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School of Distance Education
POLITICAL SCIENCE (PART-I) COMPLEMENTARY COURSE For
BA HISTORY, B.A. ECONOMICS, B.A.SOCIOLOGY, B.A PHILOSOPHY & B.A. ENGLISH
I Semester (20 A!MISSION ON"AR!S#
UNI$ERSITY OF CALICUT SCHOOL OF !ISTANCE E!UCATION C%')t U*'+ers't, P.O. M%%--)r%m, er%%, I*/'%13 134
37
Political Science(Part-I)
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UNI$ERSITY OF CALICUT SCHOOL OF !ISTANCE E!UCATION
POLITICAL SCIENCE (PART5I# I SEMESTER COMPLIMENTARY COURSE
For BAHISTORY, B.A.ECONOMICS, B.A.SOCIOLOGY, B.A.SOCIOLOGY, B.A PHILOSOPHY & B.A. ENGLISH
Prepared by:
Scrutinised by
Sri. Pradeep Kumar. K. Head of the Department, Department of Political Science, Govt. Arts & Science College, Kozhiode !"# Dr. G.Sadanandan, $ Co!ordinator% Associate Professor and Head, P.G. Department of Political Science, Sree Kerala arma College, 'hrissur.
UNI$ERSITY OF CALICUT SCHOOL OF !ISTANCE E!UCATION
POLITICAL SCIENCE (PART5I# I SEMESTER COMPLIMENTARY COURSE
For BAHISTORY, B.A.ECONOMICS, B.A.SOCIOLOGY, B.A.SOCIOLOGY, B.A PHILOSOPHY & B.A. ENGLISH
Prepared by:
Scrutinised by
Sri. Pradeep Kumar. K. Head of the Department, Department of Political Science, Govt. Arts & Science College, Kozhiode !"# Dr. G.Sadanandan, $ Co!ordinator% Associate Professor and Head, P.G. Department of Political Science, Sree Kerala arma College, 'hrissur.
Complementar- Course POLITICAL SCIENCE (PART # MO!ULE. I. $a% Concept of Political Science /eaning, nature, Scope and $0% Approaches 'raditional /odern 1ehavioural,
Post!1ehavioural and /ar2ian
MO!ULE. II. State /eaning, *lements of the State ! 'heories of the origin of the state !3ith special reference to *volutionar- theor- and /ar2ian 'heor-.
MO!ULE. III. Sovereignt- /eaning and Characteristics, '-pes of Sovereignt- /onistic and Pluralistic interpretations.
MO!ULE. I$. $a% 4a3 4i0ert- *5ualit-, 6ustice, )ights and Duties. /eaning and Dimensions. $0% Concepts of Human )ights /eaning and importance.
MO!ULE. $. $a% S-stems Anal-sis ! Political S-stem /eaning and Characteristics. +nput 7utput anal-sis and Structural 8unctional anal-sis.
MO!ULE. $I. $a% /a9or Concepts in Political Anal-sis Po3er +nfluence ! 4egitimac- and Authorit-. $0% Political Culture Political Socialisation Political Development and Political /odernisation
Political Science (Part-I)
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CHAPTER POLITICAL SCIENCE So'et So'et 9! +t ma- 0e defined defined as : the the comple2 comple2 of organised organised assoc association iation and and institution institution 3ithin 3ithin a communit-:. communit-:. +t is an unorganised unorganised or organised organised , it is 3ider or narro3 narro3 groups groups of human human 0eings living together in a particular aera. 'he social instinct of man compels him to live in societ-. Accord According ing to 4asi 4asi,, 0- societsociet-,, : + means means a group group of human human 0eings 0eings living living togeth together er for the satisfaction of their mutual 3ants:. St%te ! societies societies are politicall- organised under a common la3 3ithin a prescri0e prescri0e 0oundaries. 0oundaries. +t stands for the protection to life, li0ertli0ert- and propert- to individuals and and it tries to promote human 3elfare and good life. Go+er*me*t9 ! +t is the institutionalised institutionalised po3er of state or authorit-. +t is the agent agent through 3hich 3hich the 3ill of the state is formulated, formulated, e2pressed e2pressed and realised. realised. +t consists of institutions responsi0le for for maing collective decisions for societ-. Po't's is the the studstud- of state state and activitactivit- of person person involved involved 3ith the the state state i.e gover government nment.. +t refers to the current current pro0lems pro0lems of state state and government government , the actual process process of co!operatio co!operation n , conflict and competition for po3er in societ-. S'e*e is the s-stematic stud- of the structure and and 0ehaviour of the ph-sical and and natural 3orld through o0servation, evidence and e2periment. Po't'% S'e*e is the 0ranch of no3ledge that that deals 3ith s-stematic s-stematic stud- of the the structure and 