Practical Manual Pests of Field Crops and Their Management

PREPARED BY

NAME:___________________ NAME:_______ _________________________ ________________________ _______________________ _________________ _____ REG. NO.:___________ NO.:_ ________________________ __________________ ____ EXAM NO.____________ ______ COLLEGE :____________ :_______________________ _______________________ _______________________ ______________________ ___________ 1

Ag. PLACE:____________________________________________________________ Ento. 3.3 Pests of Field Crops and Their Management by Dr. M. V. Dabhi and Prof. Himansu Patle 2015

EXERCISE- 1

DATE:

TYPICAL SYMPTOMS OF DAMAGE BY VARIOUS PHYTOPHAGOUS INSECT-PESTS It is very important to know and study about the symptoms of damage by various phytophagous insect pests for proper, effective and economic management. Insect-pests found to be cause injury to plant either directly or indirectly to secure food, their development and further generations. Insect-pests attack on various parts of plant viz., viz., root, stem, bark, leaf, bud, flower and fruit. Based on the nature and symptoms of damage, insect-pests can be classified into different groups as mentioned below. 1.1. Stem borer Larvae enter into the stem/ tillers and feed on inert green matter. As a result, damaged part is wilted, dried and exhibited symptoms like dead heart/ white ear. e. g g : stem borers of paddy, millets and sugarcane etc. etc. 1.2. Shoot borer Larvae attack tender shoots and bore inside during the vegetative stage of the crop growth and cause wilting, drooping of terminal plant part which later dries up. e.g: shoot borers of cotton, castor, shoot fly of sorghum 1.3. Defoliator Larvae feed on the leaves completely by scraping the chlorophyll content of leaves; leaving only midrib/veins or cause numerous holes. e.g: castor semilooper, red headed hairy caterpillar, bihar hairy caterpillar, tobacco caterpillar 1.4. Leaf miner Larvae mine leaves/leaflets between the epidermal layers and feed on green matter, resulting in the appearance of translucent white patches/ zig-zag galleries on leaves. e.g: leaf miner of ground nut, chickpea, rice hispa. 1.5. Leaf webber Larvae web leaves/ leaflets by means of silken threads and feed inside the webbed leaves and the chlorophyll content. Often faecal pellets/ frass are found within the web. e.g: leaf Webbers on Ground nut. 1.6. Leaf folder Larvae fold leaves from tip to base/ longitudinally/ margin to margin edge which producing appearance of a fold/ roll. e.g: rice leaf folder, cotton leaf folder. 2

Ag. Ento. 3.3 Pests of Field Crops and Their Management by

Dr. M. V. Dabhi and Prof. Himansu Patle 2015

1.7. Gall maker Larvae feeding inside the stem/ tiller/ leaf/ flower bud stimulate excessive growth of cells at the affected portion and distrub normal growth which results in malformation of plant parts called as gall formation. e.g: paddy gall midge 1.8. Pod/ capsule borers/ boll worm During the reproductive stage of crop, larva enter into the pod, capsule, boll and feed on the seed/lint exhibiting symptoms like webbed condition of pods/bolls or web few pods/capsules with frass and excreta or holes of different sizes and shapes. e.g: spotted pod borer, capsule borers of castor and red gram pod fly, tobacco caterpillar, gram caterpillar, pink boll worm etc. 1.9. Root feeder Larvae feed on root/ root nodules or the nymphs and adults suck the cell sap form the roots resulting in stunted growth/ poor tillering/drying of plants in isolated patches. e.g: white grubs, termites, rice root weevil and ragi root aphid. 1.10. Seed feeder (stored grain pests) Larvae feed on stored seeds either as internal/external feeders/by webbing the food particles. e.g: rice weevil, red rust flour beetle, rice moth etc. 1.11. Sap feeder a. From grain: Nymphs and adults suck juice from developing ovaries/ milky grains resulting in the formation of shrivelled/chaffy grains e.g: rice gundhy bug, sorghum earhead bug, sorghum midge. b. From tender plant parts: Nymphs and adults suck the cell sap from the base of the plant/leaves/ tender terminal plant parts/ flowers, thereby affect the vigour and growth of the plants. Different insects exhibit different symptoms. In case of severe infestation, infestation, sooty mould develops develops on the plant plant parts covered with honey dew excreted by insects while feeding. e.g. paddy brown plant hopper, white backed plant hopper, paddy leafhopper, cotton aphid. All these insect pests causing damage to different parts of plant and based on the symptoms of damage the name was given. This will helpful for identifying the insect pest damage during field visit.

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EXERCISE- 2

DATE:

PESTS OF PADDY 2.1

2.2

2.3

4

Paddy stem borer Scirpophaga (Tryporyza) Tryporyza) incertulas (Walker), incertulas (Walker), (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) The female moth has bright yellowish brown forewings which having single black spot and the anal end having tuft of yellowish hairs. The hind wings are white. The male is pale yellow and the spots on the forewings are not conspicuous. Male is smaller than female. Eggs are laid at the tip of the upper surface of tender leaf in masses, covered with a buff coloured hair and scales. The caterpillars are pale yellowish white and smooth. Newly hatched larva moves on the leaf blade for 1-2 hours and later reaches the leaf sheath and bores into the stem near the nodal region at ground level. Larva feeding inside the stem results in the formation of "dead heart" or "white ear" during vegetative and reproductive stages, respectively and they can be easily pulled out. Pupation takes place into stem and paddy stubbles. Rice leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee) medinalis (Guenee) (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) It is a sporadic pest. Moth is golden or yellowish brown coloured with light brown wings having two distinct dark wavy lines on forewings and one line on hind wings. Both wings have dark brown band on their outer margin. Caterpillar is greenish white, but it turns to greenish yellow, when fully grown. Larva folds the leaf blade longitudinally or joins the leaf tip to the basal part of the leaf blade with silken threads and feeds by scrapping the chlorophyll content. It results initially in whitish membranous folded leaves and later on gives scorched appearance. Pupation takes place inside the folded leaf. Brown plant hopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) lugens (Stal) (Hemiptera : Delphacidae) It is most destructive pest in paddy growing areas. Adult is brown to brownish black with brown eyes while the nymph is pale white with brownish tinge and greyish blue eyes. Both nymphs and adults suck the cell sap from basal portion of plant, clustering at the base of rice clump and deposit eggs in masses by lacerating the parenchyma tissue. They also inject toxic saliva while feeding which results in “ hopper burn”. burn”. Excessive sap drain from the plant results in yellowing of leaves initially and due to continuous feeding whole plant dries. Drying of plants occur in Ag. Ento. 3.3 Pests of Field Crops and Their Management by


