uniqueness of each company, to ensure that various financial indicators are understood in the right perspective.
Technical Analysis
The discipline of Technical Analysis has a completely different approach. Technical Analysts believe that price behavior of a share, and the volumes traded are a reflection of investor sentiment, which in turn will influence future price of the share.
Investment Styles Growth investment style ●
entails investing in high growth stocks i.e. stocks of companies that are likely to grow much faster than the economy.
●
valuation of these stocks tends to be on the higher side.
●
In the event of a market correction, these stocks tend to decline more.
Value investment style ●
is an approach of picking up stocks which are valued lower, based on fundamental analysis.
●
The belief is that the market has not appreciated some aspect of the
●
value in a company’s share – and hence it is cheap.
●
When the market recognizes the intrinsic value, then the price would
●
shoot up. Such stocks are also called value stocks.
●
valuation of these stocks tends to be on the lower side.
Portfolio building approach – Top down and Bottom up: In a top down approach, the portfolio manager decides how to distribute the investable corpus between countries (if it invests in multiple geographies) and sectors. Thereafter, the good stocks within the identified sectors are selected for investment. Thus sector allocation is a key decision. A bottom-up approach on the other hand give emphasis on good stock picking. If a stock is good, it is picked for investment. The approach is therefore also called stock picking. Stock selection is the key decision in this approach; sector allocation is a result of the stock selection decisions. Therefore, it can be said that equity returns are a function of sector and stock selection.
Debt Investment in a debt security, as in the case of a loan, entails a return in the form of interest (at a pre-specified frequency for a prespecified period), and refund of a pre-specified amount at the end of the pre-specified period. ●
The pre-specified period is also called tenor.
●
At the end of the tenor, the securities are said to mature.
●
The process of repaying the amounts due on maturity is called redemption.
●
●
● ●
Debt securities that are to mature within a year are called money market securities. The return that an investor earns or is likely to earn on a debt security is called its yield. yield is a combination of interest paid by the issuer and capital gain. Debt securities are issued by Central / State Governments, Banks, Financial Institutions, Public Sector Undertakings (PSU), Private Companies, Municipalities etc.
Debt ●
●
●
●
●
●
Securities issued by the Government are called Government Securities or GSec or Gilt. Treasury Bills are short term debt instruments issued by the Reserve Bank of India on behalf of the Government of India. Certificates of Deposit are issued by Banks (for 91 days to 1 year) or Financial Institutions (for 1 to 3 years) Commercial Papers are short term securities (upto 1 year) issued by companies. Bonds / Debentures are generally issued for tenors beyond a year. Governments and public sector companies tend to issue bonds, while private sector companies issue debentures. The difference between the yield on Gilt and the yield on a non- Government Debt security is called its yield spread.
Interest Rates Risk ●
●
●
●
●
The interest rate payable on a debt security are specified as a fixed rate, say 6% or floating rate. Interest rates on floating rate securities (also called floaters) are specified as a “Base + Spread”. For example, 5-year G-Sec + 2%. Interest rates and Market price of debt security are inversely related to each other. Interest rate sensitivity of the debt security is measured by modified duration of the debt security. If the portfolio manager expects interest rates to rise, then the portfolio is switched towards a higher proportion of floating rate instruments; or fixed rate instruments of shorter tenor. On the other hand, if the expectation is that interest rates would fall, then the manager increases the exposure to longer term fixed rate debt securities.
Yield Spreads: ●
●
Suppose an investor has invested in the debt security of a company. Subsequently, its credit rating improves. The market will now be prepared to accept a lower yield spread. Correspondingly, the value of the debt security will increase in the market. A debt portfolio manager explores opportunities to earn gains by anticipating changes in credit quality, and changes in yield spreads between different market benchmarks in the market place.
Gold
Gold is a truly international asset, whose quality can be objectively measured. The value of gold in India depends on the international price of gold (which is quoted in foreign currency), the exchange rate for converting the currency into Indian rupees, and any duties on the import of gold. Therefore, returns in gold as an asset class depends on: 1) Global price of gold Gold is seen as a safe haven asset class. Therefore, whenever there is political or economic turmoil, gold prices shoot up. Most countries hold a part of their foreign currency reserves in gold. Similarly, institutions like the International Monetary Fund have large reserves of gold. When they come to the market to sell, gold prices weaken. Purchases of gold by large countries tend to push up the price of gold.
Strength of the Rupee Economic research into inflation and foreign currency flows helps analysts anticipate the likely trend of foreign currency rates. When the rupee becomes stronger, the same foreign currency can be bought for fewer rupees. Therefore, the same gold price (denominated in foreign currency), translates into a lower rupee value for the gold portfolio. This pushes down the returns in the gold fund. A weaker rupee, on the other hand, pushes up the rupee value of the gold portfolio, and consequently the returns in gold would be higher.
Real Estate Unlike gold, real estate is a local asset. It cannot be transported and its value is driven by local factors. Some of these factors are: Economic scenario In the recent past, when there was uncertainty about the economy, people preferred to postpone real estate purchases. Consequently, real estate prices weakened. As the economy improves, real estate prices also tend to keep pace. Infrastructure development Whenever infrastructure in an area improves, real estate values go up. Interest Rates When money is cheap and easily available, more people buy real estate. This pushes up real estate values. Rise in interest rates therefore softens the real estate market.
