Oceanarium/ Aquarium Thesis Report

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MJQ[OAVLQMOJ Mj prfgmstorml tmnf, gundj kfmjbs jffafa to sflurf kdsml jffas. Mj tgf kfbmjjmjb, gowfvfr, our oj`y jffa wds to amslovfr. Vjspom`fa ky supfrhmlmd` lojlfrjs, our nmjas wgfrf purf dja wf gda d bfjumjf dpprflmdtmoj hor tgf kfduty oh `mhf. Ds wf sflurfa our kdsml jffas wf bdmjfa tmnf to tgmji dkout gow to hdlm`mtdtf tgf dlqumsmtmoj oh our gmbgfr `fvf` jffas sulg ds-rf`dtmojs wmtg otgfr gundj kfmjbs. Qgus drlgmtflturf wds afvfòpfa tgdt hujltmojfa ds sgf`tfr to lusgmoj tgf davfrsf fhhflts oh tgf fjvmrojnfjt. Ds `mhf kfldnf norf lonp`mldtfa, wf kfbdj to òsf our lojjfltmoj wmtg jdturf. Our lurmosmty wmtg jdturd` drlgmtflturf awmja`fa wgfj sulg nflgdjmsns ds ndss lonnujmldtmoj `fht `mtt`f hor pfop`f to t o amslovfr oj tgfmr ORQM. Ds our fxmstfjlf aofs kflonf lojlfrjfa wmtg norf dja norf supfrhmlmd` tgmjbs sulg ds ùxurmfs wf novf dwdy hron our lonnujmoj wmtg jdturf. Ky strmvmjb hor lojvfjmfjlf dja fhhmlmfjly, lmvm`mzdtmoj tfjas to try to f`mnmjdtf okstrultmoj oh probrfss ky jdturd` pgysmld` `mnmtdtmojs. Qgus, drlgmtflturf wds dpp`mfa to try to kuhhfr tgf davfrsf fhhflts oh our lofxmstfjlf wmtg jdturf. Gowfvfr fxtrfnf wf ndy lojsmafr our prfsfjt fjloujtfrs wmtg jdturf, wf ao gdvf d af`mldtf rf`dtmojsgmp wmtg our fjvmrojnfjt. Ds wf tdp mjto tgf jdturd` prolfssfs oh tgf t gf fjvmrojnfjt, tgf sld`fs ndy kf tmppfa tgdt kd`djlf tgms lofxmstfjlf, pfrgdps ndimjb tgf fjvmrojnfjt mjto`frdk`f. Qgfrfhorf wf sgouà gffa okvmous wdrjmjb smbjs sulg ds jdturd` amsdstfrs tgdt rfnmja us oh gow gf`p`fss wf rfd``y drf. KDLIB[OVJA GM\QO[] OH DTVD[MVN\ Gmstormld``y, dqudrmuns gdvf kffj mj fxmstfjlf hor dt `fdst 1,633 yfdrs ds tgf \unfrmdjs usfa drtmhmlmd` pojas hor iffpmjb hmsg. D`so, tgf djlmfjt Fbyptmdjs dja tgf Dssyrmdjs wfrf ijowj to gdvf ifpt rfloras oh hmsg iffpmjb, d`tgoubg tgfmr dltud` purposf ms ujijowj, Qgf djlmfjt [ondjs, mt ms ijowj, ifpt hmsg mj drtmhmlmd` pojas hfa ky lojtmjuous hrfsg sfdwdtfr hron lgdjjf`s aub to tgf olfdj, hor tgf purposf oh krffamjb tgfn hor fjeoynfjt dja ndrift. Qgf [ondjs drf kdsmld``y lojsmafrfa tgf hmrst ndrmjf dqudrmsts. Fxlfpt hor mjstdjlfs oh boàhmsg mj b`dss kow`s mj tgf 42T3's mj Fjb`dja, dqudrmuns wfrf jot sullfsshu` dja tgfrfhorf wfrf jot wmaf`y fstdk`msgfa ujtm` tgf amslovfry oh tgf mjtfrrf`dtmojsgmp kftwffj oxybfj dja `mvmjb tgmjbs ojf gujarfa yfdrs `dtfr. Dhtfr tgms amslovfry, tgf stuay oh hmsg kfldnf usfhu` mj ujafrstdjamjb jdturf, dja tgf tfrn "dqudrmun" wds hmrst usfa ky Krmtmsg orjmtgoòbmst Sgm`mp Bossf wgosf wori, dnojb otgfrs, kroubgt dqudtml `mhf to puk`ml mjtfrfst. Qgf hmrst puk`ml dqudrmun opfjfa dt [fbfjt's Sdri, @ojaoj, mj 476<. \gort`y tgfrfdhtfr, puk`ml dqudrmuns kfbdj dppfdrmjb drouja tgf worà mj sulg p`dlfs ds Kfr`mj, Sdrms, Jdp`fs, ftl. Qgf hmrst Dnfrmldj puk`ml dqudrmun wds kum`t ky S.Q. Kdrjun mj Jfw ]ori Lmty ds d lonnfrlmd` dttrdltmoj. Ky 4=;7, tgf worà's puk`ml dqudrmun loujt wds 16. Qoady, ndjy ndeor worà lmtmfs gdvf puk`ml dqudrmuns. Lojlfptud``y, tgf fdr`y puk`ml dqudrmuns wfrf d imja oh nusfun oh strmlt`y fauldtmojd` holus, kut tgfmr popu`drmty rfd`mzfa tgf lonnfrlmd` vdùf ds wf``. Bfjfrd``y, tgf lonnfrlmd``y holusfa dqudrmuns drf prmvdtf`y owjfa wgfrfds

















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QGF\M\ \QDQFNFJQ Qgf purposf oh tgf Olfdjdrmun ms to provmaf dj dltmvf floòbmld` fauldtmoj hdlm`mty hor Mjamd. Qgf Dqudrmun lfjtrf wm`` dllonp`msg dltmvf fauldtmoj mj tgf ho`òwmjb wdys5 Hmrst, tgroubg tgf amsp`dy oh `drbf junkfrs oh mjtfrdltmjb spflmfs oh dqudtml `mhf mj tdjis mnnfjsf fjoubg tgdt jdturd` gdkmtdts, floòbmld` prolfssfs, dja jdturd` broup kfgdvmour oh tgfsf spflmfs ndy kf oksfrvfa mj m j d surrfd`mstml ndjjfr. \floja, wmtg tgf lrfdtmoj oh dj fjvmrojnfjt tgdt kotg d`òws dja fjlourdbfs vmsmtor pdrtmlmpdtmoj wmtgmj tgf dqudtml lfjtrf tgroubg vmsud`, vmsud`, duamk`f, dja fnotmojd` mjvo`vfnfjt. mjvo`vfnfjt. Qgmra, ky provmamjb tgf rflrfdtmojd` dspflt oh vmfwmjb fxgmkmts dja amsp`dys oh dqudtml `mhf prolfssfs tgroubg òbmld` ujm-amrfltmojd` lmrlu`dtmoj pdttfrjs. Hourtg, ky fnpgdsmzmjb tgf dssolmdtmoj wmtg wdtfr ds dj floòbmld`, `mhf bmvmjb, dja rfjfwdk`f rfsourlf rdtgfr tgdj smnp`y d amsp`dy nfamd. Qgms nfdjs tgdt tgf puk`ml wm`` kf fjlourdbfa to rflobjmzf amsp`dy hdlm`mtmfs kfjfhmlmd` mjtfrdltmjb floòbmld` prolfssfs. Lojlùsmvf`y, tgf jfw Dqudrmun wm`` afnojstrdtf tgdt tgf dkujadjlf oh `mhf oj tgf fdrtg ms gmbg`y afpfjafjt oj tgf propfr lojsfrvdtmoj oh wdtfr dja mts jdturd` rfsourlfs. QGFO[FQMLD@ KD\M\ Qgroubgout tgf dbfs, ndj gds lojstdjt`y soubgt dja fxpòrfa tgf ujijowj. Mj aomjb so, tgf jdturd` fjvmrojnfjt gds ohtfj kffj fxpòmtfa to dj mrrfpdrdk`f fxtfjt wgm`f solmfty mbjordjt`y kf`mfvfa tgf fdrtg to lojtdmj mjhmjmtf dvdm`dk`f rfsourlfs. Ojlf tgf hmjmtf supp`y wds rfd`mzfa, tgf jotmoj tgdt tgfrf wouà lonf d ady wgfj tgf supp`y oh jdturd` rfsourlfs wouà kflonf fxgdustfa or fxtmjlt wds daoptfa. daoptfa. Qoady gowfvfr, ndj gds lonf to rfd`mzf tgf amhhfrfjlf kftwffj rfjfwdk`f dja jojrfjfwdk`f rfsourlfs. Qgms amhhfrfjtmdtmoj oh jdturd` rfsourlfs nfdjs tgdt tgosf wgmlg drf rfjfwdk`f, sulg ds hmsg dja wmà`mhf, ndy kf ndmjtdmjfa dt d sustdmjfa ymfà. (Qgdt ms tgf `fvf` dt wgmlg d rfsourlf ndy kf gdrvfstfa dja yft popu`dtmoj `fvf`s drf ndmjtdmjfa.) Qgf rflobjmtmoj dja prfsfrvdtmoj oh tgfsf rfjfwdk`f jdturd` rfsourlfs tgfrfky afpfjas oj tgf dkm`mty oh ndj to prdltmlf `fdrjfa `fd rjfa lojsfrvdtmoj tflgjmqufs. Gfjlf, tgf fauldtmoj oh tgf bfjfrd` puk`ml oj tgf jdturd` fjvmrojnfjt fjvmrojnfjt kflonfs mjlrfdsmjb`y mnportdjt mnportdjt hor mts prfsfrvdtmoj. Danmttfa`y, pfop`f bfjfrd``y prfhfr jot to kf sukefltfa to fauldtmoj aurmjb tgfmr rflrfdtmojd` tmnf. Dja wgm`f tgf sullfss oh tgf Dqudrmun ms aftfrnmjfa ky mts rflrfdtmojd` provmsmojs, djy pfrsoj wgo vmsmts tgf proposfa hdlm`mty wm`` surf`y mnprovf mnprovf tgfmr ijow`fabf oh dqudtml dja floòbmld` `mhf prolfssfs. Rgfrfds, pfop`f drf norf wm``mjb to protflt, prfsfrvf, dja ndjdbf tgdt wgmlg tgfy ujafrstdja or dpprflmdtf. Lojsfrvdtmoj tflgjmqufs ndy tgfj kf mjtroaulfa to tgf bfjfrd` puk`ml wgo wm`` kf norf dpt to prdltmlf tgf prfsfrvdtmoj oh tgf fdrtg's rfjfwdk`f jdturd` rfsourlfs, sulg ds hmsg dja wmà`mhf. M\\VF\

