isolated patches and gradually in a circular manner, exhibiting hopper burn symptom. Severe infestation results in development of sooty mould. They are also vector of grassy stunt virus disease in paddy. 2.4 Rice green leaf hopper Nephotettix nigropictus (Stal), N.virescens (Distant) N.virescens (Distant) (Hemiptera : Cicadellidae) These are small, active wedge shaped leafhoppers with prominent black spots in the males which extend up to the black distal portion of the forewings. Female is generally entirely green without any black tinge on pronotum. Both nymphs and adults suck sap from the leaves and cause uniform yellowing of leaves from mid-half. leafhoppers transmit virus diseases viz., transmit rice dwarf, rice yellow dwarf, rice transitory yellowing and rice tungro. 2.5 Rice earhead bug/Gundhi bug Leptocorisa oratorius (Thunberg) (Hemiptera : Coreidae) Adult is brownish, slender with long legs. Nymphs are greenish in early instar later on it become brownish. These bugs emit characteristic unpleasant odour which indicate their presence in the field, hence the name was given "Gundhi bug". This pest appears on rice just before flowering stage and continues until panicles ripen. Both the nymph and adult suck juice from grains during milky stage which causing grains become shrivelled and chaffy. Brown spot is observed at the feeding site ultimately formation of sooty mould. 2.6 Rice hispa Dicladispa armigera (Olivier)(Coleoptera : Hispidae) Beetle is bluish black and shiny with spines on thorax and elytra. Adults scrape green matter on upper surface of leaf blade causing. Whitish leaf tips of young leaves giving dried up appearance White, rectangular streaks parallel to veins on older leaves, which initially appear glistening, membranous, papery white, later turning pale reddish, grubs feed on leaf tissue inside the leaf mine causing. Q.1 Answer the following questions on the basis of damage samples during the field observation. (A) How would you identify the adults of following insect pests? i. Paddy stem borer

5



ii. Rice leaf folder

iii. Brown plant hopper

(B) Give specific marks of identification of the immature stages of the following insect pests. i. Rice hispa

ii. Rice earhead bug/gundhy bug

(C) Which diseases are transmitted by the following insect pests?

i. Green Leaf Hopper:

ii. Brown Plant Hopper:

(D) Explain or define the following terms.

i. Dead heart in Paddy

ii. Hopper burn

(E) Give reasons for the following. i. Higher doses of nitrogenous fertilizers should be avoided in paddy crop.

ii. Tips of paddy seedlings should be removed before transplanting.

6



iii. Paddy stubbles should be removed immediately after harvesting the crop.

iv. Water should be drained out from the paddy field during hopper infestation.

(F) Furnish the following information as per the requirement. Sr. No. i ii iii

iv.

Name of Pest

Oviposition Site Pattern

Damaging stage/s

Site of pupation

Effective chemical control

Paddy stem borer Rice leaf folder Brown plant hopper Rice hispa

(F) State Integrated Management Strategy for the Major Insect Pests of Paddy.

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EXERCISE- 3

DATE:

PESTS OF SORGHUM, MAIZE, PEARL MILLET AND WHEAT 3.1 Sorghum 3.1.1 Sorghum shoot fly /Stem fly Atherigona soccata Rondani soccata Rondani (Diptera : Muscidae) Adult is dark grey in colour and looks like a small housefly. Abdominal segments of male and female bear 6 and 4 dark spots respectively, arranged in two rows. Maggot is pale yellow, yellow, apodous and tapering at one end. Eggs are laid singly on under surface of leave of during its life span of about one month of seedlings (six leaf stage). The tiny maggot creep out and reach in between sheath, axis and bore into the stem. The growing point is destroyed. Young seedling dries and exhibits the dead heart symptoms. Infected plant produces tillers, which may also be attacked by the pest. Pupation takes place inside the stem or in the soil. 3.1.2 Sorghum stem borer Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) Pyralidae) Adult is yellowish grey moths about 25 mm across the wings when spread. Caterpillar is dirty greyish white with black head which having four brownish longitudinal stripes on the back. The female lays eggs on under surface of leaves of various host plants. Eggs are flat, oval and yellowish and the pattern of egg lying as overlapping and laid in batches. Initially, the larvae feed on leaves causing few shot holes. Later on, the larvae bore their way downwards through the central shoot and cause dead heart as such young plants can be easily pulled out. The Chaffy ear-heads produced in later stages. Pupation takes place inside the the stem. 3.1.3 Sorghum midge Stenodiplosis sorghicola (Coquillett) (Diptera : Cecidomyiidae) Adult fly is a tiny, fragile and mosquito like insect which having a bright orange abdomen and a pair of transparent wings. Eggs are laid singly within spikelet's of sorghum when the pollen is being shed. The maggots feed on the ovaries and destroy the developing grains causing production of chaffy florets/ grains. 3.1.4 Sorghum aphid / corn aphid Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) (Hemiptera : Aphididae) Adult is black/ green with dark green legs, winged or wingless. Nymphs are yellowish. Nymphs and adults suck the cell sap from leaves and tender 8