Measures of Returns
Simple Return: (End Value – Initial Value) X 100 Initial value Suppose you invested in a scheme, when its NAV was Rs 12. Later, you found that the NAV has grown to Rs 15. How much is your return? = (15 – 12) / 12 = 25%
Measures of Returns
Annualized Return: Annualized helps us compare the returns of two different time periods. Simple Return X 12 Period of simple return (in months) Suppose Two investment options have indicated their returns since inception as 5% and 3% respectively. If the first investment was in existence for 6 months, and the second for 4 months, then the two returns are obviously not comparable. 1)
5% *12 / 6
=
10%
2)
3% * 12 / 4 =
9%
Measures of Returns Compounded Return: [ (LV / IV )^(1/n) - 1 ] X 100 LV = later value IV = Initial value N = period in years Suppose if Rs 1,000 grew to Rs 4,000 in 2 years, LV = Rs 4,000; IV = Rs 1,000; n = 2 years, then the compounded return is given by such investment; = [ ((4000 / 1000) ^ ½ ) - 1 ] 100 = 100%
Drivers of risk in a scheme Risk in Mutual Fund Schemes Portfolio Risk It is basically a risk of investment allocated by the Fund manager in to different assets classes. As there is no certainty regarding the performance of the selected assets classes by the fund manager. Portfolio Liquidity It is a risk of investment made by the fund manager in to assets which are not liquid. Especially in case of open ended schemes where investor can ask for redemption at any time. SEBI has therefore laid down criteria to identify illiquid investments and also set a ceiling to the proportion of such illiquid investments in the net assets of a scheme.
Liabilities in the scheme
• • •
The outside liabilities need to be paid by a scheme, irrespective of the performance of the assets. It is bad enough when the assets perform poorly, but if heavy outside liabilities need to be paid during that time, the scheme faces extreme pressure. Therefore, outside liabilities add to the risk in a mutual fund scheme. Some outside liabilities are part of the business. For example, when a scheme purchases an investment, it is liable to pay for it to the stock exchanges. The practice of taking liabilities beyond what is inherent to the normal business of a mutual fund scheme is called leveraging. Internationally, such leveraged funds are commonly found. Recognizing the risks involved in such leveraging, SEBI regulations stipulate that: A mutual fund scheme cannot borrow more than 20% of its net assets The borrowing cannot be for more than 6 months. The borrowing is permitted only to meet the cash flow needs of investor servicing viz. dividend payments or re-purchase payments.
Use of derivative Mutual funds are permitted to use derivatives for hedging against risk or re-balancing the portfolio, but not for leveraging. Unit holders churn Frequent churning by unit holders keeps the fund under redemption pressure therefore maintaining the higher liquidity. It may sometime force to further liquidate the portfolio in order to meet the redemption. This is generally happen due to FIIs where retail investors suffers for no fault. As a measure to protect the investor, SEBI has stipulated the 20 :25 rule viz. every scheme should have at least 20 investors; no investor should represent more than 25% of net assets of a scheme.
Evaluating the Risks of a MutualFund • What is Risk ? – Risk means the possibility of financial loss. – “Risk” is thus equated with Volatility of Earnings • Equity Price Risk – Company Specific – Sector Specific – Market Level Volatility of an Equity mutual fund comes from: Kind of stocks in the portfolio (growth/value/big/small) The number of stocks ( Degree of diversification. Smaller portfolios are more volatile than large PFs) Fund manager’s success at market timings. It is independent of number of investors in the scheme. The Risk tolerance of an investor is dependent on his age, his income and his job security. Risk Tolerance is independent of the Stock Market Movements.
Evaluating the Risks of a MutualFund Risk Measures ● Standard Deviation – SD measures the fluctuations of a fund`s returns around a mean level. SD gives an idea of how volatile the earnings are. SD measures total risk. ● Disadvantage of SD is that it is based on Past Returns. ● Beta Coefficient – Beta relates a fund's return with a market index and measures the sensitivity of the fund's returns to change in market index. A beta of 1 means the fund moves with market. A beta of less than one means the fund will less volatile than the market. ● Beta is based on past returns. ● Ex Marks or a number known as “R-Squared” ● How much of a fund's fluctuations is attributable to movements in the overall market from 0 to 100 percent. ● An index fund will have ExMarks of nearly 100%. Non Diversified funds will have lower ExMarks. ● Ex Marks of an equity fund measures its Performance ● Standard Deviation is the best measure of risk. ● Beta of an equity fund measures its RISK. ●
Evaluating the Risks of a Mutual Fund • Alpha – Risk adjusted performance calculation is called Alpha. – Alpha of a fund compares the fund's actual results with what would have been expected given the fund`s beta and the market index performance. Risk Adjusted performance Sharpe ratio and Treynor Ratio Risk premium= Funds return – Risk free rate of return Sharpe Ratio = Risk premium/SD Treynor Ratio = Risk Premium/Beta Both the ratios measures the adequacy of returns against the risk assumed.
Important Points
●
Money Market Funds are low risk fund.
●
Sectoral Fund are high risk fund.
