Oilgae Comprehensive Report on algae fuels

Sample Content of the Comprehensive Oilgae Report This e-book provides representative sample content to assist in evaluating the Comprehensive Oilgae Report.

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Phone: +91-44+91-4432561191 Mobile: +91-9841348117 Email: [email protected]

Oilgae – Home of Algal Energy – www.oilgae.com – www.oilgae.com

The Co The Comp mpre rehe hens nsiv ive e Oi Oilg lgae ae Re Repo port rt is a de deta tail iled ed report on all aspect cts s of algae biofuels. Th Thiis prev pr evie iew w pr prov ovid ides es in inpu puts ts on fo focu cus s ar area eas s of th the e report, the complete list of contents, and sample data from each chapter of the report. The Comprehensive Oilgae Report was last updated in the 3rd week of January 2010, and has 508 pages.


List of Contents Concepts & Cultivation • • • • •

Energy from Algae – Introduction Algal Strain Selection Algae Cultivation Photobioreactors Harvesting

Energy Products from Algae • • • • • • •

Biodiesel from Algae Hydrogen from Algae Methane from Algae Ethanol from Algae Other Energy Products – Syngas, Hydrocarbon Fuels, Energy from Combustion of Algae Biomass Algae Meal / Cake

Processes & Challenges • • • • • •

Algae Grown in Open, Closed Ponds and Photobioreactor Algae Grown in Sewage & Wastewater Algae Grown in Desert Algae Grown in Marine Environment & Salt Water Environment Algae Grown in Fresh Water Algae Grown Next to Major CO2 Emitting Industries

Industry & Market Information • • • • • • •

Cost of Making Oil from Algae Companies in the Algae to Energy Industry Industry Profile & Company Strategies Strategies Potential for Existing Companies in Related Funding & Venture Funding Non-Fuel Applications Applications of Algae Biofuels in Real-world

Reference • • •

Apex Bodies, Organizations, Universities & Experts Culture Collection Centers Future Trends


An Invaluable Guide to the Algae Fuel Industry Indust ry Algae fuels present an exciting opportunity. There is a strong view among industry professionals that algae represent the most optimal also wide widely ly feedst feedstoc ock k for biofu biofuel el prod product uction ion in the long long run. run. It is also accepted that algae alone – and no other bio-feedstock - have the abilit ability y to replac replace e the entire entire global global fossil fossil fuel fuel requir requireme ements nts.. Such a significant opportunity has resulted in companies both large and small investing in algal energy. Algae present multiple possibilities for fuel end-products – biodiesel, ethanol, methane, jet fuel, biocrude and more – via a wide range of process routes. Each of these process routes presents its own set of opportunities, opportunities, parameters, parameters, dynamics and challenges. Efforts into algae fuel research have accelerated in the past few years. As of mid 2009, over fifty companies and over a hundred universities have begun serious exploratory efforts into algae fuels. All these efforts will benefit enormously if a comprehensive resource is available that brings them up-to-date on the various critical aspects of the industry, status of past and on-going efforts, and critical data for assessing the technical and economic feasibility of algae fuels. Such a comprehensive resource has the potential to save many months of research and analysis. The Comprehensive Oilgae Report was developed to satisfy this clear need. The Comprehensive Oilgae Report is the most detailed report dealing with all aspects of the algae fuel industry. The report is divided into four main sections: • • • •

Concepts and Cultivation Diverse Energy Products from Algae Processes & Challenges Industry & Market Information Information

Each section provides in-depth information, details and updates on the most critical aspects relevant to it. facilitate ate The The objec objectiv tive e of the Co Compr mprehe ehensi nsive ve Oilga Oilgae e Re Repo port rt is to facilit tangible steps for an algae fuel venture . The emphasis hence is on providing practical data, updates and insights.


identifying the In addition, the report has made special efforts in identifying core challenges faced in each aspect of the algae fuels value chain. It also also prov provide ides s inputs inputs on the curre current nt effor efforts ts and possi possible ble solutions to overcome these challenges.

The The repo report rt has has been been deve develo lope ped d with with over over two two year years s of in-d in-dep epth th research, and has been developed with inputs from biofuel industry experts, biotechnology researchers, and professionals who have been constantly interacting with the algae fuels industry for over four years. The Comprehensive Oilgae Report will be an invaluable guide to those keen on venturing into one of the most exciting renewable energy domains.


Special Focus This report has a special focus on certain unique areas in algae energy which are known to have huge commercial benefits. Owing to their indept depth h unde unders rsta tand ndin ing g of the the alga algae e fuel fuels s indu indust stry ry with with its its vari variou ous s asp aspects cts and dimens mensiions, ns, the the team of resea searcher chers s of Oilg ilgae continuously make important research efforts into emerging topics in algae fuels, and how businesses around the world can benefit from these topics. Some of the topics that are of emerging interest interest in the context of algae fuels are provided below: Macro Vs Micro Algae •

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Microalgae have high oil content but are difficult to cultivate and harvest in a cost-efficient manner. Macroalgae, on the other hand, present low-cost cultivation and harvesting possibilities, but most species are low in lipids as well as carbohydrates With With proc process esses es such such as cellul cellulosi osic c fermen fermentat tation ion (for (for deriv deriving ing ethanol), gasification (for deriving biodiesel, ethanol and a wide range of hydrocarbons), or anaerobic digestion (for methane or electricity generation), it is possible today to use macroalgae as the feedstock for biofuels. Thus, Thus, both both micro micro and macr macroal oalgae gae are are poten potentia tiall feedst feedstoc ock k for for biofuels.

Which of the two feedstocks should be used? Which of the processes is most most econ econom omic ical al? ? The The repo report rt provi provide des s insi insigh ghts ts on thes these e crit critic ical al aspects of algae biofuels.

Waste Water Treatment •

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•

Hund undreds eds of billio lions of dollar llars s are are spen spentt wor worldwi ldwid de on wastewater treatment. The present waste water and sewage treatment methods can be significantly improved both in terms of costs and in terms of efficiency by the use of bioremediation bioremediation agents such as algae. Algae, quite well-known as bioremediation agents, are especially good at removing nutrients and toxins from waste and sewage water.


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Can this fact be used by tens of thousands of companies companies around the worl world d to choose choose-ef -effec fectiv tivel ely y treat treat waste wastewat water er while while at the same time produce biofuels?

The The repo report rt disc discus usse ses s this this poss possib ibil ilit ity y at leng length th and prov provid ides es case case studies, insights and references for this important topic.

Power Plant CO2 Sequestration •

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Captur Capture e and seques sequestra tratio tion n of CO2 is one one of the the most most crit critic ical al challenges today for businesses and governments worldwide. Tho Thous usa ands nds of CO2 emit emitti ting ng powe powerr plan plants ts and and indu indust stri ries es worldwide face this costly challenge - reduce your CO 2 emissions or pay penalties. One ton algae require, for their growth, 1.8 tons of CO 2; algae thus are large absorbers of CO2. Combine their affinity for CO2 with the fact that algae can grow practically anywhere, and we are presented with an exciting opportunity - What if these CO 2 emitting industries and power plants could use algae to absorb the CO2 and generate biofuels in return? This is precisely what companies and power plants around the world are beginning to explore.

The report provides details on the concept, suitable algae strains and a number of case studies of companies already exploring algae as a medium for capturing CO2 and producing biofuels.

Other Emerging Products from Algae •

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For decades, algae have been used to make a variety of products - from nutraceuticals, to pigments to organic fertilizers. fertilizers. Today, companies are able to produce many more products from algae. Some of these applications of algae (for example some high-end specialty chemicals) could fetch very high margins for the company that produces the algae biomass. Is it then then possi possibl ble e for for algae algae fuel fuel compan companie ies s to syner synergis gistic ticall ally y prod produce uce both both fuels fuels and non-fu non-fuel el prod product ucts s there thereby by increa increasin sing g their profits and prospects?

This report provides inputs on the range of non-fuel products that can be produced from algae and other emerging applications and enduses.

Variety of Fuels and Processes Oilgae – Home of Algal Energy – www.oilgae.com – www.oilgae.com

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While biodiesel is the most obvious fuel that can be considered from algae (owing to the large oil content of microalgae), microalgae), it is but one of the products that are possible. Others include ethanol, methane, hydrogen, biogasoline and the alga algall bio biomass mass itse itself lf whic which h can can be used used as a feed feedst stoc ock k of combustion. A variety of processes exist for producing these fuels starting with algal biomass. Some of these processes are suitable for oilrich rich micro microalg algae, ae, some some for starch starch-ri -rich ch macro macroalg algae, ae, some some for lignocellulosic algae and some others for left-over algae extracts.

What are the processes and pathways for each of these feedstocks and for the different end-products? What are the costs and benefits of each each of thes these e prod produc ucts ts and and proc proces esse ses? s? The The repo report rt expl explai ains ns thes these e critical aspects at length.

Latest Efforts in Cost-effecti Cost-effective ve Photobioreactors •

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Growing Growing microalg microalgae ae in photobi photobiore oreacto actors rs results results in high algae algae productivity, and consequently results in higher oil yields for the same area. However, photobioreactors are much more expensive than open ponds. Real Re aliz izin ing g the the impo import rtan ance ce of lowe lowerr cost cost phot photob obio iore reac acto tors rs,, a number of companies and research teams have started working on a variety of innovative designs and concepts.

What are the status of these current efforts in photobioreactor designs that can lead lead to lowerlower-cos costt and high-p high-prod roduct uctivi ivity ty photob photobior ioreac eactor tors? s? Which are the companies that are leading the efforts in this domain? What What are are the the like likely ly futu future re tren trends ds in phot photobi obior orea eact ctor ors? s? The The repo report rt provides inputs and details for these questions.


Chapterwise List of Contents and Sample Data Chapter 1 Energy from Algae Introduction

While int While intere erest st in alg algae ae fue fuels ls has acc accele elera rated ted sig signif nifica icantl ntly y in the recent rec ent pa past, st, con contr trary ary to po popul pular ar bel belief ief,, re resea searc rch h int into o alg algae ae as a biofuel feedstock is not new – it is over three decades old! Similarly, biodiesel is not the only fuel that can be derived from algae. This chapter provides an overview of algae, the history and current status of algae-based fuels, and inputs on the range of fuel products that

1.1 Algae 1.2 Energy from Algae 1.3 History & Current Status of Energy from Algae 1.4 Algae Energy & Alternative Energy 1.5 Big Challenges & Big Payoffs 1.6 Energy “Products” from Algae 1.7 Determining the Optimal “Energy Product” 1.8 Algae to Energy – Summary of Processes for Each Energy Product 1.9 Trends & Future of Energy from Algae C 1.10 Factoids I P O

Energy “Products” from Algae Algae to Energy – Summary of Processes for Each Energy Product

T E

Final Product

L

Biodiesel

Oil extraction and transesterification

P

Ethanol

Fermentation

Methane

Anaerobic digestion of biomass; Methanation of syngas produced from biomass

Hyd Hydrogen

Tri Triggeri ering bioc iochem hemical cal pro proce ces sses ses in in al algae; Gasi Gasifficat icatiion / pyrolysis of biomass and processing of resulting syngas.

Heat & Electricity

Direct combustion of algal biomass; Gasification of biomass

Other Hydrocarbon Fuels

Gasification/pyrolysis of biomass and processing of resulting syngas

M A S

Processes

Detailed descriptions on above processes, key advantages, companies, challenges & efforts, research and case studies have been provided for each of the above products Oilgae – Home of Algal Energy – www.oilgae.com – www.oilgae.com

Paths to the Various Energy Products Pro ducts from Algae Extractio n Algal Biomass

Gasificatio n

Fermentatio n Anaerobic digestion Methanatio n

Methanol

Syngas

Fermentati on

Catalytic Synthesis IGCC/ IC /Fuel cell Ethyl ene

Aceti c Acid

Form aldeh yde

Methyl Acetat e

Ethanol Hydroge n

DME Electrici ty

Methan e

Biophotolysis

Combustion / Gasification / pyrolysis

Fischer Tropsch

Gasolin e

Wax

Algal Oil

Naphth a

Kerose ne

Diese l

Transesterificati on

Detailed description of each and every process is provided in various chapters.