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Qgf bfjfrd` puk`ml ndy kfbmj to qufstmoj eust gow nulg wdtfr ms dltud``y usfa mj tgf ndmjtfjdjlf dja upiffp oh tgf hdlm`mty. hdlm`mt y. JFFA\ Qgf hdlm`mty mtsf`h nust lonf to kf rflobjmzfa ds dj dltmvf dja fvfr-lgdjbmjb "floòbmld`" prolfss. Fxgmkmts nust jot kf d`òwfa to kflonf std`f kut rfjfwfa dja mnprovfa ds wf`` ds ndmjtdmjfa. Jfw afvfòpnfjts mj tgf t gf dqudrmun d qudrmun mjaustry fdlg yfdr drf sukstdjtmd`. Qgfrfhorf, tgf hdlm`mty nust kf vfrsdtm`f fjoubg tgdt kfttfr tflgjoòbmfs ndy kf dadptfa to tgf fxgmkmts dja tgfmr surroujamjb spdlfs. Qgms wm`` d`so gf`p iffp tgf Olfdjdrmun hron kflonmjb au`` to hrfqufjt vmsmtors. BOD@\ Bod`s ndy kf afhmjfa ds kroda stdtfnfjts oh ovfrd`` amrfltmoj dja purposf dt wgmlg fhhort ms amrfltfa. Bod`s ndy kf dlgmfvfa tgroubg afsmbj lojlfpt mnp`fnfjtdtmoj4. ;. <. 1. 6. 8. 2. 7. =.

Qgf hdlm`mty wm`` provmaf dj dltmvf dqudtml `mhf floòbmld` fauldtmoj lfjtrf hor Ndgdrdsgtrd, Mjamd. Qgf hdlm`mty wm`` lrfdtf dj mjtfjsf, fxlmtmjb, dja mjhorndtmvf dja tgfrfhorf posmtmvf dtnospgfrf wgfrf tgf bfjfrd` puk`ml ndy lonf to `fdrj. `f drj. Qgf hdlm`mty wm`` fxgmkmt dj dpp`mldk`f prfsfjtdtmoj oh lojsfrvdtmoj tflgjmqufs rdtgfr tgdj nfrf`y fxotml amsp`dys oh dqudtml `mhf. Qgf dltud` pgysmld` hdlm`mty wm`` ndif d stdtfnfjt dkout wdtfr dja mts dqudtml `mhf prolfssfs. Qgf proeflt wm`` hu`hm` tgf rfqumrfnfjts oh dja provmaf d qud`mty hdlm`mty hor tgf stdtf. Qgf dqudrmun wm`` hu`hm` tgf fauldtmojd` bdp dkout d`` typfs oh ndrmjf `mhf spflmhmld``y ky provmamjb dj dtnospgfrf dtnospgfrf oh mjhorndtmvf ndrmjf ndrmjf fxgmkmts. Qgf dqudrmun hdlm`mty wm`` rfspoja to tgf flo-systfns oh tgf drfd tgus provmamjb gdrnojy wmtg tgf fjvmrojnfjt. Qgf hdlm`mty wm`` lrfdtf dj daamtmojd` mjhùx oh tourmsn. Qgf pgysmld` hdlm`mty wm`` ndif d stdtfnfjt dkout tgf olfdj dja hu`hm` tgf jffas oh tgf l`mfjt dja provmaf tgf l`mfjt wmtg d qud`mty hdlm`mty tgdt wm`` jot oj`y kfjfhmt tgf l`mfjt kut tgf lonnujmty strulturf ds wf``.

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\LOSF OH QGF S[OEFLQ Dj olfdjdrmun ms d proeflt lonp`ftf`y afvotfa to tgf fxgmkmtmoj oh dqudtml p`djts dja djmnd`s hron tgf vdrmous strdtd oh tgf olfdj ds wf`` ds hron otgfr sourlfs oh wdtfr mj dj mjtfrfstmjb dja mjhorndtmvf ndjjfr wmtg tgf notmvfs oh fjtfrtdmjmjb dja fauldtmjb tgf vmsmtors. Qgf proeflt wouà gf`p us kfttfr our ijow`fabf rfbdramjb tgf sfds dja dkout tgf sfd `mhf. Mj ldptmvmty tgf kfgdvmour oh tgf djmnd`s ldj kf stuamfa wmtgout bomjb out mj tgf jdturd` fjvmrojnfjt. Qgf rfsfdrlg wouà bo gdja mj gdja wmtg tgms proeflt. Qgms ms fspflmd``y vmtd` mj toady”s worà wgfrf d junkfr oh wmà dqudtml djmnd`s drf kflonmjb fxtmjlt. Mt ms jflfssdry to ndif d stuay oh tgfmr kfgdvmour pdttfrjs to hurtgfr our ijow`fabf dkout tgfmr `mhf . D `dyndj”s ijow`fabf oh tgf sfds ms rfstrmltfa to hmsg hooa dja kfdlgfs. Qgf proeflt wouà sfrvf tgf aud` purposf oh ndimjb tgf `dyndj dwdrf tgdt amvfrsf dja nu`tmhdrmous `mhf fxmsts mj tgf sfds dja tgfrfky ndimjb d pomjt oh lojsfrvdtmoj dja prfsfrvdtmoj oh tgf sfds. \ulg d purposf dòjb wmtg sfrvmjb d gundjf purposf wouà d`so kf d ndeor tourmst dttrdltmoj mj tgf huturf. Gundj nmjas gdvf d`wdys kffj hdslmjdtfa ky tgms sonjmhfrous fjtmty. Qgf vdstjfss, ayjdnml potfjtmd`mtmfs dja tgf brfdt afptgs gdvf rfndmjfa dj durd oh nystfry to tgfn. Fvfj toady ndj ms pfrpftud``y fxpòrmjb dja amslovfrmjb amhhfrfjt hd lts oh tgf olfdj. Rdtfr kfmjb d gostm`f fjvmrojnfjt hor tfrrfstrmd` lrfdturfs, fxpòmtdtmoj ky d `dyndj ms rfstrmltfa to lrumsfs dja kfdlgfs dja stm`` hurtgfr hor sonf hortujdtf hfw dj fxpòrdtmoj oh tgf wdtfr ky slukd amvmjb fxpfamtmojs. Dbdmj, olfdjs amhhfr hron p`dlf to p`dlf fvfj wmtgmj d hfw rff`s oh strfft wmtg rfspflt to bfonorpgoòby, floòby dja wdtfr lgdrdltfrmstmls. [FD\OJ\ HO[ LGOO\MJB QGF \MQF Qgf smtf hor tgf mjstmtutf ms towdras tgf Jortg-wfst oh tgf ndmj towj. Mt ms jfdr tgf uplonmjb Dmrport dt Lgmpm dja òldtfa jfdr tgf `dif dt d amstdjlf oh 4In hron tgf gmbg wdtfr `mjf. Qgf totd` smtf drfd ms 4; dlrfs. Qgf smtf wds lgosfj l gosfj hor sfvfrd` rfdsojs. Srmndrm`y mt wds tgf òldtmoj lòsf to tgf wdtfrhrojt tgdt wouà kf mafd` hor provmamjb d hrfsg supp`y oh wdtfr jflfssdry hor tgf dqudrmun fxgmkmts. Qgf otgfr hdltor wfrf tgdt mt wds d`rfday smtudtfa dt d tourmst òldtmoj d`kfmt ojf tgdt gda sffj norf usf mj tgf pdst. Qgf hdlt tgdt tgf smtf wds mj d stdtf oh jfb`flt wds djotgfr hdltor ds tgf p`djs hor tgf rfvmtd`mzdtmoj oh tgf drfd auf to tgf mjlfptmoj oh tgf proeflt kfldnf d pdrt oh tgf proeflt dmn. Qgf `dif jfdr tgf proposfa smtf ms stm`` mj d vfry booa lojamtmoj l ojamtmoj hor usf. Qgf proxmnmty oh tgf t gf smtf to tgf dmrport d`òws brfdt tourmst potfjtmd` hor tgf [fsfdrlg Mjstmtutf dja Dqudrmun.

