0ehav 0ehaviou iourr of the state state and politic political al instit institutio utions ns throug through h scient scientific ific anal-s anal-sis. is. +t is an academ academic ic discipline concerned 3ith man;s official institutions and and activities, such as the state , government, citizensh citizenship, ip, pu0lic pu0lic affairs etc. etc. +n other 3ords 3ords , it is a social social science science concerned concerned 3ith the theor-, theor-, description, anal-sis anal-sis and prediction of political political 0ehaviour , political activities, political s-stem as a 3hole. MEANING 'he term ;Political Science; consists consists of t3o 3ords ,viz ,viz , political and science. 'he 3ord ;-o't's: is derived from the Gree 3ord ;Polis; 3hich means means the cit-!state. +n ancient Greece, Greece, the 0asic unit of political organization 3as the cit-!state. +t 3as the Grees 3ho first em0ared upon the stud- of state as distinct from the church. church. 'he foundations of political thining thining 3ere laid 0- the great Gree philosophers, Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Plato 3as the author of the 0oo <'he )epu0lic=. Aristotle Aristotle the father of political science, science, firstl- used the term ;politics; and converted the su09ect into an academic discipline. He pu0lished his 0oo ;Politics; as a first s-stematic stud- of politics.
S'e*e9 is the s-stematic stud- of the the structure and 0ehaviour 0ehaviour of the ph-sical and and natural 3orld 3orld throug through h o0ser o0serva vatio tion, n, evide evidence nce and e2per e2perimen iment. t. So politic political al scien science ce is the 0ranch 0ranch of no3ledge that deals 3ith s-stematic stud- of the structure and 0ehaviour of the state and political institutions through scientific anal-sis. Politics refers to the su09ect matter of our stud- , science denotes denotes the methodolo methodologg- or the 3a- of stud-ing stud-ing the process process of politics. politics. 'he first term sees to ans3er the 5uestion : 3hat is studied: and the second term refers to : ho3 is it studied:. 'herefore, the political phenomenon 3hich should 0e studied in accordance 3ith a definite plan or s-stem is called political science. Political Science (Part-I)
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!e;'*'t'o*s o; Po't'% S'e*e +t is difficult to give a precise definition to political science , 0ecause of its var-ing scope in different situations. 4et us e2amine some o f those definitions.
P%) <%*et !
<'he stud- of politics concerns itself 3ith the life of man in relation to organised
L%ss>e 't te st%te
G%r*er
?Po't'% S'e*e /e%s >'t o+er*me*t o*D
Le%o=
S'e*e o; -o's
Ar'stote
S'e*e o; st%te
Gette
Po't's /e%s >'t o+er*me*t
Leo=
Ge*er% -ro@em o; st%te %*/ o+er*me*t
G'r'st
Po't's 's s%-'* %*/ s%r'* o; -o>er
!%
A)tor't%t'+e %o%t'o* o; +%)es
E%sto*
Po't's 's te str)e ;or %*/ )se o; -o>er
More*t%)
8rom the a0ove definitions 3e ma- conclude that the >state? is the central theme of Political Science. +t is the stud- a0out the state , its origin, its nature, its structure, its functions and so on. /odern political scientists have also emphasised the element of po3er in the stud- of the su09ect. A0raham Kaplan, Harold. D. 4ass3ell defined politics as the political s-stem? instead of >politics? and he defined it as an- persistent pattern of human relationships that involves to a significant e2tent, control, influence po3er or authorit-. So the stud- of political science or politics include not onl- state and government 0ut also an en5uir- into the struggles for po3er that taes place at all levels 0eginning from the household to the 3orld at large. Hence a comprehensive vie3 of the su09ect of political science involves everthing connected 3ith the life of man in the process of maing himself.
NATURE OF POLITICAL SCIENCE Political science is still gro3ing and developing su09ect. So there is no uniformit- among political thiners regarding the nature of political science , 3hether it should 0e treated as a science or not. Aristotle, the father of political science, considered it as the master science. Political philosophers lie 1odin, Ho00es, 1luntschli, 1r-ce also held the vie3 that political science is a science.