Algae to Energy – Summary of Processes for Each Energy Product

Final Product

Processes

Biodiesel

Oil extraction and transesterification

Ethanol

Fermentation

Methane

Anaerobic digestion of biomass; Methanation of syngas produced from biomass

Hyd Hydrogen

Tri Triggeri ering bioc iochem hemical cal pro proce ces sses ses in in al algae; Gasi Gasifficat icatiion / pyrolysis of biomass and processing of resulting syngas.

Heat & Electricity

Direct combustion of algal biomass; Gasification of biomass

Other Hydrocarbon Fuels

Gasification/pyrolysis of biomass and processing of resulting syngas

Detailed descriptions on above processes, key advantages, companies, challenges & efforts, research and case studies have been provided for each of the above products

Chapter 2 Algal Strain Selection

Select Sele ctio ion n of th the e opt ptim imal al al alg gal st stra rain in is a ke key y co comp mpon onen entt of a successful algal biofuel venture. With tens of thousands of possible strain str ains s– Home to cho choose from , th this is ho howev wever er eas easier ier said than do done. ne. A Oilgae of ose Algalfrom, Energy – is – www.oilgae.com www.oilgae.com number of parameters need to be kept in mind while evaluating algal strains for their suitability as biofuel feedstock. This chapter provides comp co mpre rehe hensi nsive ve de deta tail ils s on th the e pa para rame mete ters rs to be us used ed fo forr st stra rain in

C

2.1 Importance of Algal Strain Selection 2.2 Parameters for Strain Selection 2.3 Strains with High Oil Content & Suitable for Mass Production 2.4 Strains with High Carbohydrate Content 2.5 Strains – Factoids C 2.6 Challenges & Efforts I P

Stra rain ins s OSt

with Hi with High gh Oi Oill Co Cont nten entt & Su Suit itab able le fo for r Ma Mass ss T Production E

Botryococcus braunii

L

P A green green alga, alga, Botry Botryoc ococ occus cus come comes s up repea repeated tedly ly in nearl nearly y every every

Mforum, initiative and general information web site about the potential

to create create biod biodies iesel el from from algae. algae. This This strain strain specif specifica ically lly can prod produce uce hydrocarbons hydrocarbons which represent 86% of its dry weight S Ambien Ambientt tempe temperat rature ure of 23 degr degrees ees Celsiu Celsius s (73.4 (73.4 degrees F) A light intensity of 30-60 W/m2 A photoperiod of 12 hours light and 12 hours dark Salinity of 8.8% (brackish waters)

A

•

• • •

With these conditio conditions ns satisfied satisfied,, strain strain cells cells doubled doubled approx approximat imately ely every two days. Oil content range: 25-75%

We have provided similar data for over 15 most optimal strains. We have also provided optimal algal strains for different cultivation conditions such as fresh water, salt water, sewage-based & desert-based cultivation.


Chapter 3 Algae Cultivation

Cost-effe Cost-e ffecti ctive ve alg algal al cul cultiv tivati ation on is a ke key y req requis uisite ite for suc succes cess s alg algal al biofuel bio fuel product production. ion. How However ever,, such cultivatio cultivation n of the right strain of algae, especially microalgae, in the right environment and media is a key challenge facing algae fuel companies. This chapter provides indepth details on the various forms of algaculture and key success factors for the same. The chapter has a special focus on the critical chal ch alle leng nges es in al alga gacu cult ltur ure e fo forr bi biof ofue uels ls an and d th the e la late test st ef effo fort rts s an and d

3.1 Introduction & Concepts 3.2 Algaculture  Algae Monoculture  Photosynthetic Cultures  Mixotrophic Cultivation of Microalgae  Batch Culture Semi-continuous Culture  Semi-continuous  Factors that Determine Algal Growth Rate o Temperature Light o Nutrients o o pH o Salinity Aeration o 3.3 Infrastructure for Algae Cultivation  Ponds  Photobioreactors 3.4 Different Methods of Cultivation 3.5 Algae Cultivation –Factoids 3.6 Worldwide Locations with Algae Farms & Algae Cultivation 3.7 Algae Cultivation Challenges & Efforts  Challenges in Cultivation  Challenge of Growth Rate of Algae  Challenge of Formulation of Medium  Provision of CO2  Water Circulation in Ponds Fermentation  Photosynthesis or Fermentation  Land Requirements  Scaling Up Challenges  Other challenges in algae cultivation for which there is ongoing research 3.8 Research & Publications Publications 3.9 Reference


C I P

OBest

Method to T Photobioreactors? E

L Which is the best Photobioreactors? P

Grow way

to

Algae grow

–

algae

Ponds

or

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or

Ponds

M The The NREL NREL (Nat (Natio iona nall Re Rene newa wabl ble e Ener Energy gy Labo Labora rato tory ry,, USA) USA) favo favour ured ed A unlined “raceway” ponds which were stirred using a paddle wheel, and S had carbon dioxide bubbled through it. The water used for these ponds

is wastewat wastewater er (treated (treated sewerag sewerage) e) freshwate freshwater, r, brackish brackish water, water, or salt water, depending on the strain of algae grown. The algae should be a native to the region. Other countries, notably Japan, are interested in closed sed syst syste ems; however these systems (at least from NREL perspective) are very expensive.

Inputs are provided on the various distinctions between ponds and photobioreactors, list of companies that are using either of these & a list of worldwide locations of algae farms / photobioreactors

Chapter 4 Photobioreactors

Photobioreactors (PBR) enhance the technical feasibility of producing fuels from algae by providing an optimal controlled environment that result in higher algal productivity while preventing contamination by hostile species. At the same time, PBRs are much more expensive than open ponds, thus currently hindering the economic feasibility of biofuel production. How is the industry responding to the opportunities and challenges presented by the PBRs? This chapter

4.1 Concepts 4.2 Types of Bioreactors Used for Algae Cultivation  Tubular photobioreactors  Flat-plate photobioreactors  Air-lift bioreactor 4.3 Parts & Components 4.4 Design Principles 4.5 Costs 4.6 PBR Manufacturers & Suppliers Suppliers 4.7 Photobioreactors – Q&A 4.8 Research Done on Bioreactors and Photobioreactors 4.9 Challenges & Efforts in Photobioreactor Photobioreactor Oilgae – Home of Algal Energy – www.oilgae.com – www.oilgae.com

4.10 Useful Resources C I P O

Costs

T

E For successful successful outdoor outdoor mass algae algae cultivati cultivation, on, photobi photobiorea oreactor ctors s should should characteristics / properties: properties: L possess the following characteristics P

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M A S

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High surface-to-volume ratio High mass transfer rate High surface illumination illumination

High Cost of Photobioreactors Photobioreactors

Phot Photob obio iore reac acto tors rs repr repres esen entt perh perhap aps s the the high highes estt cost cost item item in alga algae e cultivation. Photobioreactors are expensive owing to their sophistication. Currently (as of Oct 2008), Photobioreactor Photobioreactor costs range between $60-100/ $60-100/ 2 m , though there some up and coming companies that claim to provide these at much lower capital costs.

This chapter talks in detail about photobioreactor, its types, parts and components, designs etc. Some sample data based on publicly available prices and costs for photobioreactors from commercial companies are also provided.

Q&A Data, answers and insights are provided for the following questions       

What is the comparative production capacity of PBR & pond alternative, for similar area used? How often should the PBR be cleaned? What are the major parts of a PBR, and what are the parts that make it costly? What are closed loop photobioreactors? For what algae-based products are photobioreactors predominantly predominantly used? For what kinds of products is the use of photobioreactor photobioreactor economical? When is the use of photobioreactors mandatory mandatory for algae cultivation? Oilgae – Home of Algal Energy – www.oilgae.com – www.oilgae.com

   

How costly are photobioreactors when compared to open ponds? What are the primary cost components in photobioreactor systems? Is it possible to eliminate photobioreactor photobioreactor components without affecting the algae growth process? Why is it essential to pump air and CO 2 together into the photobioreactor?

Harvesting, especially for microalgae, represents an important cost component, owing to the difficulties involved in the processes. It is hence important for those exploring the algae fuels industry to gain a Chapter 5 clear understanding of the various harvesting options available, the Harvesting chal ch alle leng nges es in ea each ch of th the e op opti tion ons, s, an and d th the e cu curr rren entt ef effo fort rts s an and d solu so luti tion ons s be bein ing g at atte temp mpte ted d to ov over erco come me th thes ese e ch chal alle leng nges es.. Th This is chapter provides inputs on all these, as well as relevant case studies 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Methods of Harvesting  Filtration  Sedimentation  Centrifugation  Flocculation  Flotation  Other Methods 5.3 Case Studies & Examples C 5.4 Trends & Latest in Harvesting Methods I 5.5 Challenges & Efforts P

OMethods of Harvesting THarvesting Microalgae

E The ease in harvesting the algae depends primarily on the organism's size,

which determines how easily the species can be settled and filtered. The most rapidly growing algal species are the microalgae, very small, and often Pmoti motile le unic unicel ells ls,, and and thes these e are are the the most most diff diffic icul ultt to harv harves est. t. Thus, Thus, it is Mnecessary to maintain an effective interaction between the development of technologies and the selection of algal species for mass culture. Aharvesting technologies L

The main harvesting methods for microalgae are: Settling & Sedimentation Filtration & Related - Mechanical harvesting using filtration, by means of strong membranes, such as microscreens, and using microstrainers.

S

• •


•

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Chemical Chemical Methods Methods - Chemical Chemical and/or and/or biologi biological cal harvestin harvesting g by means of flocculants Centrifugation Centrifugation - Algae can also be harvested using centrifugation centrifugation Flotation - Froth flotation is a method whereby the water and algae are aerated into froth, with the algae then removed from the water.

Detailed inputs are provided for each of the above methods, with examples of companies using each and challenges faced in harvesting process. Other related methods such as polymer harvesting, ultrasound-based & vibrating separation are also discussed.

Chapter 6 Biodiesel from Algae

Produci Prod ucing ng bi biod odies iesel el fro from m alg algae ae pro provid vides es the hig highes hestt net ene energ rgy y because converting oil into biodiesel is much less energy-intensive than methods for conversion to other fuels (such as ethanol, methane etc). This characteristic has made biodiesel the favourite end-product from algae. Producing biodiesel from algae requires selecting high-oil content strains, and devising cost effective methods of harvesting, oil extraction and conversion of oil to biodiesel. This chapter provides comprehensive details on the methods for and latest trends in oil

6.1 Introduction to Biodiesel 6.2 Growth of Biodiesel 6.3 Biodiesel from Algae 6.4 Why Isn’t Algal Biodiesel Currently Produced Produced on a Large-scale? Large-scale? 6.5 Oil Yields from Algae 6.6 Methods to Extract Oil from Algae  Current Methods of Oil Extraction  Expeller/Press  Chemical Solvents o Hexane Solvent Method o Supercritical Supercritical Fluid Extraction  Other Less Well-known Extraction Methods  Algae Oil Extraction – Trends & Developments  Advances in Oil Expellers  Oil Extraction – Efforts & Solutions  Challenges 6.7 Converting Algae Oil into Biodiesel


C I P

OBiodiesel

from Algae

T E L P M A S

C

This section elaborates on the advantages of algae fuels, problems and bottlenecks in each step of the algae to energy processes, case studies & research. Similar process details are given for the production of hydrogen, methane, ethanol and syngas from algae.

I P

OIncreasing

the Oil Yields from Algae

T

E A Summary of Comparison of Oil and Biodiesel Yield from Main Energy Crops L P M A S

Oil Source

Soy Rapeseed

Biomass (Mt/ha/yr)

1-2.5 3


Palm Oil

19

Jatropha

7.5-10

Microalgae

14-255

Note: Mt – metric tons, ha – hectare

Yields from algae are much higher than those from other oil crops and there is a huge potential to increase this high yield even further. This chapter will discuss these important aspects and explains to what extent yields have been achieved in real-life. C I P

OChallenges

in Extraction of Oil from Algae

T

Determining ng the most efficient efficient and cost effective effective extracti extraction on E Determini method L

P The The chal challe leng nge e here here is that that high higher er the the effi effici cien ency cy of the the extr extrac acti tion on Mmethod, the higher is its cost. Please refer to the details provided A under the “Algae Oil Extraction – Trends & Developments” for inputs

on various ongoing efforts to overcome these challenges.

