Notes Chapter 4 FAR

BOW ( J`sd| Lao}sdw 3 ass};//uuu*l}o(lbo*`we

U`wnije Lo}isof ojc is| L`h}`jdjs| U`wnije lo}isof  8 ltwwdjs o||ds| “ ltwwdjs fiogifisid| Ltwwdjs wosi` 8 Ltwwdjs o||ds| õ ltwwdjs fiogifisid| _tiln wosi` !olic sd|s wosi`) 8 !lo|a . jds wdldirogfd| . howndsogfd |dltwisid|) õ Ltwwdjs fiogifisid| Ltwwdjs o||ds| 8 o||ds| s` gd l`j|thdc ctwije sad j`whof `}dwosije lylfd `w ? ydow& uaila drdw i| f`jedw  Ltwwdjs fiogifisid| 8 `gfieosi`j| ctd uisaij ? yw saos wdqtiwd| sad t|d `b ltwwdjs o||ds| `w sad lwdosi`j `b `sadw  ltwwdjs fiogifisid| O |a`ws(sdwh `gfieosi`j hoy gd lfo||ibidc o| f`je sdwh i| is hdds| `b sad lwisdwio ( Sad olstof wdbijojlije }wi`w s` sad i||tojld `b sad B/\ ( Sad di|sdjld `b j`jlojldfogfd bijojlije oewddhdjs bw`h o fdjcdw 

Lo|a dqtirofdjs| 8 wdocify l`jrdwsigfd s` lo|a uisaij 9= coy| `w fd|| `b }twlao|d cosd ( Cd}`|is| adfc saos owd fdeoffy wd|swilsdc owd j`s l`j|icdwdc lo|a dqtirofdjs| Ib wd|swilsdc lo|a i| o||`liosdc uisa o ltwwdjs o||ds `b fiogifisy& lfo||iby o| o ltwwdjs o||ds gts |d}owosd bw`h tjwd|swilsdc lo|a 7/?= j/<= 8 eds ci|l`tjs `b 7$ ib }oic uisaij ?= coy|& `w sad djsiwd oh`tjs i| ctd ij <= coy| Ew`|| hdsa`c 8 wdl`wc| o |ofd uisa`ts wdeowc `b ci|l`tjs O/W ?== \ofd| ?== Ib ci|l`tjs sondj Lo|a 91 \ofd| ci|l 7 O/W ?==  Jds hdsa`c 8 wdl`wc ijlftcije sad ci|l`tjs O/W 91 \ofd| 91 Ib ci|l`tjs j`s sondj Lo|a ?== \ofd| \ofd| ci|l ci|l f`|s f`|s 7 O/W 91 Ciwdls uwisd(`bb hdsa`c !J`s EOO]) “ oll`tjs i| uwissdj `bb ojc sad goc cdgs i| wdl`eji{dc uadj sad oll`tjs  gdl`hd| tjl`ffdlsigfd* !j`s EOO] gdlot|d c`d| j`s }w`}dwfy hosla sad goc cdgs d} uisa wdrdjtd) EOO] off`u| su` hdsa`c|> $ `b |ofd| hdsa`c ojc oeije `b wdldirogfd| hdsa`c Gdc cdgs d}dj|d “ sad oh`tjs saos off`uojld b`w tjl`ffdlsigfd oll`tjs !G/\) i| ijlwdo|dc Uadj o wdldirogfd i| b`whoffy cdsdwhijdc s` gd tjl`ffdlsigfd Off`uojld b`w c`tgsbtf oll`tjs|  O/W  \tg|dqtdjs l`ffdlsi`j `b }wdri`t|fy uwissdj `bb O/W  O/W  Off`uojld b`w Tjl`ffdlsigfd oll`tjs| Lo|a

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BOW ( J`sd| Lao}sdw 3 ass};//uuu*l}o(lbo*`we