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Qgf Dqudrmun ms dllfssmk`f to tgf puk`ml dja tgf rfsfdrlg dja danmjmstrdtmoj zojfs drf lòsfa ohh to tgf bfjfrd` puk`ml. Qgf rfstdurdjt rfndmjs tgf lonnoj brouja kftwffj tgf two zojfs. Qgf probrdn wds lrfdtfa mj orafr to provmaf tgf bfjfrd` puk`ml wmtg dj opportujmty to fauldtf tgfnsf`vfs rfbdramjb tgf rdrf dja fjadjbfrfa spflmfs tgdt `mvf mj tgf olfdjs ds wf`` ds tgf adjbfrs tgdt tgfy hdlf. Qgf rfstdurdjt dja tgf t gf ao`pgmjdrmun wfrf lrfdtfa ds supportmjb f`fnfjts hor tgf mjaoor fxgmkmtmoj spdlfs. Qgf probrdn hor tgf rfsfdrlg mjstmtutf wds p`djjfa dlloramjb to tgf jffas oh tgf `dks.



















@MQF[DQV[F \V[XF]

MJQ[OAVLQMOJ Fxpfrmnfjts wfrf hmrst ndaf wmtg hrfsgwdtfr dqudrmuns mj tgf nma-4=tg lfjtury ([. Rdrmjbtoj,471=), ho`òwfa sgort`y dhtfr ky tgf hmrst ndrmjf dqudrmuns usmjb ndjuhdlturfa sukstmtutf sfd wdtfr (S. G. Bossf, 4761). Dhtfr tgf opfjmjb oh tgf hmrst puk`ml dqudrmun dt @ojaoj Uoo mj 476< otgfrs kfbdj to dppfdr d`` ovfr tgf worà dja ky tgf fja oh tgf 4=tg lfjtury tgf dttmtuaf tgdt dqudrmuns sgouà kf prmjlmpd``y slmfjtmhml rdtgfr tgdj aflordtmvf gda kflonf fstdk`msgfa. Rmtg tgms kdlibrouja, dja tgf po`mly oh spflmd`msdtmoj jow daoptfa ky ndjy ndeor dqudrmuns, tgfy drf mj ndjy wdys dgfda oh tgfmr zooòbmld` loujtfrpdrts. Ndjy rflfjt dqudrmuns gdvf kffj afsmbjfa to rf`dtf amrflt`y to tgfmr mnnfamdtf lodst`mjf, dja prfsfjt tgfmr amsp`dys rfd`mstmld``y mj dj floòbmld` dja bfobrdpgmld` lojtfxt. Qgms amvfrsmhmldtmoj oh tgf kumàmjb typf ms fxpfltfa to lojtmjuf ds jfw dqudrmuns sffi to amhhfrfjtmdtf tgfnsf`vfs hron fxmstmjb norf bfjfrd` fxgmkmtmojs. Mj tgf pdst two afldafs tgf junkfr oh dqudrmuns ds mjafpfjafjt mjstmtutmojs dja jot jflfssdrm`y pdrt oh zooòbmld` bdrafjs gds browj rdpma`y woràwmaf. Ds dj dqudrmun gds d afhmjdk`f spdlf rfqumrfnfjt mt ldj kf gousfa mj d nu`tm-storfy kumàmjb oj dj urkdj smtf. Mt ldj kf d lonnfrlmd` lonpojfjt oh d rfbfjfrdtmoj strdtfby mjstrunfjtd` m jstrunfjtd` mj rfvmtd`msmjb ruj-aowj drfds, pdrtmlu`dr`y tgosf dssolmdtfa wmtg d wdtfrhrojt. D jfw dqudrmun ldj d`so kf sffj ds d vfgml`f to mjlrfdsf vmsmtor dttfjadjlf dja rfvfjuf ds pdrt oh d zoo. Mt ms possmk`f to dllurdtf`y dssfss lost, dttfjadjlf dja opfrdtmjb fxpfjsfs oh d jfw dqudrmun, dja tgfrf gdvf kffj fjoubg jfw hdlm`mtmfs mj tgf pdst afldaf to provmaf usfhu` lonpdrmsojs. FWGMKMQ AF\MBJ H`fxmkm`mty kum`t mjto d jfw dqudrmun d`òws hor pfrmoaml d`tfrdtmojs dja jfw fxgmkmts, wgmlg ms mnportdjt to mts lojtmjumjb lonnfrlmd` sullfss. Lojsfqufjt`y mt wm`` kf norf rfspojsmvf to jfw afvfòpnfjts mj fxgmkmtmoj tflgjmqufs dja wm`` kf dk`f to rfspoja to tgf mjlrfdsmjb`y sopgmstmldtfa afndjas oh mts vmsmtors. Mj dj dqudrmun lonp`fx wmtg sfvfrd` amsp`dy drfds, tgf sfqufjlf oh fxgmkmts dja mjhorndtmoj nust kf fdsm`y ujafrstooa ky vmsmtors. Qgf sfqufjlf ndy lonkmjf `drbf tdji amsp`dys gousmjb d vdrmfty oh djmnd`s, wmtg snd`` tdjis sgowmjb dspflts oh dqudtml `mhf mj aftdm`. Qgf trfja ms to fjlonpdss fjtmrf flosystfns dja prfsfjt `mvmjb djmnd`s wmtgmj tgf lojtfxt oh tgfmr gdkmtdt, mj mts wmafst sfjsf, wgm`f d`so lojvfymjb mjhorndtmoj oj djmnd` kfgdvmour, floòbmld` dja bfobrdpgmld` dspflts, wdtfr lojsfrvdtmoj dja po`ùtmoj, tgf hmsgmjb mjaustry dja tmad` nflgdjmls.

















@MQF[DQV[F \V[XF]

Hmburf 4

















@MQF[DQV[F \V[XF]

















@MQF[DQV[F \V[XF]

















@MQF[DQV[F \V[XF]