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1ut some other political scientists re9ect the scientific nature of political science. +t is said that in political science there is no uniform principles on la3s 3hich are universall- valid. Human 0ehaviour is unpredicta0le. +t, therefore, does not suppl- sufficient materials for scientific stud-. 'he essence of the scientific method is that it 3ill not accept generalizations unless the- are 0ased on facts 3hich can 0e verified. Political scientists lie 1ucle and Comte den- the claim of political science as a science. 'he realit- is that, a social science is different from natural science or a ph-sical science. Science is the s-stematic stud- of the structure and 0ehaviour of the ph-sical and natural 3orld through o0servation, evidence and e2periment. +t is the 0od- of true no3ledge ac5uired through scientific process. 1ut in social science 3e cannot e2pect so much accurac- and precision as 3e see in science su09ects. Hundred percentage prediction is not possi0le in social science 0ecause it deals 3ith the 0ehaviour of man and his political institutions. . 'here is onl- remote chance for verification and prediction in this su09ects. @hile in the stud- of political phenomena , 3e can appl- scientific method and tools.
So-e o; Po't'% s'e*e o3 a da-s, it is ver- difficult to determine the precise and definite 0oundaries of political science. +t is 3ide and comprehensive su09ect and there is no uniformit- among political scientists a0out its scope. +t is the stud- of organizations and activities of the state, 0oth at national and international levels. +t also deals 3ith the distri0ution of governing po3er among several agencies 0- 3hich the actions of the state are determined, e2pressed, and e2ercised and 3ith the pro0lems of international life. Bet some of the important su09ects in the scope of political science are given 0elo3!
. Po't'% S'e*e 's te St)/ o; St%te %*/ Go+er*me*t. +n the political science 3e stud- a0out the theoretical, structural and 0ehavioural aspects of organisation and forms of state and government. 1luntschli sa-s : political science is a science 3hich is concerned 3ith the state , endeavours to understand and comprehend the state in its essential nature, various forms, manifestations and development.: According to )o0son ,: the purpose of political science is to thro3 light on political ideas and political actions so that the government of man ma- 0e improved:. 'he government is the agencof the state through 3hich the purpose of the state is realised. +t is the most livel- and integral part of the state. According to Paul 6anet :political science is that part of social science 3hich treats of the foundation of state and the principles of the Government=.
2. It 's te st)/ o; Re%t'o*s'- @et>ee* te m%* %*/ te st%te. 'he scope of Political science also includes a stud- of the nature of relationship 0et3een the individual and the state. 'he process of men 3ith the societ- is an important aspects of political science. 'he state guarantees certain rights and li0erties to its citizens and at the same time impose certain reasona0le restrictions on them. +n fact, state e2ists for the 3elfare of the people. As an agent of the state, it is the function of the government to tr- to secure 3elfare for all 3ho live 3ithin the territorial 0oundar- of the state. Again the government of an- state greatl- influenced 0- the thoughts and ideas of that state. 'herefore, the stud- a0out the state and government is 0ounded to 0e inconclusive 3ithout the stud- of the nature of the people 3ho constitute the state. +t is in this connection /a2 @e00er has stated that political science is a descriptive and normative science and descri0es it as the stud- of human 0ehaviour in the process of en5uir- of 9ustice. Political Science (Part-I)
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3. St)/ o; Po't'% Teor. 'he theories are the results of the thoughts and research of man- scholars and e2ponents of political science. Political scientists formulate various political concepts and esta0lish theories. According to Gettle , : political science is concerned 3ith the historical surve- of origin, development of political theories and ideals, the anal-sis of the fundamental nature of the state, its organization, relation to the individuals that compose it and its relation to other states :. +t is the stud- of the fundamental 5uestions of the state , government, politics, li0ert-, 9ustice, propert-, rights , la3, the enforcement of legal code 0- authoritetc. +t ma- 0e su0divided into political philosoph-, legal political theor-, the concept of sovereignt- and legal controls for the e2ercise of political po3er, scientific political theor- , consisting of empirical o0servations of political events etc. So a student of political science must start his stud- of the su09ect 3ith the theories.
•
6. St)/ o; -o't'% '*st't)t'o*s. Political Science is also concerned 3ith the stud- of political institutions and associations through 3ith the state acts. +t covers the stud- of the constitutions, comparative government, pu0lic administration and local government etc. .+t also deals 3ith the nature of different political institutions including government, their structure such as legislature, e2ecutive and 9udiciar-, its 3oring, its merits and demerits etc. 8urther it studies a0out some informal groups lie social, economic, educational institutions in a societ-.