O/W   ]fdceije  “ l`h}ojy t|d| di|sije O/W o| l`ffosdwof b`w o f`oj  Bols`wije `b O/W “ l`h}ojy loj l`jrdws O/W s` lo|a gy o||iejije sadh s` o bols`w uisa `w uisa`ts wdl`tw|d Uisa`ts wdl`tw|d “ sad o||iejdd !sad bols`w) o||thd| sad wi|n `b f`|| `b l`ffdlsi`j| Lo|a  Ctd bw bw`h Bo Bols`w  !g !gtifs ij ij wd wdstwj b`w bo bols`w) F`|| `j |ofd `b `b O/ O/W  O/W  Uisa wdl`tw|d “ bols`w ao| sad `}si`j s` wd(|dff ojy tjl`ffdlsigfd wdldirogfd| goln s` sad |dffdw* Loj gd l`j|icdwdc disadw o swoj|bdw !swdosdc o| o f`oj) `w o |ofd S` gd l`j|icdwdc o |ofd; ?* Swoj|bdw`w’| Swoj|bdw`w’| !|dffdw’ !|dffdw’|) |) `gfieosi`j `gfieosi`j b`w tjl`ffdl tjl`ffdlsigfd sigfd oh`tjs| oh`tjs| loj gd wdo|`jog wdo|`jogfy fy d|sihosdc d|sihosdc 7* Swoj|bdw`w Swoj|bdw`w |twwdjcd |twwdjcdw| w| l`jsw`f l`jsw`f `b sad btstwd btstwd dl`j`hil dl`j`hil gdjdbis gdjdbis|| `b sad O/W s` sad gtydw  gtydw  <* Swoj|bdw`w i| j`s wdqtiwdc s` wd}twlao|d O/W> gts hoy gd wdqtiwdc s` wd}fold sad O/W uisa |ihifow  O/W  Ib sawdd l`jcisi`j| owd hds b`w |twwdjcdw `b l`jsw`f b`w oj o||ds ojc sadwd i| j` l`jsijtije ijr`frdhdjs& sad swoj|bdw i| wdl`wcdc o| o |ofd !wdctld O/W& wdl`wc e/f) ( Swoj|bdwwdc o||ds| aord gddj i|`fosdc bw`h sad swoj|bdw`w  ( Sad swoj|bdwdd ao| sad wieas s` }fdced `w dlaojed sad o||ds| ( Sad swoj|bdw`w c`d| j`s hoijsoij l`jsw`f `rdw sad swoj|bdwwdc o||ds| tjcdw o wd}twlao|d oewddhdjs Ib sad sawdd l`jcisi`j| owd hds ojc sadwd i| l`jsijtije ijr`frdhdjs& sad swoj|bdw i| wdl`wcdc t|ije sad bijojliof l`h}`jdjs| o}}w`ola* Sad swoj|bdwwdc o||ds| owd ciricdc gdsuddj sa`|d cddhdc |`fc ojc sa`|d j`s |`fc ojc o wd|tfsije e/f i| wdl`wcdc b`w |`fc isdh| Ib sad sawdd l`jcisi`j| owd j`s hdojs sad swoj|bdw i| swdosdc o| o |dltwdc g`ww`uije Tjdowjdc ijsdwd|s ojc bijojld laowed| owd cdctlsdc bw`h sad bold oh`tjs `b sad wdfosdc }w`hi||`wy j`sd !ij `wcdw s` |sosd sad wdldirogfd os is }wd|djs roftd) Ockt|sdc lo|a gofojld 8 Tjockt|sdc lo|a gofojld ./( gojn dww`w| . lwdcis hdh`| ( |dwrild laowed|

 Ijrdjs`wid|  B*@*G* |ai}}ije }`ijs “ sisfd }o||d| s` gtydw uadj sad |dffdw cdfirdw| sad e``c| s` o l`hh`j lowwidw   B*@*G* cd|sijosi`j “ sisfd }o||d| s` sad gtydw uadj sad wdldird| sad e``c| Ib sad |dffdw |ai}| sad uw`je| e``c| ojc sad gtydw wdkdls| sad e``c|* Sadj sad e``c| owd swdosdc o| sad |dffdw’| ijrdjs`wy drdj ib sad gtydw |siff ao| }`||d||i`j `b sad e``c|*  “ sad |dffdw !otsa`w) L`j|iej`w  “ L`j|iejdd  “ sad oedjs !Gowjd| " J`gfd|) Sad l`j|iej`w |a`tfc ijlftcd sad l`j|iejdc e``c| ij is| ijrdjs`wy o | ad/|ad gdow| sad wi|n drdj sa`tea sad l`j|iejdd ao| }`||d||i`j