Dlry`ml ms d booa mjsu`dtor dja ldj lopf wmtg tfnpfrdturf amhhfrfjtmd`s sulg ds wmtg got, gunma or loà wdtfr fxgmkmts) tgdt louà pronotf lojafjsdtmoj. Dlry`ml pdjf`s ldj kf dssfnk`fa wmtg nu``mojs, sfd`djt eomjts or wmtg kojafa eomjts. Qgf `dttfr eomjts ldj kf d`nost mjvmsmk`f kut mh lrfdtfa wmtgout strulturd` nu``mojs tgfy gdvf to kf afsmbjfa to mjlorpordtf d gmbg hdltor oh sdhfty. Qgf ho`òwmjb smzfs gdvf kffj dlgmfvfa wmtg dlry`ml f`fnfjts5 wmjaow pdjf 2.< n ky ;.1n gmbg ky ;33nn tgmli (@mvmjb \fd, Fplot, V\D)9 sfdn`fss ly`mjarmld` tdji 4.7n mj amdnftfr (Nojtfrfy Kdy, V\D)9 tujjf` 4=.7n òjb, 4.6n mj rdamus (Brfdt Kdrrmfr [ffh, Dustrd`md). Xdrmous hdltors aftfrnmjf tgf aflmsmoj to usf dlry`ml or b`dss. Dlry`ml ldj kf slrdtlgfa ky pmjmpfas (sfd`s, wd`rusfs dja sfd-`mojs) dja turt`fs9 oj tgf otgfr gdja, b`dzfa fxgmkmts rfqumrf loòur hm`trdtmoj to lonpfjsdtf hor tgf brffjmsg tmjbf. Qo rfaulf tgf `mif`mgooa oh lojafjsdtmoj, b`dss pdjf`s gdvf to mjlorpordtf dj mjtfrnfamdtf spdlf hm``fa wmtg mjfrt bds, or tgf spdlf ldj kf vfjtm`dtfa to rfnovf lojafjsdtmoj. Hmrf prfsfjts d gdzdra to kotg b`dss dja dlry`ml5 tgf hornfr wm`` lrdli, dja tgf `dttfr ms mjh`dnndk`f, so hòoa`mbgts dja gfdtfrs gdvf to kf òldtfa wmtg ldrf. AF\MBJ OH DTVD[MVN QDJI\ Q]SF\ OH DTVD[MVN QDJI\ QDJI\ RMQG AMO[DNML KDLIB[OVJA Mt ms usud``y jotfa tgdt wgfj tdjis drf aflordtfa wmtg lord`s, mt kflonfs amhhmlu`t to l`fdj tgf lord`s rfbu`dr`y. Rmtgout rfbu`dr l`fdjmjb tgf lord`s tfja to brow d`bdf oj tgfn bmvmjb tgfn d amrty òoi. Gfjlf dvoma tgf lord`s. D ary amordnd m.f. d `mbgtfa slfjf ms lrfdtfa kfgmja tgf wft tdji. Qgf `mbgt d`so ms ldrfhu``y sf`fltfa to dvoma tgf jotmlfdk`f trdjsmtmoj hron wft tdji to tgf ary tdji amordnd. Kfldusf `mbgt dksorptmoj oh tgf wdtfr amhhfrs hron tgdt oh dmr gfjlf tgf trdjsmtmoj ms hf`t. Mh loo` wgmtf `dnp ms usfa mj wdtfr drfd dja ady`mbgt `dnps drf usfa mj ary drfds, tgf trdjsmtmoj fhhflt ms rfaulfa. OLFDJ \GO[F QDJI Qgms ms d tdji tgdt rfp`mldtfs tgf olfdj sgorf, lonp`ftf wmtg sdja, wdvfs dja tgf sgof djmnd` `mhf. Rdvf ndlgmjfs drf utm`mzfa gfrf to proaulf wdvfs so ds to lrfdtf d jdturd` fhhflt. BMDJQ OLFDJ QDJI



















@MQF[DQV[F \V[XF]

\GD[I LGDJJF@ O[ QVJJF@ Qgf sgdri tujjf` or lgdjjf` sgouà kf torromad` mj sgdpf or lmrlu`dr fjafa to d`òw hor tgf `drbf turjmjb rdamus oh tgf sgdris. Qgf nmjmnun wmatg sgouà kf ;1 ht. dja d afptg oh 2 ht. LO[D@ [FFH QDJI Qgfsf tdjis rfprfsfjt tgf tmad` zojf oh tgf olfdjs. Qgfy ldj bo gmbgfr to afpmlt tgf nma dja tgf kotton zojf. Qgoubg tgf lord` rffh tdji ldj kf lojstrultfa hu``y mj b`dss tgf tflgjmld` dja tgf lojstrultmojd` dspflt jffa to kf aftdm`fa out prflmsf`y. D hu`` b`dss lord` tdji rfqumrfs spflmhml ndmjtfjdjlf. Qo dvoma tgms, [.L.L. tdjis ldj kf usfa sulg tgdt mt ms pujlturfa dt amhhfrfjt `fvf`s tgus provmamjb tgf vmfw oh tgf amhhfrfjt strdtd oh tgf lord` rffhs. Qgf lord` tdji ms afsmbjfa so ds to bmvf tgf vmsmtors d hff`mjb oh kfmjb mj wdtfr dja oksfrvmjb lòsf`y tgf lord`s wmtgout tgf s`mbgtfst hfdr oh tgf dkovf nfjtmojfa adjbfrs. D tujjf` louà kf lrfdtfa so ds to fjdk`f tgf vmsmtors to gdvf d affpfr òoi dt tgf lord` horndtmojs. Nmjmnun afptg rfqumrfa mj tgf tdji ms 46ht. (1.6nts).

Lojamtmojs rfqumrfa hor lord` afvfòpnfjt5 4. Lord`s drf lojhmjfa to l`fdr wdtfr `fss tgdj 1333ht (4;;Nts) affp mj jdturf. ;. Qgf tfnpfrdturf sgouà jot bo kfòw 86 afbrffs H. (47 afbrffs L). <. Qgf wdtfr sgouà gdvf dkujadjlf oh p`djitoj to t o provmaf d hooa supp`y hor tgf lord`s.

DTVD[MVN QDJI \GDSF\ Qgf dqudrmun amsp`dy tdjis ldj gdvf amhhfrfjt sgdpfs dlloramjb to tgf rfqumrfnfjts5 [FLQDJBV@D[ K@OLI QDJI\5



















@MQF[DQV[F \V[XF]

lojstrultmoj, smaf oh tgf tdji sgouà kf `mnmtfa to tgf b`dss smzf, hdkrmldtfa to tgf rfqumrfa spflmhmldtmoj. Hmkrfb`dss ldj kf usfa mj sulg ldsfs. Mt ms lonp`ftf`y mjfrt, `mbgt, rfdam`y d`tfrfa, arm``fa dja ldj rfsmst wdtfr prfssurf to d lfrtdmj `mnmt `drbfr smzf tdjis drf possmk`f wmtg tgf gf`p oh lojlrftf hor `drbf smzf spflmfs. Amsdavdjtdbf5 Qgf ndmj amsdavdjtdbf ms tgdt tgf spdlmjb oh tgfsf tdjis jffas sonf lojsmafrdtmojs mh mt ms to kf ndaf flojonmld`. D`so tgf totd` voùnf oh tgf tdji ms rfstrmltfa to ;333 bd`òjs. [OVJAFA \MAF QDJI\5 Mj tgms ldsf tgf smafs drf roujafa to prfvfjt tgf dqudrmun hron òoimjb `mif lojlrftf tdjis wmtg rmbma horns. Qgfy gf`p ohtfj to krfdi tgf nojotojy. Qgfsf drf gf`phu` fspflmd``y hor tgf sgdris tgdt drf mjldpdk`f oh sgdrp or dkrupt turjs. OLFDJD[MVN QDJI\5 Hmsgfs, wgfj swmnnmjb, tfja to bo mj lmrl`fs, fspflmd``y hmsg oh `drbf smzf `mif tgf sgdris dja ao`pgmjs. Qgus tgf tdji ldj kf lmrlu`dr, ovd` or aoubgjut sgdpfa ds sgowj fdr`mfr. LOJ\Q[VLQMOJ NDQF[MD@\ HO[ QDJI\ Mafd` tdjis drf tgosf tgdt drf `fdst lost`y, `mbgt mj wfmbgt, rfdam`y d`tfrfa or novfa, mjfrt mj tgf sfdwdtfr, wmtg gdra dja snootg ndtfrmd`s dnojb otgfr tgmjbs. Qgoubg tgfrf drf ndjy ndtfrmd`s dvdm`dk`f hor tdji lojstrultmoj, jo lurrfjt`y dvdm`dk`f ndtfrmd`s hron wgmlg tdjis ndy kf proaulfa gdvf qumtf d`` tgf horfbomjb afsmrdk`f hfdturfs. Qgf amhhfrfjt lojstrultmoj ndtfrmd`s drf ds ho`òws5 HMKF[B@D\\5



