3. 2 3.2.1

3.2.2

3.2.3

3.3 3.3.1

3.3.2

3.3.3

3.3.4

9

ear-heads leading to mottled appearance with yellow patches, failure of grains to develop in ear-head and formation of sooty mould due to honeydew excretion on the plants. Maize Stem borer Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera : Crambidae) (As per sorghum stem borer) Pink stem borer Sesamia inferens (Walker) (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) (As per wheat stem borer) Corn worm/Earworm Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) armigera (Hubner) Hardwick (Lepidoptera Hardwick (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) Moth is yellowish brown with dark specks and dark area near the outer margin of each wing. Fore wings are marked with greyish wavy lines and black spots of varying size on the upper side and a black kidney shaped mark on the underside. The hind wings are whitish and lighter in colour with a broad blackish band along the outer margin. Larva is green with dark broken grey lines and dark pale bands; shows colour variation from greenish to brown. Larva feeds on silk and developing grains. Pearl millet Shoot fly Atherigona soccata Rondani soccata Rondani (Diptera : Muscidae) (As per sorghum shoot fly) Stem borer Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera : Crambidae) (As per sorghum stem borer) Pink stemborer Sesamia inferens (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) (As per wheat stem borer) Blister beetle Cylindrothorax ruficollis (Oliver) (Coleoptera : Meloidae) The beetles are bluish black with reddish brown stripes across their elytra. Other species are smaller with light brown or metallic greenish blue colour. The adult insect secretes an acidic substances cantharid from its body when disturbed which causing a blister on human body. Eggs are laid in soil. The larvae feed on eggs of grass hopper laid in soil. The grain setting is reduced due to feeding on pollen and flowers by the beetles. Pupation takes place in soil.



3.3.5 Myllocerus weevil Myllocerus maculosus Desor (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) Adult weevils are ash coloured or white. They feed on leaves by making irregular notch on the margin of the leaf. Larva remain in soil and feeds on the fine roots of the plant. 3.4 Wheat 3.4.1 Wheat Aphid Sitobion avenae (F.) (Hemiptera : Aphididae) The nymph and adult are pale green to dark green, louse like soft bodied insect and appear on young leaves or ears in large number during the cold and cloudy weather. Both nymphs and adults suck the cell sap from tender tend er plant, parts particularly from their ear heads. 3.4.2 Pink borer Sesamia inferens (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) The moth is straw coloured and stout with three black dots on forewings. The caterpillar is pinkish brown and has a smooth cylindrical body with 25 mm body size. Creamy white eggs are laid in clusters under the leaf sheath. Dead heart is caused due to the feeding on central shoot by the larva. The caterpillar pupates inside the stem. 3.4.3 Termites Microtermes obesi, Odontotermes obesus (Isoptera : Termitidae) The termites are social insects and their colony organization is based on a caste system i.e. worker, soldiers, queen, king etc. They live underground but make small earthen mounds and earthen passages that are visible above the ground. Termites are apterous, white-yellow, flat, soft bodied social insects with chewing biting mouth parts. The termites live on cellulose material which they obtained from dead and living vegetative matter. They can digest wood and cellulose due to presence of certain protozoa in their digestive tracts. To obtain their food, they damage the wheat crop and often confused with the symptoms caused by the root rot of wheat. As a result of damage, there will be wilting and drying at all stages of wheat crop. Q.1 Answer the following questions on the basis of damage samples during the field observation. (A) How would you identify the adults of following insect pests? i. Pink stem borer 10

Ag. Ento. 3.3 Pests of Field Crops and Their Management by 2015

Dr. M. V. Dabhi and Prof. Himansu Patle

ii. Maize stem borer

iii. Aphid

iv. Blister beetle

(B) Give specific marks of identification of the immature stages of the following insect pests. i. Shoot fly

ii. Corn worm/Ear head worm

(C) Give the nature of damage for the following insect pests. i. Shoot fly

ii. Maize stem borer

ii. Wheat termite

(D) Give reasons for the following. i. Higher seed rate of sorghum is recommended for sorghum crop.

ii. Monocrotophos and phosphamidon should not be recommended in sorghum crop. 11



iii. Sorghum stubble should be removed immediately after harvesting crop.

(F) Furnish the following information as per the requirement. Sr. Name of Oviposition Damaging Site of No. Pest stage/s pupation Site Pattern i ii

Maize stem borer Shoot fly

iii

Pink borer

iv.

Corn worm


(F) State Integrated Management Strategy for the Major Insect Pests of sorghum, maize and wheat.

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EXERCISE- 4

DATE:

PESTS OF PIGEONPEA, CHICKPEA AND GREENGRAM 4.1 Pigeonpea 4.1.1 Gram pod borer Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) armigera (Hubner) Hardwick (Lepidotera : Noctuidae) Adult moth is yellowish brown to greenish in colour, dark speck and dark area near the outer margin of each forewing and marked with greyish wavy lines and dull black border on the hind wing with white colour. Eggs are laid laid singly on the tender tender plant parts. The caterpillar is being greenish with dark broken grey lines along the body sides. It shows colour variation from greenish to brown. Caterpillar first feeds on foliage; later bores into pods and feeds on seeds. Larva is seen feeding with the head alone thrust inside the parts and the rest of the body hanging out. Boreholes on pods, absence of seeds on pods and defoliation in early stages are the symptoms of attack. The larval pupates in soil. 4.1.2 Plume moth Exelastis atomosa (Walsingham) (Lepidoptera : Pterophoridae) Adult plume moths have fringed wings that are held perpendicular to the body at a t rest. r est. Eggs are laid singly on buds and a nd pods. The full-grown full -grown larva is greenish brown and having short hairs on their body. The larva first scrape the surface of the pods and later on bores into unopened buds, flowers, tender pod and seeds. Pupation occurs in the damaged foliage. 4.1.3. Pod fly Melanagromyza obtusa (Malloch) (Diptera : Agromyzidae) The small, black fly is about 5 mm in length. Eggs are laid in the wall of an immature pod. The maggots feed under the epidermis of the seed and enter inside the seed. Pod fly infested pods do not show external evidence of damage until the fully grown larvae make hole in the pod walls. This hole provides an emergence "window" through which the adults exit from the pod. Pod fly damaged seeds will not germinate and are unfit for human consumption. The white maggots feed on the developing seed and reach a length of 3 mm before pupation. The brown puparium is formed between the remnant of the seed and the pod wall. wall. 13