•
4. St)/ o; -o't'% /*%m's. Political d-namics e2amines the current forces 3hich e2ert influence on the government and politics. Along 3ith the change of ha0its also are 0ound to occur of men, social s-stem also change. 'his e2plains 3h- the cit- states of ancient times are replaced 0- the nation states in the present centur-. 'he search for the cause of this ind of changes in the character of the state and government is the stud- of political d-namics. +t covers a 3ide range and includes the stud- of political parties, pu0lic opinion pressure groups, lo00ies , etc. 'he stud- of these political d-namics helps to e2plain the political 0ehaviour of individuals and different groups.
Political science deals 3ith the matters relating to the maintenance of international relations, the international la3 and the organization concerned 3ith the maintenance of 3orld peace and securit-. 'he human societ- is no3 thining in terms of forming a 3orld government in the near future. +nternational la3 provides the frame3or 3ithin 3hich the states should en9o- their rights and duties. 'his has made it necessar- to include in the stud- of political science. +t is related to the maintenance of international relations and different organisations connected 3ith the maintenances of peace and securit- among the states of the 3orld. 'he su09ect matter includes international la3, international and regional organisations lie 7, *uropean nion, A/, SAA)C and 4eague of ations, diplomatic relations , treaties and agreements, arms control, human rights, pollution control and glo0al 3arming , sustaina0le development etc. . St)/ o; -o't'% -%rt'es %*/ re%te/ or%*'%t'o*s. Political Science (Part-I)
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+n a democratic state, political parties pla- an important role in formation and functioning of government. 'he- are regarded as an unavoida0le and central part for the successful 3oring of democratic political s-stem. +ts studies are important for understanding the nature and 3oring of political institutions of a countr-. 'he stud- of political science is also concerned 3ith the stud- of informal institutions through 3hich the state acts . ie. pressure groups ,interests groups and other related social, economic, educational institutions etc. #. It st)/'es o; P%st, Prese*t %*/ F)t)re /e+eo-me*t o; St%te 'he scope of Political Science includes the stud- of the past , present and future of states and its activities. According to Gettle , : +n the historical aspects, Political Science deals 3ith the origin of the state and the development of political theories in the past......... in dealing 3ith the present it attempts to descri0e and classif- e2isting political institutions and ideas. Political Science also loo to the future, to improving political organizations and activities in the light of changing conditions and changing ethical standards:. so its scope is not restricted to the stud- of the past and the present alone , 0ut it directs future course of the development of the state. 'he stud- is also helpful to improving the political institutions and modif-ing political activities in order to meet the changing national and international demands.
'o stud- political thought and ideas of the great political 'hiners.
•
'o understand the current political pro0lems and find solutions.
•
/ae people conscious of their rights and o0ligations.
•
'o understand the current trends
•
'o provide information a0out international la3s ,international legislation, organizations and maintenance of 3orld peace and international 0rotherhood.
•
Anal-se political parties and pressure groups .
•
+t maes people vigilant , develop a spirit of cooperation, ad9ustment and tolerance.
•
+t deals 3ith great political events lie 8rench )evolution, American 3ar of +ndependence and freedom movements.
•
+t helps to form pu0lic opinion .
•
Helps people to safeguard their li0ert-.
•
+t prevents to misuse of po3er of government.
•
+t improve the 5ualit- of government and administration.
•
+t provides no3ledge of the political terminolog-.
•
4i0eralises the human outloo .
•
Developing and strengthening a li0eral democratic values and a3areness.
•
'o understanding the political decision!maing process.
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A--ro%es to te st)/ o; Po't'% S'e*e According to an D-e , the 3ord : ;approach; is define to denote the criteria emplo-ed in selecting the 5uestions to as and the data to consider in political in5uir-.: +n political science different scholars and students emplo- different criteria in order to anal-se the data and find out the ans3ers of the 5uestions. 'hese criteria have 0een designated as approach. Alan 1all in his ;/odern Politics and Government ; has categorised the approaches into traditional and modern or ne3 approaches. +n the traditional approaches include under the follo3ing $a% ormative $0% Philosophical $c% Historical,and $d% +nstitutional approaches. 'he modern approach could 0e divided as $a%1ehavioural $0% Post 1ehavioural ,and $c% /ar2ian approaches.