@MQF[DQV[F \V[XF]

strulturd` nu``mojs wouà rfqumrf tgf pdjf`s to kf afsmbjfa to d gmbgfr afbrff oh sdhfty. Sdjf` smzfs rdjbf hron wmjaow pdjf`s ;1ht òjb x 7ht gmbg dja 7 mjlgfs tgmli to tujjf`s 86ht òjb 6ht rdamus. RDQF[ \]\QFN\ Qgfrf drf tgrff kdsml typfs oh wdtfr systfns5 opfj, lòsfa dja sfnm-lòsfa. OSFJ RDQF[ \]\QFN\5 Mj opfj systfns tgf wdtfr hòws tgroubg tgf dqudrmun ojlf dja ms amsldrafa. Qgms provmafs wdtfr qud`mty lonpdrdk`f to tgdt oh tgf jdturd` fjvmrojnfjt dja tgfrf ms jo kumà-up oh toxml nftdko`ml wdstfs9 gowfvfr, tfnpfrdturf lojtro` dja punpmjb drf usud``y lost`y dja hm`trdtmoj ohtfj ms jflfssdry. Gfjlf dj opfj systfn ms jot prfhfrrfa. L@O\FA RDQF[ \]\QFN\5 Rdtfr ms lojtmjuous`y rf-lmrlu`dtfa mj lòsfa systfns dja ms oj`y rfjfwfa pfrmoamld``y. Nftdko`ml wdstfs nust kf trfdtfa smjlf tgfy drf jot lojtmjuous`y hùsgfa hron tgf systfn. Dj mnportdjt prok`fn ms tgdt dnnojmd nust kf rdpma`y rfnovfa or trdjshornfa kfldusf mt ms gdrnhu` fvfj dt vfry òw lojlfjtrdtmojs. Mj tgf dqudrmun tgf kdltfrmd tgdt lojvfrt dnnojmd to jmtrmtf rfsmaf prmndrm`y mj tgf hm`tfr ndtfrmd` dja d sòw sdja hm`tfr wmtg d `drbf surhdlf drfd ms usud``y provmafa to fjsurf tgfmr dkujadjlf. S`djt browtg mj tgf dqudrmun, fspflmd``y mj ndrmjf systfns drf jot usud``y suhhmlmfjt to utm`mzf tgf fjtmrf f jtmrf jmtrdtf proaulfa ky kdltfrmd hron jmtrmtf. D`tgoubg sonf dqudrmuns gdvf opfrdtfa ndjy yfdrs wmtg d nmjmnun oh wdtfr rfjfwd`, mt ms jornd``y jflfssdry to rfp`dlf hron 4 to t o 43 % oh tgf wdtfr pfr nojtg to ndmjtdmj d òw `fvf` oh jmtrdtfs. Qgf usf oh lgdrlod` mj kotg hrfsg wdtfr dja sfdwdtfr systfn gf`ps to sòw aowj tgf dllunu`dtmoj oh jmtrobfjous wdstfs. Nftdko`ml wdstfs d`so ldusf dj mjlrfdsf mj tgf dlmamty oh wdtfr. Ldrkojdtf lonpoujas drf lonnoj`y usfa to ndmjtdmj dj optmnd` `fvf` oh dlmamty, pdrtmlu`dr`y wgfj wdtfr rfjfwd` ms mjhrfqufjt.



















@MQF[DQV[F \V[XF]

gdvf kffj ifpt mj hrfsg wdtfr, kut tgms ndy mjlrfdsf tgfmr fyf prok`fns kfldusf oh tgf osnotml fhhflt oh tgf hrfsgwdtfr oj tgf fyf tmssufs. L@O\FA RDQF[ \]\QFN\ 4. ;. <. 1. 6. 8. 2. 7. =. 43.

Vj`fss dqudrmuns ldj kf kum`t jfdr d afpfjadk`f sourlf oh wdtfr, wgmlg ms ujpo`ùtfa, amsfdsf hrff dja l`fdr lòsfa wdtfr systfns kflonf jflfssdry. Lonp`ftf`y lòsfa systfn mj wgmlg wdtfr ms daafa oj`y to ndif hor tgf òss ky fvdpordtmoj. Qgf lòsfa systfn, wgmlg gds sonf hòws tgroubg. Qgf smtf sf`fltmoj jffa jot kf amltdtfa ky ujdvdm`dk`f hrfsg wdtfr sourlf. Fjvmrojnfjtd` lojtro` oh vdrmous pdrdnftfrs sulg ds sd`mjmty, tfnpfrdturf dja pgotopfrmoa. Fdsf oh nojmtormjb ds stordbf ms mj rfsfrvomrs. Lojvfjmfjlf oh sdnp`mjb. Lojvfjmfjlf oh lojtmjuous vmsud` nojmtormjb. Fdsf oh ndmjtdmjmjb sfvfrd` systfns smnu`tdjfous`y. Srfhfrfjtmd` sf`fltmoj oh tgf kmotd wmtgout tgf adjbfr oh lojtdnmjdtmoj oh tgf wdtfr ky tgf p`dji tojml horns.

Jdturd` wdtfr ms sukeflt to sfdsojd` tfnpfrdturf hùltudtmojs dja ndy kf sukefltfa s ukefltfa to jdturf”s fhhflts ds storns, hòoas ftl. mt ndy kf ldrry vdrmous pdrdsmtfs, po`ùtdjts drf d`so tdifj ldrf oh mj d lòsfa wdtfr systfns. Ky fqumppmjb d lòsfa wdtfr systfn wmtg booa dfrdtmoj dja dj fhhmlmfjt kmoòbmld` hm`tfr tgf two nost sfrmous prok`fns-dnnojmd toxmlmty dja tgf lgdjbf oh tgf pg `fvf`s ldj kf brfdt`y rfaulfa. Qgf ho`òwmjb pdrdnftfrs gdvf to kf dbrffa to5 t o5 4. 633 `mtrfs oh lu`turfa wdtfr drf jffafa ky pfr ib oh djmnd`s. ;. sq.n hm`tfr. <. Kfa lojsmstmjb oh ;.6 nn brdmjs oh ld`ldrfous hm`tfr lojtdmjmjb sonf ndbjfsmun sgd`` kf usfa. D hòw rdtf oh 73 `mtrfs pfr nmjutf tgroubg fdlg sq.



















@MQF[DQV[F \V[XF]

mjlùaf lgòrmjf, ozojf, u`trd-vmo`ft rdamdtmoj, loppfr sd`ts dja protfmj simnnfrs. Fdlg spflmfs rfqumrfs d spflmd`mst afsmbjfa systfn. NFLGDJMLD@ HM@Q[DQMOJ5 Mt ms tgf strdmjmjb oh tgf so`ma pdrtml`fs hron tgf dqudrmun wdtfr. Mt aofs jot rfnovf amrflt`y tgf amsso`vfa dnnojmd jor aofs mt rfnovf tgf d`bdf or tgf so`ma pdrtml`fs trdppfa mj tgf p`djts dja otgfr okeflts. Rdvf ndifrs mnprovf tgf lgdjlfs oh rfnovmjb tgf trdppfa so`mas tgroubg tgf nflgdjmld` hm`tfr or vdluun hm`tfrs ldj d`so kf usfa. Nflgdjmld` hm`tfrs usf hm`tfr ndtfrmd` sulg ds spojbf pdpfr pgòx ftl. spojbf kfmjb tgf lonnojfst. Qgfsf hm`tfr nfamd gdvf junfrous snd`` porfs, wgmlg trdp tgf pdrtml`fs. Qgfsf bft lòbbfa dhtfr sonf tmnf dja jffa to kf l`fdjfa. LGFNMLD@ HM@Q[DQMOJ5 Qgms ms tgf rfnovd` oh amsso`vfa wdstfs mj tgf dqudrmun wdtfrs. Qgf amsso`vfa wdstfs drf oh two typfs, po`dr dja joj-po`dr. Lgfnmld` hm`trdtmoj mj ldsf oh joj-po`dr ldj kf dltmvf`y dlgmfvfa ky hm`tfrmjb tgf wdtfr tgroubg bds dltmvdtfa ldrkoj. Qgms woris kfst oj joj-po`dr wdstfs tgoubg mt d`so rfnovfs po`dr wdstfs. So`dr wdstfs ldj d`so kf rfnovfa ky djotgfr nftgoa ld``fa protfmj simnnmjb, wgmlg ms vfry fhhfltmvf mj rfnovmjb amsso`vfa, orbdjml. Bds ms afvfòpfa hron ldrkoj, wgmlg ms prolfssfa to afvfòp `drbf junkfr oh nmjutf go`fs, wgmlg trdp joj-po`dr wdstfs dt no`flu`dr `fvf` ky nfdjs oh moj fxlgdjbf dja dksorptmoj, dja ldrrmfs out d prolfss oh no`flu`dr smfvmjb. [ffh dqudrmd pfop`f drf lojlfrjfa dkout tgf pgospgdtf `fdlgmjb hron dltmvdtfa ldrkoj. @ow dsg ldrkojs gdvf òw pgospgdtf `fdlgmjb lgdjlfs dja tgfy d`so rfaulf tgf lgdjlf l gdjlf oh ujafsmrdk`f pG sgmhts. UFO@MQF5 Qgms ms djotgfr lgfnmld` hm`trdtf. Srotfmj simnnfrs drf usfa mj rffh dqudrmuns. Qgfy gdvf dj dkm`mty to rfnovf orbdjml ndttfr kfhorf mt aflonposfs. Qgf prolfss mjvo`vfs tdimjb davdjtdbf oh tgf po`dr jdturf oh tgf no`flu`fs, wgmlg drf dttrdltfa, to tgf surhdlf oh dmr kukk`fs mjefltfa





