4.1.4 Mite Aceria cajani (Acarina cajani (Acarina : Eriophyidae) The eriophyid mite is about 0.2 mm long and difficult to see without magnification (10 x or more). They are light-colored, long and spindleshaped, and deposit their eggs on young foliage. Eriophyid mites are generally found on the lower leaf surface. The eriophyid mite is the vector of the pigeon pea sterility mosaic disease, the most serious viral disease of this crop. Plants infected with sterility mosaic disease develop light green, chlorotic foliage. Leaves have a mosaic pattern, and early infection results in reproductively sterile plants (no flowers and pods). 4.2 Chickpea 4.2.1 Cutworm Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) The adult moth measures about 25 mm from head to tip of abdomen and having dark or blackish with greyish patches on the back and dark streaks on the fore wings. The caterpillar is slightly yellowish ranging from 1.5 45 mm long with a shiny, black head and a black shield on the prothorax and later on become dark brown with a plump and greasy body. Eggs lay in clusters of about 30 on the under surface of the leaves or in the soil by the females. The young larvae feed on the epidermis of the leaves, while mature one live in the heap of grasses, cracks and holes of the soil at day time and come out at night time which fell the plants cutting their stems, either below the surface or above the ground. The cut branches are also dragged into the holes where the leaves are eaten at leisure. The pupation takes place in the soil by covering with earthen chamber. 4.2.2 Gram pod borer Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) armigera (Hubner) Hardwick (Lepidotera : Noctuidae) As per the pigeon pea 4.3 Black gram and Green gram 4.3.1 Bean aphid Aphis craccivora Koch craccivora Koch (Hemiptera : Aphididae) Aphid is greenish black to dark black coloured, oval to oblong in shape and having cornicles at the end of abdomen. Both nymph and adult cause the damage by sucking the cell sap from tender plant parts. Infested twigs, flowers and pods become deshaped, withered and malformed. Severe infestation may result in complete drying of affected pods. It is also act as vector of cow pea mosaic virus. 4.3.2 Whitefly 14



Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera : Aleyrodidae) Adult is a minute insect with yellow coloured body with white waxy wings. After hatching, the crawler remain under the leaf surface for one to two hours and then stick to surface up to the adult stage. Nymph is greenish yellow, oval in outline along with puparia on the under surface of leaves. The damage is caused by both nymphs and adults, which are found in large numbers. They suck cell sap from plant parts and lower its vitality. Severe infestation results in premature defoliation, development of sooty mould or honey dew and shedding of flowers and pods. It is also a vector of yellow mosaic disease. Q.1 Answer the following questions on the basis of damage samples during the field observation. (A) How would you identify the adults of following insect pests? i. Whitefly

ii. Gram pod borer

iii. Bean aphid

(B) Give specific marks of identification of the immature stages of the following insect pests. i. Chickpea pod borer

ii. Pod fly

(C) Give the nature of damage for the following insect pests. i. Pod fly

ii. Chickpea pod borer

15



iii. Cut worm

(D) Give vectors for the following diseases and give effective chemical control measures for these pests. i. Yellow mosaic disease of green gram:

ii. Sterility mosaic of pigeon pea: iii. Cow pea mosaic: (F) Furnish the following information as per the requirement. Sr. No. i

Name of Pest

ii

Chick pea pod borer Cut worm

iii

Pod fly

iv.

Mite


Damaging stage/s

Site of pupation


(F) State Integrated Management Strategy for the Major Insect Pests of pulses.

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EXERCISE- 5

DATE:

PESTS OF GROUNDNUT AND MUSTARD 5.1 Groundnut 5.1.1 Whitegrub Holotrichia consanguinea Blanch , Blanch , H. Serrata F. (Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae) Adults emerge out of soil during first satisfactory rain showers at dusk, adults mate and feed on the leaves of the trees viz., neem, drumstick, subabul etc. Early in the morning get back and burrow into the soil and lay the eggs in the loose soil at a depth of 12 -15 cm. Upon hatching grubs feed on dead organic matter, later on to root nodules, fine root lets and also girdle the main root ultimately killing the plants. In case of severe infestation the patches of dead plants are seen in the one same row and side by rows of infested fields. The cut end of the attacked stem of a dead groundnut plant is swollen. Adult is creamy with soft white elytra with the lapse of time, the colour changes to brown. Full grown grub is curved "C" shaped and dirty creamy white with a brown head with strong mandibles. They are curled up in position. Pupation takes place in an earthen cocoon in soil and beetle in the same cocoon hibernate up to the next season. 5.1.2 Leaf miner Aproaerema modicella (Deventer) (Lepidoptera : Gelechiidae) Young larvae initially mine into the leaflets, feed on the mesophyll and form small brown blotches on the leaf. The leaflets get distorted, dried up due to feeding in due course of time. Severely attacked field looks "burnt" from a distance. The adult moth is brownish grey 6 mm long with 10 mm wing expansion and forewings are with white spot on the costal margin. Full grown caterpillar is greenish with a small dark head. Pupation is takes place inside the blotch mine. mine. 5.1.3 Red hairy caterpillar Amsacta albistriga (Wlk.) , Amsacta moorei(Butr.) moorei(Butr.) (Lepidoptera : Arctiidae) 17