Normati! a""roa#$ +n the normative or classical period, political pro0lems 3ere anal-sed philosophicall-. 'he method 3as deductive and the approach 3as normative. +n this period the ethical 0asis and moral purpose of the political communit- 3as anal-sed in detail 0- the political philosophers. 'he purpose of this approach is to clarif- the 3ords and terms used 0- the political philosophers. 'hespent too much of their times on the pro0lems of ends and means and also in descri0ing the ideal state. 'he interpretation of normative approach in political activities evoes intersts in the mind of the students of political science. +t studies the state, government, and man on political 0eing is fullmi2ed 3ith the pursuit of certin goals, morals, truths, or high principles. 'he 3ritings of Plato, Ho00es, 4oce, 1entham and Hegel have the characteristics of the classical period. 'he- 3ere ver- particular in finding the standards or values of life li e 9ustice, freedom and happiness.
P'oso-'% A--ro% Philosophical approach is another traditional or classical approach to the stud- of political science. +t is one of the oldest approaches to the stud- of politics and also no3n as speculative or ethical or metaph-sical approach. 'he philosophical approach attempts to find the truths of political events or incidents. . +t is mainl- concerned 3ith the anal-sis of the nature and fundamental attri0utes of the state, the concept of political o0ligations, the nature of political authorit- and other pro0lems of philosophical in nature. According to an D-e :philosoph- denotes thought a0out thought. Some3hat more 0roadl-, it denotes general conceptions of ends and means, purposes and method:. 'he purpose of philosophical approach is to clarif- the 3ords and terms used 0- the political philosophers. +t e2plores the o09ective of political 3ritings or the purpose of political 3riter. +t also aims to enhance linguistic clarit- and reduce linguistic confusion. 'his method starts 3ith assumptions a0out the nature and end of the state 0ased on philosophical ground.
H'stor'% A--ro% Historical approach is another traditional approach of stud-ing political science. Historserves as a 0est ind of la0orator- for political science. +t is the store!house of the past incidents pertaining to human life. 'he stud- of histor- gives us not onl- information a0out 3hat happened in the past 0ut also a0out the utilit- and futilit- of various institutions of various times.
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According to Gilchrist, the historical approach as the chief method of stud-ing political phenomena and sa-s,: is the historical method, properl- to understand political institutions, 3e must stud- them their religion, their gro3th and development . Histor- not onl- e2plains institutions 0ut it helps us to mae certain deduction for future guidance. ......:. Histor- tells us ho3 government, political parties and man- other institutions 3ored, their successes and failures and from these 3e receive lessons 3hich guide for the future course of action. 'he approach is reached on the assumption that political science emerged out of socio! economic crisis as 3ell as the reactions the- leave on the minds of the great thiners. 8or e2ample, conditions of ancient Greece created Plato and Aristotle , the "; the centur- *ngland produced Ho00es and 4oce, the capitalist s-stem created /ill and /ar2 etc. I%tit'tio%a( a""roa#$
+n the light of the emergence of other social sciences from the second half of "F th centur- , the need for a narro3er and precise definition of political science 3as felt. 'he institutional approach sho3s a shift in the scope , methods, and o09ective of the discipline of political science. +t gives importance to the stud- of formal as 3ell as informal structure of political institutions lie e2ecutive, legislature , 9udiciar-, political parties, pressure and interests groups etc. in political s-stem. +t is also no3n as structural approach. Political science 0egan to stud- formal governmental institutions. 'he nature and structure of the legall- constituted institutions 0ecame the su09ect matter of political science. Political philosophers 0egan to stud- the historical evolution of various political institutions. +n the 3ords of D-e, ! the stud- of politics is the stud- of the state or of government and related institutions. @as0- sa-s , : 'he emphasis of the institutional or structural approach is almost e2clusivel- on the formal aspects of government and politics. Since various institutions constitute the structure of the societ- it is also called structural approach.: After anal-sing properl- the actual functions of various institutions political philosophers compared them 3ith other institutions. Comparative stud- of the merits and demerits of the different s-stems lie unitar- and federal , parliamentar- and presidential territorial and proportional representation 3as made 0- the political philosophers of the institutional period. 'he emphasis 3as on the importance of the governmental institutions and practice in promoting social conditions and realising moral and political purposes. 'he advocates of institutional approach do not consider the impact of institutions or rules upon the individuals. @ithout individuals the institutions have no practical importance , thus it has 0een vehementl- criticised. B!$aio'ra( a""roa#$