●
Risk is equated with Volatility of Earnings.
●
●
●
Diversification reduces Company specific risk but it does not reduce Market Risk. Short Term investment in Equity market is most risky. BEST FUND WILL HAVE HIGHER EX MARKS, LOWER BETA AND HIGHER GROSS DIVIDEND YIELD
Other performance measures
●
●
●
●
●
The expense ratio ( Ratio of total expenses to average net assets of the fund)Funds with small corpus size will have a higher expense ratio affecting investor returns. It is indicator of the Fund’s Efficiency and Cost Effectiveness. The income ratio ( It is the net investment income divided by its net assets for the period) – useful for debt fund Fund size – Small funds are easy to manage and can achieve their objectives in a focused manner with limited holdings. Large funds benefit from economies of scale with lower expense ratios and superior fund management skills. Cash holdings
Important Points ●
●
The returns should be computed on an annualized average compound rate of return from cumulative figure. If the fund performance data relates to a period of less than one year, it should not be annualized, except for liquid mutual funds which have a short investment horizon. Borrowings by Mutual Fund
●
A mutual fund can borrow for a maximum of 20% of net assets.
●
For Maximum period of 6 months.
●
●
Purpose should be to meet liquidity requirements for paying dividend or meeting redemptions. It is not a permanent source of funds for the scheme.
Benchmarking
●
●
●
Benchmarking should be selected by reference to – The asset class it invests in and the fund’s stated investment objective. 3 kinds of benchmarks are used – Relative to market as a whole, relative to other mutual funds, and relative to other comparable financial products. For debt funds, the benchmark should have the same portfolio composition and the same maturity profile
●
Main benchmark for debt funds is I-sec
●
Tracking Error – Applicable for Index Fund
●
SEBI requires MF to specify Benchmark for each scheme in OD & KIM
Criteria for peer group comparisons ●
●
The investment objective and risk profiles of the two funds should be the same.( Debt with debt and equity with equity) Portfolio composition of two funds is similar. ( Gilt cannot be compared with riskier corporate debt)
●
Fund size should be comparable.( same size)
●
Expense Ratios is also important factor
●
Funds should be compared over the same periods only
●
Name of Benchmarking Debt and MM Funds
●
I-SEC: Its I-bex index is often used to track Govt. securities performance.
●
CRISIL: Has 8 debt indices
●
NSE: Has designed Govt. security index and T-bill index.
●
Besides NSE, JP Morgan has also developed a T-bill index.
Sources for tracking Mutual Fund Performance • Mutual Funds Annual & periodic Reports. • Mutual Funds website. • AMFI website •
Financial News Papers.
• Fund Tracking Agencies – Credence, Value Research • Newsletters • Offer Document of the Fund • Analytical Articles The Credit Rating Agency CRISIL evaluates the Fund Performance and Ranks the Scheme by Performance.
Index Day 2 Part 3 9. Accounting, Valuation and Taxation 10. Investment Management Part 4 Helping investors with Financial Planning Recommending Financial Planning Strategies to Investors Selecting the Right Investment products for Investors 14. Recommending Model Portfolios and Selecting the Right Fund 15. Business Ethics in Mutual Fund
Chapter 6
ACCOUNTING VALUATION AND TAXATION
Trainer must elaborate the concept before starting the ppt.
What are net assets of a mutual fund ? The net assets represent the market value of assets which belong to the investors, on a given date. Net assets are calculated as: Market value of investments Plus(+): Current assets and other assets Plus(+): Accrued income Less(-): Current liabilities and other liabilities Less(-): Accrued expenses Net Assets/Total no. of Units Issued = NAV per unit. A fund’s NAV is affected by four sets of factors − − − −
Purchase and sale of investment securities Valuation of all investment securities held Other assets and liabilities Units sold and redeemed.
How frequently is the NAV calculated ?
• All mutual funds have to disclose their NAVs daily, by posting it on the AMFI web site by 9.00 p.m. In case of any other scheme except FOF where it is to be published by 10 a.m. Of the following day. • Open –ended funds have to compute and disclose NAVs everyday; closed end funds can compute NAVs every week, but disclosures have to be made everyday. • Closed end schemes not mandatorily listed on the stock exchange can publish NAV according to the periodicity of 1 month or 3 months, as permitted by SEBI.
Latest changes since August 1, 2009 ●
●
●
SEBI has abolished entry loads. So, the Sale Price needs to be the same as NAV. Exit loads in excess of 1% of the redemption proceeds have to be credited back to the scheme immediately i.e. they are not available for the AMC to bear selling expenses. Exit load structure needs to be the same for all unit-holders representing a portfolio.
New SEBI guidelines for Dividend Distribution :●
All profit earned (including accrual income) are available for distribution. Valuation gain are ignored but valuation losses needs to be adjusted against profit. The proportion of sale price on new units which is attributable to the valuation gains is not available as a distributable reserve.
There are two types of expenses: •
Initial issue expenses
•
Recurring expenses
What are the initial issue expenses ? Expenses that are incurred in the launch of the fund are called as initial issue expenses it should not exceed 6% of the funds mobilized. Any amount above this has to be borne by the sponsor or the AMC.