5.1.4

5.2 5.2.1

5.2.2

5.2.3 18

Initially the larvae feed gregariously and later on solitary. The caterpillars cause defoliation of the crop, all the leaves eaten away leaving the main stem alone. The adult moth is having white wings, forewing with brownish streak all over and yellowish streak along the anterior margin while, the hind wing with black marking. Hairy caterpillar is reddish brown with black band on either end having long reddish brown hairs all over the body. Aphid Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera : Aphididae) Aphid is greenish black to dark black coloured, oval to oblong in shape and having pair of cornicles at the end of abdomen. Both nymph and adult cause the damage by sucking the cell sap from tender plant parts and flowers. Infested twigs and flowers become deshaped, withered and malformed. Severe infestation may result in complete drying of affected shoots and flowers. It is also transmit tran smit the groundnut rosette virus and stunt virus disease. Mustard Aphid Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) (Hemiptera : Aphididae) Wingless, female, aphids (called apterae) are yellowish green, gray green or olive green with a white waxy bloom covering the body. The winged, female, adult aphids (called alate) have a dusky green abdomen with dark lateral stripes separating the body segments and dusky wing veins. Nymph and adult aphids feed by sucking the cell sap from the tender plant parts. The mustard aphid also found in large numbers on the undersides of leaves, on twigs, in the inflorescences (flowers) and on pods also. In severe infestations, both sides of inflorescences and twigs are infested. Large colonies can cause damage to the plant parts which become deformed, curled, shrivelled and dried. Painted bug Bagrada hilaris (Burm.) (Hemiptera : Pentatomidae) The nymph is black with a number of brown markings while, the adult bug is black with red and yellowish markings on the body. Eggs are laid singly on pods or leaves. Both nymphs and adults suck the cell sap from the leaves and developing pods, which gradually wilt and dry up. The nymphs and adult bugs also excrete a sort of resinous material which spoils the pods. Ultimately yield and oil content is reduced. Sawfly Ag. Ento. 3.3 Pests of Field Crops and Their Management by 2015


Athalia lugens proxima Klug (Tenthridinidae: Hymenoptera) The adult wasp is small orange yellow with black markings on the body, smoky wings with black veins. The larva is greenish black with wrinkled body and has eight pairs of pro-legs. Eggs are laid singly on leaf margins. The larva feeds on the leaves nibbling leaves initially, biting holes later causing skeletonization of leaves. On touch the larva falls to ground and feigns death. Pupation is in an earthen cocoon in the soil. Q.1 Answer the following questions on the basis of damage samples during the field observation. (A) How would you identify the adults of following insect pests? i. Whitegrub

ii. Painted bug

iii. Mustard aphid

(B) Give specific marks of identification of the immature stages of the following insect pests. i. Red hairy caterpillar

ii. Mustard sawfly

(C) Give the nature of damage for the following insect pests. i. Whitegrub

ii. Mustard aphid

iii. Groundnut Leaf miner

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(D) Furnish the following information as per the requirement. Sr. Name of Oviposition Damaging Site of No. Pest stage/s pupation Site Pattern i

Whitegrub

ii

Leaf miner

iii

Painted bug

iv.

Sawfly


(E) State Integrated Management Strategy for the following crops. (i) Major insect pests of Groundnut: (ii) Major insect pests of Mustard:

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EXERCISE- 6

DATE:

PESTS OF CASTOR,SOYABEAN AND SESAMUM 6.1 Castor 6.1.1 Castor semilooper Achaea janata Linn. (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) Adult is a pale reddish brown moth, stoutly with wing expansion of 6-7 cm. wings are decorated with broad zig-zag markings, a large pale area and dark brown patches. patches. Female moth moth lays lays bluish green rounded and ridged eggs singly on lower surface of leaf. The larva is dark and marked with prominent blue-black, yellow and reddish stripes and a pair of reddish processes. Also a dorsal hump near the head end of the body with a white mark on the head. The first pair of prolegs is reduced so called as a semilooper. The caterpillars feed voraciously on castor leaves, starting from the edges inwards and leaving behind only the midribs and stalks. Maximum damage observed during August-September with excessive loss of foliage. Seed yield is also decreased. Pupation takes place in the soil or among fallen leaves. 6.1.2 Castor capsule borer Dichocrocis punctiferalis Gn.(Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) The moths are orange yellow with black markings on the both pairs of the wings. The full grown caterpillar is 25-30 mm long, reddish brown with black blotches all over the body and pale stripes on the lateral side. The attack done by the caterpillar recognized from a distance by the webbed capsule heads. The caterpillar bore in to the shoots, capsules, seeds and feed on inert material. The quality and yield is reduced considerably due to damage in the capsule and seed. Pupation occurs inside the damaged stem, capsule or seed with covering of a thin silken cocoon. 6.1.3 Leaf eating caterpillar Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera : Noctudiae) 21



6.1.4

6.2 6.2.1

6.2.2

6.2.3

22

The adult moth is stout and yellowish forewing having longitudinal, transverse and oblique lines. The hind wings are totally white in colour. The caterpillar has three pale yellowish longitudinal lines running along the body with two black dots on each of the first and eight abdominal segments. The eggs laid in masses under surface of leaves. The early instar larvae feed gregariously on the under surface of the leaf leading to skeletonization of it. Later on the larva feed solitary, defoliate the plants in severe infestation. The pupation takes place in the soil. Whitefly Trialeurodes ricini (Misra) ricini (Misra) (Hemiptera : Aleyrodidae) The adult body is pale yellow, white wings covered with waxy powder. It lays eggs in clusters on the under surface of leaves. Initially crawler move on the leaf for 1-1.5 hrs and stick to the surface up to the adult development. Both nymphs and adults suck the sap and cause yellowing and drying of leaves. Soyabean Aphid Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae) These aphids are small, yellow-bodied insects with distinct black cornicles, and may be either winged or wingless. They are typically slowmoving, often found on the underside of the newest growth on a soybean plant. The soybean aphid feeds using needle-like sucking mouthparts to extract plant juices. If aphids are present in large numbers, this feeding may cause a reduction in plant vigour, growth as well as leaf puckering, reduced pod/seed counts, and ultimately reduced yield. Aphid also secretes the honeydew, produced as a waste product during feeding, promotes the development of sooty mold on leaf surfaces which reducing photosynthetic activity of plants. Jassid Empoasca Kerri (Pruthi) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Adults and nymphs are light green in colour and suck the cell sap from leaves and stem. The infested leaves start yellowing from the margins. It also inserts the toxic material in the leaves which cause reddening of the affected parts. In case of severe attack, all the leaves become yellow and eventually fall off from the plants. Whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera : Aleyrodidae) Ag. Ento. 3.3 Pests of Field Crops and Their Management by 2015