S

Reducing the energy requirements for extraction

Algae oil extraction is quite energy intensive and this is an important challenge to be recognized and addressed. Efforts OriginOil’s invention of a method to extract the oil from algae with high energy efficiency that builds on the company’s first patent, Quantum Fracturing™, in which ultrasound from intense fluid fractu fracturin ring g brea breaks ks down down algae algae cells cells and and reduc reduces es the overa overall ll energ energy y required for extraction. •

Detailed inputs are provided for challenges in each and every step in biodiesel production, and efforts made to overcome them. Similar content are given for all the energy products that can be derived from algae


Chapter 7 Hydrogen from Algae

Hydrogen is technically not a source of energy, but is a carrier of energy. Hydrogen is expected to play a major role in the future of rene re newa wabl ble e an and d cl clea ean n en ener ergy gy,, pr prim imar aril ily y wi with th it its s pot oten enti tial al fo forr application in fuel cells. Hydrogen production from algae is in the research stages, but holds significant potential for the future. This chapter chap ter pro provide vides s deta details ils on the scie scientifi ntific c found foundatio ation n for hydr hydroge ogen n

7.1 Introduction 7.2 Methodologies for Producing Hydrogen from Algae 7.3 Factoids 7.4 Current Methods of Hydrogen Hydrogen Production C 7.5 Current & Future Uses of Hydrogen 7.6 Why Hasn’t The Hydrogen Hydrogen Economy Bloomed? I P

O Methodologies T

for Producing Hydrogen from Algae

Methodologies for producing hydrogen from algae are

E L Biochemical Processes - Under specific conditions, algae produce P hydroge hydrogen, n, via biolog biological ical and photobi photobiolog ological ical processe processes. s. Under Under these

conditio tions, ns, enzym enzymes es in the cell cell act as cataly catalysts sts to split split the water Mcondi A S

molecules. More details on this are provided in later sections of this chapter.

Gasification – Gasifying biomass gives syngas, a mixture of CO and H2. A number of methods are being researched to separate the H2 from syngas. Through Steam Reformation of Methane – Fermentation of algal biomass produces methane. The traditional steam reformation (SMR) techniques can be used to derive hydrogen from methane. Oilgae – Home of Algal Energy – www.oilgae.com – www.oilgae.com

Detailed inputs & recent research updates are provided for each of the above methods. In addition, details of hydrogen production using traditional methods are also given. This chapter focuses on efforts to use algae to produce hydrogen.

Chapter 8 Methane from Algae

Methane production from algae could be a viable route especially where the feedstock is algae cake (the biomass left-over after oil is extr ex trac acte ted d fr from om al alga gae) e).. Th The e po poss ssib ibil ilit ity y of me meth than ane e be bein ing g ea easi sily ly inte in tegr grat ated ed wi with th th the e cu curr rren entt us uses es of na natu tura rall ga gas s en enha hanc nces es it its s attr at trac acti tive vene ness ss as a fu fuel el.. Fo Forr th this is re reas ason on,, th ther ere e ar are e a nu numb mber er of research and pilot efforts worldwide exploring methane production

8.1 Introduction Introduction 8.2 Methods of Producing Methane from Algae 8.3 Methane from Algae – Other Research & Factoids 8.4 Traditional Methods of Methane Production 8.5 Methane – Current & Future Uses 8.6 What’s New in Methane?


C I P O

Methods of Producing Methane from Algae

T E L

Carbohydra tes

Protein

Fats

P

r d y H s i s y l o

M A

Sugars

S

Aminoacid s

Fattyacids g o d i c A s i s e n e

Butyrate Propiona te

n e g o t e c A s i s e

H2

Acetate CH4

s i a h t e M s e n e g o n

In this chapter, methods of producing methane through anaerobic digestion and pyrolysis are explained in detail. In addition, references are provided for current and ongoing research efforts for producing methane using algal biomass. Oilgae – Home of Algal Energy – www.oilgae.com – www.oilgae.com


Chapter 9 Ethanol from Algae

While the initial efforts to produce biofuels from algae focused on biodi bio diese esell as the end product product,, ma many ny of the later efforts efforts als also o hav have e star st arte ted d ex expl plor orin ing g th the e pr prod oduc ucti tion on of et etha hano noll fr from om al alga gae. e. Th The e sign si gnif ific ican antt in inve vest stme ment nts s ma made de in into to et etha hano noll pr prod oduc ucti tion on an and d th the e consequent technological innovations could make ethanol production from starch and cellulose-rich algae a viable alternative. This chapter provid pro vides es det detail ailed ed inp inputs uts on the va vari rious ous pr proc ocess esses es and ro route utes s for

9.1 Introduction Introduction 9.2 Ethanol from Algae - Concepts & Methodologies  Fermentation of algae biomass Fermentation of algae extract left over after extraction of oil  Fermentation Fermentation of syngas  Fermentation 9.3 Efforts & Examples for Ethanol from Algae 9.4 Examples of Companies in Algae to Ethanol 9.5 Algae & Cellulosic Ethanol 9.6 Current Methods of Ethanol Production C 9.7 Ethanol –Latest Technology & Methods I P O

Efforts & Examples for Ethanol from Algae

T Ethanol from Macroalgae

E An explor explorati ation on for produc producing ing ethano ethanoll from from macroal macroalgae gae (seawe (seaweed) ed) in L Vietnam

In this project, using macroalgae (Seaweed) for ethanol production was M widely investigated. During this research, it was found that important and A high high quan quanti tity ty seaw seawee eeds ds,, econ econom omic ical ally ly impo import rtan antt and and high high quan quanti tity ty S seaweeds, in Vietnam are: P

Sargassum : Carbohydrate content ~ 48% of dry wt. Glacilaria : Carbohydrate content ~ 45% of dry wt. Kappaphycus : Carbohydrate ~ 35% of dry wt. Eucheuma : Carbohydrate ~ 45% of dry wt.

The The projec projectt concl conclude uded d that that there there was was a good good poten potentia tiall for for prod produci ucing ng ethanol from seaweeds in Vietnam.

Detailed inputs are provided for fermentation of algal biomass and algae cake for ethanol production. Updates are provided on all the latest efforts in producing ethanol from micro - as well as macroalgae.


Chapter 10 Other Energy Products – Syngas, Other Hydrocarbon Fuels, Energy from Combustion of Algae Biomass

One of the processes that is gaining significant interest worldwide is the biomass to liquid (BTL) route. This route typically comprises a gasif ga sifica icatio tion n sta stage ge and a che chemi mical cal syn synthe thesis sis sta stage ge.. Wit With h sui suitab table le modifications of the parameters, a range of hydrocarbon fuels (and chem ch emic ical als) s) ca can n be ob obta tain ined ed fr from om bi biom omas ass. s. Th The e BT BTL L ro rout ute e ho hold lds s significant potential owing to its scalability and the wide range of end products it can produce. This chapter provides provides in-depth details on the BTL route for algae, in terms of technology, processes, costs and

10.1 Syngas and its Importance to Hydrocarbon Fuels 10.2 Production of Syngas 10.3 Products from Syngas 10. 4 Syngas from Algae 10.5 Producing Other Hydrocarbon Fuels from Algae 10.6 Direct Combustion of the Algal Biomass to Produce Heat or Electricity 10.7 Trends in Thermochemical Thermochemical Technologies 10.8 Reference – Will the Future of Refineries be Biorefineries? 10.9 Examples of Bio-based Refinery Products 10.10 Reference


C I P O

Products from Syngas

T

E The chart below provides the complete range of products that can be

derived from syngas.

L Steam

P

and power

M A S

Gas turbine combined cycle

Biomass Boiler Power Generatio n

IC Engine

Wax

Gasifie r Ethanol Syngas

Fuel cells

Gasoline FisherTropsch

Hydrogen

Refinery Hydrotreati ng Transporta tion Fuels Fuel Cells

Methanol

DME Ethylene Propene

Formaldehyde Acetic acid

Fertilize rs

Naphtha Gasoline Polyolefins Oxy chemicals

Methyl Acetate

Chemica ls

Diesel Kerosen e

Acetic Esters Ketene

Acetic anhydride

VAM

Diketene &Derivatives

PVA

This chapter provides information on how syngas could be derived from algae biomass. Latest updates provided on research and commercial efforts in algae gasification. Other possible products such as aviation fuel, LPG, plastics, lubricants and waxes are also discussed.

Chapter 11 Algae Meal / Cake

Algae cake finds application in markets such as aquaculture, poultry, and agriculture, andEnergy holds – www.oilgae.com f uture uwww.oilgae.com ture potential potential in sectors such as ethanol Oilgae – Home of Algal – production. These end-uses and the revenues from these could make algae alg ae fuel pro product duction ion mor more e econ economi omicall cally y susta sustainab inable. le. This chap chapter ter rovid ro vides es back back ro round und and and com commer mercia ciall detai details ls for for al ae cake cake..

11.1 Introduction 11.2 Properties 11.3 Uses C 11.4 Industries that Use Left-over Algae Cake I P

O Industries T

that Use Left-over Algae Cake

Poultry - Biomass extract of algae is a good source of nutrients and biologically active substances, which in the last few years have attracted L the interest of the specialists in their search for natural, ecologically and P healthy sound foods for the M animals. Aquaculture - Algae meal can be used as a major food of fish (and A thus indirectly of many other animals) S Agriculture - Algal meal is a natural fertilizer for plants. Kelp or seaweed (algae) meal is a natural fertilizer. Its high potassium content combined with other organic fertilizers makes a complete soil treatment. Ethano Ethanoll manuf manufact acture urers rs - Proce Processin ssing g into into Ethano Ethanoll - The sugars sugars in algae meal can be processed into ethanol. •

E

•

•

•

Useful inputs provided on the various properties and uses u ses of algae cake

Chapter 12 Algae Grown in Open Ponds, Closed Ponds & Photobioreactor

Currently Curren tly,, the there re are thr three ee pr prima imary ry me metho thods ds – and var variat iatio ions ns and combinations of these - followed for algae cultivation: Open Ponds, Closed Close d Ponds Ponds and Photobior Photobioreact eactors. ors. Open pond pond cultivati cultivation on is the most economical, but it presents its own set of cultivation challenges. Oilgae – Home of Algal Energy – www.oilgae.com – www.oilgae.com Photobio Phot obioreac reactors tors are much more exp expen ensi sive ve th than an op open en po pond nds s bu butt provide significant benefits in productivity. This chapter provides the proc pr oces ess s de deta tail ils s an and d la late test st up upda date tes s fo forr ea each ch of th thes ese e cu cult ltiv ivat atio ion n systems. It also presents details on the challenges specifically faced

12.1 Introduction to Open Systems of Algae Cultivation 12.2 Open-Ponds / Raceway-Type Ponds and Lakes 12.3 Details on Raceway Ponds 12.4 Materials Needed for Open Pond Systems 12.5 Algal Cultivation in Open Ponds – Companies and Universities 12.6 Challenges and Efforts in Open Pond Algae Cultivation 12.7 Algae Cultivation in Open Ponds – Q&A 12.8 Algae Grown in Closed Ponds 12.9 Algae Cultivation in Closed Ponds – Q&A C 12.10Algae Cultivation in Closed Ponds – Case Studies 12.11 Algae Grown in Photobioreactors I P

O Algae

Cultivation in Open Ponds – Q&A

T

Can open ponds for algae cultivation use CO 2 from industrial

E

emissions?

L

Yes, this is possible and many companies are already running pilot projec projects ts with with this this method method.. Howeve However, r, consid considera eratio tions ns need need to given given Mabout the location of the ponds (they should be in proximity to power A plants) and also the solubility of the flue gas components in water. The S target is carbon dioxide, but the solubility of other elements (sulfur oxid oxides es,, nitr nitrog ogen en oxid oxides es,, oxyg oxygen en,, etc. etc.)) must must be simu simult ltan aneo eous usly ly considered. P

More answers are provided for the following questions. •

• • •

Can open open ponds ponds for algae algae cultiv cultivati ation on use CO2 from industria industriall emissions? Can we have a hybrid of open pond and closed systems? Is a closed pond similar to green house? What are the materials used in closing the pond?