Initial Issue Expense are charged as follows :
For Close Ended Schemes – Charged over the life of the scheme , on a weekly basis until maturity. For Open ended Scheme – the initial issue expenses used to be carried in the balance sheet as “deferred revenue expenses” and written off over a period not exceeding 5 years.
What are recurring expenses
●
These can be charged to the scheme. Since the recurring expenses drag down the NAV, SEBI has laid down the expenses, which can be charged to the Scheme.
An indicative list is as follows: ●
●
●
Fees of various service providers, such as Trustees, AMC, Registrar & Transfer Agents, Custodian, & Auditor Selling expenses including scheme advertising and commission to the distributors Expenses on investor communication, account statements, dividend / redemption cheques / warrants
●
Listing fees and Depository fees
●
Service tax
What are recurring expenses Recurring expense limit: SEBI has stipulated the following annual limits on recurring expenses (including management fees) for schemes other than index schemes.
Net Asset ( Rs crore) Upto Rs 100 cr. Next Rs 300 cr. Next Rs 300 cr. Excess over Rs 700 cr.
Equity Debt Scheme Scheme 2.50% 2.25% 2.25% 2.00% 2.00% 1.75% 1.75% 1.50%
The above percentages are to be calculated on the average net asset of the scheme.
What are recurring expenses Within above limits, the management fees can not exceed: •
1.25% on the first Rs 100 crore of net assets of a scheme
•
1.00% on the balance net assets. Management fees cannot be charged by liquid schemes and other debt schemes on funds parked in short term deposits of commercial banks.
The expense limits for index schemes (including Exchange Traded Funds) is as follows: •
Recurring expense limit (including management fees 1.50%
•
Management fees 0.75% As regards Fund of Funds, the recurring expense limit (including management fees) is 0.75%.
Expenses that can not be charged to the Scheme
• Penalties and fines for infraction of law • Interest on delayed payment • Legal, marketing, publication and other general expenses not attributable to any scheme • Expenses on general administration corporate advertising and infrastructure costs • Depreciation on fixed assets
Tax provision for Equity Schemes Equity >65%
Capital Gains
Dividends
Investors
Tax Free
Within 12 m
After 12 m
DDT
Short Terms
Long Terms
NIL
15%
Tax Free
●
●
●
●
●
Taxability of mutual fund investor in an equity-oriented mutual fund scheme Would pay STT on the value of the transactions of sale (0.125%) and purchase (0.125%) of units in the stock exchange; or on re-purchase (0.25%) of the units by the AMC. Would be exempt from capital gains tax, if the units were held for more than a year Would pay capital gains tax at 15%, if the units were held for 1 year or less Will receive any dividend free of tax; the scheme too will not incur any tax on the dividend distribution.
Tax provision for Debt Mutual Funds Debt Mutual Fund
Dividend
Investor
Tax free
Capital Gain
DDT
Paid by the Fund
Within 12 m
After 12 m
Short term
Long term
As per slab
Two options
10%
20% after indexation
●
Taxability of mutual fund investor in an debt-oriented mutual fund scheme
●
Would not bear any STT
●
●
●
Would bear a tax on long term capital gains at the lower of 20% with indexation, or 10% without indexation Would bear a tax on short term capital gains, as per the investor’s tax slab. Will receive any dividend free of tax; but the scheme would have paid a tax on the dividend distribution.
DDT Paid by Mutual fund companies This is a tax on dividend distributed by debt-oriented mutual fund schemes. Applicability is as follows: Money Market Mutual Funds / Liquid Schemes: 25% + Surcharge + Education Cess Other debt funds (investors who are individual / HUF): 12.5% + Surcharge + Education Cess Other debt funds (other investors): 20% + Surcharge + Education Cess
Numerical
• An investor purchased units in an approved debt Mutual Fund on Jan. 1, 1998 for Rs.500000/-. He sold the units on December 1, 2001 for Rs. 750000/-. Calculate the capital gain taxes paid by him. ( Ignore indexation).
• Answer : – Long term capital gain = 250000/ – So Tax on LTCG = 2500000* 10% = Rs. 25000/-
Other points ●
●
●
Section 80 C – Individual and HUF are entitled to deduction up to Rs.1 lakh in respect of payment out of taxable income towards certain instruments which includes ELSS of Mutual funds. Dividend Stripping – Section 94(7) – As per the finance Act 2001, If investor buy units within 3 months prior to record date of dividend and sells those units within 9 months of record date, then the loss if any, shall be ignored. Limitation on set off in case of bonus units – NAV of the scheme is get adjusted after bonus units are issued therefore any capital loss arising out of such transaction is not allowed to set off if such transaction has happened within 3 months prior to record date of bonus issue and sold off within 9 months after the record date.
●
●
●
Units are not considered under wealth tax Section 195 – 20% TDS for LTCG and 30% TDS on STCG if unit holder is a NRI. 48% TDS if unit holder is foreign company.
Non Performing Assets (NPA) An asset shall be classified as an NPA, if the interest and/or principal amount have not been received or have remained outstanding for one quarter, from the day such income/instalment has fallen due. Such assets will be classified as NPA`s, soon after the lapse of a quarter from the date on which payments were due.