The adult body is pale yellow, white wings covered with waxy powder. It lays eggs in clusters on the under surface of leaves. Initially crawler move on the leaf for 1-1.5 hrs and stick to the surface up to the adult development. Both nymphs and adults suck the sap and cause yellowing and drying of leaves. 6.2.4 Hairy caterpillar Spilosoma oblique Walker (Lepidoptera : Arctiidae) The adult moth is medium sized with brown wing and red abdomen. The larva is covered with long yellowish to black hairs on the body. The eggs laid in cluster on the underside of the leaves. Young larvae feed gregariously on chlorophyll content mostly on the under surface of the leaves, due to which the leaves look like brownish-yellow in colour. In later stages the larvae eat the leaves from the margin. The leaves of the plant give an appearance of net or web. 6.3 Sesamum 6.3.1 Leaf webber or leaf roller or capsule borer Antigastra catalaunalis (Crambidae: Lepidoptera) The larva is greenish in colour with black head having short white hairs on the body. The adult is pale brown medium sized moth with reddish yellow forewings. The female lay shiny pale-green eggs on the tender plant parts. The young larvae roll together a few top leaves and feed them. In the early stage of infestation, the plant dies without producing any branch or shoot. In later stage of attack, infested shoots stop growing. At flowering, larvae feed inside the flowers and on capsule formation, larvae bore into capsule and feed on developing seeds. 6.3.2 Til hawkmoth or Death's Death's Head Moth Acherontia styx (Sphingidae: Lepidoptera) The adult moth is a large reddish brown, robust thick with a wing span of about 10 cm. the fore wings are decorated with a mixture of dark brown and grey pattern with dark or black wavy markings and a prominent yellow spot on each wing. There is a prominent Death's Head mark on the thorax. The adult is also harmful because it sucks honey from the combs in apiaries. The full grown caterpillar with 5 cm length and 1 cm width and often retracts its anterior body segments and looks like sphinx. It having horn like projection on the hind end of abdomen and also decorated with mix of soft colours. The female lay globular single egg on the underside of the leaves. The young larvae roll together a few top leaves and feed them. In the early stage of infestation, the plant dies 23



without producing any branch or shoot. In later stage of attack, infested shoots stop growing. At flowering, larvae feed inside the flowers and on capsule formation, larvae bore into capsule and feed on developing seeds. The pupation takes place in the soil. Q.1 Answer the following questions on the basis of damage samples during the field observation. (A) How would you identify the adults of following insect pests? i. Castor capsule borer

ii. Leaf eating caterpillar

iii. Til hawk moth

(B) Give specific marks of identification of the immature stages of the following insect pests. i. Leaf eating caterpillar

ii. Castor semi-looper

(C) Give the nature of damage for the following insect pests. i. Castor capsule borer

ii. Leaf-webber in Sesamum

24



iii. Soybean jassid

(D) Furnish the following information as per the requirement. Sr. Name of Oviposition Damaging Site of No. Pest stage/s pupation Site Pattern i

Leaf eating caterpillar

ii

Castor semilooper

iii

Castor capsule borer Sesamum pod borer

iv.

v.

Soybean whitefly

vi.

Til hawk moth


(E) State Integrated Management Strategy for the following crops. (i) Major insect pests of Castor: (ii) Major insect pests of Sesamum:

25



EXERCISE- 7

DATE:

PESTS OF COTTON 7.1

7.2

26

Spotted bollworm Earias vitella Fabricius , Fabricius , Earias insulan Boisd. (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) Adult of E. vitella has pale whitish whitish fore wings with a broad greenish band in the middle, while E. insulana has completely green forewings. The female moth lays spherical, sculptured bluish eggs singly or in groups on various tender parts of the plant. The caterpillars of both the species have a number of black and brown spots on the body and hence the name given as spotted boll worm. The spotted bollworm appears about 6 weeks after sowing and initially damages the tender shoot by boring into it which resulting in “drying of central shoots”, shoots”, withers and drops down. The larvae later bore into the flower buds, squares and bolls and feed the inert material. The larva inserts head inside the boll and feeds by filling the boll with its excreta. A larva may move out and feed on another bud or boll. The feeding causes severe shedding of early formed flower buds and bolls. Pupation takes place generally in fallen material, outside the boll, on plant surfaces and in cracks and crevices of the soil. American bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) armigera (Hubner) Hardwick (Lepidoptera Hardwick (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) Moth is stout, medium sized with brownish/greyish forewings with a dark cross band near outer margin and dark spots near costal margins. The spherical, yellowish eggs are laid singly on tender parts and buds of plants. Caterpillars are of varying colour, initially brown and later turn Ag. Ento. 3.3 Pests of Field Crops and Their Management by 2015