Detailed inputs on the methods by which flue gas can be supplied to the ponds are provided in this section. In addition, extensive details are provided on each aspect of cultivation in open and closed systems.


Chapter 13 Algae Grown in Sewage & Wastewater

In some parts of the world, algae are already being used for the bior bi oreme emedi diati ation on of sew sewage age and wa waste ste wa water ter.. Alg Algae ae cul cultiv tivati ation on for biofuels in sewage or wastewater provides an opportunity to achieve twin twi n ben benefi efits. ts. One One,, it re resul sults ts in co cost-e st-effe ffecti ctive ve tre treatm atment ent of wa waste ste water/sewage and two, owing to the ready availability of nutrients in the medium, it also results in lower costs of algal biomass production. production. This chapter provides extensive details on this exciting opportunity, - -

13.1 Concepts 13.2 Process 13.3 Algae Strains that Grow Well in Sewage & Wastewater 13.4 Prominent Companies Growing Algae in Wastewater 13.5 Case Studies 13.6 Challenges Associated with Growing Algae in Sewage for Oil 13.7 Updates & Factoids 13.8 Algae Cultivation in Sewage – Q&A 13.9 Research & Experiments 13.10 Sewage & Wastewater Reference

Q&A In this section we have provided detailed answers for the following questions: • •

• • •

•

At which stage of wastewater treatment are algae introduced? As sewa sewage ge alre alread ady y cont contai ains ns nutr nutrie ient nt,, is ther there e any any need need for for additional additional nutrients for algae cultivation in sewage? Are there algae predators in sewage? Will toxins affect algae growth in sewage? Whic hich is the the best algae harv arvesti sting metho thod for for sewag ewage e cultivation? What are the natural microfloras in sewage?


C I P

Process Schematic for Tertiary Wastewater Treatment T with Microalgae

O E L

Raw Sewage

P

S

1st Stage Green algae ponds Sunlight and

Bacterial

Green algae

Settling/Microstrain CO2 2nd Stage Batch ponds

Sludge

N, P

C

M A

Primary Treatment

Algae biomass

N, P

Green algae

Settling

Algae biomass

P

Sunlight and

N2 Fixing blue green

Microstraining 3rd Stage N2 Fixing blue green algal ponds

Algae biomass

Reclaimed water

This chapter provides detailed descriptions of the stepDese De sert rts s pr prov ovid ide e al alg gae a hi high gh am amou ount nt of su sunl nlig ight ht th that at ha has s th the e by-step processes of algae cultivation in sewage and potential to enhance photosynthesis, thus resulting in high oil yields. strains that are highly suitable for the same.

Chapter 14 Algae Grown in Desert

The The av avai aila labi bili lity ty of lan and d in de dese sert rts s is hi high gh ( at lo low w co cost sts s ) th thus us facilitating cost-effective cost-effective and scalable scalable algaculture. algaculture. These advantages advantages make ma ke de deser serts ts an at attra tracti ctive ve env envir ironm onment ent for alg algae ae-fue -fuell ven ventur tures. es. However, desert environme environments also present present significant challenges in Oilgae – Home of Algal Energy – www.oilgae.com – nts www.oilgae.com terms of logistics, high temperatures and water availability. What are being done by companies to exploit the advantages and overcome the challenges of desert-based algae cultivation cultivation for fuel? This chapter

14.1 Introduction 14.2 Algae Strains that Grow Well in Desert Conditions 14.3 Algae Cultivated in Deserts – Companies & Updates C 14.4 Desert Based Algae Cultivation – Q&A I 14.5 Desert Cultivation of Algae – Factoids 14.6 Research P

OAlgae Strains that Grow Well in Desert Conditions T Algae Strains that Grow Well in Desert Conditions are:

Cyanidium caldarium Spirulina Haematococcus pluvialis Microcoleus vaginatus - These cultures could resist the erosion of winds

•

E

•

L

•

P

•

M A

Strains s that that have have been been geneti genetical cally ly modi modifie fied d to grow grow well well in deser desertt S Strain conditions

This chapter will provide inputs on the various aspects of growing algae in the desert for fuel. It will also provide examples and case studies of companies pursuing the desert-based algal cultivation method.

Q&A Detailed answers are provided for the following questions. • • • •

•

What will be the source of water in desert regions? How can the problem of evaporation be overcome? Is it possible to cultivate algae in closed loop? In desert environments, which is best - open pond, closed pond or PBR? Can PBR withstand high temperatures? Oilgae – Home of Algal Energy – www.oilgae.com – www.oilgae.com

Chapter 15 Algae Grown in Marine & Saltwater Environment

The ocean and marine systems present an interesting opportunity for algaculture. This is owing to the availability of large tracts of ocean areas, their non-interference with land areas that could be used for food crops or to enhance biodiversity, and the possible low cost of cultivation owing to low land cost and free availability of nutrients. Research into ocean-based algae cultivation is however quite recent. This chapter provides details on the optimal strains for ocean-based cultiv cul tivati ation, on, pr proc ocess esses es an and d cha chall lleng enges es inv invol olved ved,, and upd update ates s on

15.1 Introduction 15.2 Algae Strains that Grow Well in Marine or Saltwater Environment 15.3 Prominent Companies Growing Algae in Saltwater 15.4 Cultivating Algae in Marine Environments - Companies & Updates 15.5 Marine Algae Cultivation – Q&A C 15.6 Research I 15.7 References P

OProminent Companies Growing Algae in Saltwater T

Few prominent companies growing algae in saltwater are:

E •

L

•

P

•

M A S

•

PetroSun Green Star Seambiotic Algenol Biofuels

This chapter will provide inputs on the various aspects of growing algae in the salt water or ocean for fuel. It will also provide examples and case studies of companies pursuing the desert-based algal cultivation method.

Q&A Detailed answers are provided for the following questions: • • • •

What are the challenges for marine algae cultivation? Are algae cultivated in marine for other purposes? How and why does iron fertilization help algae growth? How can can we cont contrrol alg algae growt rowth h bound undarie ries in mar marine environments? Oilgae – Home of Algal Energy – www.oilgae.com – www.oilgae.com

•

Do the nutrients in seawater serve as natural nutrients nutrients for algae growth?

Chapter 16 Algae Grown in Freshwater

Microalg Micro algae ae suc such h as Sp Spir iruli ulina na are alr alread eady y suc succe cessf ssfull ully y cul cultiv tivate ated d world wo rldwi wide de in fre freshw shwate aterr env envir ironm onment ents. s. Cul Cultiv tivati ation on of oi oil-b l-bea eari ring ng algae strains in freshwater us not however as common. This chapter provides details on the processes, optimal algae strains required and profiles of companies involved in the freshwater algae cultivation for

16.1 Introduction 16.2 Freshwater Algae Strains with High Oil Content 16.3 Prominent Companies Growing Algae in Freshwater C 16.4 Cultivating Algae in Freshwater – Companies & Updates I P OFr Fres eshw hwat ater er Alga Algae e St Stra rain ins s wi with th Hi High gh Oi Oill or Ca Carb rboh ohyd ydra rate te T Content E

L There are many strains & species of algae that grow well in freshwater

system systems. s. Some Some of the specie species s are: are: Euglen Euglenoi oids, ds, Dinof Dinoflag lagel ellat lates, es, Green Green

Palgae, Blue-green algae (Cyanobacteria), Diatoms, Desmids, Branching & MNon-branching Forms of Algae & Red algae. A SProminent Companies Growing Algae in Freshwater • • • •

PetroAlgae Solix Parrys Nutraceuticals India Inventure Chemical

This chapter provides detailed inputs on algal strains suited for freshwater, prominent companies that grow algae in freshwater and latest developments in cultivation of algae.


Chapter 17 Algae Grown Next to Major CO2 Emitting Industries

Power plants and other CO2 emitting industries (cement plants, iron and steel companies etc) have an urgent need to mitigate their CO 2 emissions. Algae consume high amounts of CO2 for their growth (one Ton of algae requires about 1.8 Ton of CO2). Combine the two, and the result is the idea of using algae to capture CO 2 at power plants and an d oth ther er CO2 emi emitti tting ng ind indust ustri ries. es. Exp Explo lorat ratio ion n int into o thi this s exc exciti iting ng oppo op port rtun unit ity y ha has s ju just st st star arte ted, d, wi with th ab abou outt a do doze zen n pi pilo lott pla lant nts s worldwide. This chapter provides extensive details, case studies and

17.1 Introduction & Concepts 17.2 Algal Species Suited for CO 2 Sequestration of Power Plant Emissions 17.3 Methods & Processes 17.4 Case Studies 17.5 Challenges while Using Algae for CO 2 Sequestration 17.6 Factoids on Algae-based CO2 Sequestration 17.7 Algae Cultivation Coupled with CO2 from Power Plants – Q&A 17.8 Reference 17.9 Prominent CO2 Emitting Industries 17.10 Prominent Methods for CO2 Sequestration C 17.11 Latest Developments Developments in CO2 Sequestration I P O

Business Opportunities from Algae-based CO2 Sequestration

T E Grow Growin ing g alga algae e next next to CO2 prese presents nts an inter interest esting ing oppo opportu rtunit nity y for L companies that produce large CO2 emissions. Many countries of the world P that are signatories of the Kyoto Protocol have an existing carbon credits

and trading program. The US, which even though is not a Kyoto Protocol signatory, has a carbon trading program of its own. This implies that for A power power plants plants and other entities entities that that are large large scale scale emitt emitter ers s of CO2; sequestering ng CO2 using using algae algae prov provid ides es the benefi benefitt of monet monetiz izing ing the S sequesteri carbon credits while at the same time producing biofuels. M

Business opportunities exist both for companies that are CO 2 emitters as well well as for for exte extern rnal al busi busine ness sses es such such as consu consult ltin ing g and and engi engine neer erin ing g companies that are willing to work with power plants to make the algaebased CO2 sequestration sequestration and biofuels production a reality.

This chapter will provide inputs on the various aspects of growing algae next to CO2 emitting industries for fuel and how algae can be grown in a cost effective way next to power plants. Oilgae – Home of Algal Energy – www.oilgae.com – www.oilgae.com


C I P O Algae Algae Cul Cultiv tivati ation on Co Coupl upled ed wit with h CO2 fr from om Po Powe wer r Pl Plan ants ts – T

Q&A

E

Can algae withstand the high temperatures in the flue gases? In a comm commer erci cial al appl applic icat atio ion, n, flue flue gas gas from from the the desu desulp lphu huri riza zati tion on M scrubbers would be sent to the CO 2 sequestration ponds for treatment. A Temperatures exiting the scrubbers at many coal power stations are S 140°F (60°C) and above – this could reach even upwards of 100ºC. Although most organisms cannot survive at these higher temperatures, some cyanophycean algae have been shown to grow at 176°F (80°C). Since the temperature of waste gas from thermal power stations is high, the use of thermophilic, or high temperature tolerant species are also being considered L

P

Which is the best algae harvesting method for sewage cultivation? While research is still ongoing in this regard, flocculation or flotation appe appear ars s to be the the most most suit suitab able le opti option on.. Fo Forr inst instan ance ce,, alga algae e from from oxid oxidati ation on ponds ponds are remov removed ed by coagu coagulat lation ion and DAF DAF at Sunnyv Sunnyvale ale,, California, and by coagulation and sedimentation by Napa, California by two companies. Can PBR withstand high temperature? Depending on the design of the PBR and the materials used to make the syst system em,, phot photo obio bioreac reacto tors rs can can with withst stan and d the the high high temp temper erat atur ures es prevalent in deserts. A wide variety of materials have been used for tubular tubular photobio photobioreac reactors tors , low density density polyethy polyethylene lene film (LDPE), (LDPE), and clear acrylic (polymethyl methylacrylate, methylacrylate, PMMA, also known by the trade names names Plexigla PlexiglasR sR and PerspexR PerspexR). ). LDPE LDPE withstand withstands s temperat temperature ure upto 80ºC. For acrylic plastic the maximum range range is 180º F to 200º F.