Important Points •
Investors’ subscriptions are accounted for by the fund not as liabilities or deposits but as Unit Capital.
•
Unit Capital is found in the Liability side of scheme’s balance sheet.
•
Investment made by Mutual fund on behalf of investors are accounted as Assets.
•
Liabilities in Balance sheet of mutual fund are strictly short term in nature.
The Day on which NAV is calculated is known as Valuation Date. Questions for Revision Q-1An equity fund has weekly average net assets of Rs. 1400.00 crore outstanding in the year. The maximum ongoing expenses (excluding issue/redemption expenses) that may be charged to the fund amount to:
•
(a) Rs. 26.75 crore (b) Rs. 35.00 crore (c) Rs. 19.75 crore (d) Rs. 27.5 crore Q-2 Generally the income earned by the mutual fund registered with SEBI is exempt from tax under section (a) 80 (C)
(b)10(35)
(c) 10 (23D)
(d) 115 (R).
Question for Revision Q-3 A fund's portfolio includes an equity security which is listed at the NSE. Its last quoted closing prices were: Rs. 27 on July 10, Rs. 35 on July 13 and Rs. 28 on July 16. On July 28, using SEBI norms, the fund should value this security at: (a) 35 (b) 28 (c) 30 (d) 31.50. Q-4 A mutual fund holds a debenture redeemable after two years and with next quarterly interest receivable on 31/12/2001. The debenture issuing company failed to pay the interest on that date. Is this debenture a Non Performing Asset? If yes, from what date? (a) Yes, it would be considered an NPA from 1/4/2002, if interest is not received for the quarter ending 30/3/2002 as well (b) No, it is not an NPA, as the principal amount is not yet due (c) No, it would not be considered an NPA until both principal and interest amounts become overdue (d) Yes, it would be considered an NPA from 1/1/2002. Q-5 Which of the following is the most liquid type of shares? (a) Large cap shares (b) Mid cap shares (c) Small cap shares (d) All of the above. Answer: Q-1 : (d), Q-2 : (c), Q-3 : (b), Q-4 : (a), Q-5 : (a)
Chapter 11
HELPING INVESTORS WITH FINANCIAL PLANNING
Trainer must elaborate the concept before starting the ppt.
Definition and objective of FP
• It is identifying all the financial needs of an individual – Translating needs to monetarily measurable goals – Planning financial investments that will allow individual to provide for and satisfy his future financial needs and achieve his life’s goals. The objective is to ensure that right amount of money is available in the right hands at the right point in future to achieve an individual’s financial goals.
Financial Planner
• A person who uses the financial planning process to help another person determine how to meet his or her life goals. • Possesses detailed knowledge of wide range of products and financial planning tools and help clients in choosing the best products. • He looks at all of client’s needs including budgeting and saving, taxes, investments, insurance and retirement planning.
Benefits of Financial Planning ●
Financial Plans are tax efficient.
●
It provides direction and meaning to financial decisions.
●
It allows one to understand how each financial decision one makes affects other areas of one’s finances.
Benefits to Financial Planner ●
●
●
Ability to establish long term relationships (Multiple products to one client) Financial Planner should ideally link his rewards and fees to the clients financial success and achievement of the financial goals. Ability to build a profitable business (NO rebating)
Qualities of a Good Financial Planner • Building trust with the client • Good knowledge of Financial products • Familiarity with taxation and estate planning issues • Understanding of stages of client’s life and wealth cycle and asset allocation • Independent judgement and balanced thinking • Organized way of working • Regular contact with clients • Clear Focus on Overall Financial Planning of client rather than on individual transactions. • The basis of genuine advice should be Financial planning to suit the investor’s advice.
Steps to Financial Planning It is used to prepare a comprehensive financial plan where all financial goals are taken together and the investment strategies are worked out on that basis. ●
Establish and define client-Planner Relationship
●
Gather client data, Define client Goal
●
Analyze and evaluate clients financial Status
●
Develop and present financial planning recommendations
●
Implement the financial planning recommendation
●
Monitor the financial planning recommendations
Important responsibilities of investors in the financial planning exercise?
• Should set measurable financial goals. • Should understand the impact of financial decisions on their cash flows and their income. • Should be willing to revise and re-balance their portfolios with changing market conditions, performance and their changing needs and changes in lifestyle or circumstances( inheritance, marriage, birth, house purchase or change of job status) • Investors benefit immensely by starting early and being systematic and disciplined in their approach.
Very important points on financial planning • The planner can look at all the clients need including budgeting, saving, taxes, investments, insurance and retirement planning. • A financial planner can link his own rewards and fees to the client’s financial success and the achievement of their financial goals • MUTUAL FUND IS THE MOST IMPORTANT TOOL FOR FINANCIAL PLANNING.( CORE PRODUCT) • Financial is not only investing. It comes before investing. • It is relevant for all category of clients. • It is not as same as retirement planning. • It is not only Tax Planning. • Financial planning is important at younger stage of life.
Very important points on financial planning
●
●
●
The basis of genuine investment advice should be financial planning to suit the investor’s situation. It should not be current market condition. Financial Planning allows a person to achieve financial goals through proper management of finances. Financial planners and their clients should focus on allocating funds to different asset classes.