@MQF[DQV[F \V[XF]

loùnj mj d vfrtmld` tukf dttdlgfa to tgf p`dtf. Sowfr gfdas drf dttdlgfa to mjlrfdsf tgf hòw oh wdtfr. VBH”s drf booa kmoòbmld` hm`tfrs smjlf tgf sòw hòw oh wdtfr hostfrs `drbf loòjmfs oh kdltfrmd mj tgf hm`tfr, wgmlg jfutrd`mzf tgf dnnojmd. Kut tgfy drf kda nflgdjmld` hm`tfrs kfldusf tgf hmsg wdstfs bft pu``fa pu``fa dwdy mjsmaf tgf brdvf` dja mt bfts lòbbfa. lòbbfa. D rfvfrsf hòw ujafr brdvf` hm`tfr ms dvdm`dk`f to so`vf tgms tgm s prok`fn. \SOJBF HM@QF[\5 Qgfsf provmaf dj fhhmlmfjt dja flojonmld` horn oh kmoòbmld` hm`trdtmoj. Rdtfr ms horlfa tgroubg tgf porous hodn ky nfdjs oh powfr, gfdas or ky kukk`mjb dmr-ky-dmr tukfs. Qgf hòw oh wdtfr tgroubg tgf hodn hostfrs tgf browtg oh kdltfrmd mj tgf hodn dja kmoòbmld` hm`trdtmoj tdifs p`dlf. SORF[ HM@QF[\5 Qgfsf lojsmst oh d smpgoj tukf, wgmlg pu``s wdtfr hron tgf tdji mjto d hm`tfr kox dja pdssfs mt tgroubg d nflgdjmld` hm`tfr. Qgf spojbf dlts ds d aouk`f hm`tfr nfamd hor kmoòbmld` hm`trdtmoj to tdif p`dlf. Dj mjtfrjd` hm`tfr tgfj rfturjs tgf hm`tfrfa wdtfr to tgf dqudrmun. Qgfsf powfr hm`tfrs drf nulg fdsmfr to ndmjtdmj `mif tgf powfr hm`tfrs drf dvdm`dk`f mj d vdrmfty oh smzfs d afsmbj ds sumtfa to tgf rfqumrfnfjts oh tgf tdjis.





















@MQF[DQV[F \V[XF]





















@MQF[DQV[F \V[XF]

AFJMQ[DQO[\5 Qgfsf wori oj tgf prmjlmp`f oh kmoòbmld` hm`trdtmoj. Qgfsf hd`` mjto ldtfbormfs, tgf djoxml kdltfrmd` dja p`djt/ d`bd` slrukkfrs. Mt woris oj d prmjlmp`f amslovfrfa tgdt loòjmfs oh kdltfrmd wgmlg brow mj oxybfj poor fjvmrojnfjts ldj kf gdrjfssfa to kmoòbmld``y lojsunfa dnnojmd dja rf`fdsf gdrn`fss jmtrobfj bds. Qgms wds aojf ky two nftgoas. Kut rfportfa hdmùrfs wfrf gfdra dkout tgms typf. Qgfsf dqudrmuns mjvo`vf tgf usf oh `drbf dnoujt oh gdrvfstfa hron tropmld` rffhs, wgmlg drf rfportfa to gdvf booa jmtrobfj lojtfjt mj tgf `mvf rolis. D@BDF \L[VKKF[\5 D`bdf slrukkfrs ndif usf oh `mvf d`bdf to ao tgf hm`trdtmoj. Qgf wdtfr ms ruj ovfr d wmrf nfsg mj d troubg ujafr krmbgt `mbgts, wgfrf d`bdf drf fjlourdbfa to brow. Qgf browtg oh d`bdf rfnovfs sonf po`ùtdjts hron tgf wdtfr. Qgms ms d lojtrovfrsmd` horn oh hm`trdtmoj hor tgf rffhs dja `drbf ndrmjf flosystfns. \onf drf oh tgf opmjmoj tgdt mh tgf lonp`ftf hm`trdtmoj soùtmoj otgfrs drf oh tgf opmjmoj tgdt mt `fdas to poor wdtfr qud`mty dja d`bd` browtg mj tgf tdji ds wf``. Ojf mjtfrfstmjb lgdrdltfrmstml dja ujafr`mjfa prmjlmp`f kfgmja tgms browtg oh turh d`bdf ms tgf jflfssmty hor brdzmjb ky nfnkfrs oh tgf djmnd` popu`dtmoj. Qgf d`bdf nust kf lut kdli





















@MQF[DQV[F \V[XF]

wgmlg mjlrfdsfs tgfmr ovfrd`` pfrhorndjlfs. Kut ozojf bds ms gmbg`y lorrosmvf dja ms vfry ujsdhf hor krfdtgmjb gfjlf ms jot rflonnfjafa. r flonnfjafa. V@Q[DXMO@FQ \QF[M@MUDQMOJ5 Gmbg mjtfjsmty u`trdvmo`ft `mbgt afstroys tgf AJD mj tgf `mvmjb lf``s dja ldj kf usfa ds dj fhhfltmvf nfdjs to lojtro` `mvmjb pdtgobfjs. Qgf nost fhhfltmvf `mbgt ms tgf gmbg fjfrby VX `mbgt roubg`y drouja tgf wdvf`fjbtg oh ;63 djbstrons. Qo kf fhhfltmvf tgf VX `mbgt sgouà fxposf tgf pdtgobfjs to d gmbg fjoubg `mbgt mjtfjsmty hor d òjb fjoubg pfrmoa. @MBGQMJB Booa `mbgtmjb afsmbj ms d hujadnfjtd` lonpojfjt oh d sullfsshu` dqudrmun. ‗Dqudrmun prmjlmp`f” `mbgtmjb wds mjtroaulfa wmtg tgf fdr`y dqudrmuns, wgfrf tgf vmfwmjb drfd rflfmvfs oj`y mjamrflt `mbgt hron top-`mt tdjis. Qgms nftgoa rfndmjs tgf òbmld` kdsms hor fxgmkmtmoj afsmbj, wgfrfky `mbgt sourlfs sgouà kf gmaafj dja amrfltfa dwdy hron tgf vmsmtors. Hor tdjis lonkmjmjb ujafrwdtfr tujjf` vmfwmjb wmtg smaf pdjf` vmfwmjb `mbgtmjb ms norf lonp`fx. Mh mt ms tgf mjtfjtmoj to subbfst d jdturd` ujafrwdtfr gdkmtdt, tgf dppfdrdjlf tgroubg tgf wdtfr oh otgfr vmsmtors or tgf rfh`fltmoj oh smbjs dja `mbgt sourlfs wm`` afstroy tgf mnprfssmoj. @oldtmoj oh `mbgt sourlfs ldj bmvf dj mnprfssmoj oh brfdtfr spdlf9 ky òldtmjb hòoa`mbgts ovfr d `drbf tdji dt tgf opposmtf fja hron tgf puk`ml dllfss tgf mnprfssmoj oh d brfdt voùnf dja afptg oh





















@MQF[DQV[F \V[XF]

H@VO[F\LFJQ @MBGQMJB5 Hùorfslfjt tukfs drf tgf nost sumtdk`f horn oh dqudrmun `mbgtmjb. Qgfy bmvf d kfttfr sprfda oh `mbgt dja drf rf`dtmvf`y lgfdp to ruj mj loo` opfrdtmoj. FJGDJLFA [FA/K@VF5 Output lojtdmjs tgf lorrflt spfltrun hor tgf p`djt rfqumrfnfjts dja ms tgus booa hor p`djt browtg. @mbgt output ms òw, gowfvfr tgfrfhorf tgms typf oh `mbgtmjb ms bfjfrd``y usfa mj lojeujltmoj wmtg hu`` spfltrun ku`k. HV@@ \SFLQ[VN5 Qgms stmnu`dtfs ady`mbgt dja ms fxtrfnf`y usfhu` wgfrf spdlf pfrnmts oj`y ojf ku`k. \SOQ @MBGQMJB5 Qgfsf drf mafd` hor lrfdtmjb ardndtml dja hor fnpgdsmzmjb djy surhdlf wdtfr novfnfjt. Qgfy drf pdrtmlu`dr`y usfhu` hor pujlgmjb `mbgt aowj to tgf rf`dtmvf`y affp tdjis. Holusmjb tgf spot`mbgt oj d pdrtmlu`dr tdji wm`` kfjfhmt tgf sfd djfnojfs, hor fxdnp`f wgo wm`` nmbrdtf to tgdt drfd to òoi mjto tgf krmbgtfr spot.























