Dayananda Da yananda sagar college of engineering electrical and electronics engineering
Submitted by :
ABHINAV TRIP TRIPA ATHI
(1DS12EE001) ANIMESH PRASAD (1DS12EE01 (1DS12EE014) 4) ABHISHEK KUMAR SINGH (1DS12EE003) PRARIT JOSHI (1DS11 (1DS11EE077 EE077 )
Contents Project overview Block diagram Power supply Microcontroller ADC0804 Relay Relay driver CD !o"tware re#uirements !c$ematic % &orking o" t$e project Advantages Applications 'uture scope
Project overview
This project uses the simple concept of OHMs law where a low DC voltage is applied at the feeder end through a series resistor. The current would vary depending upon the length of fault of the cable in case there is a short circuit of LL or L or L! etc. The series resistor voltage drop changes accordingly which is then fed to an "DC to develop precise digital data which the programmed microcontroller would display the same in #ilo meters. The project is assembled with a set of resistors representing cable length in #Ms and fault creation is made by a set of switches at every $nown #M to cross chec$ the accuracy of
Block diagram
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTIO
Power s!""ly
COTIUED
The %&' "C supply is first stepped down to (%' "C using a step down transformer.
This is then converted to DC using bridge rectifier.
The "C ripples is filtered out by using a capacitor and given to the input pin of voltage regulator )*&+.
"t output pin of this regulator we get a constant +' DC which is used for MC and other ,Cs in this project(
#icrocontroller ,t is a smaller computer Has on-chip "M/ OM/ ,0O ports...
CPU
I/O Port
RAM
ROM
Serial Timer COM Port
" single chip Microcontroller
Block diagram of mc !"ternal interrpts
Interrp t Control
On-chip ROM for program code
Timer/Conter
On-chip RAM
Timer # Timer 0
CPU
OSC
$s Control
4 I/O Ports
P0 P# P& P'
Address/%ata
Serial Port
T"% R"%
Conter Inpts
$eat!res of #C *# 1ytes of ,n-2ystem 3rogrammable 4,235 6lash Memory 7.&' to +.+' Operating ange 6ully 2tatic Operation8 & H9 to MH9 %+: ; *-bit ,nternal "M % 3rogrammable ,0O Lines Three (:-bit Timer0Counters
%DC "nalog to digital converters find huge application as an intermediate device to convert the signals from analog to digital form. These digital signals are used for further processing by the digital processors. 'arious sensors li$e temperature/ pressure/ force etc. convert the physical characteristics into electrical signals that are analog in nature (
ADC0804 is a very commonly used 8)*it analog to digital convertor( ,t is a single c$annel ,C- i.e.- it can take only one analog signal as input(
$eat!res of %DC&'&( Compatible with microcontrollers/ access time is (+ns. Logic inputs and outputs meet both MO2 and TTL voltage level specifications. >or$s with %.+' 4LM:5 voltage reference. On-chip cloc$ generator. &' to +' analog input voltage range with single +' supply. %&-pin molded chip carrier or small outline pac$age. Operates ratio metrically or with + ' DC/ %.+ 'DC/ or analog span adjusted voltage reference.
Relay A relay is an electrically o"erated switc)( Current .owing t$roug$ t$e coil o" t$e relay creates a magnetic /eld w$ic$ attracts a lever and c$anges t$e switc$ contacts( $e coil current can *e on or o1 so relays $ave two switc$ positions and $ave do!*le t)row 2c)angeover3 switc$ contacts as s$own in t$e diagram(
contin!ed elays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit which can be completely separate from the first. 6or e;ample a low voltage battery circuit can use a relay to switch a %&' "C mains circuit. There is no electrical connection inside the relay between the two circuits/ the lin$ is magnetic and mechanical. To drive relay through MC =L?%&& relay driver ,C is used
Relay driver U+,&&=L? is elay driver application The =L?%&& is a monolithic high voltage and high current Darlington transistor arrays. ,t consists of seven ?3? Darlington pairs that features high-voltage outputs with common-cathode clamp diode for switching inductive loads. The collector-current rating of a single Darlington pair is +&&m". The Darlington pairs may be paralleled for higher current capability (
contin!ed The =L? functions as an inverter. ,f the logic at input (1 is high then the output at its corresponding pin (C will be low(
Relay Driver %nd Relay
+i.!id crystal dis"lay
Most common LCDs connected to the microcontrollers are (:;% and %&;% displays.
This means (: characters per line by % lines and %& characters per line by % lines/ respectively.
The standard is referred to as HD77)*&=/ which refers to the controller chip which receives data from an e;ternal source 4and communicates directly with the LCD (
contin!ed ,f an *-bit data bus is used the LCD will re@uire (( data lines4 control lines plus the * lines for the data bus5 The three control lines are referred to as hen 2A&B data is treated as a command >hen 2A(B data being sent is te;t data. 0>Aead0>rite . >hen >A&B the data written to the LCD >hen >A&B the data reading to the LCD(
Software re.!irements
eil an ARM Company makes C compilers- macro assem*lers-
real)time
kernels-
de*uggers-
simulators- integrated environments- evaluation *oards- and emulators "or ARM56ARM76Corte) M9-
:C;<6C;<6!;0-
=>;-
and
80>;
MC?
"amilies(
Compilers are programs used to convert a @ig$ evel
anguage
to
o*ject
code(
Desktop
compilers produce an output o*ject code "or t$e underlying microprocessor- *ut not "or ot$er
contin!ed
i.e./ the programs written in one of the HLL li$e CE will compile the code to run on the system for a particular processor li$e ;*: 4underlying microprocessor in the computer5.
6or e;ample compilers for Dos platform is different from the Compilers for =ni; platform 2o if one wants to define a compiler then compiler is a program that translates source code into object code.
/orking of "roject The project uses a set of resistances in series i.e. (&/((/(%/( and ()/(:/(7/%(/ %&/(F/(*/%+/%% as shown in the circuit diagram/ one set for each phase.
Resistor %nd Switc) 0Ca*le Part1