●
Financial planning is relevant not only to HNIs
●
Financial planning works better for younger/ middle aged client
Stages of Life Cycle • Childhood Stage • Young Unmarried Stage • Young Married Stage • Young Married with Children Stage • Married with Older Children Stage • Pre-retirement Stage • Retirement Stage
Wealth cycle for investors (Very Important) Stage
Financial needs
Investment preferences
Accumulation stage
Investing for long term identified
Growth options and long term
financial goals
products.High risk appetite
Transition Stage
Near term needs for funds as
Liquid and medium term investments.
pre-specified needs draw closer
Lower risk appetite
Reaping Stage
Higher liquidity requirements
Liquid and medium term investments.
Preference for income and debt products
Inter Generational
Long term investment of inheritance
Low liquidity needs.
transfer
Ability to take risk and invest for the long term
Sudden wealth surge
Medium to long term
Wealth preservation.
Preference for low risk products
Affluent investors – the rich investors are of 2 types: Wealth creators – Those who prefer growth and are willing to take the risk of equity investments. For such investors 70% to 80% allocation to diversified equity and sector funds is advisable. Wealth preservers – Those who prefer capital safety and are risk averse; they prefer debt investments. For such investors a conservative portfolio with a 70% to 80% exposure to income, gilt and liquid funds would be appropriate.
Questions for Revision Q-1 The stage at which the goals and purpose towards which the clients have been investing have arrived, is known as (a) Accumulation (b) Transition (c) Reaping (d) Transfer. Q-2 As a good financial planner, you should avoid applying the normal Life Cycle Model to your client who is (a) A 25-year-old unemployed person (b) A 60-year-old person who has just retired (c) A Well-known 32 years old cricketer (d) A 35-year-old unmarried person. Q-3 A salaried executive in late fifties who is planning to retire at 60 years of age, his wealth cycle stage is (a) Accumulation (b) Transition (c) Reaping (d) Transfer. Q-4 For older investors who want to transfer their wealth (a) No financial planning is required (b) The right investment strategy depends upon who the beneficiaries are (c) The right investment strategy depends upon the state of the stock market (d) All the funds can be invested in aggressive equity funds.
Questions for Revision
Q-5 A high amount of equity investment is suggested to the investor if he is in (a) (b) (c) (d)
Accumulation phase Transition phase Distribution phase Investment has no such relation with any phase of life.
Answers: Q-1 : (c) Q-2 : (c) Q-3 : (b) Q-4 : (b) Q-5 : (a)
Chapter 12
RECOMMENDING MODEL PORTFOLIO & FINANCIAL PLANS
Trainer must elaborate the concept before starting the ppt.
FINANCIAL PLANNING STRATEGIES • Harness the Power of Compounding – 1% interest per month is better than 12% yearly return. • Buy and hold is most common strategy BUT most common mistake. Ideally it should be, track your investments, discard the non performers and keep the good performers. • Rupee cost averaging • Value Averaging. • Jacob’s Rebalancing Strategy ( Combination of RCA and Value averaging strategies- Using a aggressive growth fund and liquid fund of the same family.) ( putting regularly money in liquid fund and set a target value for the equity fund)
●
Buy and hold strategy may not be a beneficial strategy because investors may not weed out poor performing companies and invest in better performing companies
●
Rupee Cost Averaging (RCA) is a technique that involves:
●
Fixed amount invested at regular intervals
●
●
●
●
When NAV is down, more units are bought and when price is high, fewer units are bought Over a period of time, the average purchase price of the investor’s holdings will be lower Investors use the SIP or AIP to implement RCA Disadvantage: RCA does not tell when to sell or switch from one scheme to another.
Rupee Cost Averaging (RCA)
Month
Amount Invested (Rs)
NAV (Rs)
No of units bought
Cumulative No of units
1
1000
10.00
100.00
100.00
1,000.00
2
1000
12.50
80.00
180.00
2,250.00
3
1000
14.25
70.18
250.18
3,565.00
4
1000
11.75
85.11
335.28
3,939.56
5
1000
10.50
95.24
430.52
4,520.46
6
1000
9.00
111.11
541.63
4,874.68
7
1000
8.50
117.65
659.28
5,603.86
8
1000
7.65
130.72
790.00
6,043.48
9
1000
8.80
113.64
903.63
7,951.97
10
1000
9.25
108.11
1,011.74
9,358.61
11
1000
12.00
83.33
1,095.07
13,140.90
12
1000
15.00
66.67
1,161.74
17,426.12
Average Cost
12000/1162=
10.33
Value of Holding (Rs)
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Value Averaging (VA) involves:
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A fixed amount is targeted as desired portfolio value at regular intervals
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If market has moved up, the units are sold and the target value is restored
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If market moves down, additional units are bought at the lower prices
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Over a period of time, the average purchase price of the investor’s holding will be lower than if one tries to guess the market highs and lows VA is superior to RCA because it enables the investor to book profits and rebalance the portfolio Investors can use the systematic withdrawal and automatic withdrawal plan to implement value averaging Investors can also use an equity and a money market mutual fund to implement value averaging.