1ehaviouralism is one of the most important developments in the stud- of political science in the th centur- .+t is also considered to 0e a ne3 or modern approach to the stud- of political science. )eall-, the approach started 3ith a protest movement of American political scientists against the traditional stud- of political science. 'he- 0elieved that the traditional approaches totall- neglected the political phenomena. 'herefore , the- developed a ne3 approach for the careful stud- of political phenomena ,i.e 0ehaviour approach. 'he- 0egan to adopt the methods of natural sciences lie o0servation, surve- and measurement in political science. 'he e2ponents of this method 3as Harold D. 4ass3ell, George Catlin, Charles /erriam, David *aston etc. Political Science (Part-I)
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Me%*'* 'he 0ehavioural approach is reall- 0ased on the assumption that political institutions and nature of political events are largel- determined 0- the nature and 0ehaviour of the people. 'he political 0ehaviour of individuals and groups ma- determine the mode of operation of the state itself. So the essence of the 0ehaviouralist approach is its central focus on political 0ehaviour of individuals. 'he 0ehaviouralist attempt to understand political phenomena realisticall- in term of o0served and o0serva0le data. +t is the e2planation, formulation and h-pothesisation of the o0served and o0serva0le 0ehaviour of men in respect of the governance of the countr-. 'he use of more and more scientific means inspired several political philosophers to consider political science as a value free science. 'hat means the- aim at the creation of a s-stematic casual theor- and not a value theor-. 1ehaviour approach , according to Dhal, : is an attempt to improve our understanding of points 0- seeing to e2plain the empirical aspects of political life 0- means of methods, theories and criteria of proof that are accepta0le according to canons and assumptions of modern political science:.
C%r%ter'st's o; Be%+'o)r % A--ro% Some of the general characteristics of 0ehaviouralism 3hich are given 0elo3 ". Mo+eme*t o; Protest9 1ehavioural approach started 3ith a protest movement of American political scientists against the traditional stud- of political science. 'he- 0elieved that the traditional approaches totall- neglected the political phenomena. 'he- changed their emphasis from the ideal state , government and political institutions to da- ! toda- political pro0lems of citizens. Hence Dhal has o0served correctl- : Historicall- speaing , the 0ehavioural approach 3as a protest movement 3ithin political science........:. . Fo)s o* Be%+'o)r9 'he main emphasis of 0ehaviouralism is upon the political 0ehaviour of the individuals. 'he- insist upon the collection and anal-sis of data regarding individual;s 0ehaviour in political activit-. 'he- argued that , it must 0e clear that the 0ehaviour of the individuals is moulded 0- his o3n ps-chological mae!up and the social atmosphere in 3hich he lives. I. S'e*t';' o)too= %*/ o@et'+'t9 1ehaviouralism stresses the special importance of the scientific outloo and o09ectivit-. 'he use of more and more scientific means that inspired several political philosophers to consider political science as a value free science. J. Meto/oo'% Re+o)t'o*9
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1ehaviouralism 0rought a0out a methodological revolution in political science. 'he- started to adopt the methods of natural sciences lie o0servation, surve- ,intervie3s, research, case studies, dated collection, statistical anal-sis, 5uantifications ,measurement etc. in political science. . I*ter /'s'-'*%r st)/9 'he political 0ehaviour of an individual is a part of the total social 0ehaviour of all the individuals. +n order to get a proper understanding of political pro0lems, a modern researcher needed the help of other social sciences. According to 4ipson :3e have no3 reached the point 3here all social science must , operate 3ith a common conceptional scheme and voca0ular-:. *ulou o0served : A man;s political 0ehaviour is onl- one of his total 0ehaviour as a social 0eing, political 0ehaviour anal-sis must 0e interdisciplinar-...........: L. I*+e*t'o* o; S'e*t';' Teor 'he main aim of the 0ehaviouralists is to 0uild a scientific theor- 3ith the help of o0servation and e2perimentation, 3hich ma- 0e a0le to predict things and 0e applied universall-.
C%r%ter'st's o; Be%+'o)r%'sm %s '+e* @ !%+'/ E%sto* David *aston ,one of the most important e2ponents and founders of the 0ehaviouralist political school of thought , has summed up eight characteristics of this approach. 'he- are regularities, verification, techni5ues, 5uantification, values , s-stematisation, pure science and integration. 'hese are called ; +ntellectual 8oundation Stones; of 1ehaviouralism. 1% Re)%r't'es Discovera0le uniformities in political 0ehaviour and can 0e e2pressed in generalisations.
. $er';'%t'o*s9 *mpirical or scientific verifications of human 0ehaviour for scientific result. I. Te*')es *mphasises the adoption of correct techni5ue for ac5uiring and interpreting the scientific data. J. )%*t';'%t'o* Precision in the recording of data and the statement of finding re5uires measurement and 5uantification.
