Principles of Power Generation

Basic Principles of Power Generation

PRINCIPLES OF POWER GENERATION

Basic Principles of Power

Power Generating Methods •

Steam turbines

•

Gas turbines

•

Nuclear reactors

•

Hydro plants

•

Diesel engines

•

Tidal Wave

•

Wind turbines

•

Co-generation

– power generation & processes •

Fuel cells

– Using a variety of chemicals


M a j o r G e n e r a ti t i nng g S t a ti t i o n s in TEWA (64MW)

P e n i n s u la l a r M a la la y s ia

2 x 34MW GT GLGR (110MW) 1 x 11 0MW GT P R AI AI (360MW) 3 x 12 0MW CONV S G RI RI (1303MW)

P E R G A U4 U4 x 1 5 0 MW B E RS I A 3 x 2 3 M W T E M E NG NG O R KENERING 4x82 MW 3x36 MW S G . P IA IA H U P P E R K E NYI R 4 x 1 0 0 M W 2 x 7 . 3 MW MW C H E N D ER ER O H 3x10 MW 1x8 MW

LE G E N D

P A KA KA (1113MW)

P OW E R S T A T IO IO N Hydro

3 x 2 84MW C C 1 x 2 61MW C C

TN B I PP YTL PAKA (834MW)

2 x 6 5 1 .5 M W C C

2 x 417MWC C P K LG LG (1584MW) 4 x 30 0MW CONV 3 x 11 0MW GT 2 x 27MW GT CBPS (884MW) 1 x 300MW CC 4 x 13 0MW GT 2 x 34MW GT PDPW (440MW) 4 x 1 1 0 MW MW G T

J OR 4x25 MW WOH 3 x50 MW O DA K 3 x 1 . 4 MW

S OU T H C H I N A YTL PG (417MW)

S EA SRDG (610MW)

1 x 417 MW CC

2 x 11 0MW GT 3 x 13 0MW GT

G S YN YN (710MW) 1 x7 x7 1 0 M W C C

PGPS (789MW) 2 1 2 2

x x x x

120 MW CONV 261 MW CC 11 0MW GT 34MW GT

TJPS (330MW) 2 x 5 7 M W CO N V 2 x 5 5 M W CO N V 3 x 1 2 0 MW C O N V MCCA (330MW) PWTK

( 4 4 0 M W )of Power Basic Principles

1 x 3 3 0 MW C C

Note: CC - Co m bined Cycle GT - Ga s Turbine C O N V - C o n ve v e n t i o n a l Th Th e r m a l


Principles of Plant Operation • Modern power station (bigger output capacity) – Based load operation • Intermediate power plant (smaller units) – ‘top up’ load demand • Gas turbine, oil fired & or hydro plant – Peak load demand – Rapid response to load demand – High cost operation • Wind turbine, wave • Control system frequency


Principles of Power Generation


Steam Plant Major Components • Boiler & its auxiliaries – Combustion system • Combustion air & flue gas system • Fuel system – Feedwater system • Turbine & its auxiliaries – Steam systems (main & reheat steam) – Cooling system (condenser, bearing, generator etc) – Condensate system – Turbine bearing lubricating oil system




Steam Turbine Power Generation • Power generating concept – Steam (heat energy)  mechanical energy (rotational energy) electrical energy • Steam (superheated) is produced in boiler (steam generator). • Undergoing several processes • Rotate turbine • Generator • Produce electrical load.