Over twenty such important questions are taken up and answered for algae cultivation processes and methods


Q&A Answers and insights are provided for the following questions •

•

•

• • • •

•

•

•

•

Is there a possibility of heavy metal contamination in algae due to their presence in the flue gases? How do the constituents other than CO2 in flue gas from power plants affect algal growth? Will NOx present in the flue gas serve as a nutrient, in addition addition to the CO2? Can algae withstand the high temperatures temperatures in the flue gases? What is amount of CO2 required for algae growth? Can we grow macroalgae for power plant CO 2 sequestration? What are the major problems faced by companies implementing algae based CO2 sequestration sequestration techniques near power plants? Can Ca n powe powerr plan plants ts use use wast waste e wate waterr from from thei theirr faci facili liti ties es for for growing algae? What are the methods by which flue gas can be cooled before passing it into algae systems? Is it necessary that algae ponds need to be constructed right next to power plants? What is the average area required for the construction of algae ponds for each power plant?


Chapter 18 Cost of Making Oil from Algae

The high cost of making fuel from algae is the biggest bottleneck that is pr preve eventi nting ng qui quick ck com commer mercia cializ lizati ation on of alg algae ae fue fuels. ls. In or orde derr for entre ent repr prene eneurs urs and bus busine inesse sses s to exp explo lore re way ways s of red reduci ucing ng the these se costs, they need to understand the cost components involved in the various process routes and options, and the current costs for each of the routes and options. This chapter provides detailed inputs on the costs cos ts fo forr ea each ch sta stage ge of alg algaeae-toto-fue fuels ls fo forr eve every ry ro route ute/op /optio tion n viz viz., .,

18.1 Introduction 18.2 Cost for: Cultivation Harvesting Extraction Conversion to Fuel 18.3 Representative Cost of Biodiesel Production Production from Algae C 18.4 Costs - Reference • • • •

I P

O Cost of Making Oil from Algae

Harvesting Costs E A number of methods are being used for harvesting microalgae and L more are being experimented. We have provided the indicative capital T

operatin ting g costs costs for the most most commo common n metho methods ds for for micro microalg algae ae P and opera

M harvesting. A S

Costs for: Drum Filtration Centrifugation Flocculation Flotation • • • •

The major cost components for harvesting are: Cost of drying algae Cost Co st of harv harves esti ting ng infr infras astr truc uctu ture re and and equi equipm pmen ents ts (cap (capit ital al expense) Cost of maintenance of harvesting equipments Cost Co st of chem hemicals cals (if (if flo floccul culatio ation n metho ethod ds are are used sed for for harvesting) • •

• •


• •

Manpower cost for all the above operations Electricity

(All (All operat operating ing costs costs are given given for proces processin sing g the medium medium in which which algae are cultivated)

Cost of Drum Filtration

Capital Cost Approximately $0.2 per 1000 annual gallons

Operating Cost 1 Approximately $100 per million gallons.

Operating Cost 2 Approx $120 per million gallons

Note: A 1,000,000 l / hr drum filtration system costs about 400,000 $ (drum filter, pumps and measuring equipments)

Cost of Open and closed ponds: Indicative Costs for Open Ponds

Capital Cost $125,000-$150,000 per hectare

Operating Cost 1 $15,000-20,000 per hectare per annum


Closed Ponds

Capital Cost $200,000 per hectare per annum



Cost of Extraction Using Oil Press: Capital Cost 0.5 $ per annual gallon

Operating Cost 1 $ 35 / T (approx 12 c per gal)

Operating Cost 2 $50/T (approx 17 c per gallon)


Thermochemical Processes • •

Gasification Gasification / Pyrolysis Combustion

Biomass Biomass gasificat gasification ion and combustio combustion n technolo technologies gies are evolvin evolving g fast and as a result the capital and operating costs for gasification vary widely. For costs specific to your requirements, it is best to consult with suppliers of individual systems. Some indicative data are reported here Gasification / Pyrolysis & Catalytic Synthesis

Capital Cost

Operating Cost 1

Large gasification + Large FT: varies between 2400 $/T to 1400 $/T annual diesel output, for diesel output capacities of ranging from 0.5-2.5 million Approx $0.8 per T per annum gallon of fuel produced  Small gasification + Small FT: varies between 9000 $/T to 8500 $/T annual diesel output, for diesel output capacities of ranging from 0.5-2.5 million T per annum 

Operating Cost 2 For large gasification gasification + large FT: $1.5 per gallon of fuel produced

For small gasification gasification + small FT: $3.3 per gallon of fuel produced.

Indicative cost details provided for all possible algae energy products and processes – these include costs for harvesting methods, oil extracting methods and processes for conversion to energy products Oilgae – Home of Algal Energy – www.oilgae.com – www.oilgae.com

Chapter 19 Companies in the Algae to Energy Industry

As of June 2009, there are over 75 companies that have a focus on algae alg ae fue fuels. ls. The These se co comp mpani anies es rep repres resent ent a ra range nge of ba backg ckgro round unds, s, geog ge ogra raph phie ies s an and d pr proc oces ess s an and d pr prod oduc uctt pl plat atfo form rms. s. Th This is ch chap apte terr provides updates profiles of all the companies that have ventured into the algae fuel industry, with a focus on the differentiating factors

19.1 Introduction C 19.2 Companies & Profiles I P O

Company Profiles

T

E Center of Excellence for Hazardous Materials Management L Main line of activity: Algae Biofuels Producer P Headquartered at: Carlsbad, New Mexico, USA M Partnerships: Ne New w Me Mexi xico co Stat State e Univ Univer ersi sity ty,, Loas Loas Alam Alamos os Na Nati tion onal al A Laboratory, Laboratory, US Department Department of Interior Bureau of of Land Management, Management, and S City of Carlsbad.

CEHMM was established in May of 2004 has created a range of cutting edge edg e appl applied ied rese research arch pro program grams s incl includin uding g deve develop loping ing techn technolo ology gy for using usi ng al alga gae e as a fee feedst dstock ock for bi biod odie iesel sel,, bio biomo monit nitor oring ing for the H5 H5N1 N1 (avian influenza) and West Nile viruses, and cooperative conservation of species. spec ies. CEHM CEHMM M has dev develop eloped ed stro strong ng par partners tnerships hips with unive universiti rsities, es, national nati onal lab laborat oratori ories, es, and pri private vate indus industry. try. These part partnersh nerships ips incl include ude New Mexico State University, Los Alamos National Laboratory, the U.S. Depar De partme tment nt of Int Interi erior or Bur Bureau eau of La Land nd Man Manage agemen ment, t, and the Cit City y of Carlsbad, New Mexico. Sapphire Energy Oilgae – Home of Algal Energy – www.oilgae.com – www.oilgae.com

Main line of activity: Algae Biofuels Producer Headquartered at: San Diego, CA, USA Plant locations: La Jolla, CA, USA

Sapp Sapphir hire e Energ Energy y aims aims to pione pioneer er an entire entirely ly new indust industry ry catego category ry green crude production - with a focus on algae as feedstock. Sapphire Energy got venture funding in 2008 from The Wellcome Trust, Cascade Investment, ARCH Venture Partners & Venrock.

Process & Technology The company has developed technology to genetically modify the algae to produce longer carbon chains, facilitating the refining to gasoline. In mid-2 mid-200 008, 8, the comp company any claim claimed ed it has succe succeede eded d in refini refining ng a highhighoctane gasoline from algae that is chemically identical to crude oil

Detailed profiles, advanced processes, specific equipments and their research are provided for over 50 companies offering products and services in the algae energy industry List of companies for which information has been provided 1. A2Be A2Be Car Carbo bon n Capt Capture ure 2. Algae Algae Biosci Bioscienc ences es Corp. Corp. 3. Algaew gaewhe hee el 4. Algat Algatech echnol nologi ogies, es, Ltd. Ltd. 5. Algenol 6. AlgoD AlgoDyne yne Ethano Ethanoll Energy Energy Corp Corp 7. Aqua Aquafl flow ow Bion Bionom omic ic 8. Aqua Aquati tic c Ene Energ rgy y 9. Auro Aurora ra BioF BioFuel uels, s, Inc. Inc. 10.AXI 11.Biofuelbox 12.Bionavitas 13.Bi 13.Biov over erda da (Has (Has a Joint Joint Vent Venture ure with the Virgin Group) 14.Blue Marble Energy

37.Green Star Products, Inc. 38. Greenbelt Resources Corporation 39. GreenFuel Technologies Corporation 40.Greenshift 41.Hawaiian Electric Company 42.Imperium Renewables 43.Infinifuel Biodiesel 44.International Energy 45.Inventure Chemical Technology 46.Kai Bioenergy 47.Kent Seatech 48.Kuehnle Agrosystems 49.LiveFuels 50.MBD Biodiesel


15.Blue Sun Biodiesel 16.Bodega Algae 17.BTR Labs 18.Carbon Capture Corporation 19.Cedar Grove Investments 20.CEHMM 21.Cellana - Shell & HR Biopetroleum 22. Ce Center of Excellence for Hazardous Materials Management 23.Cequesta Algae 24.Chevron 25.Circle Biodiesel & Ethanol Corporation 26.Cobalt Technologies 27.Community Fuels 28.Culturing Solutions, Inc 29.DFI Group 30.Earth2tech 31. Enhanced Biofuels & Technologies 32.Euglena 33.Fluid Imaging Technologies 34.General Atomics 35.General Atomics 36.Gree 36.Green n Gold Gold Algae Algae and Seawee Seaweed d Sciences Inc.

51.Neste Oil 52. Ocean Technology Environmental Consulting 53.Oilfox Argentina 54.Organic Fuels 55.OriginOil 56.Patriot Biofuels 57.Petroalgae 58.PetroSun Biofuels 59.Phyco2 60.Primafuel 61.Renewable Energy Group 62.Revolution Biofuels 63.Sapphire Energy 64.Seambiotic 65.Solazyme 66.Solena Group 67.Solix Biofuels 68.Synthetic Genomics 69.Texas Clean Fuels 70.Valcent 71.W2 Energy 72.XL Renewables – Sigmae


&

Chapter 20 Industry Profile & Company Strategies

Businesses that are keen to start their efforts in algae fuels have a need to understand the underlying market dynamics of the algae fuels industry, the key factors for success, the list of do’s and dont’s, and steps to be taken along with resources required required in order order to set up an algae fuel venture. This chapter provides detailed and specific inpu in puts ts th that at ca can n be us used ed as a pr prac acti tica call gu guid ide e fo forr th thos ose e on th the e

20.1 Introduction 20.2 Backgrounds of Startups Companies in Algae Biofuels 20.3 Industry Concentration Concentration 20.4 Dominant Designs 20.5 Entry Barriers 20.6 Key Success Factors 20.7 Need for a Lab Phase & Pilot Phase 20.8 Teams & Expertise 20.9 Companies One Need to Monitor for Breakthroughs 20.10 Things to Avoid 20.11 Deciding the End Product 20.12 Understand Your Country / Region’s Regulatory and Incentive Environment Better 20.13 Step by Step Process to Start an Algal Energy Venture C 20.14 Specific Recommendations & Suggestions 20.15 Factoids I P

OIndustry Concentration T E Approximate Number of Companies Directly Involved In Producing Fuels from Algae L P Year M A # of companies S

200 1 1

200 2 2

200 3 4

200 4 5

200 5 10

200 6 15

200 7 25

200 8 50

Source : Oilgae Estimates

This chapter makes an attempt to provide inputs on some key strategic dimensions that will be of significance to entrepreneurs and investors in this industry to evaluate the current and future business potential of the industry – now and in future.


C I P O

Step by Step Process to Start an Algal Energy Venture

T

E Step 1: Evaluate your risk-taking profile. Algal energy can be classified as L a high-risk high-return opportunity. If you are risk-averse, algae energy P might not be a suitable entrepreneurial opportunity for you, given the

nascent status of the industry and the number of uncertainties.

M

A Step 2: Once you have decided to go ahead, your initial steps will be to S chart out a plan to get an expert team in place.