. $%)es9 Political science is the scientific stud- of politics in its functional aspects , carried through empirical methods and has nothing to do 3ith moral or ethical 5uestions. L. Sstem%t'%t'o*9 )esearch in political science must 0e theor-!oriented and theor-!directed and also closel- interrelated. .
P)re S'e*e9 +n order to solving social pro0lems the- mae research and developed scientific theories.
#.
I*ter%t'o* 'he- applied inter!disciplinar- approach for the 0etter understanding of political phenomena.
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'he 0ehaviouralists made significant achievements in the development and refinement of the tools and techni5ues of research. Political science has 0een 0enefited in certain areas lie voting studies , stud- of political elites and pu0lic opinion as a result of the 0ehavioural revolution. 'he developments in the 0ehavioural sciences, thus are :a good deal more revolutionar- in the realm of techni5ue than that of validated and e2panded theor-:.
Cr't''sm o; @e%+'o)r% %--ro% ". 1ehavioralism concerns more 3ith techni5ues than result. . 'he- emphasise the importance of 0ehavioural effect at the cost of institutional effect. I. Politics can never 0e value!free as held 0- 0ehavioralists. J. 'he- have 0een concentrating their stud- mainl- on the static su09ects rather on the current pro0lems. . +t is difficult to stud- the ever changing 0ehaviour of man 0ecause the emotions, ideas and thining go on changing continuousl-. Pot)B!$aio'ra( A""roa#$
8ailure of 0ehaviouralism to deals 3ith the practical pro0lems of 3orld, failure to converting political science into a pro0lem solving science, over!emphasis on research methods and tools and dissatisfication 3ith 0ehaviouralism led to the gro3th of a ne3 and strong movement in political science called Post!1ehaviouralism. David *aston 3as an ardent advocate of Post!1ehaviouaral movement. *aston is of the opinion that the 0ehaviouralists are doing useless research. He 3as dissatisfied 3ith the t-pe of research and teaching done 0- the 0ehaviouralists 3ho 3ere tr-ing to convert the stud- of politics i nto a more rigorousl- scientific discipline 0ased on the methodolog- of the natural sciences.
Fe%t)res o; PostBe%+'o)r%'sm 'he characteristics or features of post!0ehaviouralism 3hich are given 0elo3
. O--os't'o* to +%)e ;ree so'% s'e*e 9 'he post!0ehaviouralists are deadl- opposed to the attempts of the 0ehaviouralists in maing political science as a value ! free science. Post!1ehaviouralist give due consideration for values unlie the 1ehaviouralists 3ho thin of a value free science. alues should not 0e sacrificed for scientism. David *aston o0serves :)esearch a0out and constructive development of values 3ere ine2tinguisha0le part of the stud- of politics. ...........Hence, to understanding the limits of our no3ledge 3e need to 0e a3are of the value premises on 3hich it stands and alternatives for 3hich no3ledge could 0e used:. . A Mo+eme*t o; Protest9 'he post!0ehaviouralists assert that the political science must 0e relevant to societand it must deli0erate over such 0asic issues of societ- as 9ustice, li0ert-, e5ualit-, democrac- etc. *aston asserted that the role of the intellectuals has 0een must 0e to protect human values of civilization. I. I*teet)% Mo+eme*t 9 Political Science (Part-I)
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'he post!0ehaviouralism is not confined to a particular section of societ-. +t is a sort of +ntellectual /ovement and its follo3ers can 0e found amongst all sections of societ- . :Studies should 0e relevant and meaningful for urgent social pro0lems. J. PostBe%+'o)r%'sts oo= to te ;)t)re >e@e'* o; te so'et9 'hough the post 0ehaviouralists prefer the 0ehavioural approach to the traditional approach 0ecause it is empirical. 'he strong demands of the post 0ehaviouralists are >relevance? and >action?.. . Kno3ledge should 0e put into practice, change should 0e the aim of political anal-sis and for future 3ell!0eing of the societ-.
*mphasis should 0e on social change and not social preservation
I.
Political science should not lose touch 3ith 0rute realities of politic
J.
Political science should not 0e value!free science.
.
Political scientists must protect human values of civilization.
L.
Post! 1ehaviouralists emphasis action in place of contemplative science.