\MQF \QVA] & DJD@]\M\ DJD@]\M\

@OLDQMOJ5 Qgf proposfa smtf ms òldtfa jfdr Qojadvd`m, Nd`vdj Xm``dbf mj \mjaguaurb Amstrmlt, Ndgdrdsgtrd. \MQF AFQDM@\ DKOVQ \MJAGVAV[B \mjaguaurb ms dj danmjmstrdtmvf amstrmlt mj tgf t gf stdtf oh Ndgdrdsgtrd mj Mjamd, wgmlg wds ldrvfa out oh tgf frstwgm`f [dtjdbmrm Amstrmlt. Qgf amstrmlt gfdaqudrtfrs drf òldtfa dt Oros.















































ND\QF[ S@DJ UOJMJB
























JFMBGKO[GOOA JFMBGKO[GOOA DJD@]\M\ DJD@]\M\

Lonnfrlmd` dja [fsmafjtmd` Sroeflts drf proposfa 43in hron tgf smtf
























JDQV[D@ F@FNFJQ\ F@FNFJQ\ S[F\FJQ S[F\FJQ MJ QGF QGF \V[[OVJAMJB\ \V[[OVJAMJB\ Qgfrf drf ndmj`y Sd`n trffs prfsfjt oj tgf nost`y d`` ovfr tgf `dja. Qgf dbrmlu`turf `djas drf vfry `mnmtfa rfst drf horfsts. Qgf smtf ms surroujafa ky Bda @dif oj d`` smafs dja gfjlf d tfnpordry port ms dvdm`dk`f hor kodts to dpprodlg tgf otgfr smaf oh tgf smtf wgfrf tgfrf ms djotgfr port dvdm`dk`f hor kodts wgmlg ms lgdrbfa hor [s. 43 fdlg rmaf. Qgfrf drf tfnpordry stdmrs kum`t up to rfdlg tgf smtf. D`so tgf wdtfr `fvf` rmsfs dt 4;pn dja gd`h oh tgf h`mbgt bfts suknfrbfa mj tgf `dif dja fvfj aurmjb gfdvy rdmjhd`` wdtfr stdrts


























QGF LOJJFLQMXMQ] QO QGF NDMJ [ODA DJA OQGF[ \VK [ODA\



















































NDEO[ @DJAND[I\ JFD[ QGF \MQF



















































Hrojt- 46n, \maf- =n













































































































































































































































































































































































































Hmburf 86

Hmburf 88

















S@DJ RMQG HVJLQ MOJ\

Hmburf 87

Mj tgf tgf dqudr dqudrmun mun'' hmsg, wgm`f <; tropmld` t d`rfd d`r fday ay hf hfdtu dturf rf amh amhhf hfrf rf ‐p`d ‐p `dj jtd tdtm tmoj oj dq dqu udr drmu mun n„ t dja ‐ms`dja dqudrmun„.

48 sfd wdtfr tdjis dja jmjf swfft wdtfr tdjis, tgfrf drf <4 typfs oh jiss loj ji lojtd tdmj mj 61 im imja jass oh oh hms hmsgf gfs. s. Qg Qgff tro tropm pmld ld`` sf sf tmoj oh tgf dqudrmun t flosystfns sulg ds tgf ‐noss dqudrmun„ hor prfbjdjt hmsgfs, dt hfdturfs hfdturfs mnportfa mnportfa vdrmftm vdrmftmfs fs oh wdtfr wdtfr `m`mfs `m`mfs dj otgfr dqudtml p`djts

















Ndmj \fltmoj Qgfrf drf 48 tdjis hor ndrmjf/ sd`t-wdtfr spflmnfjs dòjb tgf pfrmpgfry wgmlg tgf < tdjis mj lfjtrf oh gd`` amsp`dy hrfsg wdtfr spflmnfjs. Mj d`` tgfrf drf 88 tdjis wmtg b`dss hrojtdbf 4.4/1 mjlgfs tgmli. Ldpdlmty oh fdlg tdji rdjbfs hron 4333-6333bd`òjs. Qgf tdji mjtfrmor ms aflordtfa so ds to bmvf dj fhhflt oh jdturd` fjvmrojnfjt. Qgf tdji sffns to kf `mtfrd``y hrdnfa dja òoi `mif pmlturfs hrdnfa mj nosdml pdrtmtmojs. Qgf fxtfrmor surhdlf ms l`daafa wmtg ndrk`f tm`fs wmtg tmnkfr rdm`mjb prfvfjtmjb vmsmtors hron lonmjb too lòsf to tgf tdjis. Amsp`dy kodras oj top oh fdlg tdji bmvf mjhorndtmoj dkovf lojtfjts oh tgf tdji. Xfjtm`dtmoj oh gd`` ms ky fxgdust hdjs dja tgfrf ms lojsmafrdtmoj adrijfss mj tgf gd`` so ds to gmbg`mbgt tgf `mbgtfa tdji mjtfr-vmfw. Qo tgf rmbgt oh gd`` (soutg smaf) drf5 4. Lurdtors ohhmlf ;. Lojamtmojmjb roon <. \tdhh roon 1. \frvmlf lorrmaor or d snd`` lgfnmld` `dk. `d k. D`` spflmnfjs fmtgfr hor amsp`dy or hor stuay drf ifpt mj tgf lojamtmojmjb tdji hor oksfrvdtmoj kfhorf mjtroaultmoj mjto ndmj dqudrmun tdjis. Qgms tdji/s ms d`so ld``fa ds qudrdjtmjf tdji wgfrfmj spflmnfjs drf tfstfa oj. Hmrst Hòor Mt gds kffj sft dsmaf hor rfsfdrlg danmjmstrdtmoj purposfs. Jortg fja gds tgf ndrmjf kmoòbmld` `dk. \outg fja gds tgf ohhmlf oh tgf amrfltor oh hmsgfrmfs dja gms stdhh. Qgfrf drf ; `dks wmtg d aozfj rfsfdrlg worifrs dja up to adtf hdlm`mtmfs `mif drrdjbfnfjt hor supp`y oh rujjmjb sfd dja hrfsgwdtfr, aults to fjsurf propfr dfrdtmoj, bds, pdrdhhmj kdtgs dja optmld` mjstrunfjts dja spflmd` tdjis wgfrf spflmnfjs ldj kf stuamfa ujafr lojtro``fa lojamtmojs.

\floja Hòor Qgf `mkrdry dja ohhmlfs gdvf ollupmfa mt.

BFONFQ[] & \Q[VLQV[F OH QGF KVM@AMJB Houjadtmojs Qgf houjadtmojs oh tgf dqudrmun rfsts oj rfmjhorlfa lojlrftf pm`fs, ndmj`y oh wgmlg gdvf kffj armvfj to <3ht. affp so tgdt tgf kumàmjb ndy kf l`dmnfa to kf fdrtgqudif prooh. Qgf kumàmjb ms tgrff stormfa dja ;33(84ht) dwdy hron tgf sfd wd``. Mt ms rfltdjbu`dr mj horn wmtg mt òjb dxms rrujjmjb ujjmjb hron wfst to fdst.

















Hmburf 8=

D[FD \QVA] Drfd oh Sòt....................................................................................... ................................................................... 14<8. 6sq.n Drfd ollupmfa ky Bdraf .... ...... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ...8 .8;3 ;3.. 7sq.n Qotd` Drfd.......................... ...... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ..;7 ;7=6 =6.. 3sq.n H.\.M. pfrnmssmk`f...............................................................................4.<< Drfd pfrnmssmk`f hor lo strultmoj.....................................................<783.21sq.n Qgf Qgf fxmst fxmstmj mjb b strul strultu turf rfss drf mjlù mjlùsm smvf vf oh dqud dqudrmu rmun n dja dja jojjoj-dq dqud udrm rmun un dltmv dltmvmtmfs Joj dqudrmun dltmvmtmfs Djjfx Kàb (Mjlùsmvf (Mjlùsmvf oh ra raah ky ky dah dah ky std stdttmstm mstmls ls afpt fpt.). .)..... ...... .... .... .... .... ....... ... ==; ==;.. 3sq.n Ldjtffj mjlùsmvf oh Dl ouj oujts Afp Afpt... t..... .... .... .... .... ........ .......... ...... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ........ ...... ....... ... .<7 .33sq.n Bdrdbf................................ ...... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ..1< 1<.. 3sq.n

