Value Averaging
Month
Target Value (Rs)
NAV (Rs)
Value of Holding
Units to invest
Cumulative no of units
1
1000
10.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
2
2000
12.50
1,250.00
60.00
160.00
3
3000
14.25
2,280.00
50.53
210.53
4
4000
11.75
2,473.68
129.90
340.43
5
5000
10.50
3,574.47
135.76
476.19
6
6000
9.00
4,285.71
190.48
666.67
7
7000
8.50
5,666.67
156.86
823.53
8
8000
7.65
6,300.00
222.22
1,045.75
9
9000
8.80
9,202.61
(23.02)
1,022.73
10
10000
9.25
9,460.23
58.35
1,081.08
11
11000
12.00
12,972.97
(164.41)
916.67
12
12000
15.00
13,750.00
(116.67)
800.00
Some Key concepts of Financial Planning ●
When to invest – when they have money to invest
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When to cash out
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When the goals have arrived and clients need the money for the purpose for which they have invested IF the overall market appears overvalued in terms of fundamentals and historic valuations
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Start planning and investing regularly
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Have realistic expectations
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Invest Regularly
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The Strategy advisable for an investor to maximise investment return in long run is Switch from poor performers to Good performers.
Risk Profiling
Need for Risk Profiling ●
Risk profiling is an approach to understand the risk appetite of investors-an essential pre-requisite to advise investors on their investments. The investment advice is dependent on understanding both aspects of risk:
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Risk appetite of the investor
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Risk level of the investment options being considered.
Factors that influence the investor's risk profile:
Asset Allocation ●
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'Don't put all your eggs in one basket' is an old proverb. It equally applies to investments. Asset allocation refers to deciding the composition of the portfolio in terms of debt, equity and money market segments Asset allocation differs from investor to investor and depends upon their situation, their financial goals and risk appetite The asset allocation for an investor depends upon his life and wealth cycle stage A model portfolio creates and ideal approach for an investor’ situation and is a sensible way to invest. Economic environment and market are dynamic. Your prediction about market can go wrong. But with the prudent asset allocation investor may not end up with total fiasco.
Asset Allocation Investors can have 2 approaches: ●
Fixed asset allocation
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Flexible asset allocation
Fixed asset allocation means ●
maintaining the same ratio between various components of the portfolio i.e. being disciplined
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Re-balancing the portfolio in a disciplined manner
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Periodical review and returning to original allocation
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If value of equity component increases, investor books profits
Flexible asset allocation means ●
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Allowing the portfolio profits to run, without booking them If equity market appreciates, it results in higher proportion in equity than debt.
Asset Allocation – The Strategic Tool
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Allocation of money between equity, debt and money market instruments.
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Depends upon situations, financial goals and risk appetite.
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Benjamin Graham advocates 50/50 split between equities and bond . But Bogle suggests different combinations. Bogle gives a nice rule of thumb for asset allocation : Debt portion for an investors portfolio should be equal to his age. Example: A 30 year old investor will make 70/30 asset allocation.
Model Portfolio
Since investors’ risk appetites vary, a single portfolio cannot be suggested for all. Financial planners often work with model portfolios – the asset allocation mix that is most appropriate for different risk appetite levels. The list of model portfolios, for example, might read something like this: Young call centre / BPO employee with no dependents: 50% diversified equity schemes (preferably through SIP); 20% sector funds; 10% gold ETF, 10% diversified debt fund, 10% liquid schemes. Young married single income family with two school going kids: 35% diversified equity schemes; 10% sector funds; 15% gold ETF, 30% diversified debt fund, 10% liquid schemes.
Single income family with grown up children who are yet to settle down 35% diversified equity schemes; 15% gold ETF, 15% gilt fund, 15% diversified debt fund, 20% liquid schemes. Couple in their seventies, with no immediate family support 15% diversified equity index scheme; 10% gold ETF, 30% gilt fund, 30% diversified debt fund, 15% liquid schemes.
Questions for Revision Q-1 A criticism of rupee-cost averaging is (a) Investment is for the same amount at regular intervals (b) Over a period of time, the average purchase price will work out higher than if one tries to guess the market highs and lows (c) It does not inform an investor when to buy, sell or switch from one scheme to another (d) Rupee cost averaging has no serious shortcomings. Q-2 Fixed ratio of asset allocation means (a) It is a relatively aggressive approach for managing investments (b) Investing the same amount every month (c) Not doing any re-balancing (d) Balance is maintained by liquidating a part of the position in the asset class with higher return and reinvesting in the other asset with lower return Q-3 Asset allocation for any investor generally depends on (a) Age (b) Financial status (c) Investment objective (d) All of the above. Answers: Q-1 : (c), Q-2 : (c), Q-3 : (d), Q-4 : (d)
Chapter 10
SELECTING THE RIGHT INVESTMENT PRODUCTS FOR INVESTORS
Trainer must elaborate the concept before starting the ppt.
Physical Assets include gold and real estate and traditionally very popular ●
Gold is not subject to value erosion on account of rupee depreciation
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Gold is perceived as a protection/hedge against inflation
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Gold ETF, Gold Sector fund , gold futures, gold deposit scheme (offered by bank). Gold in physical form attract wealth tax, however gold deposit scheme and gold MF are free from it. Real estate requires a high capital investment and may not be easy to liquidate at the appropriate price Some fund houses are preparing to launch Real estate mutual funds in the near future
Financial assets include equity, debt and money-market instruments ●
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Equity, debt and money market instruments are direct investments with the borrower/ issuer of securities Mutual funds represent an indirect investment through an intermediary.