7.3

7.4

7.5

7.6

27

greenish with darker broken lines along the side of the body. Young larva feeds on the leaves for sometimes and then attacks squares and bolls. Internal tissues are eaten severely and completely hollowed out. While feeding, the caterpillar thrust its head inside leaving the rest of the body outside. Bolls are bored at the base of flower buds which are hollowed out, bracts of damaged flower buds spread out and curl down wards. The full grown caterpillar pupates in the soil in an earthen cell. Pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera : Gelechiidae) Adult is small deep brown in colour with numerous small black spots on the wings. Female lays flattish scale like whitish eggs singly on various parts of young shoots. The freshly hatched h atched larvae are white and turn pink as they grow older one. The full grown, uniformly pinkish larvae measures about 8-16 mm with dark brown head and prothoracic shield. It is found inside flower buds, panicles and bolls of cotton or the host plants. The larvae do most spectacular damage to practically mature cotton bolls which they enter mostly at such a tiny stage of just hatched larvae that their entry holes get healed in which they remain, devouring both seed and fibre forming tissues. Pupation occurs on the ground, among fallen leaves, debris, etc. The larva is the dormant stage after the last generation. Leaf eating caterpillar Spodoptera litura Fabricius (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) As per the castor crop. Leaf hopper Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida) (Hemiptera : Cicadellidae) The adult is a wedge shaped which having a black spot on each forewing and two small black spots on the vertex. Both the nymphs and adults move diagonally, when disturbed. The eggs are usually inserted into the spongy parenchymatous tissue between the vascular bundles and the epidermis. Nymph and adult suck the cell sap from the plant tissue. During this process, they also inject a toxin through its saliva into the plant tissue which resulting into hopper burn. In susceptible s usceptible varieties, the attack results in mottling accompanied by the downward curling of the entire lamina with brown necrotic patches. Cotton aphid Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera Glover (Hemiptera : Aphididae) Adult is small, soft, yellowish green or greenish brown in colour. It is found in colonies of hundreds on the tender shoot and the under surface of Ag. Ento. 3.3 Pests of Field Crops and Their Management by 2015


7.6

7.7

7.8

7.9

28

tender leaves. Nymphs are light yellowish green or brownish or greenish black in colour. They Th ey colonise at growing points, lower surface s urface of leaves and tender shoots. Both nymphs and adults suck the cell sap by remaining on the lower surface of the leaves. The photosynthetic activity is hindered due to development of black sooty mould due to honeydew excretion on infested parts. Mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley(Hemiptera : Pseudococcidae) Earlier it was a minor pest with isolated incidence. Adult females covered with a powdery, waxy secretion with six pairs of transverse, dark bands that are located across the pro- to meta-thoracic segments. A series of waxy filaments extend from around the margin of the body with the pair of terminal filaments longest. The ovisac is composed of fluffy, loosetextured wax strands. But, now a days it is one of the important the pest has been reported to infest cotton in alarming situation by sucking sap from all aerial parts of the plant. The pest initially is restricted to a few plants. If the infestation is not checked in a few isolated s pots, it spreads to all corners of the field. The extraction of phloem feeding sap by the mealybug results in the leaves and other reproductive parts of the plant turning yellow and becoming crinkled or malformed, which leads to loss of plant vigour, foliage and fruit-drop and potential death of the plant, if not treated. Whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera : Aleyrodidae) As per the soyabean crop. The ETL level for whitefly is 5 - 10 /leaf. Thrips Thrips tabaci Lindermann (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) It is a polyphagous pest which damages too many host plants. The Nymph is very minute, slender, yellowish and microscopic. The Adult thrips is small, slender and yellowish to brown with fringed wings. The adult female lays their into the tissue of leaves. The damage caused by the thrips showed the shrivelling of leaves due to scrapping of epidermis, desapping, attacked terminal buds-have ragged edges and silvery shine on the under surface of leaves. The pupation takes place in the soil. The ETL level of thrips is 50 nymphs or adults/50 leaves in affected host plant. Mite Thrips tabaci Lindermann (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) Ag. Ento. 3.3 Pests of Field Crops and Their Management by 2015


The two spotted spider mite is one of the most polyphagous arthropods that feeds and damage too many host plants. It is greenish to a straw yellow in colour , and has “red“red-eye” spots and dark pigmentation on the sides of its body. The eggs are spherical and translucent when first laid, but become opaque with age, and can be found scattered about the webbing. The larva is round about the same size as the egg, translucent (except the red eyespots), having three pairs of legs. But once it begins feeding turns pale green to straw color and the characteristic black spots begin to form on the dorsum (back). The protonymph is larger and more oval, and has four pairs of legs, as do all succeeding stages. The two dorsal spots are more pronounced, and the green color is slightly deeper. The deutonymph is slightly larger than the preceding stage. Foliar feeding by the two spotted spider mite results in yellow speckling of the leaves le aves or reddish-brown spots as the damage intensifies. Q.1 Answer the following questions on the basis of damage samples during the field observation. (A) How would you identify the adults of following insect pests? i. Spotted bollworm

ii. Cotton leafhopper

iii. Mealybug

(B) Give specific marks of identification of the immature stages of the following insect pests. i. Pink bollworm

ii. Spotted bollworm

(C) Give the nature of damage for the following insect pests. i. Pink bollworm 29



ii. Mealybug

iii. Difference between the damage symptoms and feeding behaviour by American bollworm and spotted bollworm

(D) Furnish the following information as per the requirement. Sr. No. i ii iii iv. v.

Name of Pest


Damaging Site of stage/s pupation


Pink bollworm Spotted bollworm Mealybug Leaf hopper Mite

(E) State Integrated Management Strategy for the major insect pests of cotton crop.