Detailed guidance provided for entrepreneurs seeking to enter the algae energy domain on Sample Topics such as recommendations & suggestions on collaboration & partnerships, mistakes to avoid, setting up a pilot project and more.

Chapter 21 Potential for Existing Companies in Related Industries Entering Algae

A nu numb mber er of co comp mpan anie ies s th that at ar are e al alre read ady y us usin ing g al alga gae e fo forr th thei eirr businesses (aquaculture, health foods etc.) are keen on understanding the potential potentia of the algae fuel opportunity for their Oilgae – Home of Algal Energy – www.oilgae.com – lwww.oilgae.com companies. This chapter provides case studies and analyses that will ass ssiist such businesses in understanding the nature of the opportunity, opportuni ty, as well as insights on how companies similar to them are

21.1 Introduction 21.2 Industries with Synergistic Benefits from Algae Energy Opportunities C 21.3 Case Studies I P

Indust ustrie ries s wit with h Syn Synerg ergist istic ic Ben Benefi efits ts fro from m Alg Algae ae Ene Energy rgy O Ind T Opportunities E

The list of industries for which it is attractive to explore explore investing in the

L algal energy domain owing to synergistic benefits: P M A S

1. Sewage & Water Treatment Companies 2. Agriculture & Farming 3. Companies that give out waste water Meat and Poultry Pesticides & Insecticides Ins ecticides Photography 4. Companies that produce animal waste (for growing algae on pork and poultry waste) Pork Poultry 5. Companies that are major CO2 pollutants Coal Burning and Natural Gas Power Plants Petrochemicals Iron & Steel • • •

• •

• • •

Numerous case studies provided of companies from related industries entering the algae fuels industry

Chapter 22 Funding & Venture Funding

In the past few years, investments in algae fuel companies have grown in leaps and bounds, bounds , primarily in the form of venture capital Oilgae – Home of Algal Energy – www.oilgae.com www.oilgae.com investments. This chapter – provides a detailed list of companies that have hav e bee been n fun funde ded, d, and the ven ventur ture e cap capita itall fir firms ms tha thatt hav have e bee been n act ctiv ive e in thi his s ind ndus ustr try y. It al also so provid ides es use sefu full inp nput uts s fo forr an

22.1 Venture Funding for Algae Energy – Introduction 22.2 Investment Firms 22.3 Government & Other Public Initiatives 22.4 List of Companies that have Received Funding 22.5 VC Perspectives C 22.6 Things to Do Before Approaching a VC I P OInvestment Firms T E Venture capital firms that had made recent investments in L algae fuel ventures and the companies they have invested in: P

Venture Capital Firms

M

Aardvark Investments SA Aardvark (www.aardvarkinvestment s.com) Access Private Equity

Cequesta Algae

Arch Venture Partners (www.archventure.com)

Sapphire Energy

BIRD Foundation (www.birdf.com)

Algatech GreenFuel

BlueCrest (www.bluecrestcapital.co m) Cascade Ventures (cascadeventures.netopus .net)

Blue Marble Energy, Solazyme Earth2tech

A S

C I P

Algae Firms

GreenFuel Technologies

Sapphire Energy Cedar Grove Investments

Details and profiles of venture capital firms investing in algal fuel companies are given. Detailed lists of companies that have received venture funding are also provided.

O T E L P


S

VC Perspectives Venture Capital Perspectives on Alt Energy & Algae Think Big: Venture capitalists like billion $ ideas, those that can solve very big problems; they like ideas that are disruptive in nature. Algae fuels present an opportunity that has the potential to scale into a very large business in future, bigger than any other biofuel opportunity. Think Different: There is a strong feeling in the venture capital community community that the companies which have the ability to think completely out of the box box have have a bett better er chan chance ce of over overco comi ming ng the the chal challe leng nges es than than thos those e companies that are merely attempting incremental changes to existing processes.

Unique VC opinions and perspectives provided, based on primary and secondary inputs, forums and interviews. C I P O Funding & Venture Funding T E Things to Do Before Approaching a VC L

Tim Timin ing g is impo import rtan ant. t. Vent Ventur ure e capi capita tal, l, like like any any othe otherr form form of investment, is more easily available during periods of strong economic Mgrowth. For this reason, it might sometimes be best if you wait for a few A months if the economic climate is not conducive. Decide whether you wish to go for angel funding or first round S funding. For each, the requirements are different. If you are a company starting from scratch and have little or no personal resources you can utilize, angel funding might be the best (and possibly only) route. Spend time in deciding the quantum of funding you require •

P

•

•

Useful insights and recommendations companies seeking venture capital.

Chapter 23 Non-Fuel Applications of Algae

provided

for

Long before algae were explored for their use as biofuel feedstocks, they have been used in a variety of industries – ranging from fish feed, fee d, co cosme smetic tics, s, hea health lth foods foods and more. more. A num number ber of al algae gae fuel ventures are exploring the synergistic benefits of producing non-fuel product pro ducts s fro from m algae alg ae (some (som of which command command high prices in the Oilgae – Home of Algal Energy – ewww.oilgae.com – www.oilgae.com worldwide market) in order to achieve long term sustainability in algal biofuel bio fuel pro producti duction. on. This chap chapter ter pro provide vides s exte extensiv nsive e deta details ils on the various non-fuel products and applications of algae, and the market /

C

23.1 Introduction 23.2 Applications of Algae 23.3 Summary of Uses / Applications Applications of Algae 23.4 Prominent Companies in Non-fuel Algal Products

I P O Summary of Uses / Applications of Algae T E L P M A S

A summary list of non-fuel applications applications of algae: • •

• • • • • •

Biopolymers & Bioplastics Animal & Fish Feed - Shrimp feed, Shellfish Diet, Marine Fish Larvae Cultivation Paints, Dyes and Colorants Lubricants Food, Health Products, Nutraceuticals Nutraceuticals Cosmetics Chemicals Pharmaceuticals Antimicrobials, Antimicrobials, Antivirals & Antifungals Neuroprotective Products Slimming Related Products Anti-cellulite Skin Anti-ageing & Sensitive Skin Treatment Pollution Control CO2 Sequestration Uranium/Plutonium Uranium/Plutonium Sequestration Sequestration Fertilizer Runoff Reclamation Reclamation Sewage & Wastewater Treatment • • • • •

•

• • • •


Food, Health Products & Nutraceuticals Nutraceuticals Global Carotenoid Market Value by Product 2007 & 2015 ($ Million)

Product Beta-carotene Astaxanthin Canthaxanthin Annatto Others Total

2007 247 220 110 69 120 766

2015 285 252 117 95 170 919

Source: BCC Research, 2008

Useful details provided on various prominent companies in the non-fuel algae products. Many of the markets where algae can find applications are large and growing. Data on their market sizes and potential are also provided.

Chapter 24 Biofuels in Realworld

The biofuels market has been growing at a hectic pace in recent year ye ars, s, an and d th the e gr grow owth th is ex expe pect cted ed to ac acce cele lera rate te ev even en fu furt rthe herr in futu fu ture re.. Th This is ch chap apte terr pr prov ovid ides es de deta tail ils s on th the e re real al wo worl rld d st stat atus us of biof bi ofue uels (bot (b oth h Algal biod bi odie iese sell – www.oilgae.com and ethano eth anol) l) in te term rms s of th thei eirr ma mark rket et Oilgae –lsHome of Energy – www.oilgae.com otenti ote ntial al ro rowth wth tre trends nds and cha chall llen en es.

C

24.1 Introduction 24.2 Uses of Biofuels 24.3 Biofuel Feedstocks 24.4 Present and Future Potential for Biofuels 24.5 Global Biofuel Market Analysis – Key findings 24.6 Prominent Biofuels Companies 24.7 Problems with Biofuels 24.8 Are Biofuels Worthwhile?

I P O

Global Biofuel Market Analysis

T E L

Global Biofuel Market Analysis- Key Findings •

P M

•

A S

•

The value of world biofuel market is expected to grow at a CAGR of more than 12.3% from 2007 to 2017. Biofuels production will probably exceed the IEA predictions of 120 billion liters of ethanol and 23 billion liters of biodiesel before 2020 (Accenture 2008) Ethanol US ethanol production is expected to dominate the global o market; however, increased corn prices will be a matter of concern for ethanol production in future.

This chapter provides more inputs on biofuels, with an emphasis on their end uses, their current and future contribution, and the latest breakthroughs and advances.

Chapter 25 Apex Bodies, Organizations, Universities & Experts

Algae fuels is one of the most researched topics today at universities and colleges across the world. This chapter provides an extensive list of uni univer versit sitie ies s tha thatt hav have e a re resea search rch int intere erest st in al alga gae-b e-base ased d fue fuels, ls, along with details of the type of research being done by them. These det eta ail ils s will be esp spe eci cia ally us use efu full fo forr th tho ose kee een n on fo forrmin ing g Oilgae – Home Algalunive Energy – ies – www.oilgae.com www.oilgae.com partners par tnerships hips ofwith universit rsitie s and research research org organiz anizatio ations ns for thei theirr

25.1 Introduction 25.2 Organizations 25.3 Universities & Research Institutes 25.4 Algae Energy Developments around the World C I P

O Organizations T E

Country

Association

L

National Algae Association The Woodlands, Texas 77381

P M A S

USA

India

UK

American Assn. of Algae Biofuel Producers California Algal Biomass Organization Seattle, WA 98104 Midwest Research Institute Kansas City, Missouri Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar364002, Gujarat (INDIA) Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Swindon

Website/Emai l info@nationala lgaeassociation .com http://www.sci piobiofuels.co m jwilliams@algal biomass.org

[email protected] es.in http://www.ner c.ac.uk

Organization details provided for many countries will be useful for entrepreneurs wishing to take further steps in this industry. C I P O

Universities

T E L P M


S

The Carbon Trust (UK)

The The Ca Carb rbon on Trus Trustt laun launch ched ed the the Alga Algae e Biof Biofue uels ls Chal Challe leng nge e with with an ambitious mission: to commercialize the use of algae biofuel as an alternative to fossil based oil by 2020. The Algae Biofuels Challenge is a multi-million pound UK R&D initiative that could see the Carbon Trust commits £3m to £6m of funding in the initial stages. University of Florence, Italy

Though the specific species of seaweed has yet to be determined, a group is working with scientists at the University of Florence to find a variety which could be grow grown n in plas plasti tic c tube tubes s of seaw seawat ater er and and fed fed with with carb carbon on diox dioxid ide e captured from a nearby fossil fuel power plant. – Oct 2008

Similar updates on research areas and breakthroughs are provided for research in over 40 universities worldwide.

List of universities involved in algae fuel research 1. Auburn University

23.