Bank deposits ●
Offer high liquidity and perceived safety
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Low or negligible returns after factoring inflation and tax
Corporate Equity
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Issued publicly and listed
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Issued privately and unlisted
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Investors may acquire shares either at the time of IPO or secondary (stock) market
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Equity offers high growth potential and liquidity
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The challenge is to identify the right shares that are likely to appreciate
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Requires capital to build a diversified portfolio.
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The Listing of shares at Stock Exchange ensures High Liquidity as you can trade regularly to sell your shares.
Debt ●
Debentures issue a fixed rate of interest
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Debentures are secured by the assets of the borrower
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Debentures are provided rating by credit-rating agencies
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Bonds are also generally provided rating by independent agencies if the maturity exceeds 18 months Creditworthiness of borrower and risk of default have to be analysed before investing in these bonds and debentures
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Company fixed deposits carry a higher interest rate and are unsecured
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These would also have tax implications.
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The Rate of interest paid by a company on debentures issued by it depends on the Company’s Credit rating. The most important factor to look for when investing in a corporate fixed deposit is the Credit Rating of the deposit.
Government Public Provident Fund ● 15-year product ● Risk-free government obligation ● Open to individuals and HUFs ● Only one account permitted per entity ● Offers tax-free interest of 8% p.a. and contribution up to Rs. 70,000 (min Rs. 500) are eligible for deduction under section 80C ● Option to withdraw 50% of 4th year balance in the 7th year ● Restriction on withdrawal reduces liquidity. Kisan Vikas Patra ● Introduced as post office scheme to tap savings in rural India ● Very popular with urban investors also ● Current yield is 8% over 6 years, fully taxable ● Easily transferable and liquid.
RBI Relief Bonds ●
Issued by RBI on behalf of the Government of India
●
A 5-year investment product with 8% interest offering
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Interest is currently taxable (used to be tax-free earlier)
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Free of risk of default
Government Securities ●
Long-term government paper
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Risk-free government obligation
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Low-return and define the benchmark rate of return on the yield curve
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Specially appointed Primary dealers deal in G-Secs
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Generally high ticket investments
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Best accessible to small investors through mutual funds.
New Pension Scheme
Pension Funds Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA) is the regulator for the New Pension Scheme. Two kinds of pension accounts are envisaged • Tier I (Pension account), is non-withdraw able • Tier II (Savings account) is withdraw able to meet financial contingencies. An active Tier I account is a pre-requisite for opening a Tier II account.
New Pension Scheme
Investors can invest through Points of Presence (POP). They can allocate their investment between 3 kinds of portfolios: • Asset Class E: Investment in predominantly equity market instruments • Asset Class C: Investment in Debt securities other than Government Securities • Asset Class G: Investments in Government Securities. Investors can also opt for life-cycle fund. With this option, the system will decide on a mix of investments between the 3 asset classes, based on age of the investor. The 3 asset class options are managed by 6 Pension Fund Managers (PFMs). The investors’ moneys can thus be distributed between 3 portfolios X 6 PFMs = 18 alternatives.
Life Insurance ●
Viewed more for investment and tax purposes than a vehicle for risk protection
●
Premium qualify for deduction under section 80C
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Important to assess need for life insurance with respect to earning potential
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A Without Profits policy offers the Sum Assured in the event of death only
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A With Profit policy pays not only the Sum Assured but also bonus declared from time to time In case a policy is discontinued during its tenure, the policy’s surrender value is paid which is a proportionate value based on premiums paid so far A ‘convergence’ of insurance and mutual funds is the development of UnitLinked Insurance products – which offers investors choice of asset allocation between debt and equity. The Amount an insurance company pays to the nominee if a policyholder dies is known as the SUM ASSURED.
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A comparison of investment products can be done on risk, return, volatility and liquidity Mutual funds combine the advantages of all investment vehicles while doing away with their shortcomings The returns in a mutual fund are adjusted for market movements. In India, Individual Investors does not direct access to Money Market Instruments. The biggest advantage of Investment in Gold is hedge against inflation. The biggest disadvantage of investment in Real estate is High Purchase Price. You have to invest huge amount. The advantage of bank deposits is liquidity, high perceived safety and low entry price. ITS disadvantage is low Yield after TAX.
Important Points ●
●
Mutual Funds are more recommended option for individual investors than direct equity. Direct Investment in stock market can be a better option than investing in Mutual Funds if the investor has large capital, knowledge and resources for research.
Questions for Revision Q-1 RBI relief bonds have the maturity of (a) 3 years (b) 5 years (c) 7 years (d) 10 years Q-2 Which of the following is not the advantage of bank fixed deposits? (a) Safety (b) Liquidity (c) Lower entry price (d) High yield Answers: Q-1 : (b), Q-2 : (d)
Thanks Target should be to Pass the exam – Do not try to attempt all the questions. Answer only those in which you are confident.
'Best of Luck'