MAIN GRID IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA PERLIS

LANGKAWI

Chuping Kangar

Kuah

Kota Bharu KotaSetar

Alor Setar

YAN

KEDAH Gurun

TanahMerah

Bedong

PERGAU PRAI

Georgetown

PULAU PINANG GELUGOR

BukitTengah

BERSIA

J unjung BukitTambun

TEMENGOR KENERING

Kuala Terengganu

KELANTAN

S O U T H S C E H A I N A

SG PIAH UPPER SG PIAH LOWER CHENDEROH

KENYIR

TERENGGANU

KualaKangsar

PERAK

PAKA

Ipoh Papan

YTL

BatuGajah

SEGARI

JOR

TelokKalong

AyerTawar

WOH ODAK

J ANAMANJUNG

PAHANG

BukitTarek

KgAwah

SELANGOR KAPAR

Kuantan

KL(E) KL(N) Shah Alam KL(S)

WILAYAH PERSEKUTUAN

CONNAUGHT BRIDGE

SERDANG

HicomG

Lenggeng

NEGERI SEMBILAN GENTING SANYEN

Legend

PD POWERPORT DICKSON POWERTEK

HydroPowerStation

MELAKA

Thermal PowerStation

Major TNBSubstation

E xi st i ng

300kV HVDC Line 275kV Overhead Line 275kV Cable


MELAKA Melaka Melaka

YongPeng(E) YongPeng(N)

StateCapital

500kV Overhead Line

SalakTinggi Seremban

P la n ne d

S T R M A I E L T S A O K A F

JOHOR

Sedili

BukitBatu

Scudai

J ohor Bahru

YTL

PASIR GUDANG

Steam Cycle • A boiler generates steam (high temp. & press) • Steam expands in the turbine, producing work. • Drive generator • Condenser cools the steam • Pumped into the boiler ( using boiler feed pump) • Flow through feedwater heaters (preheat boiler water) • Reheat steam (to increase steam temp.)


Basic Steam Cycle


Basic Rankine Cycle



Types of turbine •

• •

•

Shaft Arrangements – Tandem compound – Cross compound Pressure – High press., Intermediate press. & Low press. Blading – Impulse (HP turbine blade) – Reaction (LP blade) Exhaust – Extraction • Electric power & process – Condensing


CROSS COMPOUND TURBINE Basic Principles of Power

Mitsubishi’s 1,000MW -class steam turbines define high-temperature, highpressure, high-output performance.

TANDEM COMPOUND TURBINE Basic Principles of Power

SINGLE SHAFT TURBINE


SINGLE SHAFT TURBINE Basic Principles of Power

Power Generating Plant


X-section of a steam turbine


ST HP Rotor


ST IP Rotor


LP Rotor


Tandem Compound Turbine Basic Principles of Power

Steam turbine operation principles • Impulse turbine – The steam press decreases (at nozzle)[first stage] – Press constant (at fixed & rotating blades) – The enthalpy of the steam decreases – The steam velocity increases (at nozzle) – The volume of the steam increases • Reaction turbine – Steam press decreases – Velocity increases at fixed blades – Velocity decreases at rotating blades


Condensing Turbines •


Straight-condensing turbines are advantageous, especially when large quantities of a reliable power source are required or an inexpensive fuel, such as process by product gas, is readily available. To improve plant thermal efficiency, steam is usually extracted from the intermediate stage of the turbine for feedwater heating.

Extraction-Condensing Turbines •


Extraction-condensing turbines generate both process steam and stable electric power. Process steam, at one or more fixed pressures, can be automatically extracted as needed. This type of turbine has the flexibility to satisfy wide variations of process steam at a constant pressure and to meet electric power demands

Back-Pressure Turbines •


Back-pressure turbines can be used when a large quantity of process steam is required. The turbine exhaust steam is supplied to the process and the electric output is dependent on the demand for the process steam. These turbines can also be used as top turbines to supply exhaust steam to existing units; this improves the entire plant's thermal efficiency.

Extraction Back-Pressure Turbines


• Extraction back-pressure turbines can be used when two or more kinds of process steam are required. High-pressure steam is supplied through the extraction openings and low pressure steam is supplied through as the turbine exhaust. Electric output is dependent on the demand for process steam.


Mixed-Pressure Turbines


• Mixed-pressure turbines are driven by two or more kinds of steam admitted independently to the turbine. In applying duel heat sources, the optimum steam condition for each source can be selected. This type of turbine can also be used to combine an existing boiler and a new boiler, which makes it an effective means of improving plant thermal efficiency.