New


Mexico

State

2. Arizo Arizona na State State Univer Universit sity y 3. Brun Brunsw swic ick k Co Comm mmun unit ity y Co Coll lleg ege e (BCC) 4. California nia Polytechnic State University 5. Clemso Clemson n Univer Universit sity y 6. Cleveland State Universit sity, Fenn College of Engineering 7. Co Colo lorad rado o State State Universi University ty 8. DARPA 9. Flori Florida da Tech Tech Unive Universi rsity ty 10. Hawaii Natural Energy Laboratory 11. The National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) 12. National Centre for Mariculture Mariculture Research, Israel 13. Iowa Power Fund, USA 14. James Cook University, Queensland, Australia 15. Los Alamos National Laboratory 16. Massachussets In Institute of of Technology Technology MIT 17. Mississippi State University 18. Massey School of Engine Engineeri ering, ng, Wellin Wellingt gton, on, Ne New w Zealand 19. Montana State University 20. NASA 21. National Renewable Energy Laboratory 22. Natural Resources Defense Council

University 24. Oregon State University 25. Pacific No Northwest Na National Laboratory 26. Sandia National Laboratory 27. Southwest Research Institute 28. Texas A&M University 29. The Carbon Trust (UK) 30. The Seawater Foundation 31. Western Michigan University 32. University of Adelaide Chemical Engineering 33. University of Arizona 34. University of of Arkansas 35. University of of Ca C alifornia at at Berkeley 36. University of of Ca C alifornia at at Davis 37. University of of Ca C alifornia at at San Diego 38. University of Georgia 39. University of Florence, Italy 40. University of New Hampshire 41. University of Texas at Austin 42. University of Virginia 43. University of Washington 44. Utah State University


C I P O T E L P M A S

Algae Energy Developments around the World European Union The European Biodiesel Board - promotes the use of biodiesel in the European Union, at the same time, grouping the major EU biodiesel producers63 UK Scott Scottish ish Assoc Associat iatio ion n for Marine Marine Scien Science ce (SAMS) (SAMS),, which which review reviews s the potential of marine biomass, to be anaerobically digested to produce methane which in turn can be used to generate electricity, for heat or for for tran transp spor ortt they they also also sequ sequen ence ced d the the geno genome me of Phaeodactylum tricornutum, a well studied species of diatom. Germany RWE has launched a pilot algae growing plant for CO 2 conversion at Nied Nieder erau auss ssem em,, Germ German any. y. RW RWE E has has ente entere red d into into agre agreem emen ents ts with with partners such as the Jacobs University, Bremen, the Juelich Research Center and Phytolutions for the planning, research and implementation of this project. France Air France-KLM signs with Algae Link to procure algae oil for jet fuel blending - May, 2008 - In the Netherlands, Air France-KLM announced an agree agreeme ment nt with with AlgaeAlgae-Li Link nk to procu procure re algae algae oil oil to be blende blended d with with conventional conventional jet fuel. China Algae Algae LLC, LLC, a subsid subsidiar iary y of Califo Californi rnia-b a-base ased d BioCen BioCentri tric c Energ Energy y Inc.is Inc.is devel develop oping ing algae algae oil oil proj project ect in the Guangd Guangdon ong g Prov Provid idenc ence e of China. China. Accor Accordin ding g to Dennis Dennis Fisher Fisher,, presi preside dent nt and chief chief execu executiv tive e office officerr of BioCentric Energy, the Chinese government has granted the company 50 hectares (110 (110 acres) of land land adjacent to an industrial site site in Wahan, China. Australia In Aust Austra rali lia, a, Linc Linc Ener Energy gy and and Bio Bio Clea Clean n Co Coal al said said they they woul would d join jointt venture on an algae-based biodiesel plant using CO 2 emissions from coal-fired electricity generation. This is the first reported expansion of algae-based Biodiesel production to Australia – Nov 2008

Similar updates on algae fuel initiatives, startups, research, Oilgae policies develop developments are provided for – Homeand of Algal Energy – www.oilgae.com – ments www.oilgae.com over 30 countries worldwide.


Chapter 26 Culture Collection Centers

C I

This chapter provides a detailed list of worldwide algae and microbial collection centres from where algae strains could be obtained.

26.1 Introduction 26.2 List of Algae Culture Collection Collection Centre

P O T E L P

List of algae culture collection centre Count ry

Australia

M A S

Canada

Czech Republic

Centre

Mode of ordering

CSIRO Microalgae Research Centre http://www.cmar.csiro.au/micr http://www.cm ar.csiro.au/microalgae/supp oalgae/supp ly.html

Fax or Mail

University Of Toronto Culture Collection http://www.botany.utoronto.ca/utcc/

Online, Fax and Phone

Canadian Centre For Culture Collection Collection http://www.botany.ubc.ca/cccm/ Culture Collection of Algae of Charles University of Prague http://botany.natur.cuni.cz/algo http://botany .natur.cuni.cz/algo/caup.html /caup.html Culture Collection of Algal Laboratory ( CCALA ) Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic www.butbn.cas.cz

Mail, Phone or Fax Mail, Phone or Fax

Online

Similar data on algae culture collection centers for over 10 countries worldwide are provided.


The The al alga gae e fu fuel els s do doma main in ha has s a hi high gh po pote tent ntia iall fo forr in inno nova vati tion on an and d breakthroughs. breakthro ughs. Since 2002, there have been a number of approaches have ha ve be been en ex expl plor ored ed - so some me of th them em ra radi dica call lly y di diff ffer eren entt fr from om th the e mainstream concepts. It is hence essential for an entrepreneur to get a better perspective of what the future could hold for algae fuels. This

Chapter 27 Future Trends

27.1 Predictions 27.2 Future Research Needs - Thoughts from the ASP Team C I P

OPredictions T E

Year s •

L P M A

Challenges

1-3 year s

•

Optimal strain identification Devising costeffective methods for cultivation and harvesting

Highlights •

•

•

S •

3-5 year s

•

Persisting with effo effort rts s even even when when there are no immediate payoffs Innovative scientific techniques techniques and outof-the of-the-bo -box x thinki thinking ng to over overco come me what what

•

•

•

•

Growing algae in sewage & wastewater Growing algae next to power plants Governments realizing the algae biofuel potential and devoting higher resources for its realization Very low cost photobioreactors New Ne w progre progress ss from from fiel fields ds such as genetic engineering & biotech Lower Lower cost costs s for for biod biodie iese sell production processes A large number of

Dark Horses •

•

• •

Grow Gr owin ing g alga lgae in the dark Really creative sparks coming from garage & backyard inventors

Ethanol from algae Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons from algae gasification & catalytic synthesis

Inputs on similar aspects are given for the next 5-10 years for the algae energy industry. Future trends and predictions are provided for many aspects of algae energy – processes, companies and innovations & more.

List of Tables Oilgae – Home of Algal Energy – www.oilgae.com – www.oilgae.com

1. Energy from Algae – Introduction

1.

Algae En Energy & Al Alternative En Energy

2.

Reve Re venu nues es of of Top Top 5 Oil Oil Co Compan mpanie ies s (200 (2007, 7, US$ US$ Bill Billio ions ns))

3.

Summ Summar ary y of of Pro Proce cesse sses s for for the the Ma Main in Ener Energy gy Prod Produc ucts ts fro from m Alg Algae ae

2. Algal Strain Selection

1.

Strains ains with High Car Carb bohyd hydrate ate Co Conte ntent

3. Algae Cultivation Cultivation

1.

Sugg uggested sted Non-c n-carb arbon Enr Enrichm ichme ent (mL/ mL/L)

2.

Open Po Ponds Vs Vs Cl Closed Bi Bioreactors

3.

Companies Us Using Po Ponds & PBRs

4.

Comp Co mpar aris ison on of Lar Large ge Scal Scale e Sy System stems s fo for Gro Growi wing ng Alga Algae e

5.

Prominent nent Spiruli ulina Fa Farrms ar around und the the World

6.

A Gene Genera rali lize zed d Set Set of of Cond Condit itio ions ns for for Cul Cultu turi ring ng Mic Micro ro-A -Alg lgae ae

4. Photobioreactor Photobioreactor

1.

Gene Genera rall Spe Speci cifi fica cati tion ons s of of a Phot Photob obio iore reac acto torr

2.

Phot Photob obio iore reac acto torr Cos Costt for for a 1 Ton/D Ton/Day ay Dry Dry Alg Algae ae Syste System m

3.

Alga Algael elin ink k Pho Photobi tobior orea eact ctor or Spe Speci cifi fica cati tion ons s & Costs Costs

4.

Data Data for for Pho Photo tobi bior orea eact ctor or Syst System ems s from from Vari Variou ous s Comp Compan anie ies s

5.

PBR Manufacturers & Suppliers

6.

Conv Co nven enti tion on fo for Cla Class ssif ific icat atio ion n of of PBR PBR Co Cost sts/ s/ Pri Price ce

6. Biodiesel from Algae

1.

Comp Co mpar aris ison on of Biod Biodie iese sell fro from m Mic Micro roal alga gall Oil Oil and and Die Diese sell Fue Fuell

2.

Perc Percen enta tage ge Dry Dry Wei Weigh ghtt of of Oil Oil Co Cont nten entt in in Var Vario ious us Cr Crop ops: s:

3.

Che Chemical ical Com Compositi sitio on of Algae Exp Expressed ssed On a Dry Matt Matter er Basi Basis s

(%)) 4.

Biodiese iesell Yi Yield eld in in US US Gallo allons ns per acr acre

5.

A Summary of Comparison son of Oil and Biodiesel Yield from Main

Energy Crops 7. Hydrogen from Algae

1. Cost and performance production production processes

characteristics

of

various


hydrogen

9. Ethanol from Algae

1. Gr Grow owth th of Ethano Ethanoll as Fuel Fuel 2. Some Strains of Algae Algae Having Having High High Carbohydrate Carbohydrate Content 3. Comparison Comparison of Cellulose Content of of Algae with Other Other Biomass Biomass 10. Other Energy Products – Syngas, Other Hydrocarbon Fuels, Energy from Combustion of Algae Biomass

1. Gasifica Gasification tion Reactio Reactions ns and their Reactio Reaction n Enthalpy Enthalpy 2. Various

Fuel

Routes

Compare

with

Regard

to

Cost and

Scalability. 3. Survey Survey Results: Results: Gasificatio Gasification n Operating Operating Plant Statisti Statistics cs 2004 Vs. 2007 4. Petroleu Petroleum m Products Products Produced Produced from from One Barrel of Oil Input Input to U.S. Refineries, 2007 5. U.S. U.S. Refine Refinerr and Blende Blenderr Net Produ Producti ction on of Refine Refined d Petro Petroleu leum m Products in 2007 (Total = 6.57 Billion Barrels) 12. Algae Grown in Open Ponds, Closed Ponds & Photobioreactor

1. Differences between Open Pond Pond and Closed Pond Cultivation 13. Algae Grown in Sewage & Wastewater

1. Content Content of Selected Selected Heavy Heavy Metals Metals in a Sample Sample Waste Water Water Treatment Plant 2. Theoretical Sewage & Wastewater Wastewater Resource Potentials By 2020 2020 14. Algae Grown in Desert

1. Characteristics Characteristics of Photobioreactor Photobioreactor Materials and the Energy Content of Tubular Photo Bioreactors 15. Algae Grown in Marine & Saltwater Environment

1. Co Compo mposit sitio ion n of Seawat Seawater er 2. Detailed Composition of Seawater at 3.5% Salinity

17. Algae Grown Next to Major CO2 Emitting Industries


1. Example Example of a Typica Typicall Flue Gas Compo Compositi sition on from Coal Coal Fired Power Plant 2. Summary of Availability and Cost of CO 2 Sources 3. Projected Global Energy Demand and CO 2 Emissions, 2000 to

2020 4. CO2 Tolerance of Various Species 5.

Energy and GHG (CO2) Balance per Liter of Oil Produced Using Three

Different Technologies. Technologies. 6.

Estimated Costs for CO2 Sequestration Using Algae Grown for Six

Months per Year in BC (Excludes Costs of Transportation Transportation and Deep Burial). 7.

Coun Co untr trie ies s Heav Heavil ily y Dep Depen ende dent nt on on Coal Coal for for Elec Electr tric icit ity y (20 (2006 06e) e)

8.

Top Coal Importers (2006e)

18. Cost of Making Oil from Algae

1.

Indicative Co Costs sts fo for Open Ponds

2.

Indicative Cl Closed Ponds

3.

Cost of Photobioreactors

4.

Cost of Drum Filtration

5.

Cost of Cen Centrifugation

6.

Cost of Flocculation

7.

Cost of Flotation

8.

Cost of Ex Extraction Us Using Oi Oil Pr Press

9.

Cost of Solvent Extraction

10.

Tra Transe nsester steriific ficati ation Cost Cost

11. 11.

Cost Co st of of Star Starch ch to to Etha Ethano noll (via (via fer ferme ment ntat atio ion) n)

12.

Cell Ce llul ulo ose to Eth Etha anol nol Co Cost

13. 13.

Cost Co st of Ana Anaer ero obic bic Dige Digest stio ion n

14. 14.

Cost Co st of of Gasif Gasifica icatio tion n / Pyro Pyroly lysis sis & Cata Catalyt lytic ic Synthe Synthesis sis

15.

Cost Co st of Di Direct ect Co Combusti ustio on

16. 16.

Cost Co st Estim Estimate ates s for for the the Vari Various ous Optio Options ns unde underr Each Each Stag Stage e of of

Production 17. 17.