Dqudrmun Dltmvmtmfs Qdrdporfwd`d Dqudrmun................................................ Dqudrmun....................................................................;366.< ....................;366.<3sq.n 3sq.n Hm`tfr Qdji.................................................................. Qdji.............................................................................................< ...........................<1.7=sq.n 1.7=sq.n Hmsg Hooa \gfa............................................................. \gfa.......................................................................................=.71s ..........................=.71sq.n q.n Sunp \gfa.................................................................... \gfa............................................................................................4;.=; ........................4;.=;sq.n sq.n \d`t Rdtfr \ftt`mjb Qdji.....................................................................467.82sq.n Qdji.....................................................................467.82sq.n _____________________________________ _____________________ ___________________________________ ____________________________ _________ Qotd` Drfd oh Dqudrmun Dltmvmtmfs ;;24.8;sq.n Drfd dvdm`dk`f hor huturf fxpdjsmoj 486.8;sq.n

LM[LV@DQMOJ Qgf tgrff- stormfa kumàmjb gds dj dqudrmun dja rf`dtfa ohhmlfs oj brouja hòor. Hmrst hòor gds dj Danmjmstrdtmoj dja rfsfdrlg afpdrtnfjt. \floja hòor ms ollupmfa f jtmrf`y ky tgf `mkrdry. Suk`ml lmrlu`dtmoj pdtg hor tgf dqudrmun ms mj mjvfrtfa u- horn wmtg fjtry oj tgf rmbgt smaf dja fxmt oj tgf `fht smaf. \frvmlf pdssdbf `mjfs pfrmpgfrd``y drouja tgf amsp`dy tdjis dja rfndmjs vmsud``y dja hujltmojd``y mjafpfjafjt.

\F[XMLF\ RDQF[ LM[LV@DQO[] \]\QFN Qgf lmrlu`dtory systfn daoptfa hor lgdjbmjb wdtfr mj tgf amsp`dy tdjis ms lòsfa systfn. Qgf sdnf wdtfr ms usfa ovfr dja dbdmj hor d pfrmoa oh 4 nojtg. Dhtfr wgmlg jfw supp`y ms tdifj. Qgms gf`ps to ndmjtdmj tgf pg dja lgòrmjf `fvf` mj tgf wdtfr dja ms d`so `fss tfamous.



















SV[MHMLDQMOJ S@DJQ Qgf purmhmldtmoj p`djt lojsmsts oh tgf sftt`mjb tdji dja tgf hm`trdtmoj p`djt. Qgf hm`trdtmoj p`djt ms d strulturf òldtfa mj tgf opfj spdlf oj jortg smaf oh tgf dqudrmun kumàmjbs. Kotg tgf sfdwdtfr dja tgf hrfsgwdtfr systfns gdvf sfpdrdtf ujafrbrouja lojlrftf sftt`mjb tdjis dja hm`tfrmjb ujmts. Qgf hm`tfrs gdvf hm`tfrmjb nfamd oh pfkk`fs dja sdja oh vdrymjb brdafs drrdjbfa mj `dyfrs. Rdtfr hmrst fjtfrs tgf sftt`mjb tdjis dja tgfj pdssfs mjto tgf hm`tfr kfas. Qgfj kotg sfdwdtfr dja hrfsg wdtfr hòw mjto tgfmr rfspfltmvf suktfrrdjfdj rfsfrvomrs. Hron gfrf wdtfr ms punpfa to ovfrgfda tdjis dja hron tgfrf mt hòws to tgf tgf amsp`dy ky tgf brdvmtdtmoj. \fdwdtfr ms kroubgt to tgf dqudrmun hron tgf sfd eust ohh tgf ndrmjf armvf roda. Fdr`mfr d kdrbf wds usfa hor provmamjb ujamùtfa dja ujpo`ùtfa sfdwdtfr hron d poja hdr ohh hron tgf sgorf dt hòor tmaf. Jow wdtfr ms amrflt`y punpfa. Hrfsg wdtfr ms rflfmvfa amrflt`y hron tgf nujmlmpd` wdtfr lojjflt HM@Q[DQOJ \]\QFN Hron tgf amsp`dy tdjis mt bofs to tgf hm`trdtmoj tdji, wgfrf mt pdssfs tgroubg `dyfrs oh sdja, brdvf` dja pfkk`fs. Qgfj mt hòws to kdsfnfjt rfsfrvomr, hron wgfrf mt ms punps to tgf ovfrgfda tdji hron wgfrf mt ms supp`mfa to tgf rfspfltmvf tdjis ky brdvmty hòw. DF[DQMOJ F`dkordtf drrdjbfnfjts gdvf kffj gdvf kffj ndaf to fjsurf d lojstdjt strfdn oh dmr mjto d`` tgf tdjis. Qgf sm`vfry eft oh kukk`fs spmrd``mjb to tgf surhdlf oh tgf wdtfr hron tgf kfa oh tgf tdjis ms lonprfssfa dmr rf`fdsfa mj fdlg tdji. Kfgmja tgf ndmj dqudrmun sfltmoj ms tgf punp/ndlgmjfry roon wgfrf punps dja lonprfssors lonprfssors opfrdtf tgf lmrlu`dtory dfrdtmoj systfn. Fjtmrf ndlgmjfry opfrdtfs oj f`fltrmlmty dja ojlf tgf ndmj swmtlg ms oj tgf wdtfr iffps lgdjbmjb ady dja jmbgt. M@@VNMJDQMOJ Qgf tdjis drf m`ùnmjdtfa ky jornd` tukf `mbgts wgmlg drf gujb dkout 4” to 4 ¾” dkovf tgf wdtfr `fvf`. Qgf sòpmjb rooh dkovf gds b`dss siy`mbgt to danmt jdturd` `mbgt. Qgf siy`mbgts wfrf ormbmjd``y tmjtfa pd`f kùf (jo òjbfr) to prfvfjt fxlfssmvf browtg oh d`bdf mj tgf tdjis.

















S[O\ MJ QGF AF\MBJ 4.

;. <.

Houjtdmj dt tgf hurtgfr fja oh gd`` lonkmjfs utm`mty wmtg dfstgftml ds wdtfr spurtfa up fjtfrs ault lojjfltfa wmtg bfjfrd` hrfsg wdtfr lmrlu`dtory systfn dja ms afprmvfa oh joxmous bdsfs. Qgf fjtrdjlf gd`` ms utm`mzfa oj`y ds trdjsmtmoj spdlf hron ndmj sfltmoj to nmjmdturf sfltmoj dja outsmaf. \nd`` hmsgfs lord`s, worns9 lof`fjtfrdtfs drf ifpt gfrf mj dkout 4-hoot affp hmsg tdjis, ds tgfsf wouà kf òst mj `drbf tdjis. D`so mt gds d amsp`dy oh sgf``s, lojfs dja otgfr sulg mtfns. Qgfsf tdjis drf gfà mj wooafj pdrtmtmoj 4n dwdy hron tgf wd`` hor sfrvmlf purposf.

1.

Olfdjdrmun mj tgf hoyfr wmtg ;;,333 ` (6,733 V\ bd`) wdtfr.

6.

Dnpgmtgfdtrf wmtg 63 sfdts, slrffjmjb aolunfjtdrmfs oj hmsg, ndrmjf flosystfns dja fjvmrojnfjt lojsfrvdtmoj.

8.

Qoulg poo`, wgfrf lurmous vmsmtors ldj toulg stdr hmsg, h msg, sfd urlgmjs, sfd lulunkfrs, dja turt`fs.

2.

Hmsg spd.

7.

Lord` dja roliy flosystfns wmtg dqudsldpmjb dja @FA `mbgtmjb.

=.

\fnm-lmrlu`dr tdji gousmjb ef``y hmsg.

LOJ\ MJ QGF AF\MBJ 4. ;. <.

Qgf sfrvmlf pdssdbf gds oramjdry po`msgfa iotdg tm`fs hor hòormjb `dlis joj-sima hòor hmjmsg. Mjsuhhmlmfjt wdmtmjb drfd outsmaf lurdtor”s ohhmlf. Lojamtmojmjb roon gds oramjdry po`msgfa iotdg tm`fs hor hòormjb.

















[FHF[FJLF\ gttps5//www.youtukf.lon/wdtlg?v>VWK_gwGAzAT gttps5//fj.wmimpfamd.orb/wmim/Jdtmojd`_Dqudrmun_(Kd`tmnorf) Bdsimf, Ndrbdrft H., "Qgf Jdtmojd` Dqudrmun mj Kd`tmnorf," D[LGMQFLQV[D@ D[LGMQFLQV[D@ [FLO[A, Ndy 4=7;. p. 76. gttp5//www.pftfrlgfrndyfhh.lon/ gttps5//mssuu.lon/fgaadrlgmtflturf/aols/;343_fgaa_sf`fltfa_wori gttp5//www.fgaa.lon/ Qmnf \dvfr \tdjadras - Kumàmjb Qypfs

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