30



EXERCISE- 8

DATE:

PESTS OF TOBACCO 8.1

8.2

8.3

8.4 31

Leaf eating caterpillar Spodoptera litura Fabricius (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) As per the castor crop. Tobacco aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera : Aphididae) The apterae (wingless) are generally yellowish-green but vary from whitish or pale yellowish green to mid-green, rose-pink or red. The alate (winged) has a solid pigmented area occupying the mid-abdominal dorsum from segments 3 to 6, as well as further bars on adjoining segments. Aphids suck the cell sap of plant parts, as a result of which leaves turn pale and dry up. This pest also transmits potato leaf roll viral disease. Whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera : Aleyrodidae) As per the soyabean crop. The ETL level for whitefly is 5 - 10 /leaf. It transmits the tobacco leaf curl virus disease and other diseases in vegetable crops. Tobacco stem borer Ag. Ento. 3.3 Pests of Field Crops and Their Management by 2015


Scrobipalpa heliopa (Lower) (Lepidoptera : Gelechidae) The moths are small, active, pale brown closely allied to the potato tuber moth. The caterpillars are small and brownish white in colour with dark head. Cigar shaped eggs are laid on leaf-stalks and upper surface of leaves. Tiny caterpillars mine along the leaf stalk into the stem and feed on the internal tissues. Due to larval feeding seedlings and young plants have stem galls and sprouted side branches, plants stunted, distorted and withered. Q.1 Answer the following questions on the basis of damage samples during the field observation. (A) How would you identify the adults of following insect pests? i. Tobacco leaf eating caterpillar

ii. Whitefly

iii. Aphid

(B) Give specific marks of identification of the immature stages of the following insect pests. i. Tobacco stem borer

ii. Whitefly

(C) Give the nature of damage for the following insect pests. i. Tobacco leaf eating caterpillar

ii. Tobacco stem borer

iii. Difference between the damage symptoms and feeding behaviour by Whitefly and aphid

32



(D) Furnish the following information as per the requirement. Sr. No. i

Name of Pest

iii

Tobacco stem borer Leaf eating caterpillar Aphid

iv.

Whitefly

ii


Damaging stage/s

Site of pupation


v.

Tobacco bud borer (E) State Integrated Management Strategy for the major insect pests of tobacco crop.

33



EXERCISE- 9

DATE:

PESTS OF SUGARCANE 9.1

9.2

34

Sugarcane top borer Walker (Lepidoptera : Crambidae) Scripophaga excerptalis Walker (Lepidoptera The larva is smooth, white or cream coloured with a red coloured mid dorsal lines. Female adult moth is white coloured and orange to buff coloured anal tuft of hairs at tip of abdominal. In case of certain males, each of the forewings has a black spot. The adult female lays their egg masses near the midrib of the plant. Parallel rows of shot holes are found in the emerging leaves. There are also red tunnels in the midribs of leaves. Dead heart symptoms like reddish brown of stem, bunchy top appearance due to growth of side shoots is observed and infected plant canes cannot be easily pulled out. Sugarcane shoot borer (Early shoot borer) Chilo infuscatellus Snellen (Lepidoptera : Crambidae) Adult moth having straw coloured fore-wings, whitish hind wings with apical light buff areas and wing-span wing-span 25-40mm. The larva is 20mm long, white and mottled mottled with brown when fully grown. Eggs are laid in 3-5 Ag. Ento. 3.3 Pests of Field Crops and Their Management by 2015


9.3

9.4

9.5

9.6

35

rows in masses of 4-100 near the leaf sheath or leaves. Young larvae make small holes especially in the leaf-sheaths which later on killed the growing points. First the terminal leaves may die and form characteristic dead heart. Older larvae make tunnel in stems eating out extensive galleries and excreting frass which resembles moist sawdust. Tunnelled stems may break, especially in high winds. Sugarcane root borer Emmalocera depressella Swinhoe (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) A full grown caterpillar is creamy white with yellowish brown head and rather wrinkled body. Damage is caused by the caterpillars which feed on the underground portions of plants, resulting in drying up of the central whorl of leaves. This pest is primarily destructive to young plants and the attack is particularly severe from April to June. Plants attacked after the formation of canes are not killed, although their weight and sugar content are reduced. Sugarcane leafhopper Pyrilla perpusilla Walker (Hemiptera Walker (Hemiptera : Lophopidae) Adults are straw coloured with two pairs of wings folded like a roof on the back and the head prominently drawn forward as a beak of bird. Eggs are laid on the underside of leaves in clusters, covered over with a white filamentous waxy material secreted by the female. Both adults and nymphs suck the cell sap usually from the underside of leaves and reduce the plant vigour. In severe cases, the leaves dry up and the plant is stunted. Besides sucking the sap, they also excrete honey dew that spreads on the leaves which a black sooty mold develops adversely affecting photosynthesis and ultimately the yield is reduced. Sugarcane whitefly Aleurolobus barodensis (Maskell) (Hemiptera : Aleurodidae) Both nymphs and adults suck the cell sap from leaves due to which it dries up and characteristic yellow streaks appear along the length. Nymphs are sedentary, while adults are found moving from one plant to another plant. Severely attacked plants become stunted. Sugarcane woolly aphid Ceratovacuna lanigera Zhnt. (Hemiptera : Pemphigidae) Adults colonise on either side of mid rib, covered with white puff material on underside of leaves. Nymphs develop white waxy and mealy filamentous material from third instar. Nymphs and adults suck cell sap Ag. Ento. 3.3 Pests of Field Crops and Their Management by 2015


from under surface of leaves resulting in white and yellow spot on leaves, drying of leaves, sooty mold on leaves and activity of ants. Q.1 Answer the following questions on the basis of damage samples during the field observation. (A) How would you identify the adults of following insect pests? i. Sugarcane shoot borer

ii. Sugarcane pyrilla

iii. Sugarcane top borer

(B) Give specific marks of identification of the immature stages of the following insect pests. i. Sugarcane shoot borer


(C) Give the nature of damage for the following insect pests. i. Sugarcane woolly aphid


iii. Difference between the damage symptoms by Sugarcane shoot borer and Sugarcane root borer

36



(D) Furnish the following information as per the requirement. Sr. No.

Name of Pest

i

Sugarcane shoot borer

ii

Sugarcane top borer

iii

Sugarcane pyrilla

iv.

Sugarcane root borer


Damaging Site of stage/s pupation


(E) State Integrated Management Strategy for the major insect pests of sugarcane crop.

37



Practical Manual Pests of Field Crops and Their Management

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