Geared Turbines


Geared Turbines


• Geared turbines can be applied to smaller power generation units of up to around 40 MW. Compared with direct-coupled turbines, geared turbines have many advantages: • Higher efficiency Easier operation and maintenance Smaller initial investment Smaller space requirement Shorter delivery time


Single-Cylinder Reheat Turbines


• Traditionally, non-reheat turbines have been used for industrial applications. Recent demands, however, for higher efficiency and larger unit capacity call for reheat turbines in this field. Taking these demands into consideration, we have developed single-cylinder reheat turbines that are applicable to the 75 MW to 200 MW range. Single-cylinder reheat turbines offer • Smaller space requirements Shorter construction and erection periods Easier operation and maintenance Shorter overhaul periods Smaller initial investments


Two-Cylinder Reheat Turbines


• Two-cylinder reheat turbines can be used when a very high efficiency is required for steam turbines larger than 75 MW


LP TURBINE ROTOR Basic Principles of Power

Gas Turbine • Methods of Gas Turbine power generation – Open Cycle – Combined Cycle • Two types of Gas Turbine – Industrial Gas Turbine – Derivative Gas Turbine


Single-Shaft Combined-Cycle Power Plant


HRSG




DERIVATIVE GAS TURBINE Basic Principles of Power

Combined Cycle Gas Turbine


INDUSTRIAL GAS TURBINE Basic Principles of Power

CCGT




GT Main Components • Compressor • Combustor – Silo (Single or Twin Silo) – Annular – Can Annular • Turbine • Exhaust






Derivative Gas Turbine


ABB GT13E2


ABB GT11N2


GT: Compressor & Turbine Blade Basic Principles of Power

Can Annular Combustor


Annular Combustor


Hydro Power Generation • Types of Hydro Generation – Dam – Run of river – Pump storage

Run of River

Hydro Dam Basic Principles of Power


Types of Hydropower Plants • Run-of-river plants • These plants use little, if any, stored water to provide water flow through the turbines. Although some plants store a day or week's worth of water, weather changes especially seasonal changes cause run-of-river plants to experience significant fluctuations in power output. • Storage plants • These plants have enough storage capacity to off-set seasonal fluctuations in water flow and provide a constant supply of electricity throughout the year. Large dams can store several years worth of water.


• Pumped Storage • In contrast to conventional hydropower plants, pumped storage plants reuse water. After water initially produces electricity, it flows from the turbines into a lower reservoir located below the dam. During off-peak hours (periods of low energy demand), some of the water is pumped into an upper reservoir and reused during periods of peak-demand.



Hydro Turbine


Micro Hydro Systems


How Hydropower Works • Hydropower converts the energy in flowing water into electricity. • The quantity of electricity generated is determined by the volume of water flow and the amount of "head" (the height from turbines in the power plant to the water surface) created by the dam. • The greater the flow and head, the more electricity produced.


• A typical hydropower plant includes a dam, reservoir, penstocks (pipes), a powerhouse and an electrical power substation. • The dam stores water and creates the head • Penstocks carry water from the reservoir to turbines inside the powerhouse • The water rotates the turbines, which drive generators that produce electricity. • The electricity is then transmitted to a substation where transformers increase voltage to allow transmission to homes, businesses and factories



Francis Turbine


Hydro plant main systems • Main Intake (Water reservoir) • Penstock • Spiral Casing • Inlet Guide Vane • Turbine • Draft • Tailrace • Generator



Pergau Francis Turbine


Tailrace

Spillway Basic Principles of Power

Penstock

Francis

Pelton

Kaplan Basic Principles of Power

Francis



Spiral Casing




Diesel Engine


Diesel Engine • Two basic types – Otto cycle (constant volume) – Diesel cycle (constant pressure) • Used for small output generating capacity. – Remote areas • Industrial & trailer mounted. – For emergency & stand-by – Black start unit


1.2 MW Diesel Generator Basic Principles of Power

diesel power plant, for the 3-15 MW range Basic Principles of Power



Wind Turbine


Tidal Wave Power Generation


Principles of Power Generation

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