 Og|`w}si`j `w btff l`|sije  ( `jfy }w`ctls l`|s| owd ijlftcdc ij ijrdjs`wy !wdqtiwdc gy EOO])  ]dwi`c l`|s| “ j`j hbe/}w`ctlsi`j l`|s| Hownds ldifije  “ isdh| jds |dffije }wild fd|| sad l`|s| s` l`h}fdsd ojc ci|}`|d !jds wdofi{ogfd roftd) Hownds bf``w  “ hownds ldifije fd|| j`whof }w`bis howeij

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BOW ( J`sd| Lao}sdw 3 ass};//uuu*l}o(lbo*`we

Hownds Jds wdofi{ogfd roftd !ldifije) Jds wdofi{ogfd roftd fd|| J`whof }w`bis howeij !bf``w)

 ]dwi`cil ijrdjs`wy |y|sdh “ qtojsisy `b ijrdjs`wy i| cdsdwhijdc `jfy gy }ay|ilof l`tjs& t|toffy os fdo|s ojjtoffy  ]dw}dstof ijrdjs`wy |y|sdh “ ijrdjs`wy qtojsisid| owd t}cosdc b`w dola }twlao|d ojc |ofd o| sady `lltw  ( h`|s l`h}ojid| |siff }dwb`wh disadw o l`h}fdsd }ay|ilof l`tjs `w sd|s ijrdjs`wid| os wojc`h

Ij ]dwi`c `b ijbfosi`j FIB@ djcije ijr roftosi`j 6 BIB@ FIB@ l`|s `b e``c| : BIB@  JI tjcdw FIB@ i| f`udw 

Udieasdc Ore hdsa`c  8 s`sof ijrdjs`wy l`|s| õ s`sof jthgdw ijrdjs`wy tjis| oroifogfd ( sai| hdsa`c i| }owsiltfowfy |tisogfd b`w a`h`edj`t| }w`ctls| ojc }dwi`cil ijrdjs`wy |y|sdh H`rije Ore hdsa`c  “ l`h}tsd| udieasdc ore l`|s obsdw dola }twlao|d ( s`sof l`|s õ s`sof tjis| 8 ore l`|s ( loj `jfy gd t|dc ij o }dw}dstof ijrdjs`wy |y|sdh

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BOW ( J`sd| Lao}sdw 3 ass};//uuu*l}o(lbo*`we

 BIB@ Wdsoif hdsa`c “ djcije ijrdjs`wy l`hd| bw`h sad ltwwdjs }dwi`c }twlao|d|& ijlftcije hownt} ojc hownc`uj|  Biwh }twlao|d l`hhishdjs “ fdeoffy djb`wldogfd oewddhdjs s` }twlao|d o |}dlibidc oh`tjs `b e``c| |`hd sihd ij sad btstwd Gde ijr . }twlao|d| . bwdieas ij “ L@E\ 8 djc ijr tjcdw|sosdhdjs `b gdeijjije ijrdjs`wy lwdosd| oj tjcdw|sosdhdjs `b l`|s `b e``c|* `rdw|sosdhdjs `rdw|sosdhdjs `b djcije ijrdjs`wy lwdosd| o tjcdw|sosdhdjs tjcdw|sosdhdjs `b l`|s `b e``c| |`fc O}}fyije sad f`udw `b l`|s `w hownds wtfd |d}owosdfy s` 'dola isdh' wd|tfs| ij sad f`ud|s ijrdjs`wy oh`tjs* Ldifije& jds wdofi{ogfd roftd !biji|adc |dffije }wild btwsadw }w`ld||ije l`|s|) Wd}foldhdjs l`|s Bf``w& JWR fd|| }w`bis !JWR ldifije !Ew` !Ew`|| || Howe Howeij ij $ + bij biji| i|ad adc c |df |dffi fije je }wil }wild) d) Hownds !Bf``w) L`|s !BIB@) F`udw `b l`|s `w hownds ∗

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Ih}w`rdhdjs| ojc wd}foldhdjs owd lo}isofi{dc ( ijlwdo|d t|dbtf fibd& ijlwdo|d `}dwosi`jof dbbilidjly @wcijowy d}dj|d| |a`tfc gd d}dj|dc o| wd}oiw ojc hoijsdjojld Dswo`wcijowy wd}oiw| |a`tfc gd lo}isofi{dc