. rgent need to politicise the profession. 'hus post 0ehaviouralists introduce a ne3 orientation in political science 3hich 3ill encourage political scientist to improve political life according to human criteria. *aton sa-s
/ar2ian approach to stud- of political science is 0asicall- different from the traditional and modern approaches. /ar2ian approach provides us a theor- of social change and scientific philosoph- 3hich help to understand the la3s of social development. +ts main ideas are found in the ;Communist /anifesto ; and ;Das Capital, the t3o monumental 3or of Karl /ar2. +n order to understand the /ar2ian approach to political science 3e must to no3 the li0eral vie3s on politics first, since these t3o s-stems poles apart. According to the li0eral theorists, the state is an instrument of pu0lic good, that the sovereignt- is rested in the people and a0ove all that democrac- is the 0est form of government. 'he li0erals also 0elieve that the authorit- of state is 0ased on the general 3ill and that the aim of the state is to ensure the 3elfare of the people. /ar2 re9ects the formal or li0eral approach of conventional political anal-sis and puts forth a more comprehensive sociological anal-sis of politics. According to /ar2, the material conditions determine the ideological super!structure of societ- and politics is actuall- conditioned 0- the economic s-stem. +t holds that economic s-stem determines the classes structure and as there is a change in the means of production , distri0ution s-stem and e2change , so there is corresponding change in the relations of masters and slaves, the feudal lords and the serfs, the capitalists and the 3orers, the dominant and the dominated classes. Political Science (Part-I)
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/ar2ism holds the vie3 that all phenomena that 3e e2perience are material, concrete and o09ective. Again it holds that all phenomena are characterised 0- internal contradictions. 'he process of development through internal contradictions is called Dialectical Process. So to understand an- phenomena one must grasp its nature as changing. Human life necessitates the consumption of certain articles. 'hese articles are reall- produced 0- men . 'he 3a- 0- 3hich these articles are produced is called means of production. 'he relations of production divided men into t3o 0asic classes. 'he- are the class controlling means of production through o3nership or other3ise and the class 3hich contri0ute its la0our po3er. 'hese classes are opposed to each other 0ecause their intersts are mutuall- opposed. 'his leads to class conflict or class struggle. 'he /ar2ist stand for class 3ar, encourage class consciousness, and prepare the people for a revolution to alter the e2isting class dominated capitalist s-stem. According to Karl /ar2s the onl- 0asis of the su09ect of politics is po3er and that to an integration of all po3ers! political, economic and ideological. /ar2 had a 5uite different attitude to3ards the individual. He felt that a man is first a social creature and then onl- a political creature. His life should 0e seen through the prism of societ-. 'he dominant class in the societ- has invented the state to hold on economic po3er and e2ploit the other classes in the societ-. A man cannot have separate e2istence from the societ- and he should see his salvation through the societ- not individuall-. 'his state of contradictions can end onl- in the esta0lishment of a socialistic societ- .
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CHAPTER II
THE STATE 'he term ;State; occupies the highest place and central theme in the stud- of political science. 'he modern term state? in political science in the modern sense. +n political science the term >state? 3e mean an association of people 3ho live 3ithin a geographical area under an organised government and su09ect to no outside control State is an institution to ensure la3 and order and maintain harmon- of social relations. +t creates those conditions, 3hich are necessar- for the development of individual personalit-. +t creates la3s and rules to regulate human 0ehaviour. +t stand for the 3elfare of societ- as 3hole and protect the rights and life of citizen from internal and e2ternal distur0ances or 3ar. 'he ordinar- people usuall- use the 3ord state in a 3rong 3a-. +t is 3rong to e5uate the 3ord state 3ith government, nation or societ-. @hen the- sa- >state aid to industries? >state 0us? etc., actuall- the- mean >government aid to industries? >government 0us? etc. 8urther, the constituent units of a federation are called
!e;'*'t'o*s o; st%te 'he term ;state; has 0een defined differentl- 0- various political thiners. Some of the popular definitions are given 0elo3 'o 5uote /ac +ver : some 3riters define the state as essentiall- a class structure, others regard it as an one organisation that transcends class and stands for the 3hole communit-. Some interpret it as a po3er s-stem, others as 3elfare s-stem. Some vie3 entirel- as a legal construction either in the old Austinan sense 3hich made it a relationship of the governors and governed or as a communit- organized for action under legal rules. 'o some it is a necessar- evil and to a ver- fe3 , an evil that 3ill some da- 0e unnecessar-: ". According to 1odin, the state is : an association of families and their common possessions , governed 0- supreme po3er and 0- reason:. . Dr. Garner!
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