The The Tot Total al Co Cost st of Biod Biodie iese sell Pro Produ duct ctio ion n Oilgae – Home of Algal Energy – www.oilgae.com – www.oilgae.com

18. 18.

Cost Co st of of Phot Photob obio iore reac acto tors rs – fro from m Alga AlgaeL eLin ink k

19. 19.

Cost Co st of of Phot Photob obio iore reac acto tors rs – from from Alga AlgaeW eWay ay

20. 20.

Capi Ca pita tall Co Cost sts s of of Ope Open n Rac Racew eway ay Pond Ponds s

21. 21.

Enzyme Enzyme/Fe /Ferm rment entati ation on vs. Gasif Gasifica icatio tion/S n/Synt ynthes hesis is

22. 22.

Capita Capitall Cost Cost Estim Estimate ates s of Gasi Gasific ficati ation on & Pyr Pyroly olysis sis Plan Plants ts

23. 23.

Costs Co sts for for Bio Bioma mass ss Ene Energ rgy y Usi Using ng Co Comb mbust ustio ion n

24. 24.

Typi Typica call Biod Biodie iese sell Cost Cost Bre Break ak-u -up p

20. Industry Profile & Company Strategies

1.

Appr Approx oxim imat ate e Numb Number er of of Comp Compan anie ies s Dire Direct ctly ly Inv Invol olve ved d in Pro Produ duci cing ng

Fuels from Algae 22 Funding & Venture Funding

1.

Vent Ventur ure e Capi Capita tall Firm Firms s that that had had Mad Made e Rec Recen entt Inve Invest stme ment nts s in Alga Algae e

Fuel Ventures and the Companies they have Invested in 23. Non-Fuel Applications of Algae

1.

Pigm Pigmen entt Com Compo posi siti tion on of Seve Severa rall Alg Algal al Gr Grou oups ps (Dur (Durin ing g 198 1982) 2)

2.

Glob Global al Car Carot oten enoi oid d Mark Market et Val Value ue by by Prod Produc uctt 2007 2007 & 2015 2015 ($ ($ Mil Milli lion on))

3.

Cosm Co smet etic ics s Ma Mark rket et Size Size Fo Fore reca cast st – Over Overvi view ew

24. Biofuels in Real-World

1.

Curr Curren entt Fee Feed dstoc stocks ks for for Bio Biodi dies esel el Wo Worl rldw dwid ide e

2.

Curr Curren entt Fee Feed dstoc stocks ks Used Used for for Eth Ethan anol ol Wo Worl rldw dwid ide e

3.

Biodiese iesell Pr Producti uctio on (Tho (Thous usa and To Tonnes nnes))

4.

Annu Annual al Wo Worl rld d Etha Ethano noll Prod Produc ucti tion on By Co Coun untr try y

5.

Prominent Biofuels Companies

25. Apex Bodies, Organizations, Organizations, Universities & Experts

1.

Organizations

26. Culture Collection Centers 1.

List of Algae Culture Collection Centre

27. Future Trends

1.

Pred Predic icti tion ons s on How How Ene Energ rgy y from from Alga Algae e Indu Indust stry ry Wil Willl Pan Pan Out Out Duri During ng

the Next 10 Years, until about 2020.


List of Figures 1. Energy from Algae - Introduction

1. Lipid Lipid Co Conte ntent nt of Algae Algae 2. Paths Paths to the Various Various Energy Energy Produc Products ts from Algae Algae 3. Algae Cultivation Cultivation

1. World Map Indicating Indicating the the Direct Direct Normal Normal Solar Solar Irradiation Irradiation 2. Light Light Penetratio Penetration n Depth as a Function Function of Algal Algal Density Density 4. Photobioreactors Photobioreactors

1. Picture Picture of Tubular Tubular Photobi Photobiore oreactor actor 2. Picture Picture of of Flate Flate Panel Panel Reacto Reactorr 6. Biodiesel from Algae

1. A Detailed Detailed Proc Process ess of Biodies Biodiesel el from from Algae 2. Lipid Accumulation Accumulation Progress Progress in in Si-Deficient Si-Deficient and Si-Replete Si-Replete Cultures. 3. A Schematic Schematic Representatio Representation n of Supercritical Supercritical Fluid Extraction 4. Transeste Transesterifi rificati cation on Process Process 7. Hydrogen from Algae

1. Hydrog Hydrogenase enase-Med -Mediate iated d Hydrogen Hydrogen Product Production ion 2. Hydrogen Hydrogen Production Production Catalyzed Catalyzed by Nitrogenase Nitrogenase in Cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria 3. Current Current Method Methods s of Hydrog Hydrogen en Product Production ion 8. Methane from Algae

1. Metha Methane ne from from Alga Algae e 2. Comparitive Comparitive Analysis Analysis of Methane Productio Production n from Algae and other Materials 3. Methane Methane Producti Production on by Anaerobic Anaerobic Digesti Digestion on Oilgae – Home of Algal Energy – www.oilgae.com – www.oilgae.com

4. A Complete Complete Schem Schematic atic of of Methane Methane Product Production ion using using Anaerobic Digestion 9. Ethanol from Algae

1. Comparison Comparison of Cellulose Content of of Algae with Other Other Biomass Biomass

10. Other Energy Products – Syngas, other Hydrocarbon Fuels, Energy from Combustion of Algae Biomass

1. The Chart Chart of Complete Complete Range Range of Products Products that can can be derived derived from Syngas. 2. Worldwi Worldwide de Growth Growth in Gasificati Gasification on Technologi Technologies es 12. Algae Grown in Open Ponds & Closed Ponds

1. Algae Algae Prod Productio uction n and Processi Processing ng 2. Pictu Picture re of Race Raceway way Pond Pond 13. Algae Grown In Sewage

1. Flowchart for Tertiary Tertiary Wastewater Treatment with Microalgae Microalgae 2. Process Schematic for Tertiary Tertiary Wastewater Wastewater Treatment with Micro Micro Algae 3. Process Schematic for Algae Algae Production Production from from Poultry Poultry Waste Waste 4. Cleansing Wastewater with Algae Algae – Sintef Fisheries Fisheries Irish Irish Seaweed Seaweed Centre Project 14. Algae Grown In Desert

1. The Closed Closed Loop Loop Bioreac Bioreactor tor Syste System m 17. Algae Grown Next to Major CO2 Emitting Industries 1. Picture of CO2 Sequestration of Coal Plant Emissions 2. Flow Diagram for Microalgae Production with Introduction of CO 2

from Fossil Fuel Fired Power Plants. 3. Flow diagra diagram m for Microal Microalgae gae Product Production ion 20. Industry Profile & Company Strategies

1. Chart showing showing International International Biofuels Support Support Policies – Ethanol Ethanol 2. Chart showing showing International International Biofuels Support Support Policies - Biodiesel Biodiesel Oilgae – Home of Algal Energy – www.oilgae.com – www.oilgae.com

24. Biofuels in Real-World

1.

Present and Future Potential for Biofuels

2. Global Global Biofu Biofuel el Produc Production, tion, 2007 2007

Sample List of Organizations from Which Data Have been Sourced NREL - http://www.nrel.gov/ 2. Algal Biomass Association - www.algalbiomass.org 3. FAO - www.fao.org 4. Parliamentary Monitoring Group, South Africa www.pmg.org.za/ 5. Energy Information Administration, Administration, Government of USA http://www.eia.doe.gov/ 6. Department Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India - www.iitg.ernet.in/ 7. The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration Administration - www.fio.org.cn 8. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences www.qdio.ac.cn 9. The Center of Excellence for Hazardous Material Management in Carlsbad - www.cehmm.org 10. University of Nevada - www.unr.edu 11. California Water Board 12. Old Dominion University - www.odu.edu 13. Auburn University in Alabama - www.auburn.edu 14. Middle East Technical University - www.metu.edu.tr 15. Sintef Fisheries and Aquaculture - www.sintef.no/ 16. National Center for Radiation Research and Technology Technology www.eaea.org.eg 17. Water Environment Federation - www.wef.org 18. Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research - www.nioz.nl 19. Australian National University - http://solarthermal.anu.edu.au/ 20. Wuhan University - http://w3.whu.edu.cn/en/ 1.


Sample References from Journals http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsid http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=aff icheN&cpsidt=151324 t=1513243 3 2. http://www3.interscience.wiley http://www3 .interscience.wiley.com/journal/ .com/journal/11936995 119369952/abstract? 2/abstract? CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 3. http://www.ingentaconnect.co http://www.ing entaconnect.com/content/klu/ja m/content/klu/japh/2002/00 ph/2002/00000014/00 000014/00 000003/00403143?crawler=true 4. http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=aff http://cat.inist.fr/ ?aModele=afficheN&cpsid icheN&cpsidt=351663 t=3516634 4 5. http://www.freepatentsonline.c http://www.fre epatentsonline.com/395180 om/3951805.html 5.html 6. http://www.patents.com/Means-re http://www.p atents.com/Means-recovering-al covering-algae/US446 gae/US4465600/en-US/ 5600/en-US/ 7. http://www.inventurechem.com/news5.html 8. http://www.springerlink.co http://www.sp ringerlink.com/content/r6h1 m/content/r6h11764u78g38 1764u78g3803/ 03/ 9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub http://www.ncb i.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1735 med/17354443 4443 10. Composition of seawater Source: http://imtuoradea.ro/auo http://imtuora dea.ro/auo.fmte/files2007/ .fmte/files2007/MECANICA_files/b MECANICA_files/badea_gab adea_gabriela_1 riela_1 .pdf 11. http://www.scied.science.doe http://www.sci ed.science.doe.gov/SciEd/JUR .gov/SciEd/JUR_v7/pdfs/Lip _v7/pdfs/Lipid id %20Production%20by%20Dunaliella.pdf U.S. Department of Energy Journal of Undergraduate Undergraduate Research 12. Source: http://uregi http://uregina.ca/ghgt7/P na.ca/ghgt7/PDF/papers/no DF/papers/nonpeer/075.p npeer/075.pdf df 13. http://www.bcic.ca/images/ http://www.b cic.ca/images/stories/publi stories/publications/lifescience cations/lifesciences/microalg s/microalg ae_report.pdf 14. Source: Carbon Market Insights 2008, www.pointcarbon.com 15. http://news-service.stanford.ed http://news-servi ce.stanford.edu/news/2005/jul u/news/2005/july13/hydrog y13/hydrogenen071305.html 16. http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo.jsp? IA=WO2008027980&WO=2008027980&DISPLAY=DESC 17. http://www.biomassmagazine.com/article.jsp?article_id=2147 , Oct 2008 http://www.ew http://www.ewire.com/disp ire.com/display.cfm/Wire lay.cfm/Wire_ID/4808 _ID/4808 1.


http://emissionscience.net/algabprod.html http://emissionscience.net/alga bprod.html 19. Aquaculture department department @ CU – http://www.clemson.edu/scg/aq http://www.cle mson.edu/scg/aqua/algae.htm ua/algae.htm 20. Photomicrographs of Phytoplankton at the Clemson Aquaculture Facility - http://people.clemson.edu/~sadvs/ 21. http://www.colostate.edu/fea http://www.co lostate.edu/features/biofuels-fro tures/biofuels-from-algae.asp m-algae.aspx x 22. http://www.ocean.org.il/Eng/ http://www.o cean.org.il/Eng/ResearchInstitutesAnd ResearchInstitutesAndInfrastructure/Oc Infrastructure/Oc eanNationalInstitute.asp 23. http://www.ocean.org.il/Eng/ http://www.o cean.org.il/Eng/ResearchInstitutesAnd ResearchInstitutesAndInfrastructure/Na Infrastructure/Na tionalCenterToSeaAgriculture.asp 24. http://www.energy.iowa.go http://www.ene rgy.iowa.gov/Power_ v/Power_Fund/ Fund/ 25. http://www.jcu.edu.au 26. http://www.scipub.org/fulltex http://www.sci pub.org/fulltext/ajbb/ajb t/ajbb/ajbb43250-254 b43250-254.pdf .pdf 27. Hydrobiologia 28. Canadian Journal of Microbiology - http://pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca 29. ScienceDaily ScienceDaily - www.sciencedaily.com 18.

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