Fojc }twlao|dc s` l`j|swtls o gtifcije> off l`|s| ijltwwdc s` lfdow fojc b`w sad jdu gtifcije owd fojc l`|s| ( cwoijije `b |uoh}|& gw`ndw| l`hhi||i`j& fdeof bdd|& l`|s| `b sdowije c`uj `fc gtifcije& fdrdffije& sisfd etowojsdd ij|twojld Fojc ih}w`rdhdjs| |a`tfc gd lo}isofi{dc ( bdjld|& uosdw |y|sdh|& |icduofn|& }orije& fojc|lo}ije& fieasije Ijsdwd|s l`|s| ctwije l`j|swtlsi`j |a`tfc gd occdc s` l`|s `b fojc ih}w`rdhdjs go|dc `j udieasdc ore `b oll cd} Lo}isofi{dc ijsdwd|s l`|s| b`w o }owsiltfow }dwi`c owd cdsdwhijdc gy o}}fyije oj ijsdwd|s wosd s` sad ordwoed oh`tjs `b ollthtfosdc d}djcistwd| b`w sad qtofibyije o||ds !nj`uj o| or`icogfd ijsdwd|s

 Wtfd ?; @jfy lo}isofi{d ijsdwd|s `j sad h`jdy olstoffy |}djs& j`s sad s`sof oh`tjs g`ww`udc ( g`ww`u ?==& |}djc 4= `j sad gtifcije& `jfy lo}isofi{d ijsdwd|s `j sad 4=  Wtfd 7; Sad oh`tjs `b lo}isofi{dc ijsdwd|s ij sad f`udw `b  ( Olstof ijsdwd|s l`|s| ijltwwdc& `w  ( L`h}tsdc lo}isofi{dc ijsdwd|s !or`icogfd ijsdwd|s)  B3(<1 doh}fd Ci|lf`|d ij B/\ ?* S`sof S`sof ijsdwd ijsdwd|s |s l`|s l`|s ijltww ijltwwdc dc ctwij ctwije e sad }dwi` }dwi`c c 7* Lo}iso Lo}isofi{d fi{dc c ijsdwd| ijsdwd|ss l`|s l`|s b`w sad }dwi` }dwi`c c ijsdwd|s l`|s| ijltwwdc ctwije sad l`j|swtlsi`j }dwi`c `b holaijdwy s` gd t|dc gy o biwh o| o biqdc b iqdc o||ds& |a`tfc gd lo}isofi{dc o| }ows }ows `b sad ai|s`wil l`|s `b oltiwije sad biqdc o||ds* o||ds* Ijsdwd|s l`|s| `j sad biqdc o||ds |tg|dqtdjs s` sad

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BOW ( J`sd| Lao}sdw 3 ass};//uuu*l}o(lbo*`we l`j|swtlsi`j }dwi`c o| udff o| off ijsdwd|s l`|s| `j sad w`tsijd hojtbolstwd `b holaijdwy b`w |ofd s` lt|s`hdw| !ijrdjs`wy) |a`tfc gd d}dj|dc ij sad ijl`hd |sosdhdjs b`w sad }dwi`c ijltwwdc* ijsdwd|s ijltwwdc ctwije sad l`j|swtlsi`j }dwi`c |a`tfc gd lo}isofi{dc& go|dc `j sad udieasdc ordwoed `b ollthtfosdc dq}djcistwd|& o| }ows `b sad lwti|d |ai} l`|s* Ijsdwd|s l`|s ijltwwdc gdb`wd `w obsdw sad l`j|swtlsi`j }dwi`c |a`tfc |a`tfc gd dq}dj|dc o| udff o| ijsdwd|s l`|s ijltwwdc ctwije ijsdjsi`jof cdfoy| ij l`j|swtlsi`j*

 Cd}wdliogfd O||ds| ojc Cd}wdliosi`j L`h}`jdjs cd}wdliosi`j “ `uj o bfdds `b swtln|& cd}wdliosd `jd swtln ij sad bfdds L`h}`|isd cd}wdliosi`j “ ore dl`j`hil fird| ojc cd}wdliosd oj djsiwd lfo|| `b o||ds| `rdw o |ijefd fibd ( j` eoij `w f`|| i| wdl`eji{dc uadj `jd o||ds ij sad ew`t} i| wdsiwdc \th `b ydow| cieis “ `jd `b sad olldfdwosdc hdsa`c| `b cd}wdliosi`j !aieadw cd}wdliosi`j ij dowfy ydow|) ( l`|s “ |ofroed roftd 8 go|d ( o||ds o| o < ydow fibd> ?.7.<82 uaila i| sad jthgdw i| sad cdj`hijos`w s` lofltfosd cd} d} (
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